International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
The security of multimedia transmission is very important in today’s life. It is a challenge to transfer the
huge multimedia data mostly because of big file sizes and limited bit rates, which are still at a premium.
Hence, the data to be sent has to be compressed. H.264/AVC is the best and practical solution available
today to achieve this. If the data is made secure by good encryption after compression without changing
the size of the compressed file, it is even better. This paper makes an attempt to achieve exactly this. If the
data is encrypted after the compression, the software used for compression need not be changed. In this
technique, use of selective encryption is applied without altering the compression software. Here, the data
is first identified for I-frame which is selected for encryption. This selected data is then sliced and each
slice data without slice header is encrypted using AES algorithm. After decoding the file, the frame can be
seen to be distorted compared to the original one. When the video is decrypted with proper key, the video
obtained which is the same as decoded without encryption.
Multi-View Video Coding Algorithms/Techniques: A Comprehensive StudyIJERA Editor
For scientific exploration and visualization, Multi-view display enables a viewer to experience a 3-D
environment via a flat 2-D screen. Visualization is the most effective and informative form for delivering any
information. In this paper the recent developments in the multi-view video coding are reviewed such as Motion
and Disparity Compensated coding, Wavelet based multi-view video coding, Spatial scalability coding etc.
Analyzing Video Streaming Quality by Using Various Error Correction Methods o...IJERA Editor
Transmission video over ad hoc networks has become one of the most important and interesting subjects of study for researchers and programmers because of the strong relationship between video applications and frequent users of various mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones in all aspects of life. However, many challenges, such as packet loss, congestion (i.e., impairments at the network layer), multipath fading (i.e., impairments at the physical layer) [1], and link failure, exist in transferring video over ad hoc networks; these challenges negatively affect the quality of the perceived video [2].This study has investigated video transfer over ad hoc networks. The main challenges of transferring video over ad hoc networks as well as types of errors that may occur during video transmission, various types of video mechanisms, error correction methods, and different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that affect the quality of the received video are also investigated.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
The security of multimedia transmission is very important in today’s life. It is a challenge to transfer the
huge multimedia data mostly because of big file sizes and limited bit rates, which are still at a premium.
Hence, the data to be sent has to be compressed. H.264/AVC is the best and practical solution available
today to achieve this. If the data is made secure by good encryption after compression without changing
the size of the compressed file, it is even better. This paper makes an attempt to achieve exactly this. If the
data is encrypted after the compression, the software used for compression need not be changed. In this
technique, use of selective encryption is applied without altering the compression software. Here, the data
is first identified for I-frame which is selected for encryption. This selected data is then sliced and each
slice data without slice header is encrypted using AES algorithm. After decoding the file, the frame can be
seen to be distorted compared to the original one. When the video is decrypted with proper key, the video
obtained which is the same as decoded without encryption.
Multi-View Video Coding Algorithms/Techniques: A Comprehensive StudyIJERA Editor
For scientific exploration and visualization, Multi-view display enables a viewer to experience a 3-D
environment via a flat 2-D screen. Visualization is the most effective and informative form for delivering any
information. In this paper the recent developments in the multi-view video coding are reviewed such as Motion
and Disparity Compensated coding, Wavelet based multi-view video coding, Spatial scalability coding etc.
Analyzing Video Streaming Quality by Using Various Error Correction Methods o...IJERA Editor
Transmission video over ad hoc networks has become one of the most important and interesting subjects of study for researchers and programmers because of the strong relationship between video applications and frequent users of various mobile devices, such as laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones in all aspects of life. However, many challenges, such as packet loss, congestion (i.e., impairments at the network layer), multipath fading (i.e., impairments at the physical layer) [1], and link failure, exist in transferring video over ad hoc networks; these challenges negatively affect the quality of the perceived video [2].This study has investigated video transfer over ad hoc networks. The main challenges of transferring video over ad hoc networks as well as types of errors that may occur during video transmission, various types of video mechanisms, error correction methods, and different Quality of Service (QoS) parameters that affect the quality of the received video are also investigated.
A Survey on Video Watermarking Technologies based on Copyright Protection and...Editor IJCATR
Digital Watermark is class of marker or symbol secretly embedded in a multimedia signal such as Audio, Image or Video. It
is used to identify the ownership of the multimedia signal. Video watermarking is an emerging area for various applications like copy
control broadcast monitoring, video authentication, copyright protection and enhanced video coding. The main objective of this paper
is to present survey and comparisons of various available techniques on video watermarking based on copyright protection and
identification. Comparative study of various technologies gives the significant information about the PSNR, payload, quality factor
and also the various attacks used in video watermarking techniques. The best techniques in various scenarios are discussed in this
paper which will help the research scholars in field of video watermarking.
QoE- and Energy-aware Content Consumption for HTTP Adaptive StreamingDanieleLorenzi6
Video streaming services account for the majority of today’s traffic on the Internet, and according to recent studies, this share is expected to continue growing. This implies that many people around the globe utilize video streaming services on a daily basis to fruit video content. Given this broad utilization, research in video streaming is recently moving towards energy-aware approaches, which aim at the minimization of the energy consumption of the devices involved. On the other side, the perception of quality delivered to the user plays an important role, and the advent of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) changed the way quality is perceived. The focus moved from the Quality of Service (QoS) towards the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the user taking part in the streaming session. Therefore video streaming services need to develop Adaptive BitRate (ABR) techniques to deal with different network environments on the client side or appropriate end-to-end strategies to provide high QoE to the users. The scope of this doctoral study is within the end-to-end environment with a focus on the end-users domain, referred to as the player environment, including video content consumption and interactivity. This thesis aims to investigate and develop different techniques to increase the delivered QoE to the users and reduce the energy consumption of the end devices in HAS context. We present four main research questions to target the related challenges in the domain of content consumption for HAS systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Multilayer bit allocation for video encodingIJMIT JOURNAL
Video compression approach removes spatial and temporal redundancy based on the signal statistical correlation. Bit allocation technique adopts a visual distortion model for a better rate visual distortion video coding. Visual distortion model uses both motion and the texture structures in the video sequences. The existing video coding mechanisms reduces the bit rate for video coding. However to get better video compression ratio there is a need for multilayer compression technique. In this paper we proposed a multilayer bit allocation video coding mechanism. The proposed model reduces the bit allocation for video coding by retaining the same video quality. The experimental results using the proposed model reduced the bit rate by 3% to 4%. The result are promising. Finally we conclude with conclusion and future work.
An overview Survey on Various Video compressions and its importanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rise of digital computing and visual data processing, the need for storage and transmission of video data became prevalent. Storage and transmission of uncompressed raw visual data is not a good practice, because it requires a large storage space and great bandwidth. Video compression algorithms can compress this raw visual data or video into smaller files with a little sacrifice on the quality. This paper an overview and comparison of standard efforts on video compression algorithm of: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7
Video Compression Algorithm Based on Frame Difference Approaches ijsc
The huge usage of digital multimedia via communications, wireless communications, Internet, Intranet and cellular mobile leads to incurable growth of data flow through these Media. The researchers go deep in developing efficient techniques in these fields such as compression of data, image and video. Recently, video compression techniques and their applications in many areas (educational, agriculture, medical …) cause this field to be one of the most interested fields. Wavelet transform is an efficient method that can be used to perform an efficient compression technique. This work deals with the developing of an efficient video compression approach based on frames difference approaches that concentrated on the calculation of frame near distance (difference between frames). The
selection of the meaningful frame depends on many factors such as compression performance, frame details, frame size and near distance between frames. Three different approaches are applied for removing the lowest frame difference. In this paper, many videos are tested to insure the efficiency of this technique, in addition a good performance results has been obtained.
Our paper on homogeneous motion discovery oriented reference frame for high efficiency video coding talks about the idea of segmenting the current frame into cohesive motion regions made of blocks and then using these regions to form a motion compensated prediction. This prediction when used as an additional reference frame for the current frame, shows encouraging savings in bit rate over standalone HEVC reference coder.
The text data present in images and video contain certain useful information for automatic annotation, indexing, and structuring of images. However variations of the text due to differences in text style, font, size, orientation, alignment as well as low image contrast and complex background make the problem of automatic text extraction extremely difficult and challenging job. A large number of techniques have been proposed to address this problem and the purpose of this paper is to design algorithms for each phase of extracting text from a video using java libraries and classes. Here first we frame the input video into stream of images using the Java Media Framework (JMF) with the input being a real time or a video from the database. Then we apply pre processing algorithms to convert the image to gray scale and remove the disturbances like superimposed lines over the text, discontinuity removal, and dot removal. Then we continue with the algorithms for localization, segmentation and recognition for which we use the neural network pattern matching technique. The performance of our approach is demonstrated by presenting experimental results for a set of static images.
An Efficient Code-word Substitution Method for Data Embedding Technique in Encrypted H.264/AVC Video Streams Anisha Jose – PG Scholar,
Anu K Kuriakose – Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication,
Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Ernakulam, India
A Distortion-Resistant Routing Framework for Video Traffic in Wireless Multih...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
A Survey on Video Watermarking Technologies based on Copyright Protection and...Editor IJCATR
Digital Watermark is class of marker or symbol secretly embedded in a multimedia signal such as Audio, Image or Video. It
is used to identify the ownership of the multimedia signal. Video watermarking is an emerging area for various applications like copy
control broadcast monitoring, video authentication, copyright protection and enhanced video coding. The main objective of this paper
is to present survey and comparisons of various available techniques on video watermarking based on copyright protection and
identification. Comparative study of various technologies gives the significant information about the PSNR, payload, quality factor
and also the various attacks used in video watermarking techniques. The best techniques in various scenarios are discussed in this
paper which will help the research scholars in field of video watermarking.
QoE- and Energy-aware Content Consumption for HTTP Adaptive StreamingDanieleLorenzi6
Video streaming services account for the majority of today’s traffic on the Internet, and according to recent studies, this share is expected to continue growing. This implies that many people around the globe utilize video streaming services on a daily basis to fruit video content. Given this broad utilization, research in video streaming is recently moving towards energy-aware approaches, which aim at the minimization of the energy consumption of the devices involved. On the other side, the perception of quality delivered to the user plays an important role, and the advent of HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) changed the way quality is perceived. The focus moved from the Quality of Service (QoS) towards the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the user taking part in the streaming session. Therefore video streaming services need to develop Adaptive BitRate (ABR) techniques to deal with different network environments on the client side or appropriate end-to-end strategies to provide high QoE to the users. The scope of this doctoral study is within the end-to-end environment with a focus on the end-users domain, referred to as the player environment, including video content consumption and interactivity. This thesis aims to investigate and develop different techniques to increase the delivered QoE to the users and reduce the energy consumption of the end devices in HAS context. We present four main research questions to target the related challenges in the domain of content consumption for HAS systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Multilayer bit allocation for video encodingIJMIT JOURNAL
Video compression approach removes spatial and temporal redundancy based on the signal statistical correlation. Bit allocation technique adopts a visual distortion model for a better rate visual distortion video coding. Visual distortion model uses both motion and the texture structures in the video sequences. The existing video coding mechanisms reduces the bit rate for video coding. However to get better video compression ratio there is a need for multilayer compression technique. In this paper we proposed a multilayer bit allocation video coding mechanism. The proposed model reduces the bit allocation for video coding by retaining the same video quality. The experimental results using the proposed model reduced the bit rate by 3% to 4%. The result are promising. Finally we conclude with conclusion and future work.
An overview Survey on Various Video compressions and its importanceINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rise of digital computing and visual data processing, the need for storage and transmission of video data became prevalent. Storage and transmission of uncompressed raw visual data is not a good practice, because it requires a large storage space and great bandwidth. Video compression algorithms can compress this raw visual data or video into smaller files with a little sacrifice on the quality. This paper an overview and comparison of standard efforts on video compression algorithm of: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7
Video Compression Algorithm Based on Frame Difference Approaches ijsc
The huge usage of digital multimedia via communications, wireless communications, Internet, Intranet and cellular mobile leads to incurable growth of data flow through these Media. The researchers go deep in developing efficient techniques in these fields such as compression of data, image and video. Recently, video compression techniques and their applications in many areas (educational, agriculture, medical …) cause this field to be one of the most interested fields. Wavelet transform is an efficient method that can be used to perform an efficient compression technique. This work deals with the developing of an efficient video compression approach based on frames difference approaches that concentrated on the calculation of frame near distance (difference between frames). The
selection of the meaningful frame depends on many factors such as compression performance, frame details, frame size and near distance between frames. Three different approaches are applied for removing the lowest frame difference. In this paper, many videos are tested to insure the efficiency of this technique, in addition a good performance results has been obtained.
Our paper on homogeneous motion discovery oriented reference frame for high efficiency video coding talks about the idea of segmenting the current frame into cohesive motion regions made of blocks and then using these regions to form a motion compensated prediction. This prediction when used as an additional reference frame for the current frame, shows encouraging savings in bit rate over standalone HEVC reference coder.
The text data present in images and video contain certain useful information for automatic annotation, indexing, and structuring of images. However variations of the text due to differences in text style, font, size, orientation, alignment as well as low image contrast and complex background make the problem of automatic text extraction extremely difficult and challenging job. A large number of techniques have been proposed to address this problem and the purpose of this paper is to design algorithms for each phase of extracting text from a video using java libraries and classes. Here first we frame the input video into stream of images using the Java Media Framework (JMF) with the input being a real time or a video from the database. Then we apply pre processing algorithms to convert the image to gray scale and remove the disturbances like superimposed lines over the text, discontinuity removal, and dot removal. Then we continue with the algorithms for localization, segmentation and recognition for which we use the neural network pattern matching technique. The performance of our approach is demonstrated by presenting experimental results for a set of static images.
An Efficient Code-word Substitution Method for Data Embedding Technique in Encrypted H.264/AVC Video Streams Anisha Jose – PG Scholar,
Anu K Kuriakose – Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communication,
Federal Institute of Science and Technology, Ernakulam, India
A Distortion-Resistant Routing Framework for Video Traffic in Wireless Multih...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
1. Tamer Shanableh
Title of thesis Heterogeneous Video Transcoding for Matching Network-Bandwidth
and End-System Constraints
Position: Student/Research Assistant
Degree awarded: PhD
Duration of study: October 1998 until October 2001.
Financial support EPSRC and partly funded by BTexact
Supervisor Prof. M. Ghanbari
Current affiliation
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering
American University of Sharjah
Sharjah, UAE
http://www.geocities.com/tamershanableh/
Email: tshanableh@ausharjah.edu
Thesis abstract
In this thesis, ubiquitous delivery of pre-encoded video streams to a heterogeneous set of
end-systems via seamless network connectivity is addressed by means of heterogeneous
video transcoding and associated interframe error concealment. To this end,
heterogeneous video transcoding is defined as a process that dynamically adjusts the
characteristics or coding-parameters of pre-encoded video to match the underlying
network-bandwidth and/or end-system constraints. The proposed dynamic adjustments
include video format portability, video scalability support, bitrate and resolution
reductions. Thus, a pixel domain transcoder for converting the coding format of
MPEG-1,2 video into H.26x format with lower spatio-temporal resolutions is devised. It
is shown that spatial resolution reduction in the frequency-domain outperforms its pixel-
domain counterpart, which gives rise to a new pair of transcoding architectures:
frequency domain transcoding and hybrid frequency pixel-domain transcoding. Fast
methods for computing the motion compensation in the frequency domain are proposed
and tailored for each of the transcoding architectures. On the other hand, while the
above transcoders are aimed at unicast applications, heterogeneous transcoding is
extended to support multicast applications by means of deriving multilayer transcoders.
Thus, the SNR scalability of the MPEG-2 video standard is formalised. Based on which
two multilayer transcoders are derived, verified and evaluated. Consequently, the video
format portability transcoder is merged into the multilayer transcoder resulting in a more
generic form of heterogeneous transcoding that supports video scalability, format
1
2. portability and bitrate/resolution adaptability. Additionally, the dynamic bitrate-
adaptability and video-layering of the multilayer transcoder is compared against the case
of employing pre-encoded multilayer video. Lastly, since in video-networking
applications loss or corruption of coded video can be unavoidable, the thesis builds upon
the motion compensation techniques proposed for the heterogeneous transcoder to
devise a novel interframe error concealment technique which is capable of concealing the
loss of large parts of corrupted coded-pictures.
Publications
Journal papers
J-1 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2003, September). Hybrid DCT/pixel
domain
architecture for heterogeneous video transcoding. Signal Processing:
Image Communication, 18(8), 601-620
J-2 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2003, June). Loss Concealment using
B-pictures Motion Information. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia. 5(2),
257- 266
J-3 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2001, March). The Importance of the Bi-
directionally Predicted Pictures in Video Streaming. IEEE Transactions
on Video Technology. 11(3), 402-414.
J-4 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2000, June). Heterogeneous Video
Transcoding Into Lower Spatio-Temporal Resolutions With Different
Encoding Formats. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 2(2), 101-111.
J-5 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari M. (in press). Multilayer Transcoding with
format portability for multicasting of single-layered video. IEEE
Transactions on multimedia, To appear in 2005.
Patents
P-1 T. Shanableh, M. Ghanbari and M. Nilson “Multi-layer video transcoding,”
Patent no. GB0129609.4, December 2001
Conferences
C-1 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2001, October). Transcoding
Architectures for DCT-Domain Heterogeneous Video Transcoding.
IEEE Proc. of International Conference on Image Processing,
ICIP'2001. Greece.
C-2 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2000, September). Backward Tracking
of B-pictures Bidirectional Motion for Interframe Concealment of
Anchor Pictures. IEEE Proc. of International Conference on Image
Proc. ICIP'2000. Vancouver
2
3. C-3 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2000, June). Heterogeneous Video
Transcoding to Lower spatial Resolutions and Different Formats. Proc.
of ICASSP'2000. Istanbul, Turkey.
C-4 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (2000, May). Interframe Error
Concealment for Bursty Packet Losses in IP Environments Proc.
Packet video 2000. Italy.
C-5 Shanableh, T., & Ghanbari, M. (1999, April). Heterogeneous Video
Transcoding MPEG-1,2 to H.263. Proc. of Packet Video'99. New York.
3