Taittiriya_Brahmaa_Aaka_3_Prapahakak.pdf

Taittirīya
Brāhmaṇa:
Aṣṭaka 3,
Prapāṭhaka 1,
Anuvākas 1 and 2
Translated by
Michael Douglas Neely

The Translator and the
Translation
For the most part, I am a self-taught Sanskrit enthusiast. You
can see my translation work on my academia.edu profile:
https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelNeely
The Nakṣatra Sūktam is in the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa (TB) in
aṣṭaka 3, prapāṭhaka 1, and anuvākas 1 and 2. Anuvāka 1
covers the light or deva nakṣatras from Kṛttikā to Viśākha.
Anuvāka 2 covers the dark or yama nakṣatras from Anūrādha
to Bharaṇī. The verses within the anuvākas are called
khaṇḍikās.
There is speculation as to the division between the light and
dark nakṣatras and the dating of the TB. The Mainstream
academic view is that the TB was recorded around 300 – 400
BCE. Bal Gangadhar Tilak in his book, The Orion, believes the
dating of the TB should be around 2350 BCE given Kṛttikā
rose on the spring equinox at that time. Thus, the light/deva
nakṣatras occur from the start at the spring equinox and end at
the fall equinox. The dark/yama nakṣatras start at the fall
equinox and end at the spring equinox.
The Orion can be read at the following link:
https://archive.org/details/orionortheantiqu021979mbp
The chants of the Nakṣatra Sūktam can be found on YouTube
at the following links:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDUWMUg5pQ8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVFWzPGmSSE&t=303s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cs-PJCBHgk&t=101s
Websites listing the text of the Nakṣatra Sūktam are at the
following links:
https://stotranidhi.com/en/nakshatra-suktam-in-english/
https://vignanam.org/veda/nakshatra-suktam-(nakshatreshti)-en
glish.html
The Sanskrit-only two volume edition of the Taittirīya
Brāhmaṇa edited by R. Shama Sastry can be found at the
following links:
Volume one:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.345406/mode/2up
Volume 2:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.345407/mode/2up
© 2021 Michael Douglas Neely
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A Sanskrit-English print edition of of the Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa
by R.L. Kashyap (Volume 1 and 2) can be purchased at the
following links:
Volume 1:
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/taittiriya-brahman
a-sanskrit-text-with-english-translation-volume-1-NAN643/
Volume 2:
https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/taittiriya-brahman
a-text-in-devanagari-and-translation-volume-2-NAT483/
Most of the script for this translation was taken from this book,
minus the Vedic accent markers that I removed. There are a
number of dubious translations in this book, which is pointed
out by others online. I feel my detailed translations improve
upon these English translations. My translations tend to be
more literal in trying to stay as true as possible to the Sanskrit
and convey how a person speaking the Sanskrit language
would communicate. I know this will make the English
translation harder to read and understand at times, but this is
my editorial choice.
For my Sanskrit language references, most of the time I
consulted the Sanskrit primer Devavāṇīpraveśikā by Robert
and Sally Goldman, Sanskrit Grammar by William Dwight
Whitney, Sanskrit Manual by William Bucknell, Vedic
Grammar and Vedic Grammar for Students by Arthur Anthony
Macdonell, and the Academic Room Sanskrit-English iOS
Dictionary app.
The Sanskrit Grammarian website was also extensively used to
find and confirm noun declensions and verb conjunctions:
http://sanskrit.inria.fr/DICO/grammar.html
The online Sanskrit Dictionary website was also extensively
used to look up various Sanskrit words for their definitions and
parts of speech: http://sanskritdictionary.com/
In my translations, I tried to be as literal as possible, not adding
anything to the translation that was not in the original Sanskrit
text. If I did add something, it is clearly indicated. For each
verse translated, I show the transliteration of Sanskrit in the
International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST)
format and the English translation I created. After that, I broke
down each word of the Sanskrit text into its pre-sandhi form
and listed the various grammar identifiers of each word. When
needed, I explain why my translation is different from other
translations and provide other background information
essential to understanding the verses. It is up to each person to
arrive at a translation that makes sense to him/her. My mission
in all my translations is to provide a very detailed word for
word translation identifying each word’s grammar and to
provide an understandable translation for everyone. I don’t
seek to be the supreme authority on any translation that I do.
I am not a Sanskrit professor nor do I claim to be an expert in
the Sanskrit language. Some Sanskritists may criticize this
book given I am not a credentialed Sanskritist in the guise that
I made certain grammar and translation errors. I am not
immune to error, but I am definitely confident that I provide a
valuable Sanskrit resource in this publication. If one feels
moved to criticize my work, I would appreciate a detailed
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response in regards to my error and not some off the cuff
rebuke from on high. I understand society’s tendency to give
the benefit of the doubt to a credentialed person over a
non-credentialed enthusiast, but just be aware that credentialed
and uncredentialed people make errors all the same.
Whenever I translate a Sanskrit text, I do so to understand a
particular knowledge from its primary source and retrace the
steps of other translators. I want to confirm the accepted
understanding of the text. With my detailed Sanskrit to English
translations, I also seek to make a bridge between Sanskrit
enthusiasts and the texts I have translated as a vehicle of
education and joy.
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Anuvāka 1 Summary
1. May Agni protect the Kṛttikās for us. This nakṣatra has a
distinct deity and power of those [Kṛttikās]. Having come into
possession of an oblation, may you sacrifice.
2. The rays of light of whom and the comets of whom shine
and the divine Agni of whom dwells in all those places and
creatures with the Kṛttikās, he should bestow upon us the good
path.
3. May Rohiṇī, the wife, a universal form with a great bright
light shine, Prajāpati. May she put us on the good path of the
yajña so that we should live years with heros.
4. The Goddess Rohiṇī rose up in the east. The universal
creator issuing forth the forms. She causes Prajāpati to increase
with a burnt offering. May [she] approach the yajña and those
fond of the divine ones.
5. The Soma king arose with the Mṛgaśīrṣa nakṣatra. The
auspicious nakṣatra is the beloved abode of this [Soma king].
Repeatedly causing attainment among the people. May [the
Soma king] bestow semen for offspring when sacrificing.
6. Mṛgaśīrṣa nakṣatra exists for you, the beloved who is most
beloved by the king of those beloved. Soma, we should
worship with a burnt offering for that and for you. Prosperous,
may you be for us. Prosperous, among the two-footed and
four-footed.
7. Declaring Rudra with Ārdrā nakṣatra one attains. The
foremost lord of the divine cows. We should worship the
nakṣatra of him with a burnt offering. May it not cause harm to
our offspring and heroes.
8. May the two weapons of Rudra not be used against us. May
Ārdrā and the nakṣatra be pleased with our burnt offering. May
the two liberators drive away misdeeds, the bad and evil curse,
and the non-gracious everywhere.
9. Furthermore, may the goddess Aditi protect us. Furthermore,
may the two Punarvasus partake in yajña for us. Furthermore,
may all those divine come to us. We worship you again and
again with a burnt offering.
10. Just so is the boundless goddess Aditi, the steadfast
supporter of the entire world. She causes an increase in the two
Punarvasus with a burnt offering, even the beloved of the
divine ones may partake in the food.
11. Bṛhaspati being born first arose in the nakṣatra of Tiṣya.
Foremost of the divine ones and victorious in battles.
Indeed, may it be free from fear for us in all directions.
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12. May Bṛhaspati and Tiṣya protect us from the beginning,
from the middle, and from the end of us. Fearlessly may the
two oppress and hurt the enemy. We should be lords of great
strength.
13. May this oblation be agreeable to the serpents. The Āśreṣā
of those, those follow the mind. Those who rule the atmosphere
and the earth, those are coming the quickest to the oblation for
us from the place of the serpents.
14. Moreover those who are splendid serpents of the Sun and
accordingly those who go to the goddess and heaven, the
Āśreṣās of those follow desire. Possessed of honey I make an
offering to those serpents.
15. Those who are performers of good having quickness of
mind of those good deeds to be done called the Pitṛs among the
Maghās, those are coming the quickest to the oblation for us
during the nakṣatra. With the food offerings to the Pitṛs
delivered into the yajña may those be relished.
16. The Pitṛs who were consumed by fire or not consumed by
fire and whom we knew and did not know, dwelling in the
world of joy, may those be fond of the good performed in the
yajña among the Maghās.
17. Beloved Aryaman, Varuṇa, and Mitra, you are that, the lord
of cattle and the Phalgunīs. Moreover we, the living beings,
should enjoy you and that living star of acquisition of the stars.
18. The sovereign Aryaman, unaging and powerful, and most
excellent of the Phalgunīs roars. By whom all those conquered
the worlds. Those divine of whom follow the mind.
19. Bhagavat, you are Bhagā, foremost of the divine ones.
From the wealth of that is the truth and wisdom in regards to
the Phalgunīs. Moreover, may you urge us towards dominion,
non-aging, great strength, possessed of cattle, and possessed of
horses in this world.
20. Indeed, Bhaga as a giver and indeed, Bhaga as a great
giver, Bhaga attained the divine Phalgunīs. Indeed, we should
approach that fruit of Bhaga, where we should rejoice in
fellowship with the divine ones.
21. May the divine Savitṛ come and may he approach in a
golden chariot proceeding well on a regular course. Seizing the
good fortune and skillful work of Hasta and giving towards
abundance and the auspicious.
22. May Hasta bestow immortality and greater wealth. We
seize this by the right hand. Savitṛ having protected the giver in
this moment, who impels our yajña for Hasta.
23. Tvaṣṭā approaches the nakṣatra of Citrā, auspicious and
shining with youth. Causing one to be joined to immortals and
mortals and adoring forms and creatures everywhere.
24. May Citrā and Tvaṣṭā declare this and that for us. May that
nakṣatra give abundance to me. May it bestow upon us
offspring possessed of heroism. May it anoint the yajña with
cattle and horses for us.
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25. Vāyu approaches Niṣṭyā nakṣatra. A roaring sharp-horned
bull. May Mātariśvan rousing creatures drive away enemies
dispelling hostilities.
26. May Vāyu and Niṣṭyā hear this and that for us. May that
nakṣatra give abundance to me. May those divine know that
desire for us, so that we should cross over all difficulties.
27. May those alarmed enemies go far away from us. May
Indra and Agni of those slay in the Viśākha nakṣatra of those
two. May those divine rejoice in that yajña for us. Behind and
in front may one be free from fear for us.
28. The two rulers of the nakṣatra in Viśākha are Indra and
Agni, the two foremost guardians of the world. The two
tormenting enemies dispelling them from everywhere. May the
two drive away the non-gracious dispelling by hunger.
29. Full in the end, full in the beginning, and Paurṇamāsī in the
middle one defeated. Those supreme divine dwelling together
in that. Here, may those be caused to rejoice in the best heaven.
30. The earth, glorious united with youth. The shining
Paurṇamāsī arose. Curbed misdeeds to be obtained everywhere
for the yajamāna with the great yajña of boons.
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Anuvāka 2 Summary
1. May we thrive with those to be offered, having approached
with reverence. May the divine Mitra exist to impart friends
upon us. May those be increasing the Anūrādhas with a burnt
offering. We should live a hundred years with wives.
2. Citra nakṣatra rose up in the front. Thus indeed, that which
the Anūrādhas declare, Mitra attains that with paths leading to
the divine with those manifested abounding in gold in the
atmosphere.
3. Just so, Indra attains Jyeṣṭhā nakṣatra. When Vṛtra crossed
over during that related to the turya of Vṛtra, we are enjoying
immortality during that. We should transcend hunger, a bad
course, and a bad desire.
4. Jyeṣṭhā enjoying the agreeable for Indra, may she create a
great world for the yajamāna, for the mighty and bold Indra,
and for the victorious and bountiful Aṣāḍha.
5. Mūla having protected people possessed of heroism, may the
adverse Nirṛti attain with adversity. May the anointed nakṣatra
become day with cattle and animals for me, the yajamāna.
6. In this moment, may the day set us on the good path. Thus,
those declare that which is Mūla nakṣatra. May I urge the
adverse Nirṛti with speech. May it be auspicious for mankind
and for me.
7. Those divine Āpas, who are in the sky and who are
earth-born, who came into existence with fluid, and the
Aṣāḍhās of those who follow desire, may those become
beautiful and prosperous, like the Āpas.
8. Those which are contained in the wells, those which are
contained in the rivers and seas, those which are contained in
the tanks, those which are contained in ice, and the Aṣāḍhās of
those who devour honey, may those become beautiful and
prosperous, like the Āpas.
9. Moreover, may all those divine hear that for us. May those
Aṣāḍhās be united in the vicinity of that yajña. May one
declare that nakṣatra for animals. May the rain create arable
land for the yajamāna.
10. Those shining, youthful, and beautiful maidens cause an
increase in all those divine and those benevolent performers of
karma possessed of vigor with a burnt offering. May the
Aṣāḍhās reach the desire of the yajña.
11. In which Brahman completely conquered all this and
protected this world and all this! That having completely
conquered during the Abhijit nakṣatra for us. Being not
reproached it should bestow prosperity.
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12. Both of these worlds are conquered by Brahman. May
Abhijit nakṣatra declare that for us. We should together
conquer armies during that. May those divine sanction that
desire for us.
13. Those hear the guardian Śroṇā of the immortal. I hear the
sacred speech of that. In the west with a burnt offering we
sacrifice to her: the divine, earthen, and eternal youth of the
wife of Viṣṇu.
14. Viṣṇu making three great strides transversed the earth:
heaven, land, and atmosphere. Śroṇā desiring and composing
attains an auspicious śloka for the yajamāna. May you hear
that.
15. The eight divine Vasus deserving of soma. The four divine
Śraviṣṭhās are unaging. May those protect the yajña from rajas
in the east. Hail, the eternal year after year.
16. May those Vasus protect the yajña for us from the east.
May those Śraviṣṭhās come from the south. May we come
within the vicinity of the auspicious nakṣatra. Don’t allow the
malevolent enemies to come near us.
17. Varuṇa is the king and emperor of the Kṣatra caste.
Śatabhiṣak is the most excellent of the nakṣatras. The two
produce a long duration of life for the divine ones. The two
bestow one hundred thousand medicines.
18. May king Varuṇa approach the yajña for us. May all those
divine ones be united in that vicinity for us. The Śatabhiṣak
nakṣatra was relishing that for us. Promoting a long life with
medicines.
19. Aja Ekapad rose up in the east rejoicing in all beings in that
direction. All those divine ones manifest in the offspring of
that. Those Proṣṭhapadās are the guardians of amṛta.
20. Fierce, shining with kindling for us verily one ascended to
the atmosphere and one arose to heaven. All those
Proṣṭhapadās follow that: Sūrya, divine, and Aja Ekapāda.
21. Ahi Budhniya, foremost of those divine ones and of
humanity, attains the foremost for us. Brāhmaṇas drinking
soma and deserving of soma. All those Proṣṭhapadās protect
that.
22. Those four divine towards one action. Thus those
Proṣṭhapadās declare those [four divine]. Those praising having
approached with adoration, those protect the serpent to be
worshipped from the depths.
23. Pūṣan and Revatī are guided by the path. The lord of
nourishment and the guardian of cattle, the two are possessing
a house full of wealth. These were relishing those given to be
offered and arrived at the yajña for us with those going on the
good paths.
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24. May Revatī protect the small cattle for us. May Pūṣan
attend to a mare and cattle for us. The two are protecting the
variously diverse forms of food. May those two bestow
sacrificial food to the yajña for the yajamāna.
25. May the two Aśvins come near that to be joined to two
horses. The two most ready to go toward the auspicious with
these easily guided horses. The two worshiping their own
nakṣatra with a burnt offering. The two worshiped together
presented together with honey and sacrificial prayer.
26. The two who are the physicians carrying an oblation of
those divine ones, the two messengers of all, and the two
guardians of the amṛta, may those two being pleased come
near to the nakṣatra. May we offer reverence to the two Aśvins
joined to horses.
27. May those Bharaṇīs carry away the sinful. May the revered
king Yama declare that. King of the world and indeed the great
of the great. May he provide a fearless and good path easy to
traverse for us.
28. In which nakṣatra the king Yama attains. In which those
divine anointed that. May we sacrifice to that distinguished of
this with a burnt offering. May the Bharaṇīs carry away the
sinful.
29. She who was coming into contact with the universal
dwelling place of the Vasus caused to be pervading into the
forms of the Vasus a thousand-fold in abundance, she was
giving fortune joined to brilliance and arose for us.
30. Cohabitants having delighted, those divine gave what is to
be bestowed in the bhāga (portion) when associated with the
Amāvāsya. May you nourish the yajña for us. May you give us
prosperity in the good fortune of all things and heroism.
Colophon. One crossed over those which are fixed (the
nakṣatras). May those come to the yajña with speech. Then
hail all those divine manifesting, the two worshipped together
possessing a house full of wealth, and those three divine.
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Anuvāka 1 Detail
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Khaṇḍikā 1
agnirnaḥ pātu kṛttikāḥ ।
nakṣatraṃ devamindriyam ।
idamāsā vicakṣaṇam ।
havirāsaṃ juhotana ।
May Agni protect the Kṛttikās for us. This nakṣatra has a
distinct deity and power of those [Kṛttikās]. Having come into
possession of an oblation, may you sacrifice.
a
̱ gnis (stem form: agni) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Agni
nas (pronoun, 1st person, dative, plural) = for us
pātu (2nd class verb root: pā) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it protect
kṛttíkās (stem form: kṛttikā) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
Kṛttikās1
nakṣatram (stem form: nakṣatra) (neuter, nominative, singular)
= nakṣatra
devam (stem form: deva) (neuter, nominative, singular) = deity
indriyam (stem form: indriya) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
power
idam (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, nominative, singular) = this
āsām (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, genitive, plural) = of
these
vicakṣaṇam (stem form: vicakṣaṇa) (neuter, nominative,
singular) = distinct
1
The Kṛttikās are the six stars represented as nymphs acting as nurses to
Kārtikeya, the god of war. These six stars are commonly known as the
Pleiades. This information was referenced from Apte’s Sanskrit-English
dictionary.
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havis (stem form: havis) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
oblation
āsam (2nd class verb root: as) (gerund) (indeclinable) = having
come into possession
juhotana (3rd class verb root: hu) (irregular imperative, 2nd
person, plural) = may you sacrifice2
2
See section 654 in William Dwight Whitney’s Sanskrit Grammar and
section 460 in Arthur Anthony Macdonell’s Vedic Grammar for listing of
the irregular verb form, juhotana.
Khaṇḍikā 2
yasya bhānti raśmayo yasya ketavaḥ ।
yasyemā viśvā bhuvānāni sarvāḥ ।
sa kṛttikābhirabhisaṃvasānaḥ ।
agnirno devaḥ suvite dadhātu ।
The rays of light of whom and the comets of whom shine and
the divine Agni of whom dwells in all those places and
creatures with the Kṛttikās, he should bestow upon us the good
path.
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yasya (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, genitive, singular) = of
whom
bhānti (2nd class verb root: bhā) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those shine
raśmayas (stem form: raśmi) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
rays of light
whom
ketavas (stem form: ketu) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
comets
whom
imās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, accusative, plural) =
those
viśvās (stem form: viśvā) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
places
bhuvanāni (stem form: bhuvana) (neuter, accusative, plural) =
creatures
sarvās (stem form: sarva) (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine,
accusative, plural) = all those
sas (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative, singular) =
he
kṛttikābhis (stem form: kṛttikā) (feminine, instrumental, plural)
= with the Kṛttikās
abhisaṃvasānas (abhi + sam + 2nd class verb root: vas)
(present middle participle, masculine, nominative, singular) =
dwelling
agnis (stem form: agni) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Agni
devas (stem form: deva) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
divine
su = good
vita = path
suvite (stem form: suvita) (masculine, locative, singular) = on
the good path
dadhātu (3rd class verb root: dhā) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = one should bestow
14

Khaṇḍikā 3
prajāpate rohiṇī vetu patnī ।
viśvarūpā bṛhatī citrabhānuḥ ।
sā no yajñasya suvite dadhātu ।
yathā jīvema śaradaḥ savīrāḥ ।
May Rohiṇī, the wife, a universal form with a great bright light
shine, Prajāpati. May she put us on the good path of the yajña
so that we should live years with heros.
prajā = procreation
pati = lord
prajāpate (stem form: prajāpati) (masculine, vocative, singular)
= Prajāpati (Lord of Procreation)
rohiṇī (stem form: rohiṇī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Rohiṇī
vetu (2nd class verb root: vī) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may one shine
patnī (stem form: patnī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
wife
viśva = universal
rūpā = form
viśvarūpā (stem form: viśvarūpā) (feminine, nominative,
singular) = universal form
bṛhatī (stem form: bṛhatī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
great
citra = bright
bhānu = light
citrabhānus (stem form: chitrabhānu) (feminine, nominative,
singular) = bright light
sā (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, nominative, singular) = she
15

yajñasya (stem form: yajña) (masculine, genitive, singular) =
of the yajña
suvite (stem form: suvita) (neuter, locative, singular) = on the
good path
3rd person, singular) = may one put
yathā (adverb) (indeclinable) = so that
jīvema (1st class verb root: jīv) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should live
śaradas (stem form: śarad) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
years
sa = with
vīrā = hero
savīrās (stem form: savīrā) (feminine, accusative, plural) = with
heros
Khaṇḍikā 4
rohiṇī devyudagātpurastāt ।
viśvā rūpāṇi pratimodamānā ।
prajāpatiṃ haviṣā vardhayantī ।
priyā devānāmupayātu yajñam ।
The Goddess Rohiṇī rose up in the east. The universal creator
issuing forth the forms. She causes Prajāpati to increase with a
burnt offering. May [she] approach the yajña and those fond of
the divine ones.
16

rohiṇī (stem form: rohiṇī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Rohiṇī
devī (stem form: devī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
goddess
udagāt (ud + 2nd class verb root: gā) (aorist, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = rose up
purastāt (adverb) (indeclinable) = in the east
viśvā (stem form: viśvā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
universal
rūpāṇi (stem form: rūpa) (neuter, accusative, plural) = forms
pratimā (stem form: pratimā) (feminine, nominative, singular)
= creator
udamānā (6th class verb root: ud) (present middle participle,
feminine, nominative, singular) = issuing forth
prajā = procreation
pati = lord
prajāpatim (stem form: prajāpati) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = Prajāpati (Lord of Procreation)
haviṣā (stem form: havis) (neuter, instrumental, singular) =
with a burnt offering
vardhayantī (1st class verb root: vṛdh) (causative, present
active participle, feminine, nominative, singular) = she causes
increase
priyās (9th class verb root: prī) (future passive participle,
feminine, accusative, plural) = those fond
devānām (stem form: deva) (feminine, genitive, plural) = of the
divine ones
upayātu (upa + 2nd class verb root: yā) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = may one approach
yajñam (stem form: yajña) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
yajña
17

Khaṇḍikā 5
somo rājā mṛgaśīrṣeṇa āgan ।
śivaṃ nakṣatraṃ priyamasya dhāma ।
āpyāyamāno bahudhā janeṣu ।
retaḥ prajāṃ yajamāne dadhātu ।
The Soma king arose with the Mṛgaśīrṣa nakṣatra. The
auspicious nakṣatra is the beloved abode of this [Soma king].
Repeatedly causing attainment among the people. May [the
Soma king] bestow semen for offspring when sacrificing.
somas (stem form: soma) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Soma
rājā (stem form: rājan) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
king
mṛgaśīrṣeṇa (stem form: mṛgaśīrṣa) (neuter, instrumental,
singular) = with the Mṛgaśīrṣa nakṣatra
āgan (ā + 1st class verb root: gam) (aorist, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = one arose
śivam (stem form: śiva) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
auspicious
= nakṣatra
priyam (9th class verb root: prī) (future passive participle,
neuter, nominative, singular) = beloved
asya (2nd class verb root: as) (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter,
genitive, singular) = of this
dhāma (stem form: dhāman) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
abode
āpyāyamānas (5th class verb root: āp) (causative, present
middle participle, masculine, nominative, singular) = causing
attainment
18

bahudhā (adverb) (indeclinable) = repeatedly
janeṣu (stem form: jana) (masculine, locative, plural) = among
the people
retas (stem form: retas) (neuter, accusative, singular) = semen
prajām (stem form: prajā) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
offspring
yajamāne (1st class verb root: yaj) (present middle participle,
masculine, locative, singular) = when sacrificing
3rd person, singular) = may one bestow
Khaṇḍikā 6
yatte nakṣatraṃ mṛgaśīrṣamasti ।
priyaṃ rājanpriyatamaṃ priyāṇām ।
tasmai te soma haviṣā vidhema ।
śanna edhi dvipade śaṃ catuṣpade ।
Mṛgaśīrṣa nakṣatra exists for you, the beloved who is most
beloved by the king of those beloved. Soma, we should
worship with a burnt offering for that and for you. Prosperous,
may you be for us. Prosperous, among the two-footed and
four-footed.
19

yat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, nominative, singular) = who
te (pronoun, 2nd person, dative, singular) = for you
= nakṣatra
mṛgaśīrṣam (stem form: mṛgaśīrṣa) (neuter, nominative,
singular) = Mṛgaśīrṣa
asti (2nd class verb root: as) (present indicative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = it exists
rājan = king
priya = beloved
tama = most (superlative suffix)
rājanpriyatamam (stem form: rājanpriyatama) (neuter,
nominative, singular) = most beloved by the king
priyāṇām (9th class verb root: prī) (future passive participle,
neuter, genitive, plural) = of those beloved
tasmai (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, dative, singular) = for that
te (pronoun, 2nd person, dative, singular) = for you
soma (stem form: soma) (masculine, vocative, singular) =
Soma
vidhema (6th class verb root: vidh) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should worship
śam (particle) (indeclinable) = prosperous
edhi (2nd class verb root: as) (imperative, parasmaipada, 2nd
person, singular) =may you be
dvi = two
pada = foot
dvipade (stem form: divpada) (neuter, locative, singular) = in
the two-footed
catur = four
pada = foot
catuṣpade (stem form: catuṣpada) (neuter, locative, singular) =
four-footed
20

Khaṇḍikā 7
ārdrayā rudraḥ prathamāna eti ।
śreṣṭho devānāṃ patiraghnyānām ।
nakṣatramasya haviṣā vidhema ।
mā naḥ prajāṃ rīriṣanmota vīrān ।
Declaring Rudra with Ārdrā nakṣatra one attains. The foremost
lord of the divine cows. We should worship the nakṣatra of
him with a burnt offering. May it not cause harm to our
offspring and heroes.
ārdrayā (stem form: ārdrā) (feminine, instrumental, singular) =
with Ārdrā nakṣatra
rudras (stem form: rudra) (masculine, nominative, singlar) =
Rudra
prathamānas (1st class verb root: prath) (present middle
participle, masculine, nominative, singular) = declaring
eti (2nd class verb root: i) (present indicative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = one attains
śreṣṭhas (stem form: śreṣṭha) (masculine, nominative, singular)
= foremost
divine ones
patis (stem form: pati) (masculine, nominative, singular) = lord
aghnyānām (stem form: aghnyā) (feminine, genitive, plural) =
of the cows
nakṣatram (stem form: nakṣatra) (neuter, accusative, singular)
= nakṣatra
asya (2nd class verb root: as) (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine,
genitive, singular) = of him
21

vidhema (6th class verb root: vidh) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should worship
mā (prohibative) (indeclinable) = not
nas (pronoun, 1st person, genitive, plural) = our
offspring
rīriṣat (1st/4th class verb root: riṣ) (injunctive, 3rd person,
singular) = may it cause harm3
mā (prohibative) (indeclinable) = not
uta (conjunction) (indeclinable) = and
vīrān (stem form: vīra) (masculine, accusative, plural) = heroes
3
See pages 412–413 in A Vedic Grammar for Students by Arthur Anthony
Macdonell under the verb root, riṣ.
Khaṇḍikā 8
hetī rudrasya pari ṇo vṛṇaktu ।
ārdrā nakṣatraṃ juṣatāṃ havirnaḥ ।
pramuñcamānau duritāni viśvā ।
apāghaśaṃsannudatāmarātim ।
May the two weapons of Rudra not be used against us. May
Ārdrā and the nakṣatra be pleased with our burnt offering. May
the two liberators drive away misdeeds, the bad and evil curse,
and the non-gracious everywhere.
22

hetī (stem form: heti) (feminine, nominative, dual) = two
weapons4
rudrasya (stem form: rudra) (masculine, genitive, singular) = of
Rudra
pari (preposition) (indeclinable) = against
nas (pronoun, 1st person, dative, plural) = to us
vṛṇaktu (7th class verb root: vṛj) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = may not be used
ārdrā (stem form: ārdrā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Ārdrā
= nakṣatra
juṣatām (6th class verb root: juṣ) (imperative, ātmanepada, 3rd
person, singular) = may one be pleased
havis (stem form: havis) (neuter, accusative, singular) = burnt
offering
4
His two weapons are a bow and arrow, and a trishula.
pramuñcamānau (pra + 6th class verb root: muc) (present
middle participle, masculine, nominative, dual) = two
liberators
duritāni (dur + 2nd class verb root: i) (past passive participle,
neuter, accusative, plural) = misdeeds
everywhere
apa = bad
agha = evil
śasa = curse
apāghaśaṃsam (stem form: apāghaśamsa) (masculine,
accusative, singular) = bad and evil curse
nudatām (6th class verb root: nud) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, dual) = may the two drive away
arātim (stem form: arāti) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
non-gracious
23

Khaṇḍikā 9
punarno devyaditiḥ spṛṇotu ।
punarvasū naḥ punaretāṃ yajñam ।
punarno devā abhiyantu sarve ।
punaḥ punarvo haviṣā yajāmaḥ ।
Furthermore, may the goddess Aditi protect us. Furthermore,
may the two Punarvasus partake in yajña for us. Furthermore,
may all those divine come to us. We worship you again and
again with a burnt offering.
punar (adverb) (indeclinable) = furthermore
goddess
aditis (stem form: aditi) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Aditi
spṛṇotu (5th class verb root: spṛ) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = may one protect
punarvasū (stem form: punarvasu) (masculine, nominative,
dual) = two Punarvasus5
etām (2nd class verb root: i) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, dual) = may the two partake in
6
yajña
6
I have not absolutely validated the grammatical details of this word, but
the grammatical details assigned by me make sense in the context of this
part of the verse.
5
The two Punarvasus refer to the two bright stars, Castor and Pollux, found
within this nakṣatra.
24

nas (pronoun, 1st person, dative, plural) = to us
devās (stem form: deva) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
those divine
abhiyantu (abhi + 2nd class verb root: i) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those come
sarve (stem form: sarva) (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine,
nominative, plural) = all those
punar punar (adverb) (indeclinable) = again and again
vas (pronoun, 2nd person, accusative, plural) = you
yajāmas (1st class verb root: yaj) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = we worship
Khaṇḍikā 10
evā na devyaditiranarvā ।
viśvasya bhartrī jagataḥ pratiṣṭhā ।
punarvasū haviṣā vardhayantī ।
priyaṃ devānāmapyetu pāthaḥ ।
Just so is the boundless goddess Aditi, the steadfast supporter
of the entire world. She causes an increase in the two
Punarvasus with a burnt offering, even the beloved of the
divine ones may partake in the food.
25

evā na (interjection) (indeclinable) = just so
goddess
aditis (stem form: aditi) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Aditi
anarvā (stem form: anarvā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
boundless
viśvasya (stem form: viśva) (masculine, genitive, singular) = of
the entire
bhartrī (stem form: bhartṛ) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
supporter
jagatas (stem form: jagat) (neuter, genitive, singular) = of the
world
pratiṣṭhā (stem form: pratiṣṭhā) (feminine, nominative,
singular) = steadfast
punarvasū (stem form: punarvasu) (masculine, accusative,
dual) = two Punarvasus7
7
The two Punarvasus refer to the two bright stars, Castor and Pollux, found
within this nakṣatra.
vardhayantī (1st class verb root: vṛdh) (causative, present
active participle, feminine, nominative, singular) = causing an
increase
devānām (stem form: deva) (masculine, genitive, plural) = of
those divine
api (adverb) (indeclinable) = even
etu (2nd class verb root: i) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may one partake
pāthas (stem form: pāthas) (neuter, accusative, singular) = food
26

abhiyantu (abhi + 2nd class verb root: i) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those come
sarve (stem form: sarva) (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine,
punar punar (adverb) (indeclinable) = repeatedly
vas (pronoun, 2nd person, accusative, plural) = us
yajāmas (1st class verb root: yaj) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = we worship
Khaṇḍikā 11
bṛhaspatiḥ prathamaṃ jāyamānaḥ ।
tiṣyaṃ nakṣatramabhisambabhūva ।
śreṣṭho devānāṃ pṛtanāsu jiṣṇuḥ ।
diśo nu sarvā abhayanno astu ।
Bṛhaspati being born first arose in the nakṣatra of Tiṣya.
Foremost of the divine ones and victorious in battles.
Indeed, may it be free from fear for us in all directions.
27

bṛhaspatis (stem form: bṛhaspati) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = Bṛhaspati
prathamam (stem form: prathama) (ordinal number, masculine,
accusative, singular) = first
jāyamānas (4th class verb root: jan) (present middle participle,
masculine, nominative, singular) = being born
tiṣyam (stem form: tiṣya) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
Tiṣya8
= nakṣatra
abhisambabhūva (abhi + sam + 1st class verb root: bhū)
(perfect, parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = it arose
= foremost
divine ones
pṛtanāsu (stem form: pṛtanā) (feminine, locative, plural) = in
battles
jiṣṇus (stem form: jiṣṇu) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
victorious
8
Commonly known as Puṣya nakṣatra.
diśas (stem form: diś) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
directions
nu (adverb) (indeclinable) = indeed
sarvās (stem form: sarva) (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine,
accusative, plural) = all
abhayam (stem form: abhaya) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
free from fear
astu (2nd class verb root: as) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it be
28

Khaṇḍikā 12
tiṣyaḥ purastāduta madhyato naḥ ।
bṛhaspatirnaḥ paripātu paścāt ।
bādhetāṃdveṣo abhayaṃ kṛṇutām ।
suvīryasya patayaḥ syāma ।
May Bṛhaspati and Tiṣya protect us from the beginning, from
the middle, and from the end of us. Fearlessly may the two
oppress and hurt the enemy. We should be lords of great
strength.
tiṣyas (stem form: tiṣya) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Tiṣya
purastāt (adverb) (indeclinable) = from the beginning
madhya = middle
tas = (adverbial suffix with an ablative sense)
madhyatas (adverb) (indeclinable) = from the middle
bṛhaspatis (stem form: bṛhaspati) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = Bṛhaspati
nas (pronoun, 1st person, genitive, plural) = of us
paripātu (pari + 2nd class verb root: pā) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = may it protect
paścāt (adverb) (indeclinable) = from the end
bādhetām (1st class verb root: bādh) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, dual) = may the two oppress
dveṣas (stem form: dveṣas) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
enemy
abhayam (adverb) (indeclinable) = fearlessly
29

kṛṇutām (5th class verb root: kṛ) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, dual) = may the two hurt
su = great
vīrya = strength
suvīryasya (stem form: suvīrya) (neuter, genitive, singular) =
of great strength
patayas (stem form: pati) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
lords
syāma (2nd class verb root: as) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should be
Khaṇḍikā 13
idaṃ sarpebhyas havirastu juṣṭam ।
āśreṣā yeṣāmanuyanti cetaḥ ।
ye antarikṣaṃ pṛthivīṃ kṣiyanti ।
te naḥ sarpāso havamāgamiṣṭhāḥ ।
May this oblation be agreeable to the serpents. The Āśreṣā of
those, those follow the mind. Those who rule the atmosphere
and the earth, those are coming the quickest to the oblation for
us from the place of the serpents.
30

idam (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, nominative, singular) = this
sarpebhyas (stem form: sarpa) (masculine, dative, plural) = for
the serpents
havis (stem form: havis) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
oblation
juṣṭam (6th class verb root: juṣ) (past passive participle, neuter,
nominative, singular) = agreeable
āśreṣā (stem form: āśreṣā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Āśreṣā9
yeṣām (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, genitive, plural) = of
whose
anuyanti (anu + 2nd class verb root: i) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those follow
cetas (stem form: cetas) (neuter, accusative, singular) = mind
ye (relative pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative,
plural) = those who
9
Alternative form of Āśleṣā.
antarikṣam (stem form: antarikṣa) (neuter, accusative, singular)
= atmosphere
pṛthivīm (stem form: pṛthivī) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
earth
kṣiyanti (1st class verb root: kṣi) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those rule
te (correlative pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative,
plural) = those
sarpa = serpent
ās = place
sarpāsas (stem form: sarpās) (neuter, ablative, singular) = from
the place of the serpents
havam (stem form: hava) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
oblation
āgamiṣṭhās (stem form: āgamiṣṭha) (superlative, masculine,
nominative, plural) = those coming the quickest
31

Khaṇḍikā 14
ye rocane sūryasyāpi sarpāḥ ।
ye divaṃ devīmanusaṃcaranti ।
yeṣāmaśreṣā anuyanti kāmam ।
tebhyaḥ sarpebhyo madhumajjuhomi ।
Moreover those who are splendid serpents of the Sun and
accordingly those who go to the goddess and heaven, the
Āśreṣās of those follow desire. Possessed of honey I make an
offering to those serpents.
plural) = those who
rocane (stem form: rocana) (pronoun, 3rd person, nominative,
plural) = those splendid
sūryasya (stem form: sūrya) (masculine, gentive, singular) = of
the Sun
api (adverb) (indeclinable) = moreover
sarpās (stem form: sarpa) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
serpents
plural) = those who
divam (stem form: diva) (neuter, accusative, singular) = heaven
devīm (stem form: devī) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
goddess
anu (adverb) (indeclinable) = accordingly
saṃcaranti (sam + 1st class verb root: car) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those go
yeṣām (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, genitive, plural) = of
those
32

āśreṣās (stem form: āśreṣā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
Āśreṣās10
kāmam (stem form: kāma) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
desire
tebhyas (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, dative, plural) = to
those
sarpebhyas (stem form: sarpa) (pronoun, 3rd person,
masculine, dative, plural) = to serpents
madhu = honey
mat = possessed
madhumat (stem form: madhumat) (neuter, nominative,
singular) = possessed of honey
juhomi (3rd class verb root: hu) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, singular) = I make an offering
10
Alternative form of Āśleṣā.
Khaṇḍikā 15
upahūtāḥ pitaro ye maghāsu ।
manojavasaḥ sukṛtaḥ sukṛtyāḥ ।
te no nakṣatre havamāgamiṣṭhāḥ ।
svadhābhiryajñaṃ prayataṃ juṣantām ।
Those who are performers of good having quickness of mind of
those good deeds to be done called the Pitṛs among the
Maghās, those are coming the quickest to the oblation for us
during the nakṣatra. With the food offerings to the Pitṛs
delivered into the yajña may those be relished.
33

upahūtās (upa + 1st class verb root: hve) (past passive
participle, femininte, nominative, plural) = those called
pitaras (stem form: pitṛ) (masculine, nominative, plural) = Pitṛs
plural) = those who
maghāsu (stem form: maghā) (feminine, locative, plural) =
among the Maghās
manas = mind
javas = quick
manojavasas (stem form: manojavas) (masculine, nominative,
plural) = those with quickness of mind
su = good
kṛt = performer
sukṛtas (stem form: kṛt) (masculine, nominative, plural) = those
performers of good
su = good
kṛtya = deeds to be done
sukṛtyās (8th class verb root: kṛ) (future passive participle,
masculine, nominative, plural) = those good deeds to be done
te (correlative pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative,
plural) = those
nakṣatre (stem form: nakṣatra) (neuter, locative, singular) =
during the nakṣatra
havam (stem form: hava) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
oblation
āgamiṣṭhās (stem form: āgamiṣṭha) (superlative, masculine,
nominative, plural) = those coming the quickest
svadhābhis (stem form: svadhā) (feminine, instrumental,
plural) = with the food offerings to the Pitṛs
yajña
prayatam (pra + 1st class verb root: yam) (past passive
participle, masculine, accusative, singular) = delivered
juṣantām (6th class verb root: juṣ) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, plural) = may those be relished
34

Khaṇḍikā 16
ye agnidagdhā ye'nagnidagdhāḥ ।
ye'mullokaṃ pitaraḥ kṣiyanti ।
yāgṃśca vidmayāṃ u ca na pravidma ।
maghāsu yajñaṃ sukṛtaṃ juṣantām ।
The Pitṛs who were consumed by fire or not consumed by fire
and whom we knew and did not know, dwelling in the world of
joy, may those be fond of the good performed in the yajña
among the Maghās.
plural) = those who
agni = fire
dagdha = burnt
agnidagdhās (1st class verb root: dah) (past passive participle,
masculine, nominative, plural) = those consumed by fire
plural) = those who
an = not
agni = fire
dagdha = burnt
anagnidagdhās (1st class verb root: dah) (past passive
participle, masculine, nominative, plural) = those not
consumed by fire
plural) = those who
mud = joy
loka = world
mullokam (stem form: mulloka) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = world of joy
pitaras (stem form: pitṛ) (masculine, nominative, plural) = Pitṛs
kṣiyanti (6th class verb root class: kṣi) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those dwell
35

yān (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, accusative, plural) =
those whom
ca (conjunction) (indeclinable) = and
vidma (2nd class verb root: vid) (perfect, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, plural) = we knew
yān (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, accusative, plural) =
those whom
u (indeclinable) = (interjection)
na (negative) (indeclinable) = not
pravidma (pra + 2nd class verb root: vid) (perfect,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = we knew
maghāsu (stem form: maghā) (feminine, locative, plural) =
among the Maghās
yajñagm (stem form: yajña) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
yajña
su = good
kṛta = performed
sukṛtam (8th class verb root: kṛ) (past passive participle,
masculine, accusative, singular) = good performed
juṣantām (6th class verb root: juṣ) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, plural) = may those be fond
36

Khaṇḍikā 17
gavāṃ patiḥ phalgunīnāmasi tvam ।
tadaryamanvaruṇa mitra cāru ।
taṃ tvā vayaṃ sanitāraṃ sanīnām ।
jīvā jīvantamupa saṃviśema ।
Beloved Aryaman, Varuṇa, and Mitra, you are that, the lord of
cattle and the Phalgunīs. Moreover we, the living beings,
should enjoy you and that living star of acquisition of the stars.
gavām (stem form: go) (feminine, genitive, plural) = of cattle
patis (stem form: pati) (masculine, nominative, singular) = lord
phalgunīnām (stem form: phalgunī) (feminine, genitive, plural)
= of the Phalgunīs
asi (2nd class verb root: as) (present indicative, parasmaipada,
2nd person, singular) = you are
tvam (pronoun, 2nd person, nominative, singular) = you
tat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, nominative, singular) = that
aryaman (stem form: aryaman) (masculine, vocative, singular)
= Aryaman
varuṇa (stem form: varuṇa) (masculine, vocative, singular) =
Varuṇa
mitra (stem form: mitra) (masculine, vocative, singular) =
Mitra
cāru (stem form: cāru) (masculine, vocative, singular) =
beloved
tam (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, accusative, singular) =
that
tvā (pronoun, 2nd person, accusative, singular) = you
37

vayam (pronoun, 1st person, nominative, plural) = we
sani = acquisition
tāra = star
sanitāram (stem form: sanitāra) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = star of acquisition
sanīnām (stem form: sani) (masculine, genitive, plural) = of the
stars
jīvās (stem form: jīva) (masculine, nominative, plural) = living
beings
jīvantam (1st class verb root: jīv) (present active participle,
masculine, accusative, singular) = living
upa (adverb) (indeclinable) = moreover
saṃviśema (sam + 6th class verb root: viś) (optative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = we should enjoy
Khaṇḍikā 18
yenemā viśvā bhuvanāni saṃjitā ।
yasya devā anusaṃyanti cetaḥ ।
aryamā rājājarastu viṣmān ।
phalgunīnāmṛṣabho roravīti ।
The sovereign Aryaman, unaging and powerful, and most
excellent of the Phalgunīs roars. By whom all those conquered
the worlds. Those divine of whom follow the mind.
38

yena (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, instrumental, singular) =
by whom
imās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, nominative, plural) =
those
viśvās (stem form: viśva) (feminine, nominative, plural) = all
those
bhuvanāni (stem form: bhuvana) (neuter, accusative, plural) =
worlds
saṃjitās (sam + 1st class verb root: ji) (past passive participle,
feminine, nominative, plural) = those conquered
yasya (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, genitive, singular) = of
whom
those divine
anusaṃyanti (anu + sam + 2nd class verb root: i) (present
indicative, parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those following
cetas (stem form: cetas) (neuter, accusative, singular) = mind
aryamā (stem form: aryaman) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = Aryaman
rājā (stem form: rājan) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
sovereign
ajaras (stem form: ajara) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
unaging
tuviṣmān (stem form: tuviṣmat) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = powerful
phalgunīnām (stem form: phalgunī) (feminine, genitive, plural)
= of the Phalgunīs
ṛṣabhas (stem form: ṛṣabha) (masculine, nominative, singular)
= most excellent
roravīti (2nd class verb root: ru) (intensive, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = one roars
39

Khaṇḍikā 19
śreṣṭho devānāṃ bhagavo bhagāsi ।
tattvā viduḥ phalgunīs tasya vittāt ।
asmabhyaṃ kṣatramajaraṃ suvīryam ।
gomadaśvavadupa saṃnudeha ।
Bhagavat, you are Bhagā, foremost of the divine ones. From
the wealth of that is the truth and wisdom in regards to the
Phalgunīs. Moreover, may you urge us towards dominion,
non-aging, great strength, possessed of cattle, and possessed of
horses in this world.
= foremost
divine ones
bhagavas (stem form: bhagavat) (masculine, vocative, singular)
= bhagavat
bhagā (stem form: bhagā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Bhagā
asi (2nd class verb root: as) (present indicative, parasmaipada,
2nd person, singular) = you are
tattvā (stem form: tattvā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
truth
vidus (stem form: vidus) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
wisdom
phalgunīs (stem form: phalgunī) (feminine, accusative, plural)
= in regards to the Phalgunīs
tasya (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, genitive, singular) = of that
vittāt (6th class verb root: vid) (past passive participle,
masculine, ablative, singular) = from the found (weath)
asmabhyam (pronoun, 1st person, dative, plural) = for us
40

kṣatram (stem form: kṣatra) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
dominion
ajaram (stem form: ajara) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
non-aging
su = great
vīrya = strength
suvīryam (stem form: suvīrya) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
great strength
go = cattle
mat = possessed of
gomat (stem form: gomat) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
possessed of cattle
aśva = horse
vat = possessed of
aśvavat (stem form: aśvavat) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
possessed of horses
saṃnuda (sam + 6th class verb root: nud) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 2nd person, singular) = may you urge
iha (adverb) (indeclinable) = in this world
Khaṇḍikā 20
bhago ha dātā bhaga itpradātā ।
bhago devīḥ phalgunīrāviveśa ।
bhagasyettaṃ prasavaṃ gamema ।
yatra devaiḥ sadhamādaṃ madema ।
Indeed, Bhaga as a giver and indeed, Bhaga as a great giver,
Bhaga attained the divine Phalgunīs. Indeed, we should
approach that fruit of Bhaga, where we should rejoice in
fellowship with the divine ones.
41

bhagas (stem form: bhaga) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Bhaga11
ha (emphatic particle) (indeclinable) = indeed
dātā (stem form: dātṛ) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
giver
Bhaga
id (particle of affirmation) (indeclinable) = indeed
pra = great
dātṛ = giver
pradātā (stem form: pradātṛ) (masculine, nominative, singular)
= great giver
Bhaga
devīs (stem form: devī) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
goddesses
phalgunīs (stem form: phalgunī) (feminine, accusative, plural)
= Phalgunīs
āviveśa (ā + 6th class verb root: viś) (perfect, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = it attained
11
Name of an Āditya bestowing wealth and presiding over love and
marriage.
bhagasya (stem form: bhaga) (masculine, genitive, singular) =
of Bhaga
id (particle of affirmation) (indeclinable) = indeed
that
prasavam (stem form: prasava) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = fruit
gamema (1st class verb root: gam) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should approach
yatra (adverb) (indeclinable) = where
devais (stem form: deva) (masculine, instrumental, plural) =
with divine ones
sadhamādam (stem form: sadhamāda) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = fellowship
madema (1st class verb root: mad) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should rejoice
42

Khaṇḍikā 21
āyātu devaḥ savitopayātu ।
hiraṇyayena suvṛtā rathena ।
vahanhastaṃ subhagaṃ vidmanāpasam ।
prayacchantaṃ papuriṃ puṇyamaccha ।
May the divine Savitṛ come and may he approach in a golden
chariot proceeding well on a regular course. Seizing the good
fortune and skillful work of Hasta and giving towards
abundance and the auspicious.
āyātu (ā + 2nd class verb root: yā) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = may one come
devas (stem form: deva) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
divine
savitā (stem form: savitṛ) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Savitṛ
upayātu (upa + 2nd class verb root: yā) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = may one approach
hiraṇyayena (stem form: hiraṇyaya) (masculine, instrumental,
singular) = by a golden
su = well
vṛt = proceeding on a regular course
suvṛtā (stem form: suvṛt) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
by proceeding well on a regular course
rathena (stem form: ratha) (masculine, instrumental, singular) =
by a chariot
vahan (1st class verb root: vah) (present active participle,
masculine, nominative, singular) = seizing
hastam (stem form: hasta) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
Hasta
43

su = great
bhaga = fortune
subhagam (stem form: subhaga) (masculine, accusative,
singular) = great fortune
vidmanāpasam (stem form: vidmanāpas) (masculine,
accusative, singular) = working skillfully
prayacchantam (pra + 1st class verb root: yam) (present
participle, masculine, accusative, singular) = giving
papurim (stem form: papuri) (masculine, accusative, singular)
= abundance
puṇyam (stem form: puṇya) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
auspicious
accha (preposition) (indeclinable) = towards
Khaṇḍikā 22
hastaḥ prayacchatvamṛtaṃ vasīyaḥ ।
dakṣiṇena pratigṛbhṇīma enat ।
dātāramadya savitā videya ।
yo no hastāya prasuvāti yajñam ।
May Hasta bestow immortality and greater wealth. We seize
this by the right hand. Savitṛ having protected the giver in this
moment, who impels our yajña for Hasta.
44

hastas (stem form: hasta) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Hasta
prayacchatu (pra + 1st class verb root: yam) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = may one bestow
amṛtam (a + 6th class verb root: mṛ) (past passive participle,
masculine, accusative, singular) = immortality
vasīyas (stem form: vasīyas) (comparative, neuter, accusative,
singular) = greater wealth
dakṣiṇena (stem form: dakṣiṇa) (masculine, instrumental,
singular) = by the right hand
pratigṛbhṇīmas (9th class verb root: grah) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = we seize
enat (stem form: ena) (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative,
singular) = this
dātāram (stem form: dātṛ) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
giver
adya (adverb) (indeclinable) = in this moment
savitā (stem form: savitṛ) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Savitṛ
videya (vi + 1st class verb root: de) (gerund) (indeclinable) =
having protected
yas (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative, singular) =
who
hastāya (stem form: hasta) (masculine, dative, singular) = for
Hasta
prasuvāti (pra + 6th class verb root: sū) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = one impels
yajña
45

Khaṇḍikā 23
tvaṣṭā nakṣatramabhyeti citrām ।
subhaṃ sasaṃyuvatiṃ rocamānām ।
niveśayannamṛtānmartyāṃśca ।
rūpāṇi piṃśanbhuvanāni viśvā ।
Tvaṣṭā approaches the nakṣatra of Citrā, auspicious and
shining with youth. Causing one to be joined to immortals and
mortals and adoring forms and creatures everywhere.
tvaṣṭā (stem form: tvaṣṭā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Tvaṣṭā
= nakṣatra
abhyeti (abhi + 2nd class verb root: i) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = one approaches
citrām (stem form: citrā) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
Citrā
subham (stem form: subha) (masculine, accusative, singular)
12
= auspicious
sa = with
saṃyuvati = youth
sasaṃyuvatim (stem form: sasaṃyuvati) (feminine, accusative,
singular) = with youth
rocamānām (stem form: rocamānā) (feminine, accusative,
singular) = shining
niveśayan (ni + 6th class verb root: viś) (causative, present
active participle, masculine, nominative, singular) = one
causing to be joined
12
For śubha.
46

amṛtān (a + 6th class verb root: mṛ) (past passive participle,
masculine, accusative, plural) = immortals
martyān (stem form: martya) (masculine, accusative, plural) =
mortals
rūpāṇi (stem form: rūpa) (neuter, accusative, plural) = forms
piṃśan (6th class verb root: piś) (present active participle,
masculine, nominative, singular) = adorning
bhuvanāni (stem form: piṃśanbhuvana) (neuter, accusative,
plural) = creatures
everywhere
Khaṇḍikā 24
tannastvaṣṭā tadu citrā vicaṣṭām ।
tannakṣatraṃ bhūridā astu mahyam ।
tannaḥ prajāṃ vīravatīṃ sanotu ।
gobhirno aśvaiḥ samanaktu yajñam ।
May Citrā and Tvaṣṭā declare this and that for us. May that
nakṣatra give abundance to me. May it bestow upon us
offspring possessed of heroism. May it anoint the yajña with
cattle and horses for us.
47

tat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative, singular) = that
tvaṣṭā (stem form: tvaṣṭā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Tvaṣṭā
tat (stem form: tad) (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative,
singular) = that
u (expression implying antithesis) (indeclinable) = and
citrā (stem form: citrā) (feminine, nominative, singular) = Citrā
vicaṣṭām (vi + 2nd class verb root: cakṣ) (imperative,
ātmanepada, 3rd person, singular) = may it declare
= nakṣatra
bhūri = abundance
dā = give
bhūridā (stem form: bhūridā) (feminine, nominative, singular)
= give abundance
mahyam (pronoun, 1st person, dative, singular) = to me
tat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, nominative, singular) = it
offspring
vīra = heroism
vat = possessed
vīravatīm (stem form: vīravatī) (feminine, accusative, singular)
= possessed of heroism
sanotu (8th class verb root: san) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it bestow
gobhis (stem form: go) (feminine, instrumental, plural) = with
cattle
aśvais (stem form: aśva) (masculine, instrumental, plural) =
with horses
samanaktu (sam + 7th class verb root: añj) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = may it anoint
yajña
48

Khaṇḍikā 25
vāyurnakṣatramabhyeti niṣṭyām ।
tigmaśṛṅgo vṛṣabho roruvāṇaḥ ।
samīrayanbhuvanā mātariśvā ।
apa dveṣāṃsi nudatāmarātīḥ ।
Vāyu approaches Niṣṭyā nakṣatra. A roaring sharp-horned bull.
May Mātariśvan rousing creatures drive away enemies
dispelling hostilities.
vāyus (stem form: vāyu) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Vāyu
= nakṣatra
abhyeti (abhi + 2nd class verb root: i) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = one approaches
niṣṭyām (stem form: niṣṭyā) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
Niṣṭyā13
tigma = sharp
śṛṅga = horn
tigmaśṛṅgas (stem form: tigmaśṛṅga) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = sharp-horned
vṛṣabhas (stem form: vṛṣabha) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = bull
roruvāṇas (2nd class verb root: ru) (intensive, present active
participle, masculine, nominative, singular) = roaring
samīrayan (sam + 2nd class verb root: īr) (present active
participle, masculine, nominative, singular) = rousing
bhuvanās (stem form: bhuvanā) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
creatures
13
Also known as Svāti.
49

mātariśvā (stem form: mātariśvan) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = Mātariśvan14
apa (adverb) (indeclinable) = dispelling
dveṣāṃsi (stem form: dveṣas) (neuter, accusative, plural) =
hostilities
nudatām (6th class verb root: nud) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, singular) = may it drive away
arātīs (stem form: arāti) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
enemies
14
Deity related to wind.
Khaṇḍikā 26
tanno vāyustadu niṣṭyā śṛṇotu ।
tannakṣatraṃ bhūridā astu mahyam ।
tanno devāso anujānantu kāmam ।
yathā tarema duritāni viśvā ।
May Vāyu and Niṣṭyā hear this and that for us. May that
nakṣatra give abundance to me. May those divine know that
desire for us, so that we should cross over all difficulties.
50

vāyus (stem form: vāyu) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Vāyu
tat (stem form: tad) (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative,
singular) = that
u (expression implying antithesis) (indeclinable) = and
niṣṭyā (stem form: niṣṭyā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Niṣṭyā15
śṛṇotu (5th class verb root: śru) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it hear
= nakṣatra
bhūri = abundance
dā = give
bhūridā (stem form: bhūridā) (feminine, nominative, singular)
= give abundance
15
Also known as Svāti.
mahyam (pronoun, 1st person, dative, singular) = to me
devāsas (stem form: deva) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
16
those divine
anujānantu (anu + 9th class verb root: jña) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those know
desire
yathā (adverb) (indeclinable) = so that
tarema (1st class verb root: tṝ) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should cross over
duritāni (stem form: durita) (neuter, accusative, plural) =
difficulties
viśvā (determiner) = all
16
Very old form of the masculine, nominative, plural, even by Vedic
standards.
51

Khaṇḍikā 27
dūramasmacchatravo yantu bhītāḥ ।
tadindrāgnī kṛṇutāṃ tadviśākhe ।
tanno devā anumadantu yajñam ।
paścāt purastādabhayanno astu ।
May those alarmed enemies go far away from us. May Indra
and Agni of those slay in the Viśākha nakṣatra of those two.
May those divine rejoice in that yajña for us. Behind and in
front may one be free from fear for us.
dūram (adverb) (indeclinable) = far away
asmat (pronoun, 1st person, ablative, plural) = from us
śatravas (stem form: śatru) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
enemies
yantu (2nd class verb root: i) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, plural) = may those go
bhītās (3rd class verb root: bhī) (past passive participle,
masculine, nominative, plural) = those alarmed
tad = that
indra = Indra
agni = Agni
tadindrāgnī (stem form: tadindrāgnī) (masculine, nominative,
dual) = Indra and Agni of those
kṛṇutām (5th class verb root: kṛ) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, dual) = may the two slay
tad = that
viśākha = Viśākha nakṣatra
tadviśākhe (stem form: tadviśākha) (masculine, locative,
singular) = in Viśākha nakṣatra of those two
52

those divine
anumadantu (anu + 1st class verb root: mad) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may they rejoice
yajña
paścāt (preposition) (indeclinable) = behind
purastāt (preposition) (indeclinable) = in front
abhayam (stem form: abhaya) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
free from fear
Khaṇḍikā 28
nakṣatrāṇāmadhipatnī viśākhe ।
śreṣṭhāvindrāgnī bhuvanasya gopau ।
viṣūcaḥ śatrūnapabādhamānau ।
apa kṣudhannudatāmarātim ।
The two rulers of the nakṣatra in Viśākha are Indra and Agni,
the two foremost guardians of the world. The two tormenting
enemies dispelling them from everywhere. May the two drive
away the non-gracious dispelling by hunger.
53

nakṣatrāṇām (stem form: nakṣatra) (neuter, nominative,
singular) = of the nakṣatra
adhipatnī (stem form: adhipatnī) (masculine, nominative, dual)
= two rulers
viśākhe (stem form: viśākha) (masculine, locative, singular) =
in Viśākha
śreṣṭhau (stem form: śreṣṭha) (masculine, nominative, dual) =
two foremost
indrāgnī (indrāgnī) (masculine, nominative, dual) = Indra and
Agni
bhuvanasya (stem form: bhuvana) (neuter, genitive, singular) =
of the world
gopau (stem form: gopa) (masculine, nominative, dual) = two
guardians
viṣūcas (stem form: viṣvac) (neuter, ablative, singular) = from
everywhere
śatrūn (stem form: śatru) (masculine, accusative, plural) =
enemies
bādhamānau (1st class verb root: bādh) (present middle
participle, masculine, nominative, dual) = two tormenting
kṣudham (stem form: kṣudh) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
hunger
nudatām (6th class verb root: nud) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, dual) = may the two drive away
arātim (stem form: arāti) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
non-gracious
54

Khaṇḍikā 29
pūrṇā paścāduta pūrṇā purastāt ।
unmadhyataḥ paurṇamāsī jigāya ।
tasyāṃ devā adhi saṃvasantaḥ ।
uttame nāka iha mādayantām ।
Full in the end, full in the beginning, and Paurṇamāsī in the
middle one defeated. Those supreme divine dwelling together
in that. Here, may those be caused to rejoice in the best heaven.
pūrṇā (3rd class verb root: pṛ) (past passive participle,
feminine, nominative, singular) = full
paścāt (preposition) (indeclinable) = in the end
pūrṇā (3rd class verb root: pṛ) (past passive participle,
feminine, nominative, singular) = full
purastāt (preposition) (indeclinable) = in the beginning
unmadhya = middle
tas = adverbial suffix with an ablative sense
unmadhyatas (adverb) (indeclinable) = in the middle
paurṇamāsī (stem form: paurṇamāsī) (feminine, nominative,
singular) = Paurṇamāsī17
jigāya (1st class verb root: ji) (perfect, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = one defeated
tasyām (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, locative, singular) = in
that
those divine
17
The day of the full moon.
55

adhi (adverb) (indeclinable) = supreme
sam = together
vasanta = Vasanta
saṃvasantas (sam + 1st class verb root: vas) (present active
participle, masculine, nominative, plural) = those dwelling
together
uttame (stem form: uttama) (superlative, masculine, locative,
singular) = in the best
nāke (stem form: nāka) (masculine, locative, singular) = in
heaven
iha (adverb) (indeclinable) = here
mādayantām (4th class verb root: mad) (causative, imperative,
ātmanepada, 3rd person, plural) = may those be caused to
rejoice
Khaṇḍikā 30
pṛthvī suvarcā yuvatiḥ sajoṣāḥ ।
paurṇamāsyudagācchobhamānā ।
āpyāyayantā duritāni viśvā ।
uruṃ duhāṃ yajamānāya yajñam ।
The earth, glorious united with youth. The shining Paurṇamāsī
arose. Curbed misdeeds to be obtained everywhere for the
yajamāna with the great yajña of boons.
56

pṛthvī (stem form: pṛthvī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
earth
suvarcās (stem form: suvarcas) (masculine, nominative,
singular) = glorious
yuvatis (stem form: yuvati) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
youth
sajoṣās (stem form: sajoṣa) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
united
paurṇamāsī (stem form: paurṇamāsī) (feminine, nominative,
singular) = Paurṇamāsī18
udagāt (ud + 1st class verb root: gā) (aorist, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = it arose
śobhamānā (1st/6th class verb root: śubh) (present middle
participle, feminine, nominative, singular) = shining
āpyāya (5th class verb root: āp) (future passive participle,
masculine, dative, singular) = to be obtained
yantā (1st class verb root: yam) (perfect, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = curbed
duritāni (dur + 2nd class verb root: i) (past passive participle,
neuter, accusative, plural) = misdeeds
18
The day of the full moon.
everywhere
urum (stem form: uru) (masculine, accusative, singular) = great
duhām (stem form: duh) (feminine, genitive, plural) = of boons
yajamānāya (stem form: yajamāna) (masculine, dative,
singular) = for the yajamāna19
yajña
19
A person who performs a sacrifice and pays its expenses.
57

Anuvāka 2 Detail
58

Khaṇḍikā 1
ṛdhyāsma havyairnamasopasadya ।
mitraṃ devaṃ mitradheyaṃ no astu ।
anūrādhān haviṣā vardhayantaḥ ।
śataṃ jīvēma śaradaḥ savīrāḥ ।
May we thrive with those to be offered, having approached
with reverence. May the divine Mitra exist to impart friends
upon us. May those be increasing the Anūrādhas with a burnt
offering. We should live a hundred years with wives.
ṛdhyāsma (4th/5th class verb root: ṛdh) (benedictive,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = may we thrive
havyais (3rd class verb root: hu) (future passive participle,
masculine, instrumental, plural) = with those to be offered
namasā (stem form: namas) (neuter, instrumental, singular) =
with reverence
upasadya (upa + 1st class verb root: sad) (gerund)
(indeclinable) = having approached
mitram (stem form: mitra) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
Mitra
devam (stem form: deva) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
divine
mitra = friend
dheya = impart
mitradheyam (3rd class verb root: dhā) (future passive
participle, masculine, accusative, singular) = to impart friends
person, singular) = may it exist
anūrādhān (stem form: anūrādha) (masculine, accusative,
plural) = Anūrādhas
59

vardhayantas (1st class verb root: vṛdh) (causative, present
active, participle, masculine, nominative, plural) = those
increasing
śatam (cardinal number) = one hundred
jīvema (1st class verb root: jīv) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should live
śaradas (stem form: śarad) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
years
sa = with
vīrā = wife
savīrās (stem form: savīrā) (feminine, accusative, plural) = with
wives
Khaṇḍikā 2
chitraṃ nakṣatramudagātpurastāt ।
anūrādhāsa iti yadvadanti ।
tanmitra eti pathibhirdevayānaiḥ ।
hiraṇyayairvitatairantarikṣe ।
Citra nakṣatra rose up in the front. Thus indeed, that which the
Anūrādhas declare, Mitra attains that with paths leading to the
divine with those manifested abounding in gold in the
atmosphere.
60

citram (stem form: citra) (neuter, nominative, singular) = Citra
= nakṣatra
udagāt (ud + 2nd class verb root: gā) (aorist, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = rose up
purastāt (adverb) (indeclinable) = in the front
anūrādhās (stem form: anūrādha) (masculine, nominative,
plural) = Anūrādhas
a (adverb) (indeclinable) = indeed
iti (adverb) (indeclinable) = thus
yat (relative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative, singular)
= which
vadanti (1st class verb root: vad) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those declare
tat (correlative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative,
singular) = that
mitras (stem form: mitra) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Mitra
pathibhis (stem form: pathin) (masculine, instrumental, plural)
= with the paths
deva = divine
yāna = leading
devayānais (devayāna) (masculine, instrumental, plural) = with
those leading to the divine
hiraṇyayais (stem form: hiraṇyaya) (masculine, instrumental,
plural) = with those abounding in gold
vitatais (vi + 8th class verb root: tan) (past passive participle,
masculine, instrumental, plural) = with those manifested
antarikṣe (stem form: antarikṣa) (neuter, locative, singular) = in
the atmosphere
61

Khaṇḍikā 3
indro jyeṣṭhāmanu nakṣatrameti ।
yasmin vṛtraṃ vṛtratūrye tatāra ।
tasminvayamamṛtaṃ duhānāḥ ।
kṣudhaṃ tarema duritiṃ duriṣṭim ।
Just so, Indra attains Jyeṣṭhā nakṣatra. When Vṛtra crossed
over during that related to the turya of Vṛtra, we are enjoying
immortality during that. We should transcend hunger, a bad
course, and a bad desire.
indras (stem form: indra) (masculine, nominative, singular) =
Indra
jyeṣṭhām (stem form: jyeṣṭhā) (feminine, accusative, singular)
= Jyeṣṭhā
anu (adverb) (indeclinable) = just so
= nakṣatra
yasmin (relative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, locative, singular)
= when
vṛtram (stem form: vitra) (neuter, nominative, singular) = Vṛtra
vṛtra = Vṛtra
tūrya = related to the turya
vṛtratūrye (stem form: vṛtratūrya) (nominal derivative, neuter,
locative, singular) = during that related to the turya of Vṛtra
tatāra (1st class verb root: tṝ) (perfect, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = one crossed over
tasmin (correlative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, locative,
singular) = during that
62

amṛtam (a + 6th class verb root: mṛ) (past passive participle,
masculine, accusative, singular) = immortality
duhānās (2nd class verb root: duh) (present middle participle,
masculine, nominative, plural) = we enjoying
kṣudham (stem form: kṣudh) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
hunger
tarema (1st class verb root: tṝ) (optative, parasmaipada, 1st
person, plural) = we should transcend
duritim (stem form: duriti) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
bad course
duriṣṭim (stem form: duriṣṭi) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
bad desire
Khaṇḍikā 4
purandarāya vṛṣabhāya dhṛṣṇave ।
aṣāḍhāya sahamānāya mīḍhuṣe ।
indrāya jyeṣṭhā madhumadduhānā ।
uruṃ kṛṇotu yajamānāya lokam ।
Jyeṣṭhā enjoying the agreeable for Indra, may she create a great
world for the yajamāna, for the mighty and bold Indra, and for
the victorious and bountiful Aṣāḍha.
63

purandarāya (stem form: purandara) (masculine, dative,
singular) = for Indra
vṛṣabhāya (stem form: vṛṣabha) (masculine, dative, singular) =
for the mighty
dhṛṣṇave (stem form: dhṛṣṇu) (masculine, dative, singular) =
for the bold
aṣāḍhāya (stem form: aṣāḍha) (masculine, dative, singular) =
for Aṣāḍha
sahamānāya (stem form: sahamāna) (masculine, dative,
singular) = for victorious
mīḍhuṣe (stem form: mīḍhuṣ) (masculine, dative, singular) =
for bountiful
indrāya (stem form: indra) (masculine, dative, singular) = for
Indra
jyeṣṭhā (stem form: jyeṣṭhā) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Jyeṣṭhā
madhu = honey
mat = possessed
madhumat (stem form: madhu) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
possessed of honey (agreeable)
duhānā (2nd class verb root: duh) (present middle participle,
feminine, nominative, singular) = enjoying
urum (stem form: uru) (masculine, accusative, singular) = great
kṛṇotu (5th class verb root: kṛ) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it create
lokam (stem form: loka) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
world
20
64

Khaṇḍikā 5
mūlaṃ prajāṃ vīravatīṃ videya ।
parācyetu nirṛtiḥ parācā ।
gobhirnakṣatraṃ paśubhiḥ samaktam ।
aharbhūyādyajamānāya mahyam ।
Mūla having protected people possessed of heroism, may the
adverse Nirṛti attain with adversity. May the anointed nakṣatra
become day with cattle and animals for me, the yajamāna.
mūlam (stem form: mūla) (neuter, accusative, singular) = Mūla
people
vīra = heroism
vatī = possessed
vīravatīm (stem form: vīravatī) (feminine, accusative, singular)
= possessed of heroism
videya (vi + 1st class verb root: de) (gerund) (indeclinable) =
having protected
parācī (stem form: parācī) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
adverse
etu (2nd class verb root: i) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may one attain
nirṛtis (stem form: nirṛti) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
Nirṛti
parācā (stem form: parāc) (masculine, instrumental, singular) =
with adversity
gobhis (stem form: go) (feminine, instrumental, plural) = with
cattle
= nakṣatra
65

paśubhis (stem form: paśu) (masculine, instrumental, plural) =
with animals
samaktam (sam + 7th class verb root: añj) (past passive
participle, neuter, nominative, singular) = anointed
ahas (stem form: ahan) (neuter, nominative, singular) = day
bhūyāt (1st class verb root: bhū) (benedictive, parasmaipada,
3rd person, singular) = may it become
mahyam (pronoun, 1st person, dative, singular) = for me
21
Khaṇḍikā 6
aharno adya suvite dadātu ।
mūlaṃ nakṣatramiti yadvadanti ।
parācīṃ vācā nirṛtiṃ nudāmi ।
śivaṃ prajāyai śivamastu mahyam ।
In this moment, may the day set us on the good path. Thus,
those declare that which is Mūla nakṣatra. May I urge the
adverse Nirṛti with speech. May it be auspicious for mankind
and for me.
66

ahas (stem form: ahan) (neuter, nominative, singular) = day
adya (adverb) (indeclinable) = in this moment
su = good
vita = path
suvite (stem form: suvita) (masculine, locative, singular) = on
the good path
dadātu (3rd class verb root: dā) (imperative, parasmaipada, 3rd
person, singular) = may it set
mūlam (stem form: mūla) (neuter, accusative, singular) = Mūla
= nakṣatra
iti (adverb) (indeclinable) = thus
yat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative, singular) = which
vadanti (1st class verb root: vad) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those declare
parācīm (stem form: parāc) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
adverse
vācā (stem form: vāc) (feminine, instrumental, singular) = with
speech
nirṛtim (stem form: nirṛti) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
Nirṛti
nudāmi (6th class verb root: nud) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, singular) = may I urge
auspicious
prajāyai (stem form: prajā) (feminine, dative, singular) = for
mankind
auspicious
mahyam (pronoun, 1st person, dative, singular) = for me
67

Khaṇḍikā 7
yā divyā āpaḥ payasā sambabhūvuḥ ।
yā antarikṣa uta pārthivīryāḥ ।
yāsāmaṣāḍhā anuyanti kāmam ।
tā na āpaḥ śaṃ syonā bhavantu ।
Those divine Āpas, who are in the sky and who are earth-born,
who came into existence with fluid, and the Aṣāḍhās of those
who follow desire, may those become beautiful and
yās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, nominative, plural) = those
who
divyās (stem form: divya) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
those divine
āpas (stem form: ap) (feminine, nominative, plural) = Āpas
payasā (stem form: payas) (neuter, instrumental, singular) =
with fluid
sambabhūvus (sam + 1st class verb root: bhū) (perfect,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those became
who
antarikṣe (stem form: antarikṣa) (neuter, locative, singular) = in
the sky
pārthivīs (stem form: pārthivī) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
those earth-born
who
yāsām (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, genitive, plural) = of
whose
68

aṣāḍhās (stem form: aṣāḍhā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
the Aṣāḍhās
desire
tās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, nominative, plural) = those
na (preposition) (indeclinable) = like
syonās (stem form: syonā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
beautiful
bhavantu (1st class verb root: bhū) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, plural) = may those become
Khaṇḍikā 8
yāśca kūpyā yāśca nādyāḥ samudriyāḥ ।
yāśca vaiśantīruta prāsacīryāḥ ।
yāsāmaṣāḍhā madhu bhakṣayanti ।
tā na āpaḥ śaṃ syōnā bhavantu ।
Those which are contained in the wells, those which are
contained in the rivers and seas, those which are contained in
the tanks, those which are contained in ice, and the Aṣāḍhās of
those who devour honey, may those become beautiful and
69

yās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, accusative, plural) = those
which
kūpyās (stem form: kūpyā) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
those contained in the wells
which
nādyās (stem form: nādī) (nominal derivative, feminine,
accusative, plural) = those contained in the rivers
samudriyās (stem form: samudriyā) (feminine, accusative,
plural) = those contained in the seas
which
vaiśantīs (stem form: vaiśantī) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
contained in tanks
prāsacīs (stem form: prāsacī) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
ice
which
yāsām (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, genitive, plural) = of
those who
the Aṣāḍhās
madhu (stem form: madhu) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
honey
bhakṣayanti (10th class verb root: bhakṣ) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those devour
tās (pronoun, 3rd person, feminine, nominative, plural) = those
na (preposition) (indeclinable) = like
syonās (stem form: syonā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
beautiful
bhavantu (1st class verb root: bhū) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, plural) = may those become
70

Khaṇḍikā 9
tanno viśve upa śṛṇvantu devāḥ ।
tadaṣāḍhā abhi saṃyantu yajñam ।
tannakṣatraṃ prathatāṃ paśubhyaḥ ।
kṛṣirvṛṣṭiryajamānāya kalpatām ।
Moreover, may all those divine hear that for us. May those
Aṣāḍhās be united in the vicinity of that yajña. May one
declare that nakṣatra for animals. May the rain create arable
land for the yajamāna.
viśve (stem form: viśva) (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine,
śṛṇvantu (5th class verb root: śru) (imperative, parasmaipada,
3rd person, plural) = may they hear
those divine
the Aṣāḍhās
abhi (adverb) (indeclinable) = in the vicinity
saṃyantu (sam + 2nd class verb root: i) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those be united
yajña
71

= nakṣatra
prathatām (1st class verb root: prath) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, singular) = may one declare
paśubhyas (stem form: paśu) (masculine, dative, plural) = for
animals
kṛṣis (stem form: kṛṣi) (feminine, nominative, singular) =
arable land
vṛṣṭis (stem form: vṛṣṭi) (feminine, nominative, singular) = rain
kalpatām (1st class verb root: kḷp) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, singular) = may one create
22
Khaṇḍikā 10
śubhrāḥ kanyā yuvatayas supeśasaḥ ।
karmakṛtaḥ sukṛto vīryāvatīḥ ।
viśvāndevānhaviṣā vardhayantīḥ ।
aṣāḍhāḥ kāmamupāyantu yajñam ।
Those shining, youthful, and beautiful maidens cause an
increase in all those divine and those benevolent performers of
karma possessed of vigor with a burnt offering. May the
Aṣāḍhās reach the desire of the yajña.
72

śubhrās (stem form: śubhrā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
those shining
kanyās (stem form: kanyā) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
maidens
yuvatayas (stem form: yuvati) (feminine, nominative, plural) =
those youthful
supeśasas (stem form: supeśas) (feminine, nominative, plural)
= those beautiful
karman = karma
kṛt = performer
karmakṛtas (stem form: karmakṛt) (feminine, accusative,
plural) = performers of karma
sukṛtas (stem form: sukṛt) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
those benevolent
vīryā = vigor
vat = possessed
vīryāvatīs (stem form: vīryāvatī) (feminine, accusative, plural)
= those possessed of vigor
viśvān (stem form: viśva) (masculine, accusative, plural) = all
devān (stem form: deva) (masculine, accusative, plural) =
divine ones
vardhayantīs (1st class verb root: vṛdh) (causative, present
active participle, feminine, accusative, plural) = those causing
an increase
Aṣāḍhās
desire
upāyantu (upa + ā + 2nd class verb root: i) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those reach
yajña
73

Khaṇḍikā 11
yasminbrahmābhyajayatsarvametat ।
amuṃ ca lokamidamū ca sarvam ।
tanno nakṣatramabhijidvijitya ।
śriyaṃ dadhātvahṛṇīyamānam ।
In which Brahman completely conquered all this and protected
this world and all this! That having completely conquered
during the Abhijit nakṣatra for us. Being not reproached it
should bestow prosperity.
yasmin (relative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, locative, singular)
= in which
brahma (stem form: brahman) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
Brahman
abhyajayat (abhi + 1st class verb root: ji) (imperfect,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, singular) = completely conquered
sarvam (stem form: sarva) (neuter, accusative, singular) = all
etat (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative, singular) = this
amum (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, accusative, singular) =
this
lokam (stem form: loka) (masculine, accusative, singular) =
world
idam (pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, accusative, singular) = this
ū (interjection) (indeclinable) = call in a sense of protecting
sarvam (stem form: sarva) (neuter, accusative, singular) = all
74

= nakṣatra
abhijit (stem form: abhijit) (neuter, accusative, singular) =
Abhijit
vijitya (vi + 1st class verb root: ji) (gerund) (indeclinable) =
having completely conquered
śriyam (stem form: śrī) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
prosperity
3rd person, singular) = one should bestow
ahṛṇīyamānam (a + 1st class verb root: hṛṇī) (present passive
participle, neuter, nominative, singular) = being not reproached
Khaṇḍikā 12
ubhau lokau brahmaṇā saṃjitemau ।
tanno nakṣatramabhijidvicaṣṭām ।
tasminvayaṃ pṛtanāḥ saṃjayema ।
taṃ no devāso anujānantu kāmam ।
Both of these worlds are conquered by Brahman. May Abhijit
nakṣatra declare that for us. We should together conquer
armies during that. May those divine sanction that desire for us.
75

ubhau (stem form: ubha) (masculine, nominative, dual) = both
lokau (stem form: loka) (masculine, nominative, dual) = two
worlds
brahmaṇā (stem form: brahman) (neuter, instrumental,
singular) = by Brahman
saṃjite (1st class verb root: ji) (past passive participle,
masculine, nominative, dual) = two conquered
imau (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, nominative, dual) =
these two
= nakṣatra
abhijit (stem form: abhijit) (neuter, nominative, singular) =
Abhijit
vicaṣṭām (2nd class verb root: cakṣ) (imperative, ātmanepada,
3rd person, singular) = may it declare
tasmin (correlative pronoun, 3rd person, neuter, locative,
singular) = during that
pṛtanās (stem form: pṛtanā) (feminine, accusative, plural) =
armies
saṃjayema (sam + 1st class verb root: ji) (optative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, plural) = we should together conquer
that
devāsas (stem form: deva) (masculine, nominative, plural) =
23
those divine
anujānantu (anu + 9th class verb root: jñā) (imperative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = may those sanction
desire
23
Very old form of the masculine, nominative, plural, even by Vedic
standards.
76

Khaṇḍikā 13
śṛṇvanti śroṇāmamṛtasya gopām ।
puṇyāmasyā upaśṛṇomi vācam ।
mahīṃ devīṃ viṣṇupatnīmajūryām ।
pratīcīmenāṃ haviṣā yajāmaḥ ।
Those hear the guardian Śroṇā of the immortal. I hear the
sacred speech of that. In the west with a burnt offering we
sacrifice to her: the divine, earthen, and eternal youth of the
wife of Viṣṇu.
śṛṇvanti (5th class verb root: śru) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 3rd person, plural) = those hear
śroṇām (stem form: śroṇā) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
Śroṇā24
amṛtasya (a + 6th class verb root: mṛ) (past passive participle,
masculine, genitive, singular) = of the immortal
gopām (stem form: gopa) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
guardian
puṇyām (stem form: puṇyā) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
sacred
asyā (pronoun, 3rd person, masculine, instrumental, singular)
25
= of that
upaśṛṇomi (upa + 5th class verb root: śru) (present indicative,
parasmaipada, 1st person, singular) = I hear
vācam (stem form: vāc) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
speech
mahīm (stem form: mahī) (feminine, accusative, singular) =
earth
25
Irregular form of pronoun.
24
Another name for the nakṣatra of Śravana.
77

Taittiriya_Brahmaa_Aaka_3_Prapahakak.pdf

Taittiriya_Brahmaa_Aaka_3_Prapahakak.pdf

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