Respiratory medicine still faces many challenges that are brought on by modern lifestyles. The population is aging, many individuals are still unable to quit smoking, and environmental factors, like air pollution, remain largely unsolved. With these, the global burden of respiratory disease has been predicted to continue increasing in the years to come.
Environmental and health impacts of air pollutionJohn Ebishue
There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer.
Environmental and health impacts of air pollutionJohn Ebishue
There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. Among them, Particulate Matter (PM), particles of variable but very small diameter, penetrate the respiratory system via inhalation, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, reproductive and central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer.
Problems such as inaccurate diagnoses and poor drug-adherence pose challenges to individual health and safety. These challenges are now being alleviated with big data analytics using personalized drug regimes, follow-up alerts and real-time diagnosis monitoring.
In this paper, learn how predictive analytics is helping healthcare industry with technologies such as Clinical Decision Support, Medical Text Analysis and Electronic Health Record (EHR).
E-Cigarette
Although still awaiting FDA approval, electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are growing in popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. E-cigarettes give users a craving for nicotine and physical sensations. While allegedly reducing the amount of chemicals, and smoke regularly found in cigarettes. The side effects of e-cigarettes are not extreme; such as prescription NRTs nor are they acting as slow; as other nicotine replacements.
There are quantifiably many, But here mentioned some impact. The severity of air pollution has differed according to the nearness. For more details, Check Prkruti.
15m people worldwide suffer a stroke every day. What can be done to combat the disease? This report, sponsored by AstraZeneca, assesses current developments and the economic burden of stroke across the regions of the world.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
The global ecosystem analyst - the date broker of personal medical data based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.The personal ecosystem for diagnosing a human body in real time.Finds sources, patterns of development of different diseases and prevents future illnesses. Insurance Health life.
2018 GOLD POCKET GUIDE
Evidence-based strategy document for COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention, with citations from the scientific literature.
2018 GOLD POCKET GUIDE
http://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/
Future of health - An initial perspective - Devi ShettyFuture Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of health by Dr Devi Shetty, Chairman and Founder of Narayana Health in India. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Healthcare in future will not be like today. The changes are dramatic and paradigmatic. In this presentation we will see some the mega trends influencing this field. Future Trends, Population Increase, Aging, Urbanization, Individualization and health awareness, Consumerism, Shifting Economy, Technological Progress, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution, Shifting Disease Patterns, lifestyle diseases, high-calorie diet, physical inactivity and higher levels of stress, Decline in muscular, skeletal and infectious diseases, Better-informed Patients, Decline in information asymmetry, Internet, Social Networks, Self care, home care, self-medication, New Health Markets, Pharma, economy, pharmerging countries, Growing Competition, Brand, Generic, Innovative, HighTech, Increasing Cost Pressure, Aging, Better Access, Complex Supply Chains, R&D outsourcing, Complex Products, supply chains, Product Development, Innovation, Pharmacogenomics, Therapeutic Vaccines, Regenerative medicine, 3D Printing, Robot-assisted surgeries, Mobile health,Tele-medical applications, Direct-to-consumer (DTC ) distribution, Direct-to-consumer (DTC ) advertisement, OTC Growth, home delivery, prescription drugs,
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding COPD Prev...ijtsrd
A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and practices regarding COPD prevention and management among staff nurses in selected hospital of district Patiala. The global burden of disease study reports a prevalence of 251 million cases globally in 2016. Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths were caused by the disease in 2015 that is, 5 of all deaths globally in that year . COPD is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in our country and all over the world. Prevalence of COPD is being anticipated to increase due to continuing risk factors and aging of society. Although, COPD is a disease involving the respiratory medicine experts, its symptoms and diagnostic criteria should also be known by the primary healthcare providers considering its economic burden.The study is non experimental descriptive method and data was collected through convenient sampling technique i.e self structured questionnaire and check list. The analysis was done through ANNOVA analysis test. Practices like hand washing, proper medication, knowledge regarding medicines, oxygen therapies, diagnostic tests spirometry , pulmonary rehabilitation, infection control techniques, non invasive ventilation, inhalation techniques, and therapeutic outcomes regarding COPD prevention and management will be average among staff nurses. Lovekirat Singh | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Mrs Raman Deep Kaur "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding COPD Prevention and Management among Staff Nurses in Selected Hospital of District Patiala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47623.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47623/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practices-regarding-copd-prevention-and-management-among-staff-nurses-in-selected-hospital-of-district-patiala/lovekirat-singh
OSA recommended only for patients with unexplained daytime sleepinessDr. Lisa Marie Cannon
The American College of Physicians (ACP) now recommends that sleep studies to look for obstructive sleep apnea should be reserved for patients with unexplained cases of daytime sleepiness, and that home testing will do for most patients.
Pneumonia is a medical condition where bacteria infect the lungs. This causes difficulty in breathing, and in some cases, severe chills, fever, and headaches. Pneumonia is a serious condition and medical professionals recommend immediate intervention once initial symptoms appear.
More Related Content
Similar to Tackling the challenges of respiratory medicine
Problems such as inaccurate diagnoses and poor drug-adherence pose challenges to individual health and safety. These challenges are now being alleviated with big data analytics using personalized drug regimes, follow-up alerts and real-time diagnosis monitoring.
In this paper, learn how predictive analytics is helping healthcare industry with technologies such as Clinical Decision Support, Medical Text Analysis and Electronic Health Record (EHR).
E-Cigarette
Although still awaiting FDA approval, electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are growing in popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. E-cigarettes give users a craving for nicotine and physical sensations. While allegedly reducing the amount of chemicals, and smoke regularly found in cigarettes. The side effects of e-cigarettes are not extreme; such as prescription NRTs nor are they acting as slow; as other nicotine replacements.
There are quantifiably many, But here mentioned some impact. The severity of air pollution has differed according to the nearness. For more details, Check Prkruti.
15m people worldwide suffer a stroke every day. What can be done to combat the disease? This report, sponsored by AstraZeneca, assesses current developments and the economic burden of stroke across the regions of the world.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context;
It has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in which disease and infirmity are absent. Global health practices can respond to some of the major health responsibilities such as non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory diseases) or injuries that occur in varying degrees in many countries, no matter how advanced.
The guidelines set out the principles and practices that government can look at when making laws and regulating food programs. Inequality affects the health of the world.
The future of global health is at risk and needs urgent strategies. Also, technology is contributing at a vast pace to overcome the various health challenges all over the world.
For prevention of non-communicable diseases(NCD):
Ban all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship.
Restrictions on the availability of retailed alcohol.
Replacement of trans fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Scale-up early detection and coverage starting with very cost-effective, high-impact interventions.
The global ecosystem analyst - the date broker of personal medical data based on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies.The personal ecosystem for diagnosing a human body in real time.Finds sources, patterns of development of different diseases and prevents future illnesses. Insurance Health life.
2018 GOLD POCKET GUIDE
Evidence-based strategy document for COPD diagnosis, management, and prevention, with citations from the scientific literature.
2018 GOLD POCKET GUIDE
http://goldcopd.org/gold-reports/
Future of health - An initial perspective - Devi ShettyFuture Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of health by Dr Devi Shetty, Chairman and Founder of Narayana Health in India. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Healthcare in future will not be like today. The changes are dramatic and paradigmatic. In this presentation we will see some the mega trends influencing this field. Future Trends, Population Increase, Aging, Urbanization, Individualization and health awareness, Consumerism, Shifting Economy, Technological Progress, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution, Shifting Disease Patterns, lifestyle diseases, high-calorie diet, physical inactivity and higher levels of stress, Decline in muscular, skeletal and infectious diseases, Better-informed Patients, Decline in information asymmetry, Internet, Social Networks, Self care, home care, self-medication, New Health Markets, Pharma, economy, pharmerging countries, Growing Competition, Brand, Generic, Innovative, HighTech, Increasing Cost Pressure, Aging, Better Access, Complex Supply Chains, R&D outsourcing, Complex Products, supply chains, Product Development, Innovation, Pharmacogenomics, Therapeutic Vaccines, Regenerative medicine, 3D Printing, Robot-assisted surgeries, Mobile health,Tele-medical applications, Direct-to-consumer (DTC ) distribution, Direct-to-consumer (DTC ) advertisement, OTC Growth, home delivery, prescription drugs,
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding COPD Prev...ijtsrd
A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and practices regarding COPD prevention and management among staff nurses in selected hospital of district Patiala. The global burden of disease study reports a prevalence of 251 million cases globally in 2016. Globally, it is estimated that 3.17 million deaths were caused by the disease in 2015 that is, 5 of all deaths globally in that year . COPD is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in our country and all over the world. Prevalence of COPD is being anticipated to increase due to continuing risk factors and aging of society. Although, COPD is a disease involving the respiratory medicine experts, its symptoms and diagnostic criteria should also be known by the primary healthcare providers considering its economic burden.The study is non experimental descriptive method and data was collected through convenient sampling technique i.e self structured questionnaire and check list. The analysis was done through ANNOVA analysis test. Practices like hand washing, proper medication, knowledge regarding medicines, oxygen therapies, diagnostic tests spirometry , pulmonary rehabilitation, infection control techniques, non invasive ventilation, inhalation techniques, and therapeutic outcomes regarding COPD prevention and management will be average among staff nurses. Lovekirat Singh | Dr. Priyanka Chaudhary | Mrs Raman Deep Kaur "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practices Regarding COPD Prevention and Management among Staff Nurses in Selected Hospital of District Patiala" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47623.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47623/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-practices-regarding-copd-prevention-and-management-among-staff-nurses-in-selected-hospital-of-district-patiala/lovekirat-singh
OSA recommended only for patients with unexplained daytime sleepinessDr. Lisa Marie Cannon
The American College of Physicians (ACP) now recommends that sleep studies to look for obstructive sleep apnea should be reserved for patients with unexplained cases of daytime sleepiness, and that home testing will do for most patients.
Pneumonia is a medical condition where bacteria infect the lungs. This causes difficulty in breathing, and in some cases, severe chills, fever, and headaches. Pneumonia is a serious condition and medical professionals recommend immediate intervention once initial symptoms appear.
Diet can also affect a person’s respiratory health. Eating nutritious foods can improve how the body reacts to pollutants and allergens. It can also boost immunity, especially for those with preexisting respiratory conditions. Lisa M. Cannon, M.D., shares the top foods for better lung health.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the CDC recommends every individual, both sick and healthy, to wear a mask to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Many types of face coverings exist, and each one of them has different levels of effectiveness.
Two birds with one stone: The benets of quitting smoking for the lungs and sleepDr. Lisa Marie Cannon
A lot of people would find it amusing at the very least that many of their health concerns and issues are connected with one another. Lisa M. Cannon, M.D., cites the connection of smoking and sleep as a perfect example of it.
A Deadly Smoke: Severe Lung Disease Tied To Chemical Found In Flavored e-Ciga...Dr. Lisa Marie Cannon
People who want to smoke but without the tar or smell turn to electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes. Dubbed as the “future of smoking,” the batterypowered vaporizers simulate the feeling of smoking but without burning tobacco. Instead of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol
Ask any health and fitness expert in the world what they think are the greatest exercises known to man when it comes to supercharging the lungs, nine out of 10 will mention swimming in the top three.
Diet can also affect a person’s respiratory health. Eating nutritious foods can improve how the body reacts to pollutants and allergens. It can also boost immunity, especially for those with preexisting respiratory conditions. Lisa M. Cannon, M.D., shares the top foods for better lung health.
Millions of people snore when they sleep. Genetic factors could cause snoring, as well as one’s sleeping position or underlying health condition. According to sleep medicine specialist Lisa M. Cannon, M.D., the sound is caused by a heavy flow of air that blocks the breathing pathways. This can cause vibration in areas such as the soft palate, uvula, tongue, and others. The space in the airways diminishes as muscles in the neck and throat relax along with the rest of the body.
Millions of people suffer from sleep disorders, with insomnia being the most common. To remain fit and healthy, it’s also important to develop the right sleeping habits. For those who are having difficulties with getting good shuteye, Lisa M. Cannon, M.D., suggests simple breathing exercises. Here are some methods worth trying.
Study: Frequent Religious Service Attendance Linked To Reduced Death Risk In ...Dr. Lisa Marie Cannon
Much have been said about how faith and spirituality can lower stress levels and improve mental health. It makes sense considering that there are people who rely on faith at some point to get them through the hard times. Now, a new study adds to the growing body of evidence citing the connection between faith and mortality.
The cases of asthma attacks have increased dramatically over the past decade. In fact, the American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology estimates that 300 million people worldwide suffer from asthma, a figure that leads to 250 deaths yearly.
Researchers from the University of Michigan Health System found an obesity paradox among older patients suffering from sepsis. The study, which was published in the August issue of Critical Care Medicine, observed 1,404 Medicare beneficiaries and found that heavier patients had higher rates of survival from the life-threatening condition that may require a stay in the intensive care unit.
New study links cancer-related incidental pulmonary embolism to VTEDr. Lisa Marie Cannon
A recent article discussed the relationship between cancer and incidental pulmonary embolism (IPE). In the study, it was found that cancer patients who have this comorbid condition should ask their specialist for a long-term anticoagulant treatment. Analysts found that the risk of developing symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) doubled among patients who did not receive an anticoagulant treatment
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a sleep disorder that affects an estimated 1.5 percent of adults. It is a bit more prevalent in children, among whom there is an incidence rate of five percent.
It has long been established that cigarette smoking puts one at risk of many health problems. Practiced by more than one billion people in the world, tobacco smoking is a popular attachment in the society. Some smokers who desire to be fit and healthy incorporate exercise in their daily routine. How can smoking affect physical fitness?
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit hyperactivity, inattentiveness, or impulsivity. They usually have trouble focusing on a task, sitting still, or controlling emotions and behaviors. Mental and physical restlessness affect kids with ADHD even while they are sleeping.
Valley fever: Recognizing the causes and symptoms of coccidioidomycosisDr. Lisa Marie Cannon
Coccidioidomycosis or cocci is a fungal infection endemic in arid regions, such as the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of South and Central America.
Lung cancer causes more deaths than any other type of cancer. Timely screening can help doctors diagnose early the beginning stages of the disease, even before the appearance of symptoms.
Ask any health and fitness expert in the world what they think are the greatest exercises known to man when it comes to supercharging the lungs, nine out of 10 will mention swimming in the top three
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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1. Tackling the
challenges of
respiratory
medicine
Image Source: thelungconsultant.co.uk
Respiratory medicine still faces many challenges that are brought on by modern lifestyles. The population
is aging, many individuals are still unable to quit smoking, and environmental factors, like air pollution,
remain largely unsolved. With these, the global burden of respiratory disease has been predicted to
continue increasing in the years to come.
Image Source: glutasome.com
By 2020, it is expected that 11.9 million of the 68 million deaths worldwide will be due to lung diseases.
Poverty rates and the consequential limited access to healthcare play a significant role in this as social
inequality has been noted as a leading cause of respiratory-related deaths than in other disease areas.
With these projections in mind, it is therefore important for healthcare professionals, especially those that
specialize in respiratory medicine, to shift their focus to include not only the common respiratory ailments
but also rare illnesses found in underfunded areas.
2. TAGS: critical care, critical care specialist, health, medicine, pulmonary medicine, respiratory medicine
Image Source: royalspa.cz
Respiratory diseases are, by nature, complex and they pose many challenges to healthcare professionals.
Because of this, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary in order to improve outcomes in treatments and
therapies for patients with chronic lung diseases. By sharing their experiences and knowledge, medical
professionals can provide a strong evidence base for policy makers to arrive at a viable solution for the
challenges in respiratory medicine.
Lisa Marie Cannon, MD, specializes in pulmonary and respiratory care medicine. Find more resources
about this medical specialization on this Facebook page.