Concurrent Paper Session 2.3 Peace & Partnerships | SDGs Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals Conference 2019, 24-25 Jan 2019, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand | https://tourism-sdg.nz

1. STREAM 4 - PEACE & PARTNERSHIPS
SDGs addressed: SDG16 - Peace, justice and strong institutions
Date: 24 January 2019
Muhammad Shoeb-Ur-Rahman, David Simmons, Nazmun Ratna, and Michael Shone
Social Capital, Inclusive Institutions, and Sustainable Tourism: Findings
from an Early Stage Tourism Destination in Bangladesh

2. Research Setting
Case Study Unit 1
Case Study Unit 2

3. Research Objective & Questions
To identify a shared decision-making structure for the effective deployment of (various)
tourism capitals to shape sustainable tourism development that can be evidenced by
wellbeing outcomes in destination communities.
1. How and to what extent are various capitals allocated and accessed within
tourism co-management frameworks?
2. How do co-management frameworks address tourism capitals’ allocations
to develop sustainable tourism?
3. How does social capital interact with co-management processes to effect
the wellbeing of destination communities as expressed in sustainable
tourism development?

4. Conceptual Framework: CCSLF
Capitals Co-management for Sustainable Livelihood Frameworks (CCSLF)
Adapted from Çakir, Evern, Tören, & Kozak (2018); DFID (1999); Shen, Hughey, & Simmons (2008)

5. Tourism and Community Capitals for CCSLF
Capitals Definition for Current Research Literature Base
Natural (N) Natural resources:
landscapes, forests, wildlife and environmental
systems.
Bennett et al. (2012); Flora
et al. (2015); Moscardo and
Murphy (2014); Putnam
(2000); Stone and Nyaupane
(2017); Turner et al. (2016)
Human (H) knowledge, information, health and skills
Social (S) social networks, trust, values and cooperative
norms.
Built (B) infrastructure, superstructure, tools and
equipment that enable information and
communication.
Financial (F) monetary assets and resources available for
investment (in/at the destination).

6. Bonding, bridging, and linking social capital ( Aldrich, 2012, p. 34)
Social Capital
Trust Networks Values & Cooperative
Norms

7. Research Methods
Summary of Methods
Data Type
Methods Particulars and/or Number
Primary
Semi-structured
Interviews
52 Participants
Focus Groups 4 (2+2) Sessions
Participant Observation Attended 4 Different Public
Sessions
Industry Interactive
Session
1
Secondary
Document Analysis Collected from a Variety of Sources
Framing Analysis Key words: Tourism, Sustainable
Tourism, CHTs, and Peace treaty
Visual Evidence Around 400 photos and 4 video
documentaries
Principles
Bottom-up - Field-based
Iterative
Breadth & Depth
Multiple Methods
Data Triangulation &
Innovative Coding
Results Outreach

8. Research Findings
Coding Framework Base Themes Data Coded Themes
Bandarban Sadar Rangamati Sadar
Vulnerability Context Vulnerability Context ▪ Militarisation
▪ Lack of political commitment
▪ Autocratic attitude of public
institutions
▪ Militarisation
▪ Political instability
▪ Seasonality
Institutional
Arrangements
Formal Institutional
Arrangements
▪ Numerous institutional
involvement
▪ Local government empowerment
▪ Corruption
▪ Rigid bureaucratic practices
▪ Local government empowerment
▪ Corruption
Transforming Structures
and Processes
Co-management
Frameworks and
Processes
▪ Linkages
▪ Cooperation
▪ Community-led
▪ Micro focus
▪ Benefits sharing
▪ Equitable representation
▪ Micro focus
▪ Power-balance
Livelihood Outcomes
Community Wellbeing ▪ Education
▪ Income
▪ Social security
▪ Community identity
▪ Education
▪ Income
▪ Socio-cultural security
Sustainable Tourism
Development
▪ Community awareness
▪ Active community involvement
▪ Local supply chains
▪ Planning imperatives
▪ Security
▪ Community awareness
▪ Active community involvement
▪ Planning imperatives

9. RQ 1: Interdependence of Tourism Resources

10. RQ 2: A Co-management Process Structure for Tourism

11. RQ3: Critical Role of Social Capital
• To overcome the challenge of ethnic diversity, Easterly (2001) recommended
building inclusive institutional structures to protect ethnic minorities.
• In a situation challenged by trust issues (based on differing ethnic orientations), a
micro-focus (ie concentrating on a particular community and/or destination or site)
is recommended.

12. Research Findings : quotations from the field
“We’re here from my early childhood since I was enrolled in class 2. My father used to come here for
business purposes then settled here. At that moment, I observed there was a lack of trust on Bengali.
When I used to go to the school, I observed that students were sitting in the class based on their social
or ethnic orientations. Once, during an exam, I found a boy cheating in the exam and I reported to the
invigilator and the boy got punished. After the school hours when I was on my way back home, I found
them in an organised form and they literally tried to attack me. At that moment, my trust level fallen
down towards the indigenous communities and I couldn’t make friendship with them.
Over the passage of time, I recovered and after the peace treaty I found the situation much better.”
Bengali participant

13. Research Findings
“The community preparedness is in a very complex situation
and largely determined by the regional political parties. For
instance, the JSS and UPDF still do not acknowledge the
Bengalis. Again, the tourists who come to this place are
almost all Bengalis. If you do not acknowledge them, then
why will they come? First of all, the foundation of trust has
to be strengthened here. The overall trust perception is
very negative here. One recent example of protesting the
establishment of Rangamati Medical College and
Rangamati Science and Technology University is a classic
example. They (regional political parties) are arguing that
our kids have quotas for the medical and university
admission. If they qualify they will get admission to the
universities throughout in Bangladesh. They are claiming
that the establishments will bring more Bengalis as staffs
and students and their existence would be a real threat.”
institutionnel représentative (central govt)
“The peace treaty is what? It basically
came out of a political game. Santu
Larma signed the peace treaty but he
does not necessarily represent all the
indigenous communities. He represents
only the Chakma community and this is
why they are privileged. Through this
process, they gain individually and for
their community mostly.”
indigenous participant (small group)

14. Revised CCSLF for Tourism

15. Concluding Remarks
The strength of social capital ideally reinforces a community-focused resource governance structure.
We conclude that a co-management structure grounded in local social and cultural capitals with
technical support from formal institutions is essential to mitigate vulnerabilities to resource
allocation decisions and to enhance community wellbeing.
Sustainable Development Goal 16
Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access
to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

16. Thanks for
attending this session…..
Comments…
Shoeb_mgt@yahoo.com
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