The document discusses guidelines for prepregnancy counseling. It recommends that prepregnancy counseling should begin by asking patients if they plan to become pregnant within the next year. The goals of counseling are to optimize a woman's health, address risks, and provide education to reduce risks to the woman, fetus, and neonate. Counseling should occur multiple times and manage medical conditions, review medications, screen for infections and violence, and encourage a healthy lifestyle.
The document discusses preconception care and preparing for parenthood. It defines preconception counseling as counseling couples about pregnancy before conception to modify risks. The goals are to improve knowledge and behaviors related to preconception care and reduce risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Components of preconception care include risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Barriers include unintended pregnancies and limited access to healthcare. Preparing for parenthood involves the decision to have children and ensuring physical, emotional, and financial readiness through education, counseling during pregnancy, and supportive services after birth.
Preconception counseling involves obtaining medical histories from both parents and performing physical exams on prospective mothers. This aims to minimize health risks for mothers and fetuses by identifying preexisting conditions and providing counseling. Counseling covers topics like folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects, maintaining control of chronic conditions like diabetes before pregnancy, vaccinations, genetic screening, lifestyle factors, and nutritional needs. The goal is to optimize women's health before conception and promote healthy pregnancies.
PRECONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING A NEED OF THE HOUR in India DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. ...Lifecare Centre
PRECONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING DEFINITION
Pre-counselling is a meeting with health care professional (generally a doctor or nurse) by the couple before attempting to become pregnant.
This document outlines the key components of preconception care, which includes performing a thorough risk assessment through medical history, family history, lifestyle factors, immunizations and testing for infectious diseases. The goals are to identify any conditions that could impact a pregnancy and allow for interventions to improve outcomes. A complete preconception evaluation involves counseling on nutrition, contraception, genetic risks and making any necessary referrals. Done correctly, preconception counseling can help reduce risks and complications during pregnancy through education and encouraging healthy habits prior to conception.
Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and many women of reproductive age are at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to health factors. Preconception care aims to identify and modify risks before and between pregnancies through interventions like health screenings, lifestyle counseling, and supplement recommendations. However, implementation challenges include determining the appropriate target population and delivery approach, addressing competing recommendations, and encouraging widespread provider participation. Additionally, little attention has historically been given to involving men in preconception health efforts despite the potential benefits to family planning and pregnancy outcomes.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the National Preconception Curriculum & Resource Guide for Clinicians. The module focuses on maximizing preconception care for women with high-risk conditions. It reviews preconception considerations and goals for women with epilepsy, diabetes, chronic hypertension, HIV, obesity, and depression. For each condition, it discusses implications for the woman's health if she conceives, implications for pregnancy outcomes, medication considerations, family planning needs, and the importance of considering the whole woman. The module aims to help clinicians identify opportunities to provide targeted preconception counseling and care.
PRECONCEPTION COUNSELING A NEED OF THE HOUR IN INDIA Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
Preconception counseling is important in India to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Key components of preconception counseling include assessing health risks, promoting healthy behaviors, and providing interventions to address issues like nutrition, chronic diseases, medications, reproductive history, and family history. The goals are to help women enter pregnancy healthy in order to prevent adverse outcomes like preterm birth and birth defects.
Preconception care involves identifying and addressing biomedical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman's health or future pregnancy outcomes before she becomes pregnant. It is important because many birth defects and problems develop very early in pregnancy, before most women even know they are pregnant. Key components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, genetic risks, lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol and drugs, and treating any issues identified. The goal is to promote the healthiest outcomes for both mother and baby.
The document discusses preconception care and preparing for parenthood. It defines preconception counseling as counseling couples about pregnancy before conception to modify risks. The goals are to improve knowledge and behaviors related to preconception care and reduce risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Components of preconception care include risk assessment, health promotion, and interventions. Barriers include unintended pregnancies and limited access to healthcare. Preparing for parenthood involves the decision to have children and ensuring physical, emotional, and financial readiness through education, counseling during pregnancy, and supportive services after birth.
Preconception counseling involves obtaining medical histories from both parents and performing physical exams on prospective mothers. This aims to minimize health risks for mothers and fetuses by identifying preexisting conditions and providing counseling. Counseling covers topics like folic acid supplementation to prevent neural tube defects, maintaining control of chronic conditions like diabetes before pregnancy, vaccinations, genetic screening, lifestyle factors, and nutritional needs. The goal is to optimize women's health before conception and promote healthy pregnancies.
PRECONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING A NEED OF THE HOUR in India DR. SHARDA JAIN Dr. ...Lifecare Centre
PRECONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING DEFINITION
Pre-counselling is a meeting with health care professional (generally a doctor or nurse) by the couple before attempting to become pregnant.
This document outlines the key components of preconception care, which includes performing a thorough risk assessment through medical history, family history, lifestyle factors, immunizations and testing for infectious diseases. The goals are to identify any conditions that could impact a pregnancy and allow for interventions to improve outcomes. A complete preconception evaluation involves counseling on nutrition, contraception, genetic risks and making any necessary referrals. Done correctly, preconception counseling can help reduce risks and complications during pregnancy through education and encouraging healthy habits prior to conception.
Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States are unintended, and many women of reproductive age are at risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes due to health factors. Preconception care aims to identify and modify risks before and between pregnancies through interventions like health screenings, lifestyle counseling, and supplement recommendations. However, implementation challenges include determining the appropriate target population and delivery approach, addressing competing recommendations, and encouraging widespread provider participation. Additionally, little attention has historically been given to involving men in preconception health efforts despite the potential benefits to family planning and pregnancy outcomes.
This document provides an overview of Module 3 of the National Preconception Curriculum & Resource Guide for Clinicians. The module focuses on maximizing preconception care for women with high-risk conditions. It reviews preconception considerations and goals for women with epilepsy, diabetes, chronic hypertension, HIV, obesity, and depression. For each condition, it discusses implications for the woman's health if she conceives, implications for pregnancy outcomes, medication considerations, family planning needs, and the importance of considering the whole woman. The module aims to help clinicians identify opportunities to provide targeted preconception counseling and care.
PRECONCEPTION COUNSELING A NEED OF THE HOUR IN INDIA Dr. Sharda Jain Lifecare Centre
Preconception counseling is important in India to improve maternal and child health outcomes. Key components of preconception counseling include assessing health risks, promoting healthy behaviors, and providing interventions to address issues like nutrition, chronic diseases, medications, reproductive history, and family history. The goals are to help women enter pregnancy healthy in order to prevent adverse outcomes like preterm birth and birth defects.
Preconception care involves identifying and addressing biomedical, behavioral, and social risks to a woman's health or future pregnancy outcomes before she becomes pregnant. It is important because many birth defects and problems develop very early in pregnancy, before most women even know they are pregnant. Key components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, genetic risks, lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol and drugs, and treating any issues identified. The goal is to promote the healthiest outcomes for both mother and baby.
This document discusses the importance of preconception care for both women and men. It recommends screening for medical conditions like thyroid disease and risks like smoking before pregnancy to help optimize health and minimize risks to the fetus. Preconception care includes lifestyle counseling, managing chronic conditions, reducing environmental exposures, and preparing mentally and physically for parenthood. The goal is to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes and birth defects by addressing health issues even before conception occurs.
Preconception care involves providing health interventions to women and couples before conception to improve health and reduce risk factors. It aims to secure optimal health for both parents to improve chances of conception and reduce risks of complications. Key components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, genetic conditions, infections like HIV, and risk behaviors like tobacco use. It also involves health promotion, counseling, and treating existing conditions to help ensure women and their partners are healthy when they conceive.
it is a powerpoint presentation on preconception care.
Made and presented by Dr Trishna Mohanty, resident Community Medicine, Bharati Vidyapeeth DTU Medical College, PUNE
This document provides an overview of maternal health services including family planning, antenatal care, delivery services, and postnatal care. It describes the objectives and components of each service, including identifying and managing risk factors during pregnancy to help prevent maternal and infant mortality. Key points covered include the importance of antenatal care in screening and treating conditions like anemia, providing tetanus immunizations, educating mothers on nutrition and birth preparedness, and using a risk scoring system to properly refer high-risk mothers for specialized care.
Preconception care aims to improve maternal and child health by identifying medical and social risks before pregnancy occurs. It involves risk assessment, health promotion, counseling, and addressing various health conditions. The components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, genetic risks, environmental hazards, and behavioral health issues. The goals are to help both prospective parents attain optimal health before conception and to prevent or control diseases that may impact a pregnancy.
Maternal mortality is a major problem in developing countries. The main causes are hemorrhage, infection, hypertensive disorders, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion. Factors contributing to poor maternal health include lack of access to healthcare, malnutrition, poverty, and low social status of women. Improving access to family planning, skilled birth attendants, and emergency obstetric care can help reduce maternal deaths from preventable causes.
“Preconception Care” and the Transformation of Women’s Health Care into Repro...ParentingCultureStudies
In this paper I examine the recent, vigorously touted “preconception” care movement in the United States. With the 2009 publication of What to Expect Before You Are Expecting, and the Center for Disease Control’s 2006 guidelines urging that all primary care for women of reproductive age be treated as “preconception” care, the time when women’s bodies are interpreted as maternal bodies is extended backwards to before conception even occurs – and indeed, often to before women are even planning to become pregnant. The new CDC guidelines explicitly warn that “the average woman of reproductive age encounters the medical system 3.8 times per year and any of these occasions may be a woman’s last before she becomes pregnant.”
The document provides information on preconception care for a 17-year-old female who was unaware she was pregnant until 5 months. It includes her medical history and assessments, screening and counseling provided, as well as background information on the importance of preconception care. Key aspects of preconception care discussed are screening for risks, recommending interventions, and promoting health and education.
Role of nurse midwifery and obstetric careSujata Sahu
The document discusses the roles of a nurse midwife throughout the four stages of childbearing: adolescence, antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal. In each stage, the nurse midwife acts as a caregiver, counselor, teacher, and clinician. During adolescence, the midwife provides education on puberty, sexuality, and marriage. In the antenatal stage, the midwife provides prenatal care, screening for risk factors, and education. In labor and delivery, the midwife supports the mother, monitors labor, and teaches about the birthing process. After birth, the midwife assesses mother and baby, counsels on parenting and family planning, and teaches about newborn and
Maternal and Neonatal morbidity and MortalityBPKIHS
It deals with:
Introduction
International Perspectives
National Status
Complication during Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum period including Neonatal Problems
Causes of Maternal and neonatal mortality
Framework of determinants of maternal mortality
Three delay model
Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) are advanced practice registered nurses who provide primary care to women across their lifespan, including pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care. CNMs receive a graduate-level education and certification. Research shows CNMs have equivalent or better outcomes compared to physicians and provide more holistic, patient-centered care at a lower cost. While CNM practice has grown over time, further legislative actions could help increase access to CNM care and services.
According to the World Health Organization, reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, social, and behavioral well-being. National programs aim to promote reproductive health through family planning initiatives, improved reproductive and child healthcare programs, and education about reproductive organs and safe sexual practices. Population growth rose due to declining death rates and increased life expectancy, leading to efforts to control population growth through contraception, increasing the marriage age, and incentives for smaller families. Contraceptive methods aim to prevent pregnancy and are categorized as natural, barrier, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants, or surgical methods. Medical termination of pregnancy is legal in India up to 12 weeks and
Preparation for parenthood ,childbirth and importance ofKavirajput1
This document discusses the importance of preparation for parenthood, childbirth, and institutional delivery. It outlines the goals of parenthood as promoting survival, economic self-sufficiency, and self-actualization. It emphasizes the importance of physical, psychological, and financial preparedness for parenthood and childbirth. Psychological preparation involves reducing fear and building confidence through education. Institutional delivery is also recommended, as it provides trained healthcare professionals, emergency care, hygienic conditions, and round-the-clock supervision for better outcomes for both mother and child.
Systematic Review of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness InterventionsShalini Verma
This document provides a summary of a systematic review conducted by the Population Foundation of India to assess the effectiveness of birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) interventions in improving skilled birth attendance in South Asia. The review included seven studies, four randomized controlled trials and three pre-post evaluations. The systematic review found that large-scale community-based BP/CR interventions in South Asian countries were effective in improving knowledge and preparedness for delivery. BP/CR interventions also significantly improved the use of skilled birth attendants when combined with strengthening of health services. The most successful components of BP/CR packages included education on danger signs, financial preparedness, and transport planning. Interventions with strong community mobilization components were also more effective
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
This document discusses preventive and social obstetrics. It outlines investigations, clinical examinations, non-therapeutic measures, and developmental anomalies that are important considerations. Social factors like age, education level, and economic status can impact reproduction. Ultrasound technology has improved prenatal screening for fetal abnormalities. Early testing from 12-14 weeks is important for women with risk factors. A variety of genetic and environmental factors can increase risks of developmental issues. Close prenatal care and screening is recommended to monitor fetal health and development.
This document discusses mother and child health care. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences or less:
Maternal health problems in developing countries include reducing mortality, promoting nutrition and health practices. Main health issues are malnutrition, infection, and effects of uncontrolled fertility. Proper antenatal care including nutrition, rest, exercise and checkups is important to achieve a healthy mother and baby.
Maternal health and its infuence on child healthArifa T N
Maternal health and behaviors during pregnancy can significantly influence the health of the newborn. Some key risk factors discussed in the document include:
1) Maternal age - Younger (<19) and older (>35) mothers face higher risks like preterm birth and chromosomal abnormalities.
2) Nutrition - Inadequate nutrition, anemia, obesity, and food contamination can restrict fetal growth and development.
3) Health behaviors - Smoking, substance abuse, and excessive medication/supplement intake increase risks of low birthweight, prematurity, and birth defects.
4) Medical conditions - Pregnancy complications like diabetes and hypertension as well as a history of infertility or loss can endanger
Preconception care involves counseling women before pregnancy about nutrition, lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and other issues that could impact a future pregnancy. Components of preconception care include risk assessment, health promotion, medical intervention, and psychosocial intervention. The goals are to improve pregnancy outcomes, have a healthy baby, and support the mother's well-being.
The primary aim of preconception and interconception care is to improve maternal health and birth outcome for mother, infant and family through prevention and interventions.
Patient information to complete the Soap Note. See attachment .docxssuser562afc1
This document provides information on evaluating and managing a 16-year-old female patient presenting with vaginal bleeding and an ultrasound confirming gestation (UCG). It discusses chlamydia screening recommendations, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, counseling options for an unplanned pregnancy, and estimating gestational age based on last menstrual period and ultrasound. Key points include screening for sexually active women aged 24 and younger, common pregnancy presentations, and when estimated gestational age and due date should be updated based on ultrasound findings.
This document discusses the importance of preconception care for both women and men. It recommends screening for medical conditions like thyroid disease and risks like smoking before pregnancy to help optimize health and minimize risks to the fetus. Preconception care includes lifestyle counseling, managing chronic conditions, reducing environmental exposures, and preparing mentally and physically for parenthood. The goal is to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes and birth defects by addressing health issues even before conception occurs.
Preconception care involves providing health interventions to women and couples before conception to improve health and reduce risk factors. It aims to secure optimal health for both parents to improve chances of conception and reduce risks of complications. Key components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, genetic conditions, infections like HIV, and risk behaviors like tobacco use. It also involves health promotion, counseling, and treating existing conditions to help ensure women and their partners are healthy when they conceive.
it is a powerpoint presentation on preconception care.
Made and presented by Dr Trishna Mohanty, resident Community Medicine, Bharati Vidyapeeth DTU Medical College, PUNE
This document provides an overview of maternal health services including family planning, antenatal care, delivery services, and postnatal care. It describes the objectives and components of each service, including identifying and managing risk factors during pregnancy to help prevent maternal and infant mortality. Key points covered include the importance of antenatal care in screening and treating conditions like anemia, providing tetanus immunizations, educating mothers on nutrition and birth preparedness, and using a risk scoring system to properly refer high-risk mothers for specialized care.
Preconception care aims to improve maternal and child health by identifying medical and social risks before pregnancy occurs. It involves risk assessment, health promotion, counseling, and addressing various health conditions. The components of preconception care include screening for nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases, genetic risks, environmental hazards, and behavioral health issues. The goals are to help both prospective parents attain optimal health before conception and to prevent or control diseases that may impact a pregnancy.
Maternal mortality is a major problem in developing countries. The main causes are hemorrhage, infection, hypertensive disorders, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion. Factors contributing to poor maternal health include lack of access to healthcare, malnutrition, poverty, and low social status of women. Improving access to family planning, skilled birth attendants, and emergency obstetric care can help reduce maternal deaths from preventable causes.
“Preconception Care” and the Transformation of Women’s Health Care into Repro...ParentingCultureStudies
In this paper I examine the recent, vigorously touted “preconception” care movement in the United States. With the 2009 publication of What to Expect Before You Are Expecting, and the Center for Disease Control’s 2006 guidelines urging that all primary care for women of reproductive age be treated as “preconception” care, the time when women’s bodies are interpreted as maternal bodies is extended backwards to before conception even occurs – and indeed, often to before women are even planning to become pregnant. The new CDC guidelines explicitly warn that “the average woman of reproductive age encounters the medical system 3.8 times per year and any of these occasions may be a woman’s last before she becomes pregnant.”
The document provides information on preconception care for a 17-year-old female who was unaware she was pregnant until 5 months. It includes her medical history and assessments, screening and counseling provided, as well as background information on the importance of preconception care. Key aspects of preconception care discussed are screening for risks, recommending interventions, and promoting health and education.
Role of nurse midwifery and obstetric careSujata Sahu
The document discusses the roles of a nurse midwife throughout the four stages of childbearing: adolescence, antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal. In each stage, the nurse midwife acts as a caregiver, counselor, teacher, and clinician. During adolescence, the midwife provides education on puberty, sexuality, and marriage. In the antenatal stage, the midwife provides prenatal care, screening for risk factors, and education. In labor and delivery, the midwife supports the mother, monitors labor, and teaches about the birthing process. After birth, the midwife assesses mother and baby, counsels on parenting and family planning, and teaches about newborn and
Maternal and Neonatal morbidity and MortalityBPKIHS
It deals with:
Introduction
International Perspectives
National Status
Complication during Pregnancy, Childbirth, Postpartum period including Neonatal Problems
Causes of Maternal and neonatal mortality
Framework of determinants of maternal mortality
Three delay model
Certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) are advanced practice registered nurses who provide primary care to women across their lifespan, including pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care. CNMs receive a graduate-level education and certification. Research shows CNMs have equivalent or better outcomes compared to physicians and provide more holistic, patient-centered care at a lower cost. While CNM practice has grown over time, further legislative actions could help increase access to CNM care and services.
According to the World Health Organization, reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, including physical, emotional, social, and behavioral well-being. National programs aim to promote reproductive health through family planning initiatives, improved reproductive and child healthcare programs, and education about reproductive organs and safe sexual practices. Population growth rose due to declining death rates and increased life expectancy, leading to efforts to control population growth through contraception, increasing the marriage age, and incentives for smaller families. Contraceptive methods aim to prevent pregnancy and are categorized as natural, barrier, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptives, injectables, implants, or surgical methods. Medical termination of pregnancy is legal in India up to 12 weeks and
Preparation for parenthood ,childbirth and importance ofKavirajput1
This document discusses the importance of preparation for parenthood, childbirth, and institutional delivery. It outlines the goals of parenthood as promoting survival, economic self-sufficiency, and self-actualization. It emphasizes the importance of physical, psychological, and financial preparedness for parenthood and childbirth. Psychological preparation involves reducing fear and building confidence through education. Institutional delivery is also recommended, as it provides trained healthcare professionals, emergency care, hygienic conditions, and round-the-clock supervision for better outcomes for both mother and child.
Systematic Review of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness InterventionsShalini Verma
This document provides a summary of a systematic review conducted by the Population Foundation of India to assess the effectiveness of birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) interventions in improving skilled birth attendance in South Asia. The review included seven studies, four randomized controlled trials and three pre-post evaluations. The systematic review found that large-scale community-based BP/CR interventions in South Asian countries were effective in improving knowledge and preparedness for delivery. BP/CR interventions also significantly improved the use of skilled birth attendants when combined with strengthening of health services. The most successful components of BP/CR packages included education on danger signs, financial preparedness, and transport planning. Interventions with strong community mobilization components were also more effective
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
This document discusses preventive and social obstetrics. It outlines investigations, clinical examinations, non-therapeutic measures, and developmental anomalies that are important considerations. Social factors like age, education level, and economic status can impact reproduction. Ultrasound technology has improved prenatal screening for fetal abnormalities. Early testing from 12-14 weeks is important for women with risk factors. A variety of genetic and environmental factors can increase risks of developmental issues. Close prenatal care and screening is recommended to monitor fetal health and development.
This document discusses mother and child health care. It covers several key topics in 3 sentences or less:
Maternal health problems in developing countries include reducing mortality, promoting nutrition and health practices. Main health issues are malnutrition, infection, and effects of uncontrolled fertility. Proper antenatal care including nutrition, rest, exercise and checkups is important to achieve a healthy mother and baby.
Maternal health and its infuence on child healthArifa T N
Maternal health and behaviors during pregnancy can significantly influence the health of the newborn. Some key risk factors discussed in the document include:
1) Maternal age - Younger (<19) and older (>35) mothers face higher risks like preterm birth and chromosomal abnormalities.
2) Nutrition - Inadequate nutrition, anemia, obesity, and food contamination can restrict fetal growth and development.
3) Health behaviors - Smoking, substance abuse, and excessive medication/supplement intake increase risks of low birthweight, prematurity, and birth defects.
4) Medical conditions - Pregnancy complications like diabetes and hypertension as well as a history of infertility or loss can endanger
Preconception care involves counseling women before pregnancy about nutrition, lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and other issues that could impact a future pregnancy. Components of preconception care include risk assessment, health promotion, medical intervention, and psychosocial intervention. The goals are to improve pregnancy outcomes, have a healthy baby, and support the mother's well-being.
The primary aim of preconception and interconception care is to improve maternal health and birth outcome for mother, infant and family through prevention and interventions.
Patient information to complete the Soap Note. See attachment .docxssuser562afc1
This document provides information on evaluating and managing a 16-year-old female patient presenting with vaginal bleeding and an ultrasound confirming gestation (UCG). It discusses chlamydia screening recommendations, signs and symptoms of pregnancy, counseling options for an unplanned pregnancy, and estimating gestational age based on last menstrual period and ultrasound. Key points include screening for sexually active women aged 24 and younger, common pregnancy presentations, and when estimated gestational age and due date should be updated based on ultrasound findings.
Discover the essential steps and expert advice for optimal pre-conception care. Learn how to enhance your fertility, ensure a healthy pregnancy, and lay the foundation for your baby's lifelong well-being
Understanding High Risk Pregnancy: Causes and PrecautionsShubhra Goyal
Understanding high-risk pregnancy - Explore causes and precautions. Gain insights into managing and navigating a high-risk pregnancy journey. Learn more!
Community Wellness Through Improved Maternity Practices By Drs Jose Gorrin and Ana Parilla. Given at the Puerto Rican Cultural Center in September of 2003
challenges in obstetric prescription
Beautiful Slide Show By Editor Dr. Ragini Agrawal And Dr. Tamkeen khan
Dr. Ragini Agrawal, Chairperson Food , Drug & medico surgical Equipment Committee 2009-2011
This document discusses various topics related to fertility control and contraception. It provides information on the history and types of birth control methods, including barriers, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and sterilization. Effectiveness rates are given for different contraceptive methods. Factors that affect compliance and continuation of birth control methods are also examined. Non-contraceptive health benefits and contraindications for certain methods are described. The contraceptive consultation process is outlined.
PRECONCEPTION CARE &PARENTHOOD PREPARATION.pptxBRITO MARY
This document provides an overview of preconception care presented by Mrs. John Britto Mary. It defines preconception care as interventions that aim to identify and modify risks to a woman's health or pregnancy outcome. The goals of preconception care are to optimize the woman's health, minimize risks to her and the fetus, and provide information to make informed decisions about future reproduction. The need for preconception care is to improve pregnancy outcomes and identify risks before pregnancy. Key components include early risk detection and prevention, managing high-risk factors before conception, and creating awareness. Elements addressed include nutrition, genetics, maternal age, environmental hazards, and medical history. The roles of midwives are also outlined.
PRINCIPLES of antenatal And Preconception Kenya.pptxMishiSoza
The document provides an overview of antenatal care (ANC), including its historical evolution, objectives, components, and best practices. It discusses factors that influence ANC attendance and adequacy. The key components of ANC include risk assessment, physical exams, basic investigations, nutrition counseling, and fetal assessment. ANC aims to maintain maternal and fetal health through monitoring, treatment, prevention, and health promotion. Focused ANC aims to achieve these goals through a minimum of four scheduled visits.
Trial women empower women dr.s.k.jain acta medica internationalSanjeev kumar Jain
This editorial discusses the importance of including women in medical research trials. It notes that women have historically been excluded from many studies due to concerns about potential risks to pregnancy. However, this means that little is known about how drugs and other treatments affect women. The editorial argues that women of childbearing age should not be excluded from research altogether, but that special informed consent is needed to discuss any potential risks to pregnancy. Researchers must make efforts to minimize gender bias and ensure women are represented in both the design and participation of medical studies.
This document summarizes a management session on evidence-based medicine in diagnosing and monitoring high-risk pregnancies. It discusses factors that can lead to high-risk pregnancies such as age, weight, medical conditions, and socioeconomic status. Selected conditions discussed in detail include anemia, chronic hypertension, and thrombophilia. Evidence-based methods are important for accurately identifying risk factors and monitoring pregnancies to help improve outcomes.
Gynecology is the study of women's health issues involving the reproductive organs, breasts, and associated cancers. It has been practiced since ancient Greece and Rome but became a specialized field in the 19th century United States. Gynecology now encompasses medical, societal, and psychological aspects of treatment. Gynecologists undergo four years of residency training in areas like prenatal care, reproductive health, cancer screening and treatment, and genetic counseling to become board certified in obstetrics and gynecology.
The document discusses the teratogenicity of psychotropic drugs. It notes that while mental illness in mothers poses risks, discontinuing medication during pregnancy may not be possible. The guiding principles are to minimize exposure to untreated illness and psychotropics, continue prior effective medications, and monitor infants for potential drug effects if exposed during lactation or late pregnancy. Risks include teratogenesis, perinatal effects, and potential long-term neurodevelopmental impacts, though studies have shown mixed results. Among SSRIs, paroxetine carries greater risks while sertraline and citalopram generally pose less risk and are considered first-line treatments.
Maternal mortality is a major public health issue in India. The three main causes of maternal death in India are haemorrhage (37%), sepsis (11%), and hypertensive disorders (5%). Some key measures that have been taken in India to reduce maternal mortality include increasing institutional deliveries, providing antenatal care, expanding access to emergency obstetric care through initiatives like the Janani Suraksha Yojana, and improving access to family planning services. Community involvement through activities like training village health workers have also contributed to reducing maternal mortality. While progress has been made, further efforts are still needed in India to ensure all women receive quality maternal health services.
This document provides information on contraceptive counseling for patients with hypertension. It outlines the components of a contraceptive counseling visit including taking a medical history, physical exam, and discussing options based on health risks. A case study is presented of a 24 year old female with hypertension, chest pain, and a BMI of 57 who desires depo-provera. The document determines depo is not recommended due to her cardiovascular risks and suggests IUDs or nexplanon as safer options given her upcoming weight loss surgery. Guidelines for contraceptive use in hypertension are reviewed recommending against combined hormonal methods and considering patient's blood pressure levels and cardiovascular risk factors when selecting contraception.
The document discusses reproductive health and the stages of labor and delivery. It defines reproductive health and its objectives. It then explains the three stages of labor as: 1) Early labor and active labor where contractions dilate the cervix, 2) Delivery of the baby, and 3) Delivery of the placenta within 30 minutes to an hour after birth. The document provides an overview of reproductive health topics.
reproductive health presentation final u.pptxAnasTanha
This document provides an overview of reproductive health topics presented to nursing students. It defines reproductive health and its objectives, which include educating youth about sexual health and creating awareness about safe sexual practices. It also outlines components of reproductive health like adolescent health and sexually transmitted infections. The document discusses methods to promote good reproductive health, problems related to reproductive health, and high-risk pregnancies. It further explains key concepts like gestation, pregnancy, antenatal care, and the roles of the community health nurse and healthcare team in reproductive health.
The document discusses preventive obstetrics and outlines its objectives and key measures. [1] Preventive obstetrics aims to promote the health of the mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period through routine care and early detection of issues. [2] It focuses on antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal nursing care. [3] Key aspects of antenatal nursing discussed include preconception counseling, essential antenatal services, screening and preparing expectant mothers.
The document summarizes a reproductive health summit organized by the American College of Rheumatology to discuss management of pregnant and lactating women with autoimmune diseases. It provides an overview of presentations given at the summit, including discussions on regulatory challenges presented by the FDA, research interests of the NIH and NICHD, and information on how pregnancy alters disease pathophysiology and drug metabolism. Experts discussed placental and lactation physiology as it relates to drug transport, and presented data on specific autoimmune diseases and their impacts on pregnancy. The overall message was that uncontrolled maternal inflammation can adversely impact the fetus.
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Sinh thiết gai rau CVS những điều mẹ bầu nên biếtVõ Tá Sơn
Sinh thiết gai rau là gì?
Sinh thiết gai rau (CVS) là một xét nghiệm trước sinh. Nó được sử dụng để chẩn đoán một số dị tật bẩm sinh và bất thường về di truyền ở con bạn. Bất thường di truyền là những thay đổi trong bộ gen được truyền từ mẹ hoặc bố sang em bé, hoặc có thể là các bất thường mới phát sinh không di truyền từ bố mẹ. Những thay đổi di truyền này có thể gây ra các vấn đề sức khỏe cho em bé. Nhau thai là một cấu trúc trong tử cung cung cấp máu và chất dinh dưỡng từ mẹ sang thai nhi.
Gai rau là những phần nhỏ của mô bánh rau trông giống như ngón tay và chứa vật chất di truyền giống như thai thai nhi. Có thể có xét nghiệm đối với các rối loạn di truyền khác tùy thuộc vào tiền sử gia đình và sự sẵn có của phòng xét nghiệm tại thời điểm tiến hành thủ thuật.
Trong quá trình làm CVS, bác sĩ của bạn sẽ lấy một mẩu mô nhỏ từ nhau thai. Mẫu được sử dụng để kiểm tra sức khỏe của con bạn.
Bạn có thể lấy CVS sớm trong thai kỳ, từ 11 đến 14 tuần tuổi thai. CVS không được cung cấp cho tất cả phụ nữ mang thai một cách thường quy vì có tỷ lệ sảy thai nhỏ sau khi làm xét nghiệm.
CVS khác với một xét nghiệm tiền sản khác gọi là chọc ối. Chọc ối được thực hiện muộn hơn một chút trong thai kỳ, từ sau 15 tuần. Trao đổi với bác sĩ của bạn về việc thực hiện CVS, nước ối hoặc các xét nghiệm tiền sản khác.
Đặt hẹn sinh thiết gai rau với bác sĩ Võ Tá Sơn bệnh viện Vinmec Times City, Hà Nội 0978846100
Chọc ối amniocentesis những điều mẹ bầu cần biếtVõ Tá Sơn
Chọc ối được thực hiện như thế nào?
Chọc ối thường được thực hiện từ tuần thứ 15 đến tuần thứ 20 của thai kỳ, nhưng bạn có thể thực hiện muộn hơn nếu cần thiết.
Nó có thể được thực hiện sớm hơn, nhưng điều này có thể làm tăng nguy cơ biến chứng của chọc ối và thường tránh được.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, một cây kim dài, mảnh sẽ được đưa vào thành bụng của bạn, dưới hướng dẫn bởi hình ảnh siêu âm.
Kim được đưa vào túi ối bao quanh em bé của bạn và một mẫu nhỏ nước ối được lấy ra để phân tích.
Thời gian chọc ối thường mất khoảng 10 phút, mặc dù toàn bộ quá trình tư vấn có thể mất khoảng 30 phút.
Chọc ối thường được mô tả là làm cho bạn không thoải mái hơn là đau đớn.
Một số phụ nữ mô tả cảm giác đau tương tự như đau khi hành kinh hoặc cảm thấy áp lực khi rút kim ra.
Chọc ối với Bác sĩ Võ Tá Sơn bệnh viện Vinmec Hà Nội 0978846100
Prenatal Diagnosis - 2022 - Wu - Prenatal diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange synd...Võ Tá Sơn
This study examined the prenatal diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) from 12 to 17 weeks' gestation through ultrasound imaging. A patient underwent ultrasounds at 12, 16, and 17 weeks that showed facial features characteristic of CdLS, including a long smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small upturned nose, low-set ears, and retrognathia. Genetic testing after termination of the pregnancy confirmed the diagnosis of CdLS through detection of mutations in the NIPBL and PIEZO2 genes. The study demonstrated that CdLS can be prenatally diagnosed through ultrasound examination of specific facial features as early as the second trimester before 20 weeks gestation.
Posttest isuog mid trimester ultrasound course 2021Võ Tá Sơn
This document provides information and questions for an assessment on mid-trimester fetal ultrasound. It notes that the assessment contains 7 administrative questions requiring codes from previous sessions, and 30 multiple choice scientific questions. A passing score of 70% is required to receive a certificate of completion if all sessions were also viewed. The assessment then provides sample multiple choice questions covering topics like placenta previa, twin pregnancies, congenital heart defects, and evaluation of fetal brain and other anatomical structures in a mid-trimester ultrasound.
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
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1. Downloadedfromhttps://journals.lww.com/greenjournalbyBhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD39yPqfdboo9kUhcDF/PggGaVaD8+4KeIMmRN+D0GtMTs=on03/30/2019 -
ACOG COMMITTEE OPINION
Number 762
Committee on Gynecologic Practice
American Society for Reproductive Medicine
This Committee Opinion was developed jointly by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Gynecologic Practice and the
American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with committee member Daniel M. Breitkopf, MD and ASRM member Micah Hill, DO.
Prepregnancy Counseling
ABSTRACT: The goal of prepregnancy care is to reduce the risk of adverse health effects for the woman,
fetus, and neonate by working with the woman to optimize health, address modifiable risk factors, and provide
education about healthy pregnancy. All those planning to initiate a pregnancy should be counseled, including
heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and gender nonconforming individuals.
Counseling can begin with the following question: “Would you like to become pregnant in the next year?”
Prepregnancy counseling is appropriate whether the reproductive-aged patient is currently using contraception
or planning pregnancy. Because health status and risk factors can change over time, prepregnancy counseling
should occur several times during a woman’s reproductive lifespan, increasing her opportunity for education and
potentially maximizing her reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. Many chronic medical conditions such as
diabetes, hypertension, psychiatric illness, and thyroid disease have implications for pregnancy outcomes and
should be optimally managed before pregnancy. Counseling patients about optimal intervals between pregnancies
may be helpful to reduce future complications. Assessment of the need for sexually transmitted infection screen-
ing should be performed at the time of prepregnancy counseling. Women who present for prepregnancy coun-
seling should be offered screening for the same genetic conditions as recommended for pregnant women. All
patients should be routinely asked about their use of alcohol, nicotine products, and drugs, including prescription
opioids and other medications used for nonmedical reasons. Screening for intimate partner violence should occur
during prepregnancy counseling. Female prepregnancy folic acid supplementation should be encouraged to reduce
the risk of neural tube defects.
Recommendations and Conclusions
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
(ACOG) and the American Society for Reproductive
Medicine (ASRM) make the following recommendations
and conclusions:
c Any patient encounter with nonpregnant women or
men with reproductive potential (eg, not post-
hysterectomy or poststerilization) is an opportunity
to counsel about wellness and healthy habits, which
may improve reproductive and obstetric outcomes
should they choose to reproduce.
c Counseling can begin with the following question:
“Would you like to become pregnant in the next year?”
c The goal of prepregnancy care is to reduce the risk
of adverse health effects for the woman, fetus, and
neonate by working with the woman to optimize
health, address modifiable risk factors, and provide
education about healthy pregnancy.
c Women should be counseled to seek medical care
before attempting to become pregnant or as soon as
they believe they are pregnant to aid in correct
dating and to be monitored for any medical con-
ditions in which treatment should be modified
during pregnancy.
c Many chronic medical conditions such as diabetes,
hypertension, psychiatric illness, and thyroid disease
e78 VOL. 133, NO. 1, JANUARY 2019 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
MS NO: ONG-18-1929
Copyright ª by he American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
t
@votason
2. have implications for pregnancy outcomes and
should be optimally managed before pregnancy.
c All prescription and nonprescription medications
should be reviewed during prepregnancy counseling.
This review also should include nutritional supple-
ments and herbal products that patients may not
consider to be medication use but could affect
reproduction and pregnancy.
c Women who present for prepregnancy counseling
should be offered screening for the same genetic
conditions as recommended for pregnant women.
c Women of reproductive age should have their
immunization status assessed annually for tetanus
toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular
pertussis (Tdap); measles–mumps–rubella; hepatitis
B; and varicella.
c All patients should receive an annual influenza
vaccination; those women who are or will be preg-
nant during influenza season will have additional
benefits.
c Assessment of the need for sexually transmitted
infection (STI) screening should be performed at the
time of prepregnancy counseling.
c Patients with potential exposure to certain infectious
diseases, such as the Zika virus, should be counseled
regarding travel restrictions and appropriate waiting
time before attempting pregnancy.
c All patients should be routinely asked about their
use of alcohol, nicotine products, and drugs,
including prescription opioids and other medi-
cations used for nonmedical reasons.
c Screening for intimate partner violence should occur
during prepregnancy counseling.
c Female prepregnancy folic acid supplementation
should be encouraged to reduce the risk of neural
tube defects (NTDs).
c Patients should be screened regarding their diet and
vitamin supplements to confirm they are meeting
recommended daily allowances for calcium, iron,
vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin B, vitamin D, and
other nutrients.
c Patients should be encouraged to try to attain a body
mass index (BMI) in the normal range before at-
tempting pregnancy, because abnormal high or low
BMI is associated with infertility and maternal and
fetal pregnancy complications.
Introduction
Obstetrician–gynecologists have a prime opportunity to
improve maternal and fetal outcomes through prepreg-
nancy counseling. Like a well-woman visit, the prepreg-
nancy visit (when the patient presents to discuss
a potential future pregnancy) provides an excellent
opportunity to counsel patients about maintaining
a healthy lifestyle and minimizing health risks (1). The
goal of prepregnancy care is to reduce the risk of adverse
health effects for the woman, fetus, and neonate by work-
ing with the woman to optimize health, address modifi-
able risk factors, and provide education about healthy
pregnancy. Prepregnancy counseling should include
a review of a patient’s immunizations, an assessment
for immunity, and other screenings and tests, as appro-
priate. All those planning to initiate a pregnancy should
be counseled, including heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisex-
ual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and gender
nonconforming individuals. Pregnancy complications
may be reduced by appropriate identification and mitiga-
tion of risk factors, while genetic screening may allow
a couple to make informed decisions regarding family
planning. Management of preexisting medical conditions
may be optimized during the prepregnancy period,
reducing the chances of pregnancy-related complications.
Additionally, understanding aspects of patients’ social
context during prepregnancy counseling may identify
ways to help improve prenatal care usage, including
understanding barriers that patients may face when ac-
cessing health care.
Timing of Prepregnancy Counseling
Direct screening for a patient’s pregnancy intentions, as
stated in the “One Key Question Initiative,” is a core
component of high-quality, primary preventive care serv-
ices (2). Any patient encounter with nonpregnant women
or men with reproductive potential (eg, not posthyster-
ectomy or poststerilization) is an opportunity to counsel
about wellness and healthy habits, which may improve
reproductive and obstetric outcomes should they choose
to reproduce. Counseling can begin with the following
question: “Would you like to become pregnant in the next
year?” Prepregnancy counseling is appropriate whether
the reproductive-aged patient is currently using contra-
ception or planning pregnancy. Because health status and
risk factors can change over time, prepregnancy counsel-
ing should occur several times during a woman’s repro-
ductive lifespan, increasing her opportunity for education
and potentially maximizing her reproductive and preg-
nancy outcomes. Additionally, prepregnancy counseling
can be performed by the obstetrician–gynecologist of an
infertile patient before referral to a reproductive endo-
crinologist, further streamlining patient education. The
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and
ASRM support coverage for and access to recommended
prepregnancy counseling and services as a core compo-
nent of women’s health care.
Family Planning and Pregnancy Spacing
Family planning is a foundational aspect of prepreg-
nancy counseling. Approximately 45% of the pregnancies
VOL. 133, NO. 1, JANUARY 2019 Committee Opinion Prepregnancy Counseling e79
Copyright ª by he American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
t
3. in the United States are unintended, and unintended
pregnancy increases the risk of pregnancy complications
(3). Education and enhanced awareness of the effect of
age on fertility (4) and planning for family size are essen-
tial in counseling the patient who desires pregnancy.
Counseling patients about optimal intervals between
pregnancies may be helpful to reduce future complica-
tions. Women should be advised to avoid interpregnancy
intervals shorter than 6 months and should be counseled
about the risks and benefits of repeat pregnancy sooner
than 18 months (5, 6). Short interpregnancy intervals
also are associated with reduced vaginal birth after cesar-
ean success for women undergoing labor after cesarean
(also referred to as trial of labor after cesarean) (7). The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) U.S.
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use and U.S.
Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use
(8, 9) can be used to facilitate evidence-based contracep-
tion counseling to meet an individual patient’s family
planning and pregnancy spacing needs. For infertile
women planning to use assisted reproductive technology
to become pregnant, a pregnancy interval less than 18
months but greater than 6 months may be advisable (10).
An ovulatory woman who is younger than 35 years
who desires pregnancy and who does not have a clearly
identifiable risk factor for infertility should be expedi-
tiously evaluated if she has not become pregnant after 12
months of unprotected intercourse. A woman who is 36
years and older should be evaluated after 6 months. A
comprehensive evaluation should be conducted and
treatment initiated by a heath care provider with
adequate training and expertise. For anovulatory women
and those with a clearly identifiable risk factor for
infertility, strong consideration should be given to
evaluation and treatment upon presentation.
Referral to a fertility specialist for males and females
may be considered at any point if the infertility etiology,
indicated treatment, or attempted treatment failures
exceeds the expertise of the obstetrician–gynecologist.
Monthly ovulation is likely in women with regular and
predictable menses with no greater than 2–3-day vari-
ance within a range of 25–35 days. For example, a woman
with cycles every 26–28 days is likely ovulatory, while
a woman with cycles of 25, 34, 26, then 35 days is likely
not ovulatory. Patients desiring pregnancy should be
counseled that the fertile window is having sexual inter-
course in the 3–4 days before ovulation and that inter-
course every 1–2 days yields the highest pregnancy rates
(11). Patients may inquire about ovulation predictor kits
or electronic apps for fertility. These tools vary in quality,
and data on their usefulness are limited (12).
Review of Medical, Surgical, and
Psychiatric Histories
Many chronic medical conditions such as diabetes,
hypertension, psychiatric illness, and thyroid disease
have implications for pregnancy outcomes and should
be optimally managed before pregnancy (Table 1). Con-
sideration may be given to referral to a maternal–fetal
medicine specialist. Data are insufficient to recommend
for or against universal screening for subclinical thyroid
disease; however, screening may be appropriate for pa-
tients with risk factors (eg, age greater than 30 years,
morbid obesity, history of pregnancy loss, preterm
delivery, or infertility) (13).
Review of Current Medications
All prescription and nonprescription medications should
be reviewed during prepregnancy counseling. This
review also should include nutritional supplements and
herbal products that patients may not consider to be
medication use but could affect reproduction and
pregnancy. The pregnancy safety of each medication
and supplement should be discussed. Medications with
potential teratogenicity should be reviewed and the
specific risks of each individual medication discussed in
detail. The importance of reliable contraception should
be emphasized when a patient is taking potentially
teratogenic medications. For a patient who desires
pregnancy, potentially teratogenic medication should be
adjusted in collaboration with the prescribing health care
provider before the patient discontinues contraception.
The lowest effective doses of the safest medications
should be used whenever it is medically reasonable to
do so. For information on the effects of medications used
to manage depression during pregnancy, see The Man-
agement of Depression During Pregnancy, a report jointly
developed by ACOG and the American Psychiatric Asso-
ciation (14). Male partners should be screened for the use
of androgens, such as testosterone. Androgen use is asso-
ciated with azoospermia and infertility in males, which
may be reversible in some cases with cessation (15, 16).
Review of Family and Genetic History
A genetic and family history of the patient and her
partner should be obtained (17–20). This may include
family history of genetic disorders, birth defects, mental
disorders, and breast, ovarian, uterine, and colon cancer.
When any genetic disease carrier status is diagnosed in
one or both partners, full medical records review and
genetic counseling are recommended to educate the
patient on the effects of the disease and the potential
options for prepregnancy and early pregnancy screening
of offspring. Women who present for prepregnancy
counseling should be offered screening for the same
genetic conditions as recommended for pregnant
women, though insurance coverage for screening may
be lacking and may be a barrier for some patients.
Screening in the prepregnancy period offers the addi-
tional advantages of identifying, before pregnancy, cou-
ples at risk of having children with genetic diseases and
offering appropriate testing to optimize patient educa-
tion, counseling, and options for achieving pregnancy.
Couples at risk of having children with specific genetic
e80 Committee Opinion Prepregnancy Counseling OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY
Copyright ª by he American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
t
4. Table 1. Major Medical Conditions That Affect Pregnancy
Condition Associated Risks Treatment Goals
Pregestational
diabetes mellitus
Congenital anomalies
and pregnancy-related
complications
The importance of euglycemic control
before and during pregnancy should be
emphasized. Optimal weight management
also should be discussed in the context of
managing blood sugars. Consideration
should be given to testing for underlying
vasculopathy with retinal examination, 24-
hour urine protein testing, and
electrocardiography. Thyroid dysfunction is
common in women with pregestational
diabetes; therefore, screening for thyroid
function should be performed.
HbA1C ,6.5%
(48 mmol/mol), to reduce
the risk of congenital
anomalies*
Chronic hypertension Preeclampsia and
intrauterine growth
restriction
Assessment of the teratogenic risk of
hypertensive medications should be
performed. Angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
are contraindicated in pregnancy.
Consideration should be given to testing for
ventricular hypertrophy, retinopathy, and
renal disease for women with longstanding
or uncontrolled hypertension.y
—
Hypothyroidism
(untreated)
Spontaneous abortion,
preeclampsia, preterm
birth, placental
abruption, and fetal
death
Screening based on risk factors, rather than
universal screening, should be considered
for patients who are planning pregnancy.yz
Treat if thyrotropin
(previously thyroid-
stimulating hormone) is
above the upper level of
normal.
Bariatric surgery A period of rapid weight
loss typically occurs in
the first 12–24 months
postoperatively. During
this period, pregnancy is
less desirable because of
potential effects on fetal
growth.
Contraceptive counseling during the
postoperative period is important because
the risk of oral contraceptive failure in
patients who have bariatric surgery with
a malabsorptive component is increased.
Counseling regarding the benefits of
nonoral contraceptive or LARC methods is
recommended.§
—
Mood disorders Impaired maternal infant
bonding, risk of maternal
self-harm, or neglect.
Antidepressants and
antipsychotic
medications increase
anovulation and
decrease fecundability.k¶
Women with established depression or
anxiety should be counseled regarding the
risks of these conditions in pregnancy and
the risks and benefits of treatment. The risk
of relapse for bipolar disorder is higher in
pregnancy, thus women with this condition
should establish a strategy for managing
relapse while planning for a pregnancy.
Women with schizophrenia should receive
counseling regarding the risks of the
condition on pregnancy and the importance
of establishing a plan for managing the
condition during pregnancy.
—
(Continued)
VOL. 133, NO. 1, JANUARY 2019 Committee Opinion Prepregnancy Counseling e81
Copyright ª by he American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
t
5. Table 1. Major Medical Conditions That Affect Pregnancy (continued)
Condition Associated Risks Treatment Goals
Human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)
Vertical transmission Women with HIV should receive
prepregnancy counseling, including
a discussion of interventions to reduce
vertical transmission, methods for
optimizing long-term health, and the few
potential effects of antiretroviral
medications on the fetus.#
Antiretroviral
therapy should be instituted before
pregnancy and continued during pregnancy.
Medications should not be discontinued
during the first trimester. Women should
continue seeing their HIV health care
providers.
Serodiscordant couples should receive
information about the risk of sexual and
perinatal transmission and about safer
methods for achieving pregnancy.**
Women at the highest risk of acquiring HIV
infection (eg, a woman not infected with
HIV with a male sexual partner who is
known to be infected with HIV) should be
considered candidates for preexposure
prophylaxis. The use of daily oral
preexposure prophylaxis during pregnancy
and lactation for women without HIV with
HIV-infected partners has had limited study;
however, the drug combination of tenofovir
and emtricitabine is commonly used during
pregnancy and has a reassuring safety
profile.yy
Viral load should be
undetectable and
patients should be co-
managed with an HIV
health care provider.
Thrombophilia DVT or PE during
pregnancy or in the
postpartum period
Consider and plan for thromboprophylaxis
during pregnancy.zz
—
Previous pregnancy
complications
Recurrence in future
pregnancies
Assess and counsel on risk of recurrence. —
Abbreviations: DVT, deep vein thrombosis; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C
; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; LARC, long-acting reversible contraception; PE, pulmonary embolism.
*Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2018;41:S137–43.
y
Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association
of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Thyroid Association Taskforce on
Hypothyroidism in Adults. [published errata appear in Thyroid 2013;23:251; Thyroid 2013;23:129]. Thyroid 2012;22:1200–35.
z
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Gynecol 2016;128:e89–110.
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6. diseases can be counseled about the disease inheritance
and course and offered referral for potential interven-
tions, such as preimplantation genetic testing. See Table 2
for counseling and screening recommendations.
Immunizations
Women of reproductive age should have their immuni-
zation status assessed annually for Tdap, measles–
mumps–rubella, hepatitis B, and varicella. All patients
should receive an annual influenza vaccination; those
women who are or will be pregnant during influenza
season will have additional benefits (21). Adult women
who have never received a dose of Tdap or whose Tdap
vaccination status is unknown should receive a single
dose, as recommended for nonpregnant adults by the
CDC. Additionally, Tdap vaccine should be given to all
women during each pregnancy between 27–36 weeks
regardless of prepregnancy immunization history.
Human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV) and cervical
cancer screening should be performed in accordance
with current guidelines. The HPV vaccination currently
is not recommended during pregnancy but should not be
avoided or delayed because a woman may want to
become pregnant or may be actively trying to become
pregnant. If the HPV vaccine series is started and
a patient then becomes pregnant, completion of the
vaccine series should be delayed until that pregnancy is
completed (22, 23). Vaccinations for rubella and varicella
should be given at least 28 days before pregnancy, or in
the postpartum period if not previously given. Because
two doses of the varicella vaccine are recommended, and
the CDC recommends that women not become pregnant
for 1 month after being vaccinated, a woman who desires
pregnancy should begin vaccination 2 months before
attempting pregnancy (24). Some advanced-
reproductive-age patients may wish to reproduce, and
those age 50 years and older should also be vaccinated
against herpes zoster (25). The need for other immuni-
Table 2. Family and Genetic History Counseling and Screening Recommendations
Condition Who to Counsel Considerations
Canavan disease Carrier screening for those of Ashkenazi Jewish
descent.
When only one partner is of Ashkenazi Jewish
descent, that individual should be offered screening
first. If it is determined that this individual is a carrier,
the other partner should be offered screening.*
—
Cystic fibrosis All women who are considering pregnancy* —
Familial
dysautonomia
Carrier screening for those of Ashkenazi Jewish
descent.
When only one partner is of Ashkenazi Jewish
descent, that individual should be offered screening
first. If it is determined that this individual is a carrier,
the other partner should be offered screening.*
—
Fragile X Any woman with a family history of fragile X-related
disorders or intellectual disability suggestive of fragile
X syndrome and any woman younger than the age of
40 with unexplained ovarian insufficiency.*
Women without risk factors who request fragile X
screening may be tested after informed consent.
Hemoglobinopathies Couples at risk of having a child with thalassemia or
sickle cell disease should be offered genetic
counseling to review prenatal testing and reproduction
options.y
—
Spinal muscular
atrophy
All women who are considering pregnancy —
Tay–Sachs disease If either member of the couple is of Ashkenazi Jewish,
French-Canadian, or Cajun descent; those with
a family history consistent with Tay-Sachs disease
also should be offered screening.*
Biochemical testing can be altered in women who are
pregnant or using oral contraceptive pills, so leukocyte
testing must be used in these patients.*
*Carrier screening for genetic conditions. Committee Opinion No. 691. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2017;129:e41–55.
y
Hemoglobinopathies in pregnancy. Practice Bulletin No. 78. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:229–37.
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t
7. zations should be assessed during a prepregnancy visit by
reviewing health, lifestyle, and occupational risks of other
infections and administering required doses as indicated
(26). The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practice immunization schedules provide the most cur-
rent information on immunization recommendations
(27).
Infectious Disease Screening
Assessment of the need for STI screening should be
performed at the time of prepregnancy counseling.
Guidance on recommended STI screening is available
from the CDC (28) and ASRM (29). Gonorrhea, chla-
mydial infection, syphilis, and human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) should be screened for based on age and risk
factors. Counseling to reduce STI risk should be pro-
vided (26). For current guidance on hepatitis C screening
for nonpregnant women, see the CDC’s recommenda-
tions (30). Those at high risk of tuberculosis should be
screened and treated appropriately before pregnancy
(26). Exposure to toxoplasmosis should be assessed and
avoidance counseled. Much attention has been given to
educational programs to reduce maternal Toxoplasma
gondii infection and, thus, congenital toxoplasmosis.
However, despite the successes demonstrated in some
observational studies, several reviews (including a Co-
chrane review) suggest that weaknesses in study design
prevent the conclusion that such strategies effectively
reduce congenital toxoplasmosis (31). Patients with
potential exposure to certain infectious diseases, such
as the Zika virus, should be counseled regarding travel
restrictions and appropriate waiting time before attempt-
ing pregnancy. Obstetrician–gynecologists may ask the
patient about recent or upcoming travel history for
herself and her partner. The CDC offers up-to-date guid-
ance on Zika precautions (32) and other infectious dis-
eases (33). Information and guidance on the Zika virus
also is available from ACOG (34) and ASRM (35).
Individuals with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus
All reproductive-aged patients living with HIV should
receive prepregnancy counseling if considering preg-
nancy (36). Prepregnancy counseling should include
a detailed discussion of interventions to reduce the risk
of perinatal transmission, ways to optimize long-term
health, and the possible effects of antiretroviral medica-
tions on the fetus. Any HIV-infected patients who are
contemplating pregnancy should be counseled that they
should be receiving treatment with antiretroviral therapy,
with the goal of a plasma viral load suppressed to an
undetectable level before achieving pregnancy. Artificial
insemination is the safest way for an HIV-infected cou-
ple to become pregnant while minimizing the risk of
HIV transmission to an HIV-negative partner (37). Pre-
pregnancy administration of antiretroviral preexposure
prophylaxis for HIV-uninfected partners may offer an
additional tool to reduce the risk of sexual transmission
(38). A non-HIV-infected woman with an HIV-infected
male partner with whom she wants to achieve pregnancy
should be offered a referral to a subspecialist with the
requisite training and experience in infectious disease or
reproductive endocrinology and infertility for counsel-
ing. Like prepregnancy counseling for non-HIV-
infected women, the goals for HIV-infected women are
to improve the health of the women before pregnancy
and to identify risk factors for adverse maternal and fetal
outcomes. Safe sex practices and avoidance of STIs
should be discussed, and both partners should be
screened for STIs, which should be treated if present.
The choice of antiretroviral therapy in women of child-
bearing capacity should take into consideration the regi-
men’s effectiveness, the women’s hepatitis B status, the
teratogenic potential of the medications, potential drug
interactions, and possible maternal and fetal adverse out-
comes (37). See ACOG’s Practice Bulletin No. 167, Gyne-
cologic Care for Women and Adolescents With Human
Immunodeficiency Virus, for more information.
Substance Use Assessment
All patients should be routinely asked about their use of
alcohol, nicotine products, and drugs, including pre-
scription opioids and other medications used for non-
medical reasons (39, 40). Adverse effects associated with
smoking during pregnancy include intrauterine growth
restriction, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, decreased
maternal thyroid function (41, 42), preterm prelabor
rupture of membranes (also referred to as premature
rupture of membranes) (43, 44), low birth weight, peri-
natal mortality (41), and ectopic pregnancy (41). Chil-
dren born to women who smoke during pregnancy are at
an increased risk of asthma, infantile colic, and child-
hood obesity (45–47). Pregnancy appears to motivate
women to stop smoking; 46% of prepregnancy smokers
quit smoking directly before or during pregnancy (48);
however, women who are unable to quit during preg-
nancy likely have a tobacco use disorder (49). Effective
strategies for tobacco cessation should be employed, such
as the 5A’s intervention model (40).
Alcohol use patterns should be determined and
patients counseled that there is no safe level or type of
alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders are the most severe result of prenatal drinking
and are associated with central nervous system abnor-
malities, growth defects, and facial dysmorphia. Alcohol-
related birth defects include growth deformities, facial
abnormalities, central nervous system impairment,
behavioral disorders, and impaired intellectual develop-
ment (50). Alcohol can affect a fetus at any stage of
pregnancy, and the cognitive defects and behavioral
problems that result from prenatal alcohol exposure are
lifelong. Brief behavioral counseling interventions can
reduce the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies (50–52).
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8. Marijuana is used by an estimated 2–5% of pregnant
women. Several states have recently legalized marijuana
for recreational use or medicinal purposes. Marijuana
may have harmful effects on reproduction and the effect
of smoking marijuana during pregnancy may be as
harmful as tobacco (53). Patients who are contemplating
pregnancy should be encouraged to discontinue mari-
juana use. Patients contemplating pregnancy should be
screened for opioid use and opioid use disorder. See
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 711, Opioid Use and
Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy, for validated screen-
ing tools, such as questionnaires, including 4Ps, NIDA
Quick Screen, and CRAFFT (for women 26 years or
younger) (39).
Exposure to Violence, Intimate Partner
Violence, and Reproductive and
Sexual Coercion
More than one in three women in the United States have
experienced rape, physical violence, or stalking by an
intimate partner in their lifetime (54). Screening for inti-
mate partner violence should occur during prepregnancy
counseling. The discussion regarding intimate partner
violence should be framed by indicating that all patients
in the practice are screened. Assurances of privacy and
confidentiality are important components of intimate
partner violence screening; however, some state laws
place mandatory reporting requirements on health care
providers for certain types of injuries or disclosures and
for certain groups of patients. Therefore, it also is impor-
tant to inform patients about what it is necessary, under
state laws, for physicians to disclose to authorities. Sam-
ple questions to begin the conversation are provided in
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 518, Intimate Partner
Violence (54). Self-administered questionnaires are as
effective as a physician interview in screening for inti-
mate partner violence and reproductive coercion. Sexual
coercion includes a range of behavior that a partner may
use related to sexual decision making to pressure or
coerce a person to have sex without using physical force
(55). The most common forms of reproductive coercion
include sabotage of contraceptive methods, pregnancy
coercion, and pregnancy pressure (56). If ongoing abuse
is identified, assessment of the immediate safety of the
patient and her family should be ascertained and com-
munity resources for victims should be provided.
Assess Nutritional Status
Fruits, vegetables, and daily multivitamins are good
sources of antioxidants and vitamins that may assist in
reproductive health for males and females. Female
prepregnancy folic acid supplementation should be
encouraged to reduce the risk of NTDs. All women of
reproductive age (15–45 years) should take folic acid
supplementation. For average-risk women, supplementa-
tion with 400 micrograms per day is adequate. Women
at increased risk of NTDs, including women with a prior
pregnancy with an NTD or women with seizure disor-
ders, should be counseled to take 4 mg of folic acid daily
(57). Because of the risk of vitamin A toxicity, women
who need additional folic acid should not take additional
prenatal vitamins; instead, women at higher risk of
NTDs should be prescribed additional folic acid supple-
ments. Most prenatal multivitamins contain adequate
amounts of folic acid for average-risk-women (58). Pre-
natal vitamins use also is associated with a lower risk of
miscarriage (59). Moderate caffeine consumption (less
than 200 mg per day) does not appear to be a major
contributing factor in miscarriage or preterm birth (60).
Patients should be screened regarding their diet and
vitamin supplements to confirm they are meeting
recommended daily allowances for calcium, iron, vita-
min A, vitamin B12, vitamin B, vitamin D, and other
nutrients. The U.S. Department of Agriculture offers
tools for self-dietary assessment (61), and the Office of
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion offers clinical
guidance (62). Recommended daily allowances are avail-
able in Guidelines for Perinatal Care, Eighth Edition,
from ACOG and the American Academy of Pediatrics
(63). Consumption of fish with high mercury levels
should be discouraged (64, 65) and the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration provides a patient resource for fish
to avoid (66). Maternal listeria infection has been asso-
ciated with preterm delivery and other obstetric and neo-
natal complications, and pregnant women should be
advised to avoid eating foods with a high risk of listeria
contamination. See the CDC guidance for foods to avoid
(67). Patients who are at risk of eating disorders should
be screened and counseled (63). Patients with malab-
sorptive gastrointestinal disease, bariatric surgery, or
those on a vegan diet may require vitamin and mineral
supplementation.
Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy
Body Weight
Patients should be encouraged to try to attain a BMI in
the normal range before attempting pregnancy because
abnormal high or low BMI is associated with infertility
and maternal and fetal pregnancy complications (68).
The reproductive risks of obesity include, but are not
limited to, infertility, miscarriage, birth defects, preterm
delivery, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension,
cesarean delivery, and thromboembolic events (69, 70).
Obesity also increases the risk of nonreproductive dis-
eases, including stroke, heart disease, certain types of
cancer, arthritis, high cholesterol, hypertension, and dia-
betes (71). Pregnant women with low BMI are at risk of
having small-for-gestational-age fetuses and low-birth-
weight infants (72). Ideally, weight should be optimized
before a woman attempts to becoming pregnant (70),
although the health benefits of postponing pregnancy
need to be balanced against reduced fecundity with
female aging (4, 69).
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9. Assess Exercise and Physical Activity
Regular physical exercise improves cardiovascular health,
reduces obesity and associated medical comorbidities,
and improves longevity. Patients should exercise mod-
erately at least 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week, for
a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate exercise per
week (73). These levels of exercise are recommended
prepregnancy, during pregnancy, and in postpartum
women. Dietary modifications in concert with exercise
produce greater weight loss than exercise alone (73).
Compared with their nonathlete peers, competitive ath-
letes require frequent and closer supervision because they
tend to maintain a more strenuous training schedule
throughout pregnancy and resume high-intensity post-
partum training sooner. Competitive athletes should pay
particular attention to avoiding hyperthermia, maintain-
ing proper hydration, and sustaining adequate caloric
intake to prevent weight loss that may adversely affect
fetal growth (73).
Assess for Teratogens and
Environmental and
Occupational Exposures
Mounting and robust evidence suggests there are repro-
ductive and pregnancy risks associated with environ-
mental pollutants, workplace teratogens, and endocrine
disruptors. By the time a woman presents with preg-
nancy, disruptions of organogenesis may have already
occurred. For these reasons, prepregnancy patient his-
tory and identification of exposures are encouraged (74).
If exposures are identified, patients can be educated
regarding the avoidance of exposure to toxic agents
and, when necessary, referred to occupational medicine
programs. Exposures can occur both at home (eg, plas-
tics with bisphenol-A, pesticides, lead paint, asbestos)
and at work. Employment sectors at particular risk of
potentially hazardous exposures during pregnancy
include agriculture (pesticides), manufacturing (organic
solvents and heavy metals), dry cleaning (solvents), and
health care (biologics and radiation) (75). See the For
More Information section for additional resources.
Pregnancy Dating
Women should be counseled to seek medical care before
attempting to become pregnant or as soon as they believe
they are pregnant to aid in correct dating and to be
monitored for any medical conditions in which treat-
ment should be modified during pregnancy. Correct
first-trimester pregnancy dating provides value in man-
aging potential subsequent pregnancy complications and
indications for delivery.
For More Information
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
has identified additional resources on topics related to this
document that may be helpful for ob-gyns, other health
care providers, and patients. You may view these resources
at www.acog.org/More-Info/PrepregnancyCounseling.
These resources are for information only and are not
meant to be comprehensive. Referral to these resources
does not imply the American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists’ endorsement of the organization, the
organization’s website, or the content of the resource.
The resources may change without notice.
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