The document outlines the major systems of the human body, focusing on the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It describes the anatomy of the heart, its chambers, valves, and the physiological aspects of blood circulation, including blood composition and hemodynamics. Additionally, it details the roles and types of blood vessels, as well as factors affecting blood flow and heart function.

1. Cardiovascul
ar System
R. PH. AMMAR ABID KHAN

2. Content
▪ Body System
▪ Cardiovascular System
▪ Vascular System
▪ Blood
▪ Hemodynamic

3. Body Systems
▪The human body can be
categorized into different
systems based on their
functions and structures.
The major systems of the
human body include:

4. Respirator
y System
Responsible for the intake
of oxygen and elimination
of carbon dioxide.

5. Digestive
System
Responsible for the
breakdown of food and
absorption of nutrients.

6. Nervous
System
Responsible for controlling
and coordinating body
functions.

7. Endocrine
System
Responsible for the
production and
secretion of hormones.

8. Musculoskelet
al System
Responsible for providing
movement and support to
the body

9. Urinary
System
Responsible for filtering
and eliminating waste
products from the body.

10. Reproductiv
e System
Responsible to
produce offspring.

11. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system, also
known as the circulatory
system, includes the
▪ Heart
▪ Arteries
▪ Veins
▪ Capillaries
▪ Blood.
The heart functions as the
pump that moves blood
through the body.

12. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The main Components of heart are:
▪ Heart
▪ Blood
▪ Vessels

13. Position of Heart

14. HEART ANATOMY
Heart is divided into four
chambers.
Two chambers on the top
(atrium, plural atria)
Two on the bottom
(ventricles), one on each
side of the heart.

15. HEART CHAMBERs
Heart is divided into four chambers. You have two chambers on the top (atrium,
plural atria) and two on the bottom (ventricles), one on each side of the heart.
• Right atrium: Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your right atrium. The
superior vena cava carries blood from your upper body. The inferior vena cava
brings blood from the lower body. Then the right atrium pumps the blood to your
right ventricle.
• Right ventricle: The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen-poor blood to your
lungs through the pulmonary artery. The lungs reload blood with oxygen.
• Left atrium: After the lungs fill blood with oxygen, the pulmonary veins carry the
blood to the left atrium. This upper chamber pumps the blood to your left ventricle.
• Left ventricle: The left ventricle is slightly larger than the right. It pumps oxygen-
rich blood to the rest of your body.

16. HEART Valves
Heart valves are like doors between your heart chambers. They open and close to
allow blood to flow through.
▪ The atrioventricular (AV) valves open between your upper and lower heart chambers.
They include:
• Tricuspid valve: Door between your right atrium and right ventricle.
• Mitral valve: Door between your left atrium and left ventricle.
▪ Semilunar (SL) valves open when blood flows out of your ventricles. They include:
• Aortic valve: Opens when blood flows out of your left ventricle to your aorta (artery
that carries oxygen-rich blood to your body).
• Pulmonary valve: Opens when blood flows from your right ventricle to your
pulmonary arteries (the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor blood to your lungs).

17. HEART Layers

18. SYSTOLIC & DISASTOLIC

19. HEART Physiology

20. Cardiac Cycle

21. FACTS
▪ Heart weighs about 10.5 ounces (300 grams)
▪ contracts more than 100,000 times a day to drive blood through about 60,000
miles (96,000 kilometers) of vessels to nourish each of the trillions of cells in
the body
▪ Each contraction of the heart forces about 2.5 ounces (74 milliliters) of blood
into the bloodstream
▪ Adds up to about 10 pints (4.7 liters) of blood every minute
▪ Average heart will pump about 1,800 gallons (6,800 liters) of blood each day
▪ That amount may increase as much as six times
▪ In an average lifetime, the heart will pump about 100 million gallons (380
million liters) of blood.

22. Vascular System

23. Vascular System
The vascular system, also called the circulatory
system, is made up of the vessels that carry
blood and lymph through the body. The arteries
and veins carry blood throughout the body,
delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
and taking away tissue waste matter.

24. Blood Vessels Types

25. Blood Vessels Types
Five types of blood vessels as following
1.Arteries: Transport High-Blood pressure blood from the
heart to smaller arteries and arterioles
2.Arterioles: Connect Arteries and capillaries
3.Veins: Act as reservoir of blood and transport low-pressure blood from
venules to heart
4.Venules: Connects capillaries and veins
5.Capillaries: Allows gas exchange, nutrients transfer and waster removal
between blood and tissue fluids

26. Layers of Vessels
▪ Blood vessels, except the smallest ones, are made of three
layers i.e.
▪ Tunica interna
The tunica interna (innermost layer) is a single layer of squamous (flat) epithelial
cells called the endothelium
▪ Tunica media
▪ The tunica media (middle layer) takes up most of the arterial vessel wall and is
composed of smooth muscle fibers and elastin
▪ Tunica externa
▪ The tunica externa (outer layer) consists mainly of connective tissue fibres that
protect the blood vessels and attach them to any surrounding tissues

27. Layers of Vessels

28. Blood

29. Blood
▪Blood is a fluid that flows through our body,
delivering oxygen and nutrients to our
organs and tissues, while removing waste
products. It is made up of cells and a liquid
called plasma, which contains important
substances needed for our body's
functioning.

30. Blood Function
▪ Transportation
▪ Regulation
▪ Defense
▪ 4-6 liters depending on size 8% of body mass

31. Blood Composition

32. Blood Composition
Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood
cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including:
▪ Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues
▪ Forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss
▪ Carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection
▪ Bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood
▪ Regulating body temperature
The blood that runs through the veins, arteries, and capillaries is known as whole
blood, a mixture of about 55 percent plasma and 45 percent blood cells. About 7 to
8 percent of your total body weight is blood. An average-sized man has about 12
pints of blood in his body, and an average-sized woman has about nine pints.

33. Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics is the study of factors and forces
affecting blood flow throughout the cardiovascular
system.
Important hemodynamic variables/terms are
• SV stroke volume
• LVEDV left ventricular end diastolic volume
• ESV end systolic volume
• EF ejection fraction
• CO cardiac output
• TPR total peripheral resistance
• HR Heart Rate
• BP blood pressure

34. Stroke Volume
▪Stroke volume is
the volume of
blood pumped
out of the left
ventricle of the
heart during each
systolic cardiac
contraction.

35. Preload and Afterload
Preload
is the filling pressure in the heart ventricles at the end of the
relaxation phase of the diastole. Clinically, preload is synonymous
with ‘end diastolic pressure (EDP)’. leads to ventricular wall tension
at the end of the diastole is caused by
• venous return (rate, pressure and volume)
• distensibility of the ventricular wall
Afterload
is the force the ventricle must overcome to eject its contents. is
caused by
• peripheral resistance in the arteries

36. Ejection Fraction
• When the left ventricle contracts, forcing blood out into the body,
it's called "ejection“
• The "fraction" part is because that pumping chamber (the left
ventricle) never quite manages to pump out all the blood inside
it - there's always a little bit left behind that lies around waiting
for the next contraction
• The amount your left ventricle does pump out per beat is called
the "ejection fraction".

37. Heart Rate
• Heart Rate is the number of cardiac cycles per minute.
• Number of beats per minute
• Number of contraction per minute
• It is influenced by factors like sympathetic activity, physical
exercise, emotional stress, hormones, pathological conditions
(e.g., fever, hypoxia), drug effects (e.g., atropine).
• Oxygen Demand: Adjusting Factors
• Units = bpm

38. Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the heart
minute and is the mechanism whereby blood flows around the
body, especially providing blood flow to the brain and other vital
organs.
Cardiac Output
CO = Stroke Volume x Heart
Rate

39. Total Peripheral Resistance
• Total peripheral resistance is defined and measured in terms of the
force required to maintain blood flow from the root of the aorta
to the venous exit into the auricles.

40. Blood Pressure
• The pressure of the blood exerted by heart in the circulatory
system
BP = CO x TPR

41. Conclusion

42. Break