2. Hiroshima
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxJN4uAPI9I
• Caused due to Nuclear Explosions
• It is a theory proposed by Carl Sagan and his
collegues in the year 1982.
• One of the environmental collateral damage
• Noontime darkness, plummeting
temperatures
• Lack of Photosynthesis
• Eventual death of line on planet earth
3. Classes of Nuclear winter
• Minimal
• Marginal
• Nominal
• Substantial
• Severe
• Extreme
Increasing severity
4. Nuclear winter formation
Destruction of Human Race
Collapse of food chain
Temperature drop
Sunlight Blocked
Ash spread by winds all around earth in stratosphere
Dust/ash released into atmosphere
Nuclear explosion
5. Dangerous consequences
• Oxygen regeneration cease
• Carbondioxide accumulates
• Earth’s radiation balance and heat budget is
altered drastically
• Seasonal Monsoon and tropical rains
disappear
• The duration and extent of nuclear winter
scenario depends on location, season and
intensity of explosion
6. Volcanoes
• Potential cause of nuclear winter when a pole
shift causes a buckling in earth’s crust and
volcanoes become hyperactive
• Sulfur rich gas emitted would combine with
water vapor to produce clouds of sulfuric acid
• Sunlight would be absorbed and reflected off
of acid droplets which would block sunlight
and reduce temperature
8. Atom Bomb
• A weapon with great explosive power that
results from the sudden release of energy
upon the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of a
heavy element such as plutonium or uranium.
10. Beta Particle
• A beta particle, also called beta ray or beta
radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-
speed electron or positron emitted by the
radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus during
the process of beta decay. There are two
forms of beta decay, β− decay and β+ decay,
which produce electrons and positrons
respectively.
11. Positron
• Positron, also called positive electron,
positively charged subatomic particle having
the same mass and magnitude of charge as
the electron and constituting the antiparticle
of a negative electron. The first of the
antiparticles to be detected, positrons were
discovered by Carl David Anderson in cloud-
chamber studies of the composition of cosmic
rays (1932).
12. Hydrogen bomb
• A hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of
uncontrollable nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion
is the process where the nuclei of two light
atoms combine to form a new nucleus.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQo_2A3
kZnU
• Need Deuterium and tritium, isotopes of
hydrogen
• Also called as Thermonuclear bombs
13. • Occurs at few Million degree celsius
•When uncontrolled fusion takes place
a large amount of energy is suddenly
released resulting in an explosion
• TNT equivalent is a convention for
expressing energy, typically used to
describe the energy released in an
explosion
In other words, for each gram
of TNT exploded, 4184 joules (or one
large Calorie = 1,000 calories) of
energy is released.
Symbol: t or ton of TNT
Unit of: energy
CGS: 109 calorie
•Temperature necessary to initiate
fusion reaction is generated by fission
reaction within the hydrogen bomb
