1. The study examined blood and milk lead levels in lactating cows reared near various industrial activities in India.
2. The highest blood lead level was found in cows near a lead-zinc smelter, followed by a closed lead smelter and an aluminum plant.
3. The highest milk lead level was detected in cows near the lead-zinc smelter, followed by the aluminum plant and a steel mill.
This study aimed to predict milk mineral concentrations from infrared milk spectra in Danish dairy cattle and perform a genetic analysis of the predicted minerals. Infrared spectra and mineral concentration data from 264 Danish Jersey and 254 Danish Holstein cows were used to build prediction models for 10 minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, Zn). Prediction accuracy was good for P and Ca (>0.80 R2) and moderately good for Na (0.63 R2). Heritability of predicted Ca, Na, and P ranged from 0.13 to 0.36. Several QTL associated with gold standard milk minerals were identified. The results show potential for using infrared spectra to predict milk minerals and
This study aimed to predict milk mineral concentrations from infrared milk spectra and examine the genetic basis of predicted minerals in Danish dairy cattle. Good prediction accuracy was achieved for calcium (R2 ≥ 0.80) and phosphorus (R2 ≥ 0.80) using infrared spectra, with relative prediction errors below 6.3%. Moderate prediction was obtained for sodium (R2 of 0.63, error of 18.8%). Heritability of predicted calcium, sodium and phosphorus ranged from low to moderate (0.13-0.36). Several quantitative trait loci associated with predicted minerals were identified.
This study analyzed sodium and chloride levels in the blood serum of goats grazing in West Kordofan, Sudan at two stages: flowering and seed setting. The results showed statistically significant lower sodium concentrations during flowering (29.26 mmol/L) compared to seed setting (33.60 mmol/L). However, stage did not significantly affect chloride levels, which slightly decreased during flowering (57.82 mg/dl) and increased during seed setting (62.22 mg/dl). The study concluded sodium levels were lower during flowering but higher during seed setting, while stage did not impact chloride concentrations, which slightly decreased during flowering and increased during seed setting.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between blood potassium concentration and some reproductive and physiological traits in Awassi sheep in Iraq. The study found:
1) Blood potassium levels in Awassi ewes and rams showed a bimodal distribution between high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) types.
2) No significant difference was found in mastitis affection rates between HK and LK ewes, though LK ewes had a higher rate.
3) LK rams had a significantly higher semen volume than HK rams, while HK rams had significantly higher individual motility and percentage of live/normal sperms.
The document concludes that blood
This document describes a study that optimized the temperatures of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water used in a Clean-In-Place (CIP) process for a pilot-scale milking system. The researchers tested different temperature combinations of alkaline EO water (45-75°C) and acidic EO water (25-45°C) to determine which provided the most effective cleaning. They found that EO water CIP outperformed conventional CIP and has potential for use on commercial dairy farms. A mathematical model was also developed to describe the pilot-scale milking system CIP process.
Golder Associates was retained to conduct bioaccessibility testing on soil and dust samples from Sudbury, Ontario. Bioaccessibility testing involves chemically mimicking human digestion to determine the fraction of metals that can be absorbed from ingested soil or dust. Testing found the bioaccessible fractions for arsenic, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel and selenium in soil were 36.8-41.1%, 26.4%, 64.4%, 16.0%, 37.6% and 20.3-41.2% respectively. For house dust the fractions were 3.7%, 2.4%, 4.6%, 3.4% and 1.2-2.0% respectively. The results will be used to
This document summarizes a study comparing hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non-reactor water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats. The following key findings are reported:
1) In buffaloes and cattle, tuberculosis caused decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, while increasing monocytes and lymphocytes.
2) In buffaloes, tuberculosis increased total serum proteins, albumin and globulins.
3) In sheep, packed cell volume was lower in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
4) In goats, basophil percentage was higher in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
1. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels change significantly in cows around the time of parturition. Calcium levels decline while magnesium levels increase due to the onset of lactation and loss of calcium in milk. This can lead to health issues like milk fever in cows.
2. The study examined mineral levels in 20 cows during late pregnancy and after calving for 14 days. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus using diagnostic kits and a chemistry analyzer.
3. Results found significant decreases in calcium and phosphorus and increases in magnesium in postpartum cows compared to prepartum cows. This is consistent with other research on mineral metabolism around calving.
This study aimed to predict milk mineral concentrations from infrared milk spectra in Danish dairy cattle and perform a genetic analysis of the predicted minerals. Infrared spectra and mineral concentration data from 264 Danish Jersey and 254 Danish Holstein cows were used to build prediction models for 10 minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, Zn). Prediction accuracy was good for P and Ca (>0.80 R2) and moderately good for Na (0.63 R2). Heritability of predicted Ca, Na, and P ranged from 0.13 to 0.36. Several QTL associated with gold standard milk minerals were identified. The results show potential for using infrared spectra to predict milk minerals and
This study aimed to predict milk mineral concentrations from infrared milk spectra and examine the genetic basis of predicted minerals in Danish dairy cattle. Good prediction accuracy was achieved for calcium (R2 ≥ 0.80) and phosphorus (R2 ≥ 0.80) using infrared spectra, with relative prediction errors below 6.3%. Moderate prediction was obtained for sodium (R2 of 0.63, error of 18.8%). Heritability of predicted calcium, sodium and phosphorus ranged from low to moderate (0.13-0.36). Several quantitative trait loci associated with predicted minerals were identified.
This study analyzed sodium and chloride levels in the blood serum of goats grazing in West Kordofan, Sudan at two stages: flowering and seed setting. The results showed statistically significant lower sodium concentrations during flowering (29.26 mmol/L) compared to seed setting (33.60 mmol/L). However, stage did not significantly affect chloride levels, which slightly decreased during flowering (57.82 mg/dl) and increased during seed setting (62.22 mg/dl). The study concluded sodium levels were lower during flowering but higher during seed setting, while stage did not impact chloride concentrations, which slightly decreased during flowering and increased during seed setting.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between blood potassium concentration and some reproductive and physiological traits in Awassi sheep in Iraq. The study found:
1) Blood potassium levels in Awassi ewes and rams showed a bimodal distribution between high potassium (HK) and low potassium (LK) types.
2) No significant difference was found in mastitis affection rates between HK and LK ewes, though LK ewes had a higher rate.
3) LK rams had a significantly higher semen volume than HK rams, while HK rams had significantly higher individual motility and percentage of live/normal sperms.
The document concludes that blood
This document describes a study that optimized the temperatures of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water used in a Clean-In-Place (CIP) process for a pilot-scale milking system. The researchers tested different temperature combinations of alkaline EO water (45-75°C) and acidic EO water (25-45°C) to determine which provided the most effective cleaning. They found that EO water CIP outperformed conventional CIP and has potential for use on commercial dairy farms. A mathematical model was also developed to describe the pilot-scale milking system CIP process.
Golder Associates was retained to conduct bioaccessibility testing on soil and dust samples from Sudbury, Ontario. Bioaccessibility testing involves chemically mimicking human digestion to determine the fraction of metals that can be absorbed from ingested soil or dust. Testing found the bioaccessible fractions for arsenic, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel and selenium in soil were 36.8-41.1%, 26.4%, 64.4%, 16.0%, 37.6% and 20.3-41.2% respectively. For house dust the fractions were 3.7%, 2.4%, 4.6%, 3.4% and 1.2-2.0% respectively. The results will be used to
This document summarizes a study comparing hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non-reactor water buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats. The following key findings are reported:
1) In buffaloes and cattle, tuberculosis caused decreases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and neutrophils, while increasing monocytes and lymphocytes.
2) In buffaloes, tuberculosis increased total serum proteins, albumin and globulins.
3) In sheep, packed cell volume was lower in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
4) In goats, basophil percentage was higher in tuberculosis-positive reactors.
1. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels change significantly in cows around the time of parturition. Calcium levels decline while magnesium levels increase due to the onset of lactation and loss of calcium in milk. This can lead to health issues like milk fever in cows.
2. The study examined mineral levels in 20 cows during late pregnancy and after calving for 14 days. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus using diagnostic kits and a chemistry analyzer.
3. Results found significant decreases in calcium and phosphorus and increases in magnesium in postpartum cows compared to prepartum cows. This is consistent with other research on mineral metabolism around calving.
The document summarizes research on toxic compounds found in milk in Pakistan, including heavy metals, pesticide residues, aflatoxins, and antibiotic residues. Two studies found elevated levels of heavy metals like lead and cadmium in milk samples exceeding international standards. Two additional studies detected numerous pesticides in milk above maximum residue levels. Studies also found aflatoxin M1 in over 80% of milk samples tested, exceeding tolerance limits. Finally, antibiotic residue studies found 38-49% of milk samples to be positive for residues like beta-lactams. The document concludes better regulatory enforcement and farm safety practices could help reduce chemical contamination in milk.
This study evaluated the effects of four iodine-based teat disinfectants on milk iodide concentrations. The disinfectants varied in iodine level (0.25% vs 0.5%), viscosity, and application method. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows before, during, and after using the disinfectants. Introduction of iodine disinfectants increased milk iodide levels compared to the non-iodine control, but remained below acceptable limits for human consumption. Higher iodine concentration and spray application led to higher milk iodide levels than lower concentrations and dipping. The carefully controlled study showed small increases in milk iodide from iodine disinf
— Aim of this study was to obtain knowledge on boron supplemented diet to mineral status of body fluids and feces in short term nutrition of dairy cattle. A total of 24 healthy Holstein dairy cows were used. The animals were fed with standard ration, and boron at three different doses was added to experimental' diets as boron compound: borax, for 10 days. Boron and other macro and trace minerals were determined in serum, milk, urine and feces samples taken on 0 and 11 st days. In this study, there were no overt signs of toxicosis, and a pivotal knowledge was obtained in dairy cattle fed with boron supplemented diet on boron absorption, excretion, and its interaction with other minerals. Boron could not completely absorb from gastrointestinal tract. Urine was the most important excretion way of boron. More less boron was also eliminated by milk. Boron levels in body fluids (serum and milk, p<0.000) were increasingly changed based on the dose. Boron, among minerals, provided a striking increase for Ca (p<0.003) and Mg (p<0.028) levels in serum by increasing absorption of these minerals. This topic is worth evaluating as an alternative approach in the prevention of hypocalcemia in transition cows.
Serum Metabolites and Urine Oxalates Concentration of Growing Dairy Bull Calv...ijtsrd
The study was conducted to evaluate the serum metabolites and urine oxalate concentration of dairy bull calves fed different inclusion rates of water hyacinth at the Dairy Training and Research Institute DTRI , Dairy Farm, College of Agriculture and Food Science and at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna from August 2017 to December 2017.Sixteen Holstein Friesian Sahiwal crossbred growing dairy bull calves with average weight of 87.30 kg were used as experimental animals. WH at 0, 10, 20 and 40 dry matter DM basis substitution of Napier grass in the total mixed ration served as treatments in four 4 randomized complete blocks, each block consisting of calves at the same weight range. Feeding of WH did not affect serum calcium Ca concentration but showed differences in serum magnesium Mg concentration. Oxalate crystals were not found in the urine despite the presence of oxalic acid in the chemical analysis made in the WH. It could be concluded that WH can be fed to growing dairy bull calves at 10 20 inclusion rate to ensure its optimal utilization. Nieta C. Amit ""Serum Metabolites and Urine Oxalates Concentration of Growing Dairy Bull Calves Fed Water Hyacinth"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23955/serum-metabolites-and-urine-oxalates-concentration-of-growing-dairy-bull-calves-fed-water-hyacinth/nieta-c-amit
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
11.evaluation of the nutritive value of mixture of fermented bovine blood and...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of including fermented bovine blood and rumen digesta (FBBRD) at levels of 0-20% in diets for broiler finishers. 300 broilers were fed one of five experimental diets and evaluated over 35 days. Birds fed diets with 5-20% FBBRD performed similarly or better than the control group in terms of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and organ weights. Nutrient digestibility was generally higher for the control group. Including FBBRD up to 20% was found to reduce feed costs and the cost of meat production without negatively impacting broiler performance.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium
and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city
and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen
samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water
treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen
times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated
and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection
by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet
of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571,
111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus
and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285
μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters
Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of administering a sustained-release multi-trace element/vitamin bolus to dairy cows under heat stress conditions. Fifty high-producing dairy cows were randomly assigned to receive either the bolus or serve as controls. The bolus provided additional trace minerals and vitamins above National Research Council recommendations. Results showed the bolus group tended to have higher milk production and quality. They also had lower somatic cell counts, improved reproductive performance as measured by shorter days open and higher pregnancy rates, and tended to have lower blood markers of stress. The study concluded supplementation with the bolus had positive effects on lactation and reproduction in dairy cows under heat stress.
This study determined the concentrations of potassium and calcium in feed for goats grazing on natural rangeland in West Kordofan, Sudan during flowering and seed setting stages. Potassium concentration was significantly higher at 0.22 ppm during flowering compared to 0.07 ppm during seed setting. Calcium concentration was higher but not significantly so at 8.02 ppm during flowering versus 6.76 ppm during seed setting. The results indicate that mineral concentrations in forage vary between plant maturity stages, with potassium and calcium generally higher during flowering.
This document provides nutrient requirement tables for various classes of beef cattle. It begins with an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the tables. The tables then provide requirements for minerals, vitamins, energy, and protein for different categories of cattle including mature cows, heifers, calves, and bulls. The tables include nutrient densities as percentages of dry matter intake and daily nutrient amounts per animal. The goal is to give guidelines for formulating cattle diets and for basic nutritional assessment and education.
Assessing the nutritional status of four indigenous breeds of cattleAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of four breeds of cattle (Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, and Azawak) in Nigeria using blood metabolites. The study found:
1) There were significant differences between breeds for creatinine, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, and blood glucose levels at various times during the 90-day study.
2) In general, the results did not identify any clear nutritional constraints to productivity among the breeds.
3) Glucose, albumin and urea results indicate that dietary energy and protein were not limiting for the cattle.
Isolation and screening of haloalkaline protease producing bacteria from tann...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Twenty bacterial strains were isolated on selective milk agar plates (pH 9.0) from tannery solid waste on the basis of different
colony morphology. These strains exhibited variable haloalkaline protease activity and were tolerant to different concentration of
both chromate (350-1450 μg/ml) and NaCl (2-9%). Those having clearance zone greater than 20.0 mm were considered as
significant isolate. Out of twenty, nine strains were interestingly tolerant to high concentration of Cr(VI) (850-1450 mg/l) and
NaCl (6.5-9%) and exhibited vibrant clear zone diameter between 21-35 mm. All these isolates in this study were capable of
reducing Cr(VI) aerobically and the reduction values ranged between 50.0-76.0% after 16-20 h of growth. Further, significant
haloalkaline protease production was observed in these bacteria within 24 h under wide temperature (25-45°C) and pH (8.0-10.5)
range. The potential of these strains to produce protease at higher rate in the presence of wheat bran as a cheap carbon source
and yeast extract or beef extract as a nitrogen source makes them a potential candidate for industrial applications and removal of
Cr(VI) and proteinaceous waste simultaneously from industrial waste of alkaline nature.
Key words: Tannery waste, chromate resistant, bacteria, haloalkaline, protease
This study analyzed the chemical composition and microbial quality of raw cow's milk produced in the urban and peri-urban areas of Dangila town, Ethiopia. Samples were collected from 30 farms, with 15 from urban and 15 from peri-urban areas. The chemical analysis found slightly higher protein, fat, solids, and ash content in milk from cross-bred cows compared to local breeds. Microbial analysis found total bacterial counts, coliform counts, and yeast/mold counts to be higher than international standards, with significant differences seen between urban and peri-urban milk for yeast/mold counts. The results indicate efforts are needed to improve milk quality in the region.
Assessment of the Heavy Metal Levels in Feeds and Litters of Chickens Rose wi...IOSR Journals
The document analyzes heavy metal levels in chicken feeds and litters from farms in Awka, Nigeria. 40 litter and 20 feed samples were tested for levels of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, vanadium and copper using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mercury, cadmium and lead levels were highest in feeds, exceeding permissible levels at times. Metal concentrations in litters were generally lower than in feeds. While within regulatory limits for land application, bioaccumulation of metals in chickens and potential human health impacts from consumption were noted as concerns warranting further monitoring and regulation.
This study evaluated the performance of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water for cleaning-in-place (CIP) of milking systems on a commercial dairy farm, compared to a conventional CIP process. The EO water CIP utilized acidic and alkaline EO water solutions generated on-site for the cleaning steps. Results from ATP bioluminescence testing and bacterial analysis showed that the cleaning effectiveness of the EO water CIP was equal to or better than the conventional CIP at most sampling locations in the milking system. Additionally, the estimated cost of the EO water CIP process was approximately 25% lower than the conventional CIP. Therefore, the study demonstrated that EO water has the potential to
Organic farming in Ireland has grown since 2007 but remains small compared to conventional agriculture. In 2012, there were 1,346 organic producers farming 58,556 hectares, with over half located in 6 counties. The census data shows that organic production comes from a wider range of smaller scale farms than conventional farms. While clustered in some areas, organic farms are located across Ireland. Further information is needed on horticulture, poultry and pig production to better understand the structure and market potential of the organic sector.
Chemical and Microbiological Quality Assessment of Raw and Processed Liquid M...Tanim Jabid Hossain
Twelve different liquid market milks of Bangladesh were examined to evaluate their chemical and sanitary quality. Six of these were open raw milk bought from local daily markets and the other six were processed packet milk (both pasteurized and UHT [Ultra High Temperature]-processed) available in shops. The twelve samples were examined for the determination of percentage of water, total soluble solids (TSS), fat, solids-non-fat (SNF), lactose, protein, and ash; measurement of titratable acidity; detection of adulterants; enumeration of total bacterial count, staphylococcal, coliform, fecal coliform, Salmonella and Shigella, Aeromonas hydrophila, and psychrophilic count. Results revealed that most of the raw and pasteurized milks were substandard in both chemical and sanitary quality whereas the quality of UHT-treated milks was excellent. Majority of the raw and pasteurized milks contained fair amounts of lactose, protein and ash, but a number of these had lesser amount of fat. All the raw and pasteurized milks were found to be contaminated with bacterial loads exceeding the acceptable limit. The indicator organisms ie coliforms and fecal coliforms were present in most of these samples in large numbers. Pathogenic bacterial genera (Aeromonas, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus) were also identified in some of these. High counts of psychrophilic bacteria were also found in the raw and pasteurized milk. But none of the UHT-processed milks contained any bacteria. Water had been added to five raw and one pasteurized milk whereas sucrose was found in five of the six heat-treated samples.
Hygiene and microbial contamination along the pork value chain in VietnamILRI
Presentation by Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Phuc Pham Duc, Ngan Tran Thi, Thanh Nguyen Tien, Fred Unger, Kohei Makita and Delia Grace at the 4th Food Safety and Zoonoses Symposium for Asia Pacific and 2nd Regional EcoHealth Symposium, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 3-5 August 2015.
The effects of different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood biochemical ...Ali Olfati
This document describes a study that investigated the effects of supplementing different levels of Chlorella microalgae on blood parameters and mineral concentrations in laying hens under heat stress conditions. The study found that supplementing 200-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae decreased serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels in the hens, while HDL levels increased. Supplementing 300-500 ppm of Chlorella microalgae also increased plasma levels of manganese, iodine, and selenium in the hens. The results suggest that supplementing Chlorella microalgae at higher rates can benefit the blood parameters of laying hens reared under heat stress.
The document analyzes arsenic concentrations in water, soil, milk, and forage samples collected from dairy farms in Comarca Lagunera, Mexico, a region with naturally high arsenic levels. Water samples showed total arsenic concentrations ranging from 7 to 740 μg/L, with 90% as As(V). Soil samples had total arsenic up to 30 μg/g, though extractable arsenic did not exceed 12% of total. Arsenic in alfalfa, a key crop, ranged from 0.24 to 3.16 μg/g, with 40% in roots. Significant correlations were found between water and soil arsenic and between soil and alfalfa arsenic. Milk samples had
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The document summarizes research on toxic compounds found in milk in Pakistan, including heavy metals, pesticide residues, aflatoxins, and antibiotic residues. Two studies found elevated levels of heavy metals like lead and cadmium in milk samples exceeding international standards. Two additional studies detected numerous pesticides in milk above maximum residue levels. Studies also found aflatoxin M1 in over 80% of milk samples tested, exceeding tolerance limits. Finally, antibiotic residue studies found 38-49% of milk samples to be positive for residues like beta-lactams. The document concludes better regulatory enforcement and farm safety practices could help reduce chemical contamination in milk.
This study evaluated the effects of four iodine-based teat disinfectants on milk iodide concentrations. The disinfectants varied in iodine level (0.25% vs 0.5%), viscosity, and application method. Milk samples were taken from 100 cows before, during, and after using the disinfectants. Introduction of iodine disinfectants increased milk iodide levels compared to the non-iodine control, but remained below acceptable limits for human consumption. Higher iodine concentration and spray application led to higher milk iodide levels than lower concentrations and dipping. The carefully controlled study showed small increases in milk iodide from iodine disinf
— Aim of this study was to obtain knowledge on boron supplemented diet to mineral status of body fluids and feces in short term nutrition of dairy cattle. A total of 24 healthy Holstein dairy cows were used. The animals were fed with standard ration, and boron at three different doses was added to experimental' diets as boron compound: borax, for 10 days. Boron and other macro and trace minerals were determined in serum, milk, urine and feces samples taken on 0 and 11 st days. In this study, there were no overt signs of toxicosis, and a pivotal knowledge was obtained in dairy cattle fed with boron supplemented diet on boron absorption, excretion, and its interaction with other minerals. Boron could not completely absorb from gastrointestinal tract. Urine was the most important excretion way of boron. More less boron was also eliminated by milk. Boron levels in body fluids (serum and milk, p<0.000) were increasingly changed based on the dose. Boron, among minerals, provided a striking increase for Ca (p<0.003) and Mg (p<0.028) levels in serum by increasing absorption of these minerals. This topic is worth evaluating as an alternative approach in the prevention of hypocalcemia in transition cows.
Serum Metabolites and Urine Oxalates Concentration of Growing Dairy Bull Calv...ijtsrd
The study was conducted to evaluate the serum metabolites and urine oxalate concentration of dairy bull calves fed different inclusion rates of water hyacinth at the Dairy Training and Research Institute DTRI , Dairy Farm, College of Agriculture and Food Science and at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna from August 2017 to December 2017.Sixteen Holstein Friesian Sahiwal crossbred growing dairy bull calves with average weight of 87.30 kg were used as experimental animals. WH at 0, 10, 20 and 40 dry matter DM basis substitution of Napier grass in the total mixed ration served as treatments in four 4 randomized complete blocks, each block consisting of calves at the same weight range. Feeding of WH did not affect serum calcium Ca concentration but showed differences in serum magnesium Mg concentration. Oxalate crystals were not found in the urine despite the presence of oxalic acid in the chemical analysis made in the WH. It could be concluded that WH can be fed to growing dairy bull calves at 10 20 inclusion rate to ensure its optimal utilization. Nieta C. Amit ""Serum Metabolites and Urine Oxalates Concentration of Growing Dairy Bull Calves Fed Water Hyacinth"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23955.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23955/serum-metabolites-and-urine-oxalates-concentration-of-growing-dairy-bull-calves-fed-water-hyacinth/nieta-c-amit
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
11.evaluation of the nutritive value of mixture of fermented bovine blood and...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of including fermented bovine blood and rumen digesta (FBBRD) at levels of 0-20% in diets for broiler finishers. 300 broilers were fed one of five experimental diets and evaluated over 35 days. Birds fed diets with 5-20% FBBRD performed similarly or better than the control group in terms of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and organ weights. Nutrient digestibility was generally higher for the control group. Including FBBRD up to 20% was found to reduce feed costs and the cost of meat production without negatively impacting broiler performance.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium
and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city
and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen
samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water
treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen
times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated
and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection
by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet
of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571,
111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus
and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285
μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters
Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of administering a sustained-release multi-trace element/vitamin bolus to dairy cows under heat stress conditions. Fifty high-producing dairy cows were randomly assigned to receive either the bolus or serve as controls. The bolus provided additional trace minerals and vitamins above National Research Council recommendations. Results showed the bolus group tended to have higher milk production and quality. They also had lower somatic cell counts, improved reproductive performance as measured by shorter days open and higher pregnancy rates, and tended to have lower blood markers of stress. The study concluded supplementation with the bolus had positive effects on lactation and reproduction in dairy cows under heat stress.
This study determined the concentrations of potassium and calcium in feed for goats grazing on natural rangeland in West Kordofan, Sudan during flowering and seed setting stages. Potassium concentration was significantly higher at 0.22 ppm during flowering compared to 0.07 ppm during seed setting. Calcium concentration was higher but not significantly so at 8.02 ppm during flowering versus 6.76 ppm during seed setting. The results indicate that mineral concentrations in forage vary between plant maturity stages, with potassium and calcium generally higher during flowering.
This document provides nutrient requirement tables for various classes of beef cattle. It begins with an introduction explaining the context and purpose of the tables. The tables then provide requirements for minerals, vitamins, energy, and protein for different categories of cattle including mature cows, heifers, calves, and bulls. The tables include nutrient densities as percentages of dry matter intake and daily nutrient amounts per animal. The goal is to give guidelines for formulating cattle diets and for basic nutritional assessment and education.
Assessing the nutritional status of four indigenous breeds of cattleAlexander Decker
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Swarup2005
1. Blood lead levels in lactating cows reared around polluted
localities; transfer of lead into milk
D. Swarup, R.C. PatraT, Ram Naresh, Puneet Kumar, Pallav Shekhar
Environmental Medicine Laboratory, Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, 243122, U.P. India
Received 5 April 2004; accepted 1 December 2004
Available online 3 February 2005
Abstract
Lead is pervasive environmental pollutant with potential public health hazard as a contaminant of food from animal origin.
The present study examines the blood and milk lead level in animals reared in areas around different industrial activities and to
find out correlation between blood and milk lead levels in lactating cows. Blood and milk samples (n=149) were collected from
animals reared around steel processing unit (n=22), lead–zinc smelter (n=21), aluminum processing plant (n=25), rock
phosphate mining area cum phosphate fertilizer plant (n=21), coal mining areas (n=46) and closed lead but functional zinc
smelter (n=14). Samples were also collected from randomly chosen 52 lactating cows reared in non-polluted areas to serve as
controls. Significantly ( Pb0.05) higher blood lead level was recorded in animals reared around lead–zinc smelting factories
followed by closed lead but functional zinc smelter, aluminum processing unit and steel manufacturing plant, as compared to
values recorded for control animals. The highest milk lead level (0.84F0.11 Ag/ml) was detected in animals reared in the
vicinity of lead–zinc smelting unit followed by aluminum processing plant and steel processing unit. Analysis of correlation
between blood lead levels and lead excretion in milk through sorting the blood lead values into nine different ranges
irrespective of site of collection of samples (n=201) revealed significant correlation (r=0.469 at Pb0.01) between blood and
milk lead concentrations. The lactating cows with blood lead levels above 0.20 Ag/ml (Groups 5 to 9) had significantly
( Pb0.05) higher milk lead excretion than those with blood lead levels from non-detectable to 0.20 Ag/ml (Groups 1 to 4).
Pearson correlation analysis between blood and milk lead concentrations in 122 animals with blood lead V0.20 Ag/ml showed
non-significant correlation (r=0.030 at Pb0.05) but a significant correlation was observed between these two parameters with
blood lead level above N0.20 Ag/ml indicating that the excretion of lead through milk increases with the increase in blood lead
level above 0.20 Ag/ml.
D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Lead; Blood; Milk; Cattle; Industries; Pollution
0048-9697/$ - see front matter D 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.12.055
T Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 581 2300587; fax: +91 581 2303284.
E-mail addresses: patra@ivri.up.nic.in, rcpatral@rediffmail.com (R.C. Patra).
Science of the Total Environment 347 (2005) 106–110
www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv
2. 1. Introduction
Lead is a pervasive and widely distributed environ-
mental pollutant with no beneficial biological roles.
The poisoning is more common in farm ruminants,
which are considered most susceptible to the toxic
effects of lead (Radostits et al., 2000). Animals get
access to lead from soil, water, feed and fodder and
varied degree of lead poisoning have been reported in
animals reared around different polluted areas (Kott-
ferova and Korenekova, 1995; Dwivedi et al., 2001).
Higher lead levels in animals and human beings have
been reported from the various parts of the world
including India, particularly in urban localities
(Swarup et al., 2000; Dwivedi et al., 1995).
The lead level in milk from animals exposed to
environmental pollutant has serious public health
concern. A linear dose related excretion of lead from
plasma into milk was found in rats and mice after
intravenous injection and the lead concentration in
milk was approximately 100 times higher than that in
plasma 24 h after administration demonstrating a very
efficient transport of lead into milk (Hallen, 1995).
This is substantiated by the findings that rat neonates
exposed to lead via the placenta and milk had more
than 6 times greater blood and brain lead concen-
trations than neonates exposed only via placenta
(Hallen et al., 1995). Oral feeding of lead acetate at
the dose rate of 500 mg/day to limited number of
lactating cows has been reported to significantly
increase the milk lead excretion (Willet et al., 1994).
However, the level of lead in milk samples from
animals 7 months after the acute episode of lead
toxicosis was undetectable (Galey et al., 1990). This
paper reports the degree of lead residues in blood and
milk from animals reared in the vicinity of different
industrial activities.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Study site and animals
The study sites were located at various parts of
India with different industrial activities such as mining
or processing factories. Lactating cows reared and
grazing on pasture within 2 km distance of industrial
area were used for this study. The industrial units
included steel processing unit (n=22), lead–zinc
smelter (n=21), aluminum processing plant (n=25),
rock phosphate mining area cum phosphate fertilizer
plant (n=21), coal mining areas (n=46) and closed
lead and zinc (with closed lead unit) smelter (n=14).
Samples were randomly collected from 52 lactating
cows reared in non-polluted areas to serve as control.
2.2. Sampling
Both the blood and milk samples were collected
from each of the lactating cows. Blood samples were
collected in nitric acid washed heparinized glass
vials and milk samples were collected in plastic
vials. Feed and fodder provided to the cows were
collected in polythene bags for further processing in
the laboratory.
2.3. Analysis of lead in samples
The fodder samples were washed in deionized
water to remove dust and superficial contamination.
The washed fodder samples, blood and milk were wet
digested with nitric and perchloric acid mixture
(Kolmer et al., 1951). Two to three blank samples,
where biosample was substituted by deionized triple
distilled water, were run simultaneously with each
batch of the digestion. The lead concentration in
digested samples was estimated using atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometer (Electronic Corporation of
India Limited) at the wave length of 217 nm with 6
mA current (detection limit—0.025 Ag/ml) and the
values were expressed in Ag/ml of blood or milk and
Ag/g of feed or fodder.
2.4. Analysis of data
The data was analyzed using one-way analysis of
variance to find out the statistical difference among
the mean values and the correlation between blood
and milk lead were analyzed using standard statistical
methods (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967).
3. Results
Table 1 depicts the mean (FS.E.) blood and milk
lead concentration in lactating cows reared in different
D. Swarup et al. / Science of the Total Environment 347 (2005) 106–110 107
3. polluted areas. Significantly ( Pb0.05) higher mean
blood lead level was recorded in animals reared
around lead–zinc smelter (0.756F0.069 Ag/ml) fol-
lowed by closed lead and zinc smelting unit
(0.583F0.078 Ag/ml), aluminum processing unit
(0.332F0.015 Ag/ml) and steel manufacturing plant
(0.198F0.025 Ag/ml). The lactating animals reared in
coal mining (0.139F0.014 Ag/ml) and phosphate rock
mining areas (0.144F0.018 Ag/ml) had statistically
comparable ( PN0.05) blood lead levels than those
from non-industrialized areas supposed to be free
from pollution (0.074F0.008 Ag/ml).
The highest milk lead level (0.84F0.11 Ag/ml)
was recorded in animals with the highest blood lead
level and these animals were reared in the vicinity of
lead–zinc smelter. However, the mean blood lead
level in samples from other areas with different
industrial activities was not exactly reflected in the
milk lead excretion, as the trend of significance in
blood lead levels was not similar to that of milk.
Significantly ( Pb0.05) higher milk lead level, as
compared to that of controls, was also recorded in
animals reared around aluminum processing plant
(0.652F0.020 Ag/ml) and steel processing unit
(0.501F0.037 Ag/ml). Analysis of correlation
between blood lead levels and lead excretion in
milk irrespective of site of collection of samples
(n=201) revealed significant correlation (r=0.469) at
Pb0.01. Sorting all the blood lead levels from 201
lactating cows into nine different ranges based on
blood lead concentration, 122 animals had blood
lead level (Groups 1 to 4) below 0.20 Ag/ml and the
rest 79 animals (Groups 5 to 9) had blood lead levels
above this limit. The lactating cows with blood lead
levels above 0.20 Ag/ml had significantly ( Pb0.05)
higher milk lead excretion. The lead level in milk
was relatively constant up to a blood level of 0.20
Ag/ml and increased sharply with higher blood
levels. Pearson correlation analysis between blood
and milk lead concentrations in 122 animals with
blood lead b0.20 Ag/ml showed non-significant
correlation (r=0.030 at PN0.05) but a significant
correlation was observed between these two param-
eters with blood lead level above N0.20 Ag/ml,
indicating that the excretion of lead through milk
increased with the increase in blood lead level above
0.20 Ag/ml (Table 2).
Table 1
Residues of lead in blood and milk from animals reared in industrialized areas
SI. no. Place N Blood lead (Ag/ml) Milk lead (Ag/ml)
Range MeanFS.E. Range MeanFS.E.
1 Unpolluted areas 52 0.00–0.25 0.074F0.008a
0.00–0.79 0.2523F0.028a
2 Steel manufacturing plant 22 0.00–0.41 0.198F0.025b
0.03–0.76 0.501F0.037b
3 Aluminum processing plant/thermal power plant 25 0.22–0.48 0.332F0.015c
0.44–0.88 0.652F0.020c
4 Phosphate fertilizer and mining areas 21 0.03–0.31 0.144 F0.018ab
0.05–0.53 0.255F0.030a
5 Lead–zinc smelter 21 0.17–1.22 0.756F0.069e
0.13–2.70 0.844F0.113d
6 Coal mining areas 46 0.00–0.60 0.139F0.014ab
0.07–0.79 0.344F0.024a
7 Closed lead and zinc smelter 14 0.13–0.96 0.583F.078d
0.00–0.52 0.257F0.046a
N—number of animals from which blood and milk samples were collected. Means (FS.E.) with different superscripts (a, b, c—small letters
column-wise) vary significantly at 0.05 between different places of sampling.
Table 2
Milk lead (Ag/ml) residues in respect to blood lead concentration in
lactating cows
SI. Levels in Blood lead level Milk lead level
no. Ag/ml (N) MeanFS.E. Range MeanFS.E.
1 0.0–0.05 (36) 0.020F0.003 0.02–0.79 0.302F0.033a
2 0.06–0.10 (28) 0.077F0.002 0.00–0.79 0.302F0.030a
3 0.11–0.15 (30) 0.128F0.002 0.00–0.74 0.292F0.040a
4 0.16–0.20 (28) 0.176F0.002 0.03–0.71 0.311F0.037a
5 0.21–0.30 (28) 0.248F0.004 0.03–1.18 0.503F0.047b
6 0.31–0.40 (17) 0.348F0.007 0.42–0.88 0.629F0.027b
7 0.41–0.60 (13) 0.491F0.018 0.11–1.08 0.544F0.080b
8 0.64–1.00 (16) 0.836F0.024 0.11–1.24 0.594F0.078b
9 1.06–1.22 (5) 1.132F0.036 0.13–2.70 1.092F0.429c
The lactating cows were grouped into nine different groups based
on blood lead concentrations. N—number in parenthesis indicates
the number of animals with blood lead level falling in that particular
range. Means (FS.E.) of milk lead level falling within a particular
range of blood lead level with different superscripts (a, b, c—small
letters column-wise) vary significantly at 0.05.
D. Swarup et al. / Science of the Total Environment 347 (2005) 106–110
108
4. 4. Discussion
Lead has been recognized as a major environ-
mental pollutant with diverse deleterious effects in
man and animals and does have public health
significance. Man-made activities including mining
ores and industrial activities lead to emission of this
toxic metal pollutant resulting in environmental
pollution and contamination of forages for animal
consumption. Varying degrees of lead, cadmium and
zinc poisonings have been reported in animals in the
vicinity of lead–zinc processing factories (Radostits et
al., 2000). Ward and Savage (1994) reported increased
levels of toxic heavy metal pollutants in blood and
hair from horses and alpacas exposed to traffic
emission, and the blood lead level in animals exposed
to emission ranged from 0.15 to 0.51 Ag/ml as against
control value of 0.04 to 0.18 Ag/ml. In the present
survey work, maximum mean lead level was recorded
in animals reared in the vicinity of lead–zinc process-
ing factory. Milhaund and Mehennaoui (1988)
recorded higher mean blood lead level (0.50 Ag/ml)
in dairy cattle in a farm located in the vicinity of zinc
ore processing factory and the elevated level was
attributed to contamination of the feed for animals. A
higher concentration of lead and cadmium in soil has
been recorded in a number of regions in Russia
resulting from use of phosphate fertilizer and leaded
automotive fuel emission (Shaposhnikov and Prisnyi,
2001). The present finding of higher lead levels in
animals around lead–zinc smelter followed by closed
lead cum operational zinc smelting unit, aluminum
processing factory, steel manufacturing unit might be
due to higher lead emission during these industrial
activities leading to enhanced lead intake through
contaminated fodder. This was substantiated by the
finding that the lead concentration in fodder and soil
samples collected from around the lead–zinc smelter
was 29.06F11.32 (n=7) Ag/g and 232.89F127.63
(n=2) Ag/g and from non-industrialized area was
2.08F0.22 (n=8) and 28.66F2.53 (n=3) Ag/g, respec-
tively. These finding were also supported by Radostits
et al. (2000), who mentioned that the pasture near
smelter unit carry a load of 325 Ag/g of lead.
The milk lead concentration is a potential public
health concern, particularly for growing children. Higher
lead and cadmium levels in urban cattle from India were
earlier reported from our laboratory (Dwivedi et al.,
2001). In the present study, maximum lead excretion was
recorded in animals reared around lead–zinc smelter.
However, milk from animals reared around closed lead
and zinc smelting unit did not reveal significantly
(Pb0.05) higher milk lead excretion compared to
controls, despite higher blood lead concentration than
control animals. The concentration of lead in milk
depends on the concentration of unbound lead in blood.
Chronic exposure to low levels of lead after closure of
lead smelting, and the presence of bound lead in blood
erythrocytes or albumin might be the reason of
comparatively low level of milk lead in animals reared
around this industrial activity (Humphreys, 1991).
The overall correlation between blood and milk lead
irrespective of place of collection was highly signifi-
cant (r=0.469 at Pb0.01) and Pearson correlation
above blood level of 0.20 Ag/ml was 0.252 at
Pb0.05. Palminger et al. (1991) recorded a significant
( Pb0.01) correlation (r=0.88) between blood and milk
lead concentration in experimental lead poisoning in
lactating rats. The lead excretion in milk was found to
be relatively constant up to blood levels between 0.2
and 0.3 Ag/ml and increased sharply at higher blood
lead levels in an accidental lead exposure over a period
1 to 2 days through licking of burnt storage batteries by
cows (Oskarsson et al., 1992). However, Kottferova
and Korenekova (1995) did not find any difference in
heavy metal concentrations in milk from animals in
polluted and non-polluted areas. The present finding of
higher milk lead level in animals from polluted areas
has serious public health concern and potential hazard,
if such milk is regularly consumed in quantities that
will result in a daily intake of lead more than the
maximum permissible limit.
It is concluded from the above study that contam-
ination of forages with environmental pollutant like
lead was higher around lead–zinc smelting units
followed by closed lead and zinc smelting plants
and aluminum ore handling plant, leading to higher
concentration of lead in blood and its subsequent
excretion in milk increases significantly with blood
lead concentration above 0.20 Ag/ml.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial
support through Competitive Grant Project provided
D. Swarup et al. / Science of the Total Environment 347 (2005) 106–110 109
5. by the National Agricultural Technological Project
under ICAR funded by World Bank and to the State
Animal Husbandry Departments for their cooperation
in collection of samples. Thanks are due to Mr.
Brijesh Tyagi for his technical assistance.
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