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1. DENTAL SURVEYOR AND SURVEYING
IN PROSTHODONTICS
PRESENTER
DR T KAVYA
II MDS

2. Introduction
Definition
Terminologies
Types of surveyor
Uses of surveyor
Objectives of dental surveyor

3. Parts of a surveyor & surveying tools
process of surveying -path of insertion & factors influencing it
-block out of master cast
Conclusion
Review of literature
References

4. Introduction
 A partial denture will not succeed unless it is designed and constructed in harmony with all the physiologic
and mechanical problems present in patients mouth.
 A well secured design serves as blue print for fabrication of the removable partial dentures.
 An essential key to success in the practice of removable partial denture prosthodontics is thorough,
knowledgeable planning of each structural detail of the prosthesis.

6. DEFINITION:
Surveyor-A paralleling instrument used in making a dental prosthesis to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated
structures; - GPT 9.
Surveying-It is an analysis and comparison of the prominence of intraoral contours
associated with the fabrication of a dental prosthesis

7. Survey line
A line produced on a cast by a survey or marking the greatest
prominence of contour in relation to the planned path of placement
of a restoration.GPT-8
Height of contour
A line encircling a tooth and designating its greatest circumference
at a selected axial position determined by a dental surveyor.

8. Suprabulge
It is that portion of a tooth or crown that converges towards
the occlusal surface,i.e.,above the height of contour.
Infrabulge
It is that portion of the crown of a tooth apical to the
surveyline.

9. Guiding planes
Vertically parallel surfaces on abutment teeth or/and dental implant abutments
oriented so as to contribute to the direction of the path of placement and removal of a
removable dental prosthesis.
Undercut
The portion of the surface of an object that is below the height of contour in
relationship to the path of placement

10. TYPES OF SURVEYORS
Types of
surveyor
s
MECHANICAL
Neys
surveyor
Jelenko
surveyo
r
William
s
surveyo
r
ELECTRONIC
Microanalyse
r
Stress-o-
graph
RECENT
ADVANCES
OPTICAL/
LASERS
CAD/CAM

11. Types
Ney surveyor
 The Original Ney Surveyor Developed by NEY in 1923. It featured a
convenient palm rest on the top of the vertical arm. Designed by Weinstein
and Roth,
 Ney’s Surveyor This is the currently used surveyor, designed and developed in
1937.
 FIXED – HORIZONTAL ARM.

12. Jelenko surveyor
 The main components of the jelenko surveyor are basically the same as those
for the ney surveyor except that by releasing the nut at the top of the vertical
arm, the horizontal arm may be made to pivot.
 It is also known as wills surveyor.

13. Retentoscope
 it is produced by the saddle lock company.
 it is a surveyor with undercut gauge.
 the cast attached on the table can be raised and lowered vertically
and eliminates the need for movement in vertical rod.

14. The ticonium surveyor
 one of the modern instrument.
 the marking point will make vertical line on the abutment
tooth until depth has been reached.

15. Stress o graph
 Also produced by ticonium company.
 Consists of vertical holders/horizontal arms.
 One for measuring undercut.
 Second for measuring survey line

16. Broken arm cast surveyor
 featuring the gimbal stage table.
 can be adjusted to any tilt/direction.
 spring loaded survey arm.
 straight handpiece could be easily clamped with
surveying arm.

17. Microsurveyor
 Handy storage and could easily fit in a lab pocket.

18. Recent innovation
The laser light is visible only above the height of the contour, whereas
the undercut below the height of the contour is cast in a dark shadow

19. Electronic surveying
TECHNIQUE
3-D surface capture
1.Obtain a 3-D computer model of a cast of a patient using an optical surface capture
device
2. Align and combine the data points from each of these scans using CAD software to
provide a single coherent data set of the entire object. Use the resultant data points
(termed a “point cloud”) to create a 3-D surface model.
3. Produce a solid 3-D computer model on screen using a triangular-faceted polygon mesh.

20. 3-D computer-aided design
-Electronically survey the scan using the MatLab software package described previously. The
depth of undercut can be copied from the definitive cast to determine clasp termination.
-Model the shape of the components of a removable partial denture framework on the scanned
surface model using 3-dimensional CAD software (Surface Studio; Alias-Wavefront, Inc).
-Use an RP (stereolithography) machine (SLA 250/ 40; 3D Systems Inc, Valencia, Calif) to
produce a plastic (WaterClear 10110 Epoxy Resin for Stereolithography; DSM Somos, New
Castle, Del 33 physical model of the components described above.
-Use RP (rapid prototyping) processes to create a sacrificial pattern of a removable partial
denture framework, to be incorporated directly into existing casting procedures found in the
typical dental laboratory.

21. A, Program used to identify survey line on 3-D scan of model of large tooth—distobuccal view.
B, Lingual view of electronically surveyed tooth

23. PARTS OF DENTAL SURVEYOR
1.SURVEYING PLATFORM
2. A VERTICAL ARM
3. A HORIZONTAL ARM
4.A SURVEYING ARM
5.A MANDREL
6.A SURVEYING TABLE.

24. 1.SURVEYING PLATFORM
 It is a metal plate parallel to the floor where a cast
holder can be placed.
 It forms the base of a surveyor onto which all the
components are attached and supported

25. 2. CAST HOLDER/ SURVEYING TABLE
 It is a stand placed over the surveying platform
 This stand has a base and a table to place a cast
, the cast can be locked in any position on the table with
a locking device.
 The table is attached to the
base with a ball and socket joint
which facilitates to tilt the table

26. 3.VERTICAL A R M
 It arises vertically from the surveying platform
 It supports the superstructure
[horizontal arm and surveying
arm]

27. 4 . HORIZONTAL AR M
o It extends horizontally from the top of the vertical arm and
supports the surveying arm at its free end.
Differences in various surveyors:
Ney
Jelenko
- Fixed
- revolves horizontally
Williams - revolves horizontally
with a joint in middle

28. 5. Surveying arm
⦿ It extends vertically from the free end of the horizontal arm , and is parallel to
the vertical arm.
⦿ It can move up and down .
⦿ The lower end of this arm has a mandrel into
which tools used for surveying can be locked in.
Differences in various surveyors:
Ney
Jelenko
- locking device
-Spring loaded

29. 1. Carbon marker
2. Mandrel
3. Analyzing rod
4 -7.Undercut Gauge
8. Trimming Knife
Dental surveyor tools

30. Surveying tools
Analysing rod
It used to determine relative parallelism of surfaces on a cast

31. A carbon marker also may be placed in the mandrel. The carbon marker is used to mark the greatest
circumference of the teeth.
The lines that result are termed survey lines.
CARBON MARKER

32. 32
The height of contour, the survey line
 The "height of contour" is the greatest circumference of a tooth in a given horizontal plane.
 The "survey line" is the line which is marked on the abutment tooth by the surveyor spindle, to indicate its greatest
circumference in a given horizontal plane .
 The survey line divides the crown of the tooth into two zones:
 Sometimes THE AREA ABOVE THE LINE IS KNOWN AS THE SUPRABULGE AREA
 THE AREA BELOW THE LINE AS INFRABULGE AREA.

33.  AN UNDERCUT AREA (EVERYTHING BELOW THE LINE),
 A NON-UNDERCUT AREA (EVERYTHING ABOVE THE LINE).
 The terms "GUIDELINE" AND "BREADTH OF CONTOUR LINE" are synonyms for "survey line."
33

34. 34
Survey line -Line produced on a cast by a surveyor marking the greatest prominence of contour in
relation to the planned path of placement of a restoration- GPT 9.
Significance of survey line
 All rigid components of the partial denture must be kept occlusal
to it
 Only the terminal third of retentive clasp arm is placed gingival to
the survey line
 Helps to locate areas of undesirable tooth undercuts

35. 35
Influence of survey line in designing the clasp

36. 36
near zone
diagonal survey line
reverse action /hair pin clasp
ring type akers clasp t type roach clasp

37. 37
high survey line
low survey line
wrought wire

38. 38
wax knife

39. 3. Undercut guages
⦿ These are parallel sided tools with heads of various sizes.
⦿ They are used to measure the depth and location of the undercuts.
⦿ According to Mc Cracken the undercut gauges are available in 0.010,0.020 and
0.030 inches or 0.254,0.508 and 0.762.
0.01” – Base metal alloys
0.02” – Gold metal aloys
0.03” – Wrought alloys

40. . 01” . 02” . 03”

41. 41

42. 42
Objective of surveying
Knowledgeable survey of the study cast will identify the structures that will need to be modified in order to make
possible a design of the prosthesis that
(1) can be easily inserted and removed by the patient,
(2) will contribute optimally to appearance,
(3) will resist unseating forces to a reasonable degree, and
(4) will create no undesirable food traps when in place in the mouth.

43. 43
Purpose of surveying
 To identify proximal surfaces that must be prepared to serve as guiding planes
 To locate both dental and osseous contours that could interfere with insertion and removal of denture
 To record the cast position and its relation to the path of placement
 To transfer the partial denture design to the master cast in the laboratory

44. Surveying the diagnostic cast
 To determine the most desirable PATH OF PLACEMENT that eliminates or minimizes interference to placement
and removal.
 To identify proximal tooth surfaces that are need to be made parallel
so that they act as guiding planes during placement and removal.
 To locate and measure areas of the teeth that may be used for retention.
 To determine whether teeth and bony areas of interference need to be eliminated surgically or by selection of a
different path of placement

45. 45
Path of insertion and removal
The RPD path of insertion and withdrawal is the direction in which the prosthesis moves in relation to the
support system when it is seated in or removed from the mouth, guided by the contact of its rigid parts with
the abutments.

46. 46
Factors that affect the path of insertion:
These factors include:
 Guiding planes
 Tooth contours, in general, and more specifically
undercuts on the teeth and soft tissues.
 Esthetic appearance
 Interference

47. 47
Guiding planes
Guide surfaces (or guide planes)
 Two or more parallel axial surfaces on abutment teeth
which can be used to limit the path of insertion and improve
the stability of a removable prosthesis.
 Guide surfaces may occur naturally on teeth but more
commonly need to be prepared.

48.  When the partial denture is completely seated in the mouth, the guiding planes are contacted by
minor connectors or other rigid components of the partial denture.

49. 49
Functions:
 It minimizes the wedging stresses on the abutments.
 Makes insertion and removal easier.
 Aids to stabiize the prosthesis against horizontal stresses.
 Aid to stabilize individual tooth.
 Reduces the blockout area and eliminates the space
between the minor connector and the tooth, hence
improves oral hygiene along with easy maintainence.
 Contributes to indirect retention and frictional retention.

50. 50
LONG CYLINDRICAL
CARBIDE

51. 51
Retentive undercut
 The term undercut (when used in reference to an abutment) is a portion of a tooth, triangular space
that lies between the height of contour and the gingiva.
 Mesio-distal dimension, Occlusal-gingival dimension, Bucco-lingual dimension.

52. The retentive undercut on an abutment tooth that is to be occupied by the retentive terminal of a clasp may
be visualized as having three dimensions:
(1) a mesiodistal dimension, (2) an occlusal –gingival dimension, and (3) a dimension that is essentially in a
buccolingual plane.
Of the three, the buccolingual dimension is by far the most significant because when the clasp terminal
enters or leaves the infrabulge area of the tooth it must flex an amount equal to the depth of this undercut.
52

53. 53
UNDERCUT may be divided into
 True Undercut.
 False Undercut.
 TRUE UNDERCUTS are those in relation to the common path of displacement & provide
retention for the denture along this path.
 FALSE UNDERCUTS are those produced by tilting the cast. They provide retention along the
path in which the survey has been made, but not in the common path of displacement.

54. 54
Types of undercuts established by surveyor
1- Contour: due to natural contour of the tooth.
2- Positional: due to tilting of cast on surveyor.
3- Desirable undercut: used for retaining the removable partial denture against the dislodging forces by
incorporating retentive flexible clasp arm.
4- Undesirable undercut: undercuts other than those used for retention are considered undesirable and
should be eliminated by:
A- Tooth recontouring.
B- Placing properly contoured crown restoration on the tooth.
C- Tilting the cast and change the path of insertion.
D- Blocking out the undercut with wax on the master cast.

55. 55
Elimination of undesirable undercut areas
Block-out: Elimination of undesirable undercuts on the cast.
The process of applying wax or another similar temporary substance to undercut
portions of cast so as to leave only those undercuts
essential to the planned construction of prosthesis.
 Parallel
 Shaped
 Arbitrary
 Relief

60. 60
Esthetic appearance
 Esthetic appearance can be considerably improved, especially with anterior
abutments, by trying different paths of insertion.
 Small changes in the inclination of the cast can be made to seat the components of
the prosthesis in less exposed regions that do not impair the patient's appearance,
without jeopardizing the remaining determining factors.
 The objective should always be to obtain an appearance as natural as possible.

61. 61
When a maxillary cast, containing an anterior edentulous area, is
surveyed with the occlusal plane horizontal it will often be found that
there are undercuts on the mesial aspects of the abutment teeth.
If the RPD is constructed with this vertical path of insertion there will be
an unsightly gap between the denture saddle and the abutment teeth
gingival to the contact point.
With this posterior path of insertion the saddle can be made
to contact the abutment tooth over the whole of the
mesiolabial surface and a much better appearance results.

62. 62
INTERFERENCES
 In the determination of the path of insertion, it is important to detect and resolve the presence of
interference from structures other than teeth that will interfere with the placement of the
prosthesis, such as exostoses, soft tissue, and undercut ridges.
 It is often possible to find a path of insertion that will prevent contact of the prosthesis with these
anomalies when, for some reason, they cannot be removed surgically or corrected by other
means.

63. 63
If a bony undercut is present labially, insertion of a flanged
denture along a path at right angles to the occlusal plane will only be possible
if the flange stands away from the mucosa or is finished short of the
undercut area. This can result in poor retention as well as a poor appearance.
If the cast is given a posterior tilt so that the rod, and thus the
path of insertion, is parallel to the labial surface of the ridge it
is possible to insert a flange that fits the ridge accurately.

64. 64
The prosthesis cannot be seated because
of interferences created by the convex
surfaces of the teeth which adjoin the
edentulous space.
The axial surfaces of the teeth
are analyzed by the surveyor.
The prosthesis
now goes smoothly into place without
interference.

65. 65
Determination of the path of insertion
 TILT refers to “the position of the cast on the surveyor table relative to the horizontal plane, at the
time the prosthesis is designed”
 To determine, at what angle the partial denture prosthesis will seat over the remaining teeth and any
other obstructions that may be present.
 Any exaggerated tilt must be avoided because a patient would be unable to open the mouth sufficiently
to accommodate a tilt that is too far from the horizontal.
110 DEGREE TILT

66. 66

67. 67
INFLUENCE OF CAST TILT ON UNDERCUT
CREATE AN UNDERCUT
ELIMINATE AN UNDERCUT

68. 68
IS TILTING NECESSARY?????
FALSE
RETENTION

69. 69
Tripoding the primary cast
 The angle of path of insertion is maintained by maintaining the tilt determined for the primary cast.
 To achieve this degree of tilt for the master cast, tripoiding the primary cast is done.
 If the path of insertion of the primary cast is not used for the master cast, all the prosthetic mouth
preparation procedures (rest seat preparation, guide plane preparation, dimpling etc ) done irt to
path of insertion becomes useless.
 TRIPOIDING - Recording the spatial orientation of the cast
Three widely spaced out points of a single plane are
marked on the cast..

70. 70
After ensuring that the proper tilt has been selected,
the surveying table is locked in Position.
For purposes of tripodization, the 0.030-inch undercut
gauge is positioned in the mandrel.

71. 71

72. 72
Each horizontal line is crossed and then circled,
resulting in a crosshair configuration.
When tripodization is complete, tripod marks should be
positioned at three widely spaced anatomic areas of the
cast and should be readily identifiable.

73. 73
CONTOURING WAX PATTERNS
 CONTOURING WAX PATTERNS FOR CROWNS can be contoured with specific shapes using the dental
surveyor .
 This is particularly valuable when constructing crowns for abutment teeth for RPDs. These are called
SURVEYED CROWNS and must have specific shapes for the clasp or attachment to be used on the RPD.

74. 74
Wax pattern is carved with the surveyor blade to
produce a distal guide-plane surface parallel to the
selected path of insertion.
The same pattern is modified from the distal guide plane
along the buccal surface to align the surface with the
height of contour most favorable to the direct retainer
specifications.

75. 75
Surveying ceramic veneer crowns
Contouring crowns
 Metal and porcelain crown surfaces can be contoured to
achieve specific shapes using a bur in a handpiece secured
to the vertical spindle of the dental surveyor.
 The process of shaping crown surfaces parallel to the path of
placement of the RPD using a bur is called MILLING.

76. Placing internal rest seat
when using precision and semiprecision attachments the dental surveyor is used to align precision
and semiprecision attachments

77. 77
SURVEYING PROCEDURE
 PRELIMINARY OR VISUAL ASSESSMENT
 INITIAL SURVEY
 ANALYSIS
 FINAL SURVEY
EYEBALLING THE CAST
ZERO DEGREE TILT
Occlusal plane is relatively
horizontal…

78. 78
Two stages of surveying
Preliminary assessment of the diagnostic cast
- Determine the most advantageous path of insertion
- Decide upon the various types of mouth preparation that will be required
Definitive design
- Guidelines are drawn
- Undercuts are measured and marked
- Soft tissue undercuts are delineated
- Design of the framework is outlined on the diagnostic cast.

79. 79
Color coding
 Improves communication between dentist & lab
 There is not at present a universally accepted color coding system
 Red,black,blue,brown

80. 80
RED
Required action
 Mark teeth & soft tissues to be prepared, recontoured,
relieved
 Rest- solid red
 Diagonal lines- recontour
 Tripod marks

81. 81
 Denotes survey lines on teeth & soft
tissues
 Instructions on base-type of tooth
replacement, type of clasp, depth of
undercut
BLACK

82. 82
 Portions that will be made of
acrylic- mostly denture bases, also
acrylic teeth
BLUE

83. 83
All metallic portions- basically all components
BROWN

84. 84

85. Review of literature

86. Kamble and Parkhedkar in 2014 suggested another device containing a "dowel pin and sleeve" that was
also a modified version of the cemented pin method . A hole of 6×6×4 mm dimension was created in the
center between the alveolar ridges such that it did not cause any interference with the framework. The
dowel sleeve device was assembled and locked in the surveying mandrel. This dowel pin is then brought
down to fit in the made perforation. The perforation was wetted, and type III gypsum was poured around
the sleeve. After setting, the dowel pin could be removed and replaced for reorientation.
Kamble and Parkhedkar Reorientation simplified: A device for recording and reproducing the path of insertion
for removable partial dentures March 2014 Indian Journal of Dental Research 25(2):260-262
DOI:10.4103/0970-9290.135939 PubMed

87. Lee et al. in 2017 utilized the implant impression coping and implant analog for tripoding . He selected the
posterior aspect of the cast to prepare an upright groove by a tungsten carbide bur. Dimensions of the groove
were made to be 10 mm deep and 20 mm long. He then connected the implant analog to a short and direct
impression coping employing a long retaining screw. This retaining screw entered the vertical arm after the
traditional surveying. The implant analog fit in the groove was stabilized in place using a thermoplastic
adhesive (sticky wax) in a heat gun . The duplication of the cast was also simplified by simply replacing the
direct transfer impression coping with the indirect transfer coping. This duplication was carried out using
polyvinyl siloxane duplicating material after the reseating of the coping analog. This was then poured in a die
stone (type IV gypsum). The reseating of the coping will transfers the cast orientation. The retaining screw
goes in the surveyor's arm hence reproducing the cast tilt. This is the clearest and most straightforward of all
the approaches.
Kawade RA, Sathe S, Apte A, Bhoyar A, Jaiswal T, Dubey SA. A Systematic Review of Tripoding: A Step
Towards Successful Rehabilitation. Cureus. 2022 Nov 4;14(11):e31095. doi: 10.7759/cureus.31095. PMID:
36475130; PMCID: PMC9719731.

88. Gali et al. in 2019 built a "three-point contacting device" out of triangular metal plates with a 3 mm thickness
and a 5 mm diameter center aperture . A detachable Allen screw fit in this aperture. These plates were
classified into sizes of the sides of the triangle 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, and 45 mm. These
measurements are based on averages of distances measured between the incisal edges and cusp points on
several casts. This enabled the accommodation of arches of various sizes. The corners of the plate will
correspond to the posterior and anterior reference points, and the plate itself will form the reference plane. A
lead marker marked these points on the cast. For re-registration of the tilt, the cast had to be adjusted till the
three points contacted the triangle plate. Even if the construction of the device could prove to be a task, the
plus points embodied in the device are noteworthy.
Gali shiva ranjani and hima bindu lanka .A reproducible 3-point contact device for tripoding a definitive cast
•July 2019 Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 123(3) DOI:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.03.008

89. CONCLUSION
-In sequence, fully mastering the activities of surveying and designing the framework, as well as the
planning and execution of the alterations in the support system, results in a rapid and easy, but also
sophisticated, construction of RPDs.
-This will result in malting esthetically pleasing and stable RPDs that will significantly contribute to the
health of the stomatognathic system.
89

90. REFERENCES
-Rodney D phoenix. Stewart’s clinical removable prosthodontics.3rd
edition. Quintescnce.
-Alan B. Carr, David T. Brown, McCracken’s Removable Partial prosthodontics.13th
edition. St. Louis,Missouri;2016
-Miller EL, Grasso JE. Removable partial prosthodontics. 2nd ed. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins; 1981. p. 103-17.
-O. L. Bezzon, M. G. C. Mattos, a and R. F. Ribero. Surveying removable partial dentures: the importance of
guiding planes and path of insertion for stability.J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:412-18.
-J. C. Davenport, R. M. Basker, J. R. Heath, J. P. Ralph, P-O. Glantz. Surveying. British Dental Journal 2000; 189:
532–541.
90

91. -Kamble and Parkhedkar Reorientation simplified: A device for recording and reproducing the path of
insertion for removable partial dentures March 2014 Indian Journal of Dental Research 25(2):260-262
DOI:10.4103/0970-9290.135939 PubMed
-Kawade RA, Sathe S, Apte A, Bhoyar A, Jaiswal T, Dubey SA. A Systematic Review of Tripoding: A Step
Towards Successful Rehabilitation. Cureus. 2022 Nov 4;14(11):e31095. doi: 10.7759/cureus.31095.
PMID: 36475130; PMCID: PMC9719731.
-Gali shiva ranjani and hima bindu lanka .A reproducible 3-point contact device for tripoding a definitive
cast
•July 2019 Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 123(3) DOI:10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.03.008

92. THANK YOU