Survey of WML

Mobile Website Development
Survey of WML
Facilitated by:
Michael Wakahe
Tawi Commercial
Services Ltd
Jul 2011

Table of Contents
 Introduction
 Hello World
 Introducing JSP
 Exercises
Copyright © Tawi Commercial Services Ltd. 2015. All Rights
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Introduction
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Introduction
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The
WAP
Stack

Introduction
 WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol) & WDP
(Wireless Datagram Protocol) provide low-level glue
between the upper levels and the really low-level
communications.
 WTLS (Wireless Transaction Layer Security) provides
security services (encryption and authentication).
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Introduction
 These protocols aren't relevant to normal
application programmers
 The second highest level in the stack is the high-
level communications protocol, called WSP
(Wireless Session Protocol).
 Provides a complete replacement for HTTP
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Introduction
 The highest stack level is WAE (Wireless
Application Environment)
 This is the part that the user actually sees &
interacts
 The WAE aims to provide a World Wide Web-like
model for writing applications
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Introduction
 The WAE incorporates several key features of the
Web that we are familiar with, e.g. URLs & MIME
content types (such as text/html and image/gif)
 Additionally it provides similar replacements for
other features: HTML is replaced with WML
(Wireless Markup Language) & JavaScript is replaced
with WMLScript
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Introduction
 Almost all WAP applications can be written
without using anything outside of these two
languages and WBMP (Wireless Bitmap: the WAP
image format)
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Introduction
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The WAP Chain of Processing

Hello World
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Hello World
 We will use Eclipse to compose our WML and deploy
in the Tomcat ROOT folder
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Hello World
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC
"-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<wml>
<card title="First WML Example">
Hello, World!
</card>
</wml>
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Hello World
 Note that all tag names are in lowercase
 In WML, tag names are case-sensitive
 A file of WML represents a deck of cards
 This is the reason for the <card> tag
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Hello World
 Each individual card does behaves very much like an
HTML page
 So you can think of a WML deck as being similar to a
number of HTML pages all grouped together
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Hello World
 Cards in a deck are all downloaded at the same time
 So the user has to wait only once & the others can be
accessed almost instantly
 Cramming too many cards into a single deck is bad
practice
 Ideally maximum of 5 to 6 cards per deck
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WML
Structure
Explained
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WML Structure Explained
Valid child tags of <wml> are:
 <head>: Defines document metadata and access
control using the <meta> and <access> tags. Zero or
one <head> tags are allowed in a document.
 <card>: Defines a card to display in the browser. One
or more <head> tags are allowed in a document.
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 <template>: Defines global event handlers and
commands for the deck. Zero or one <template> tags
are allowed in a document.
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Valid child tags of <card> are:
 : Contains text, images, and links. Most user-
accessible and visible content in a WML card is child
content of this tag. Zero or more tags are
allowed in a card.
 <pre>: Contains preformatted text. Zero or more
<pre> tags are allowed in a card.
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 <do>: Contains commands and actions. Zero or more
<do> tags are allowed in a card.
 <timer>: Activates time-based events. Zero or one
<timer> tags are allowed in a card.
 <onevent>: Specifies tasks based on different card-
level events. Zero or more <onevent> tags are
allowed in a card.
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Comments:


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 Other topics in WML include: Special Characters,
Header & Metadata, Text Formatting, Links, Images,
Tables, Timers, Variables, User Input, WMLScript
 Browse to http://learnthemobileweb.com/books
for links to WML references and helpful
documentation
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Introducing
JSP
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Introducing JSP
 WML can be mixed with JSP and Servlets
 Save the following example as a .jsp not as a .wml
 Deploy to servlet container (Tomcat)
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Introducing JSP
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">
<%
response.setContentType("text/vnd.wap.wml;charset=UTF-8");
int num1 = 9;
int num2 = 12;
%>
<wml>
<card title="First WML Example">
My name is <% out.println("Michael"); %>
The sum of num1 and num2 is <%= (num1+num2) %>
</card>
</wml>
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Exercises
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Exercises
Spot the errors in the following sample:
<wml>
<card ID=start title='Example of Invalid WML'>
This markup is invalid.
</card>
</wml>
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Exercises
The WML code sample above has the following syntax
errors:
 XML declaration is missing.
 DOCTYPE declaration is missing.
 ID attribute of <card> tag is uppercase. (Well-formed
WML requires lowercase tags.)
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Exercises
 Value of the id attribute of the <card> is not
delimited.
 Value of the title attribute of the <card> tag is
delimited with single quotes.
 tag is uppercase. (Well-formed WML requires
lowercase tags.)
 tag has an open tag but not matching close tag.
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Exercises
Correct version is as follows:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML
1.3//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml13.dtd">
<wml>
<card id="start" title="Example of Valid WML">
This markup is valid.
</card>
</wml>
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Exercises
 Write a WML file that shows the first 7 digits of the
Fibonacci Series. Can use JSP and/or servlets.
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The End
Michael Wakahe
michael@tawi.mobi
+254 (0) 20 239 3052
www.tawi.mobi
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Survey of WML

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