The document summarizes the key findings of the Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2015. It finds that:
1) Economic growth in developing Asia-Pacific economies is forecast to slightly increase to 5.9% in 2015, driven by domestic factors, but growth potential is constrained by infrastructure shortages and commodity dependence.
2) Inflation is expected to decline to 3.3% in 2015 due to lower oil prices, allowing for interest rate reductions, though volatility in capital flows requires prudence.
3) Economic growth has not been inclusive, as inequality between rural/urban and gender has risen, and a lack of productive employment remains a key challenge.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
This is a three slide economic profile for Zambia. It looks at the main macroeconomic indicators and provides an evaluation of the main barriers to growth and development facing this commodity rich country. Can Zambia - which has reached lower middle income status - successfully transition away from an economy that is heavily reliant on copper mining?
These are slides from a revision presentation covering aspects of Extract 3 for the OCR F585 June 2016 Global economy paper. The presentation focuses on progress in human development in Zambia, volatile copper prices and the terms and trade and the issue of whether Zambia is experiencing a natural resource curse.
Vietnam is a fast-growing lower middle income country that has received considerable inward investment in recent years. This revision webinar for A-level Economics looks at the contextual evidence on Vietnam and compares and contrasts their current growth with China. It analyses some of the key growth drivers and evaluates barriers to growth including environmental challenges and vulnerability to external economic shocks.
Economic Growth and Development in Ethiopiatutor2u
This is a revision presentation on aspects of growth and development in the fast-growing country of Ethiopia. There are many ways in which the Ethiopian economy can be applied to different areas of the A level economics course.
Barriers to Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
This is a revision presentation covering examples of barriers ti economic growth and development in emerging and developing countries. In their revision students should consider factors such as:
Poor infrastructure
Human capital inadequacies
Primary product dependency
Declining terms of trade
Savings gap; inadequate capital accumulation
Foreign currency gap and capital flight
Corruption, poor governance, impact of civil war
Population issues
This is a three slide economic profile for Zambia. It looks at the main macroeconomic indicators and provides an evaluation of the main barriers to growth and development facing this commodity rich country. Can Zambia - which has reached lower middle income status - successfully transition away from an economy that is heavily reliant on copper mining?
These are slides from a revision presentation covering aspects of Extract 3 for the OCR F585 June 2016 Global economy paper. The presentation focuses on progress in human development in Zambia, volatile copper prices and the terms and trade and the issue of whether Zambia is experiencing a natural resource curse.
The Brief and informative presentation about Pakistan Economic Issue and its solution
so The audience can easily understood to this presentation and can easily take the point of view of pakistan economy and the problems and their solutions
and also the Eras are included from sense the Independence of pakistan
The Philippine Economy: Progress, Challenges, Strategies by Secretary Arsenio...nedaphils
Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and NEDA Director General Arsenio M. Balisacan's statement during the press briefing in Malacañang on February 17, 2014 on the Philippine economy and poverty reduction roadmap.
This Pakistan Studies presentation is created by the students of C@SE Islamabad and it gives an overview of the economic issues of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
These are slides from an economics revision webinar on aspects of the Indian economy.
Population: 1.3 billion; Urbanization: 33%
Life expectancy: 68 years (average)
HDI ranking 131st/188
Per capita GNI (PPP) $5,663
% living on less than $1.90 a day (PPP) 21%
% of population under-nourished: 15%
Remittance inflow (net) +3.3% of GDP
Gini coefficient: 0.35
Palma Ratio: 1.5
Successful diversification into manufacturing
Globally competitive in many service industries
The government’s economic policy is defined by five-year economic plans. China is at a critical stage of her development China will have move up the ‘value chain’ as it loses its competitive edge in labour-intensive sectors. China is still a relatively poor country with an estimated GDP per capita on a PPP basis of US$12,879 in 2014, lower than Thailand. Policies to increase the real incomes of China’s middle class will encourage more consumption as a share of GDP and make the economy less reliant on exports and investment as key sources of economic growth.
The Chinese economy has many structural imbalances that will need to be addressed for sustainable growth to be maintained:
Chinese economy remains reliant on credit growth, with overall debt rising to 280% of GDP in mid-2015
China will need to shift away from imitating/copying Western technologies to generating more innovation Increasing competitive challenges are coming from lower-unit cost countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Wages in the Chinese manufacturing sector have more than tripled since 2008.
South African Investment Environment and Business Opportunitiessimguybar
Presentation to the US-South African Women's Business Forum Chicago by Pumla Ncapayi, Department of Trade and Industry Deputy Director General for Trade and Investment October 24, 2011
Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia UpdateRoozbeh Molavi
Growth for countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (MENAP) region has weakened but remains broadly stable in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA). Volatile oil prices, restrained oil production, and tighter domestic monetary conditions in most oil exporters add to headwinds from slowing global growth. Elevated public debt in oil importers limits capacity to address critical infrastructure and social needs, restrains growth, and leaves economies vulnerable to external shocks. A more challenging external environment increases the urgency across all regions of further growth-friendly fiscal consolidation and structural reform efforts to enhance resilience and deliver higher and more inclusive private-sector-led growth.
The Brief and informative presentation about Pakistan Economic Issue and its solution
so The audience can easily understood to this presentation and can easily take the point of view of pakistan economy and the problems and their solutions
and also the Eras are included from sense the Independence of pakistan
The Philippine Economy: Progress, Challenges, Strategies by Secretary Arsenio...nedaphils
Socioeconomic Planning Secretary and NEDA Director General Arsenio M. Balisacan's statement during the press briefing in Malacañang on February 17, 2014 on the Philippine economy and poverty reduction roadmap.
This Pakistan Studies presentation is created by the students of C@SE Islamabad and it gives an overview of the economic issues of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
These are slides from an economics revision webinar on aspects of the Indian economy.
Population: 1.3 billion; Urbanization: 33%
Life expectancy: 68 years (average)
HDI ranking 131st/188
Per capita GNI (PPP) $5,663
% living on less than $1.90 a day (PPP) 21%
% of population under-nourished: 15%
Remittance inflow (net) +3.3% of GDP
Gini coefficient: 0.35
Palma Ratio: 1.5
Successful diversification into manufacturing
Globally competitive in many service industries
The government’s economic policy is defined by five-year economic plans. China is at a critical stage of her development China will have move up the ‘value chain’ as it loses its competitive edge in labour-intensive sectors. China is still a relatively poor country with an estimated GDP per capita on a PPP basis of US$12,879 in 2014, lower than Thailand. Policies to increase the real incomes of China’s middle class will encourage more consumption as a share of GDP and make the economy less reliant on exports and investment as key sources of economic growth.
The Chinese economy has many structural imbalances that will need to be addressed for sustainable growth to be maintained:
Chinese economy remains reliant on credit growth, with overall debt rising to 280% of GDP in mid-2015
China will need to shift away from imitating/copying Western technologies to generating more innovation Increasing competitive challenges are coming from lower-unit cost countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Wages in the Chinese manufacturing sector have more than tripled since 2008.
South African Investment Environment and Business Opportunitiessimguybar
Presentation to the US-South African Women's Business Forum Chicago by Pumla Ncapayi, Department of Trade and Industry Deputy Director General for Trade and Investment October 24, 2011
Regional Economic Outlook: Middle East and Central Asia UpdateRoozbeh Molavi
Growth for countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (MENAP) region has weakened but remains broadly stable in the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA). Volatile oil prices, restrained oil production, and tighter domestic monetary conditions in most oil exporters add to headwinds from slowing global growth. Elevated public debt in oil importers limits capacity to address critical infrastructure and social needs, restrains growth, and leaves economies vulnerable to external shocks. A more challenging external environment increases the urgency across all regions of further growth-friendly fiscal consolidation and structural reform efforts to enhance resilience and deliver higher and more inclusive private-sector-led growth.
A summary of the Philippine's need for inclusive growth despite "rosy" economic figures. The Philippine's GDP growth rate is not enough to alleviate poverty and unemployment at the (economic) rate we're going.
Recent budgeting developments - Kunta Nugraha, IndonesiaOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Kunta Nugraha, Indonesia, at the 14th OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials Meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 13-14 December 2018
It gives me a pleasure to present the summary of India Budget Synthesis 2014.
While you may already have the snapshot, here is a document which will not only give you crisp highlights, but would also decode the impact of Budget 2014 on You, Your Company and Your Sector.
Hope you find this analysis useful in taking clearer business decisions and align your company's strategy with the overall economic climate in the balance part of financial year 2014-15.
Would love to hear your feedback on the usefulness of the same.
Dear Friends,
It gives us a pleasure to present the summary of India Budget Synthesis 2014.
While you may already have the snapshot, here is a document which will not only give you crisp highlights, but would also decode the impact of Budget 2014 on You, Your Company and Your Sector.
Hope you find this analysis useful in taking clearer business decisions and align your company's strategy with the overall economic climate in the balance part of financial year 2014-15.
Would love to hear your feedback on the usefulness of the same."
Regards,
Vishal Thakkar | Group Head - Corporate Relations | Synthesis Group
Hand Phone: 91 9320007891 | Boardline: 91 22 24093737 | Fax: 91 22 24093737
"Direitos e garantias no bojo da Constituição da República e do Código Flores...UNDP Policy Centre
Palestra intitulada "Direitos e garantias no bojo da Constituição da República e do Código Florestal", apresentada pela Dra. Sandra Cureau, Subprocuradora-Geral da República, do Ministério Público Federal, no dia 15 de maio de 2019, durante o "Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: a contribuição das florestas e da agricultura", realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio, em Brasília.
Apresentação intitulada "Adaptação à Mudança do Clima na Agricultura", proferida por Giampaolo Queiroz Pellegrino, Pesquisador da Embrapa, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Valoração Espacialmente Explícita dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos da Floresta Am...UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Valoração Espacialmente Explícita dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos da Floresta Amazônica Brasileira" (em inglês), proferida por Jon Strand, Consultor do Grupo Banco Mundial, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Quantificando localmente os Benefícios Providos pela Vegetação Nativa ao Set...UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Quantificando localmente os Benefícios Providos pela Vegetação Nativa ao Setor Agrícola no Brasil" (em inglês), proferida em inglês por Avery Cohn, Professor da Universidade Tufts;, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Crédito Rural no Brasil", proferida por Francisco Erismá, Coordenador-Geral de Crédito Rural e Normas, da Secretaria de Política Econômica, do Ministério da Economia, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Desafios do Setor Bancário", proferida por Camila Yamahaki, Pesquisadora Sênior do Programa de Finanças Sustentáveis do Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade, da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Programa ABC - Agricultura de Baixo Carbono", por Leila Harfuch, Sócia-gerente da Agroicone, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Crédito e seguro rural", proferida por Priscila Souza, Analista Sênior da Climate Policy Inititative Brasil , no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Restauração de Pastagens Degradadas e Sistemas de Integração Lavoura-Pecuári...UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Restauração de Pastagens Degradadas e Sistemas de Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (iLPF)", por Luiz Adriano Maia Cordeiro, Pesquisador da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) , no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Custo de restauração florestal no Brasil e o cumprimento do Código Florestal"UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Custo de restauração florestal no Brasil e o cumprimento do Código Florestal", por Felipe Lenti, Pesquisador do Instituto de Pesquisa da Amazônia (IPAM), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Acordo de Paris e as NDCs: Percepções do modelo GLOBIOM-Brasil"UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Acordo de Paris e as NDCs: Percepções do modelo GLOBIOM-Brasil", proferida por Aline Soterroni, Pesquisadora do Instituto Internacional de Análise Aplicada de Sistemas (IIASA), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "O Mercado de Cotas de Reservas Ambientais (CRAs), proferida por Beto Mesquita, Diretor de Políticas e Relações Institucionais da BVRio., no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Decifrando o Código Florestal Brasileiro", proferida por Raoni Guerra Lucas Rajão, Professor e Pesquisador da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"O Código Florestal de 2012: marcos institucional e jurídico"UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "O Código Florestal de 2012: marcos institucional e jurídico", proferida por Joana Chiavari, Analista Sênior da Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) Brasil, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "O Programa de Investimento Florestal (FIP), proferida por Jaine Ariély Cubas Davet, Diretora de Cadastro e Fomento Florestal, do Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "KfW - REM (Redd Early Movers)", proferidda em inglês por Miguel Lanna, Gerente de Projetos do Grupo Bancário Kfw, no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável: A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
"Desafios Econômicos e Ambientais das Cadeias Produtivas da Carne e da Soja"UNDP Policy Centre
Apresentação intitulada "Desafios Econômicos e Ambientais das Cadeias Produtivas da Carne e da Soja", proferida por Sérgio Schlensiger,Economista e Consultor da Federação de Órgãos para Assistência Social e Educacional (FASE), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Indicadores de Sustentabilidade", proferida por Regina Sambuichi,Pesquisadora da Diretoria de Estudos e Políticas Regionais, Urbanas e Ambientais (Dirur), do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "A cadeia Produtiva da Carne", proferida por Mariane Crespolini, Diretora do Departamento de Produção Sustentável e Irrigação da Secretaria de Inovação, Desenvolvimento Rural e Irrigação do Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Apresentação intitulada "Sustentabilidade na Cadeia da Soja Brasileira", proferida por Bernardo Pires, Gerente de Sustentabilidade da Associação Brasileira das Indústrias de Óleos Vegetais (ABIOVE), no Seminário Internacional Oportunidades de Negócios para uma Economia Rural Sustentável:A Contribuição das Florestas e da Agricultura, realizado nos dias 14 e 15 de maio de 2019.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
1. Launch of
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SURVEY
OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 2015
Shamshad Akhtar
Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
and Executive Secretary of ESCAP
2. Key messages
• Policy focus on economic growth is necessary, but it is not sufficient
for achieving development.
– Policymakers need to internalize the aspects of inclusive growth and sustainable
development into their domestic policy frameworks.
• Economic growth in Asia-Pacific developing economies will
experience only a slight increase in 2015.
– Unless reforms are vigorously pursued, downside risks to the growth trajectory
could increase.
• Inflation has declined and is expected to remain low, leading to
interest rate reductions.
– Prudence, however, is required given the likely volatility in capital flows,
especially in economies with weak fundamentals.
• Economic growth has not been inclusive within countries.
– Inequality of income and of opportunity has risen between different geographies
and sections of society such as rural and urban areas and women and men.
2
3. A moderate economic growth outlook
• Economic growth in developing
Asia and the Pacific is forecast
to rise only slightly to 5.9% in
2015 from 5.8% in 2014.
– this outlook is primarily associated
with domestic and intra-regional
factors.
• Economic growth potential in the
region is being held back by,
among others, two key
challenges:
– infrastructure shortages
– commodity dependence
• Fragile global economic
recovery also exerting drag on
growth prospects of the region.
8.8
9.6 10.1
6.4
5.3
8.9
7.2
5.4
6.0 5.8 5.9 5.9
2.8 3.1 2.8
0.1
-3.4
3.1
1.7
1.2 1.4
1.8
2.3 2.4
-4
0
4
8
12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
RealGDPgrowth(percentage)
Developing Asia-Pacific economies (a)
Major global developed economies (b)
3
4. Relatively better growth outlooks for all
subregions except North and Central Asia
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
South-East Asia
South and South-West Asia
Pacific island developing economies
North and Central Asia
East and North-East Asia
2014 2015 2016
Real annual GDP growth (%)
4
5. Importance of addressing
infrastructure shortages
• Weaknesses in infrastructure is one of the key factors holding back
the region’s economic growth potential.
• Significant investment in infrastructure is required, not least to meet
the increasing demand due to growing incomes and populations
together with the requirements of rapid urbanization.
• Efforts are needed on multiple fronts, including increasing
government revenues, developing capital markets, and nurturing
public-private partnerships.
– Emergence of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank is an important development
to meet the infrastructure deficit gap of the region.
• Need to remember that raising necessary finance is not the only
solution; capacity to assess feasibility of bankable projects and an
enabling legal and regulatory environment is also important.
5
6. Reducing negative implications of
excessive commodity-dependence
• Excessive commodity dependence can influence a host of
economic indicators such as inflation, exchange rates, and budget
and current account deficits
• To mitigate the negative implications, countries could consider:
– targeting a cyclically-adjusted fiscal balance that takes into account
the potential revenue shocks due to large movements in commodity
prices.
– Developing a production-oriented index to control inflation as it is more
appropriate for countries susceptible to terms-of-trade shocks.
6
Countries where commodity export-to-GDP ratio exceeded 10% in 2000-2013
30% plus Azerbaijan (‐4.3), Brunei Darussalam (4.4), Islamic Republic of Iran (2.8),
Kazakhstan (‐4.5), Mongolia (‐5.7), Myanmar (0.2), Papua New Guinea (10.4),
Timor‐Leste (1.4) and Turkmenistan (‐1.2)
10‐30% Australia (0.3), Bhutan (2.6), Indonesia (‐0.2), Malaysia (0.3), the Russian
Federation (‐4.3) and Viet Nam (0.7)
Note: Figures in parentheses show the percentage point difference between real GDP growth in 2013 and the 2015
forecast.
7. Outlook for trade, and thus an external
demand led growth, remains challenging
• Exports of the region have been declining for few years now; outlook
is not much different, primarily due to fragile economic recovery in
most advanced economies.
• Similarly, sluggish import demand of major economies in the region
will impact intraregional trade, and thus the overall trade outlook.
7
8. Inflation dynamics
• Inflation forecast to decline in 2015 to 3.3% in 2015 from 3.9% in
2014, driven by lower international oil prices and reduced demand
pressure in export-led economies.
• For net oil importing economies, the decline in oil prices is and will
remain beneficial. But this is not the case for oil exporting economies,
due to pressure on their currencies and thus imported inflation.
8
9. Monetary policy – balance benign inflation
outlook and likely capital flow volatility
9
• Declining inflation has provided space for an accommodative monetary
policy stance in many economies of the region.
• At the same time, likely increase in interest rates in United States is
encouraging capital outflows from region; countries with weaker
macroeconomic fundamentals are likely to be most affected.
• This may necessitate higher interest rate by developing economies of
the region. Partly because of this, some economies are already
keeping real interest rates at a relatively higher level.
• ESCAP analysis shows that countries with better fundamentals will
have to increase interest rates, if and when such a need arises, less to
defend against capital outflows – positive impact on GDP growth of up
to 0.5 percentage points
• Macroprudential policies offer an important complementary method of
managing capital flows while allowing governments to preserve
monetary policy flexibility and maintaining domestic financial stability.
10. Realizing inclusive growth
• Inclusiveness is typically measured using income-related
indicators.
• Yet, inclusiveness is a multidimensional concept that goes beyond
economic measures. It should also capture social and environment
dimensions of development.
• Inclusiveness is broadly defined in terms of:
(a) increasing the average standard of living of the population;
(b) reducing income inequality;
(c) reducing levels of extreme poverty and
(d) expanding and broadening equality in opportunities (social
and environment related)
“We, the Heads of State and Government and high-level
representatives, renew our commitment … to ensuring the
promotion of an economically, socially and environmentally
sustainable future… for present and future generations. “
(Rio+20)
10
11. Economic inclusiveness
• Rates of extreme poverty have declined.
• Yet, significant differences remain between rural/urban sectors and
genders.
70.0 70.0
48.5
31.5
27.4
11.9
1.7
7.8 8.0 6.5
1.7 2.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Asia-Pacific
South-East
Asia
Pacific
Southand
South-West
Asia
Eastand
North-East
Asia
Northand
CentralAsia
Proportionoffemalepopulation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
China India Indonesia
Povertyheadcountratio,inpercentageofpopulation
Rural Urban
11
12. Economic inclusiveness
• Income inequality has increased.
• Lack of productive employment is one of the major reasons for the
high incidence of poverty in many developing countries.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Thailand
Viet Nam
Bhutan
Malaysia
Mongolia
Republic of Korea
India
Bangladesh
Nepal
Pakistan
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Maldives
Indonesia
Kyrgyzstan
Philippines
Percentage
Vulnerable employment Unemployment
12
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Malaysia
Philippines
China
Russian…
Turkey
Thailand
Iran (Isl.Rep)
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Cambodia
Viet Nam
India
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Kazakhstan
Gini coefficient
1990 2012
14. Social inclusiveness
Access, affordability and
acceptability of health services
are critical in identifying whether
growth is inclusive.
• Large spatial differences
characterize provision of
health services.
• High ‘out-of-pocket payments’
affect particularly low-income
persons.
• Services may note be socially
or culturally appropriate,
particularly when related to
sexual and reproductive health
services.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Poorest 20% Q2 Q3 Q4 Richest 20%Percentage
Income quintiles
Percentage of skilled birth attendance in
three years preceding survey, by income
quintile
Bangladesh Cambodia India
Indonesia Nepal Pakistan
Philippines Timor-Leste Turkey
14
15. Environmental inclusiveness
• Being less resilient, the poor
are particularly affected by
environmental degradation.
• Environmental degradation
can also be an outcome of
economic inequality.
• Important progress in
increasing access to improved
water, yet disparities still exist
between rural and urban
areas.
• Achievements in access to
improved sanitation have been
relatively moderate.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
East and
North-East
Asia
North and
Central
Asia
Pacific South and
South-West
Asia
South-East
Asia
Percentageofpopulation
Access to improved sanitation
1990 2012
15
16. Environmental inclusiveness
• At least 620 million people lack
access to electricity in the
region.
• Large disparities between rural
and urban sectors.
• More than 1 million premature
deaths annually in India and
China can be attributed to
exposure to household air
pollution.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
DPRK
Cambodia
Myanmar
Bangladesh
Philippines
Pakistan
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Nepal
Mongolia
Sri Lanka
Access to electricity, 2012
Rural electrification rate (%) Urban electrification rate (%)
16
17. ESCAP Inclusiveness Index
The ESCAP Inclusiveness Index
captures 15 indicators, covering
economic, social and
environmental dimensions of
development.
Overall, growth has been
inclusive.
Yet, some countries have made
more progress than others.
Growth has not been inclusive
within countries.
Intergenerational inequities can
be perpetuated if large and
widening income inequalities are
not addressed.
17
18. Policy recommendations
1. Address the neglect of the rural sector.
• Increase agricultural productivity by focusing on quality and
standards, investments in R&D.
• Develop non-farm sector through rural industrialization.
2. Strengthen financial development, foster financial inclusion.
3. Foster creation of small and medium-sized enterprises.
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19. Policy recommendations
4. Strengthen the developmental role of macroeconomic policy by
making existing expenditure more development-oriented:
• Reduce non-development expenditure (defence, energy
subsidies).
• Increase access to and the affordability of health systems.
• Strengthen social protection programmes.
• Expand investment in education.
19