Alumni Meeting "Landscapes under the influence of growing climate variability – risks, vulnerability and resilience" organized by ITT in Viña del Mar 2008, Chile
presentation on solar energy and acid rain combined..
both the presentations are independent from each other....so you can delete the slides you don't want...hope you like it... (y)
presentation on solar energy and acid rain combined..
both the presentations are independent from each other....so you can delete the slides you don't want...hope you like it... (y)
Automatizacion de un proceso de Reciclaje, mediante Robot KUKA y elementos FESTOElías Urrejola
Trabajo de Titulacion presentado en conformidad a los requisitos para obtener el Titulo de Ingeniero Civil Electricista, en Control de Procesos Industriales, USACH 2007
HIGH EFFICIENCY INDUSTRIAL PERC SOLAR CELLS WITH ALL PECVD-BASED REAR SURFACE...Elías Urrejola
In the photovoltaic industry both the reduction of the silicon material thickness and the increase of the solar cells efficiency are critical topics for optimizing cost reduction. This work presents an innovative and industrially applicable Si-based passivation layer deposited by PECVD, with high passivation quality for the un-doped p-type rear surface of PERC solar cells. Avoiding an extra thermal oxidation step, the PERC process as presented as follows, might be completely feasible for industrial applications. We achieved efficiencies of 19% on monocrystalline p-type Cz-Si and above 17.2% on multicrystalline p-type wafers. The processing of the wafers is developed at a standard industrial level, and no special equipment or processing was required for achieving this efficiencies.
INFLUENCE OF THE AL-SI ALLOY FORMATION IN NARROW DIELECTRIC BARRIER OPE...Elías Urrejola
in order to further improve the efficiency of multicrystalline solar cells, both a dielectric passivation and local contact formation at the rear are important design contributions. The dielectric passivation presents many advantages compared to the standard fully covered Al back contact. Our work is centred in the analysis of the contact formation between
Al and Si for the passivated emitter and rear cell device structure, PERC. We give an experimental explanation for the
observed dependence of the contact resistivity of Al fingers on the Si-contact area. Our observation is based on the analysis of the geometry of the Al-Si alloy formation below the contacts, giving important conclusions for PERC solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) supports the analysis of the Al-Si alloy geometry, giving an understanding of its formation, and effect on the contact resistivity.
Understanding and avoiding the formation of voids for rear passivated silicon...Elías Urrejola
We present a study on the formation of voids normally originated instead of an Al-Si eutectic alloy on rear passivated solar cells with local rear contacts, using standard screen-printed aluminum pastes. In previous works, we explain the formation of these voids due to the difference between the diffusivity of aluminum and silicon1, showing that the geometry of the rear pattern (contact spacing and contact size) strongly influences their formation2. In the present work, we found that the gravity field orientation can strongly vary the microstructure of Al-Si forming alloy. We show that the voids may partially be avoided by sintering the samples with the solid/liquid (S/L) interface, n, oriented opposite to the direction of the gravity field, g. A deeper p+-doped silicon region (known as local BSF) has been found underneath the voids using this approach. This phenomenon strongly applies to rear passivated solar cells, which have exhibited strong FF losses.
Distribution of Silicon iin the Allumiinum Matriix for Rear Passiivated Solla...Elías Urrejola
Solar cell concepts with passivated, locally contacted rear side have gained much interest over the last years due to the development of advanced passivation techniques. However, there are still open questions regarding the understanding of the local Al-Si contact formation and its influence on the local back-surface-field formation for industrial screen-printed aluminum pastes. In this work we show that the geometry of the rear pattern (contact size
and contact spacing) strongly influences the Al-Si interaction in the local contact openings: Si diffuses in Al through narrow dielectric barrier openings and spreads laterally to a determined limit determined by the firing temperature. We found that the contact spacing can affect the tendency for formation of Kirkendall voids below the Al-Si contacts instead of an eutectic layer. When decreasing the contact spacing and therefore the overlap of Al on each side of the local opening, the melt saturates faster and the formation of a high-quality local back-surface-field is increased, minimizing the presence of voids. This physical observation can enhance the design of the rear pattern for rear passivated solar cells and gives further understanding of the Al-Si interaction during the firing process.
Al-Si alloy formation in narrow p-Si contact areasElías Urrejola
Solar cells with dielectrically passivated rear side and screen printed local rear contacts combine the high performance potential of the PERC (passivated emitter and rear) concept with the well-established metallization method of nowaday’s industrial solar cells. This article presents a specific analysis of the formation of such localized screen printed Al-Si contacts. We observe that the contact resistivity depends on the width of the contact openings, and decreases when reducing the contact area. The optimal contact formation is observed for lateral contact widths smaller than 50–80 μm. Analysis of the Al-Si alloy formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) analysis shows that the alloy formation below the contacts is more homogeneous in such small openings than in larger ones.
Poster presentation at 24th EUPVSEC, HAMBURG (2009)Elías Urrejola
We present an innovative process for the formation of a selective emitter by using an advanced phosphorous glass as a barrier layer against subsequent diffusion. The advanced barrier glass was achieved by the formation of a standard phosphorous glass treated with additional thermal oxidation immediately after deposition in the same process tube. The resistant layer is used as a barrier for the second diffusion after selective opening of the finger contact areas by screen printing of a SiO2 etching paste. The process was applied for multicrystalline Elkem Solar SoG-Si wafers as well as for references from standard EG-Si. The achieved cell parameters were compared with cell results from a homogenous emitter process. While the efficiency was not enhanced so far due to the relatively high shadow loss of the selective emitter solar cells, the open collector voltage could be increased by up to 9 mV and the short wavelength spectral response increased slightly with this selective emitter. The aim of this work was to combine the SiO2 barrier with the shallow POCl3 diffusion in one process step and the optimization of the screen printing process for selective emitter solar cells.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Automatizacion de un proceso de Reciclaje, mediante Robot KUKA y elementos FESTOElías Urrejola
Trabajo de Titulacion presentado en conformidad a los requisitos para obtener el Titulo de Ingeniero Civil Electricista, en Control de Procesos Industriales, USACH 2007
HIGH EFFICIENCY INDUSTRIAL PERC SOLAR CELLS WITH ALL PECVD-BASED REAR SURFACE...Elías Urrejola
In the photovoltaic industry both the reduction of the silicon material thickness and the increase of the solar cells efficiency are critical topics for optimizing cost reduction. This work presents an innovative and industrially applicable Si-based passivation layer deposited by PECVD, with high passivation quality for the un-doped p-type rear surface of PERC solar cells. Avoiding an extra thermal oxidation step, the PERC process as presented as follows, might be completely feasible for industrial applications. We achieved efficiencies of 19% on monocrystalline p-type Cz-Si and above 17.2% on multicrystalline p-type wafers. The processing of the wafers is developed at a standard industrial level, and no special equipment or processing was required for achieving this efficiencies.
INFLUENCE OF THE AL-SI ALLOY FORMATION IN NARROW DIELECTRIC BARRIER OPE...Elías Urrejola
in order to further improve the efficiency of multicrystalline solar cells, both a dielectric passivation and local contact formation at the rear are important design contributions. The dielectric passivation presents many advantages compared to the standard fully covered Al back contact. Our work is centred in the analysis of the contact formation between
Al and Si for the passivated emitter and rear cell device structure, PERC. We give an experimental explanation for the
observed dependence of the contact resistivity of Al fingers on the Si-contact area. Our observation is based on the analysis of the geometry of the Al-Si alloy formation below the contacts, giving important conclusions for PERC solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) supports the analysis of the Al-Si alloy geometry, giving an understanding of its formation, and effect on the contact resistivity.
Understanding and avoiding the formation of voids for rear passivated silicon...Elías Urrejola
We present a study on the formation of voids normally originated instead of an Al-Si eutectic alloy on rear passivated solar cells with local rear contacts, using standard screen-printed aluminum pastes. In previous works, we explain the formation of these voids due to the difference between the diffusivity of aluminum and silicon1, showing that the geometry of the rear pattern (contact spacing and contact size) strongly influences their formation2. In the present work, we found that the gravity field orientation can strongly vary the microstructure of Al-Si forming alloy. We show that the voids may partially be avoided by sintering the samples with the solid/liquid (S/L) interface, n, oriented opposite to the direction of the gravity field, g. A deeper p+-doped silicon region (known as local BSF) has been found underneath the voids using this approach. This phenomenon strongly applies to rear passivated solar cells, which have exhibited strong FF losses.
Distribution of Silicon iin the Allumiinum Matriix for Rear Passiivated Solla...Elías Urrejola
Solar cell concepts with passivated, locally contacted rear side have gained much interest over the last years due to the development of advanced passivation techniques. However, there are still open questions regarding the understanding of the local Al-Si contact formation and its influence on the local back-surface-field formation for industrial screen-printed aluminum pastes. In this work we show that the geometry of the rear pattern (contact size
and contact spacing) strongly influences the Al-Si interaction in the local contact openings: Si diffuses in Al through narrow dielectric barrier openings and spreads laterally to a determined limit determined by the firing temperature. We found that the contact spacing can affect the tendency for formation of Kirkendall voids below the Al-Si contacts instead of an eutectic layer. When decreasing the contact spacing and therefore the overlap of Al on each side of the local opening, the melt saturates faster and the formation of a high-quality local back-surface-field is increased, minimizing the presence of voids. This physical observation can enhance the design of the rear pattern for rear passivated solar cells and gives further understanding of the Al-Si interaction during the firing process.
Al-Si alloy formation in narrow p-Si contact areasElías Urrejola
Solar cells with dielectrically passivated rear side and screen printed local rear contacts combine the high performance potential of the PERC (passivated emitter and rear) concept with the well-established metallization method of nowaday’s industrial solar cells. This article presents a specific analysis of the formation of such localized screen printed Al-Si contacts. We observe that the contact resistivity depends on the width of the contact openings, and decreases when reducing the contact area. The optimal contact formation is observed for lateral contact widths smaller than 50–80 μm. Analysis of the Al-Si alloy formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS/EDX) analysis shows that the alloy formation below the contacts is more homogeneous in such small openings than in larger ones.
Poster presentation at 24th EUPVSEC, HAMBURG (2009)Elías Urrejola
We present an innovative process for the formation of a selective emitter by using an advanced phosphorous glass as a barrier layer against subsequent diffusion. The advanced barrier glass was achieved by the formation of a standard phosphorous glass treated with additional thermal oxidation immediately after deposition in the same process tube. The resistant layer is used as a barrier for the second diffusion after selective opening of the finger contact areas by screen printing of a SiO2 etching paste. The process was applied for multicrystalline Elkem Solar SoG-Si wafers as well as for references from standard EG-Si. The achieved cell parameters were compared with cell results from a homogenous emitter process. While the efficiency was not enhanced so far due to the relatively high shadow loss of the selective emitter solar cells, the open collector voltage could be increased by up to 9 mV and the short wavelength spectral response increased slightly with this selective emitter. The aim of this work was to combine the SiO2 barrier with the shallow POCl3 diffusion in one process step and the optimization of the screen printing process for selective emitter solar cells.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.