1. The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java like inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism etc. It provides examples and definitions for classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism etc. 2. It discusses different types of constructors in Java like default, parameterized constructors and constructor overloading. 3. It explains static keyword in Java for static variables, static methods and static blocks. It provides memory management advantages of static keyword.

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SUMMERTRAININGREPORT
ON
JAVA
Submittedinthepartialfulfillmentforthe
awardofdiplomaofengineeringincomputer
science&engineering.
Govt.polytechnic,kashipur
(2017-2018)
SUBMITTEDTO SUBMITTEDBY
Mrs.AnitaMam ShivaBhatt
ComputerScience&
Eng.

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TABLEOFCONTENTS
TOPIC Page(s)
1:Introduction 3-6
1.1.IntroductiontoOOPS
1.2 Objects
1.3Class
1.4 Polymorphism
1.5 Encapsulation
1.6Inheritance
1.7 Abstraction
1.8 Newoperator
1.9 Instances
2: Constructor 7-9
2.1DefaultConstructor
2.2ParameterizedConstructor
2.3ConstructorOverloading
3:Statickeyword 10-11
3.1Staticvariable
3.2Staticmethod
3.3Staticblock
4:Polymorphism 12-13
4.1TypesofPolymorphism

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4.2FunctionOverloading
4.3DataShadowing
5:Inheritance 14-15
5.1FunctionOverriding
5.2Upcasting
5.3Downcasting
6:Abstraction 16-18
6.1Abstractclass
6.2Interfaces
6.3Extendinginterfaces
6.4Extendingmultipleinterfaces
7:StringHandling 18
7.1Rules
7.2MethodsofStringclass
8.ProjectforInstituteManagementusingSwingandpackage 19
1.IntroductiontoOOPs:
OOPsstandsforObjectOrientedProgrammingthatprovidesmanyconcepts
suchasInheritance,Abstraction,Encapsulation,Polymorphismetc.
1.1Object
Anyentitythathasstateandbehaviorisknownasanobject.Forexample:

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chair,pen,table,keyboard,bikeetc.Itcanbephysicalandlogical.
1.2Class
Collectionofobjectsiscalledclass.Itisalogicalentity.
1.3Inheritance
Whenoneobjectacquiresallthepropertiesandbehaviorsofparentobjecti.e.
knownasinheritance.Itprovidescodereusability.Itisusedtoachieveruntime
polymorphism.
1.4Polymorphism
Whenonetaskisperformedbydifferentwaysi.e.knownaspolymorphism.
Forexample:toconvincethecustomerdifferently,todrawsomethinge.g.
shapeorrectangleetc.
Injava,weusemethodoverloadingandmethodoverridingtoachieve
polymorphism.
Anotherexamplecanbetospeaksomethinge.g.catspeaksmeaw,dogbarks
woofetc.
1.5Abstraction

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Hidinginternaldetailsandshowingfunctionalityisknownasabstraction.For
example:phonecall,wedon'tknowtheinternalprocessing.
Injava,weuseabstractclassandinterfacetoachieveabstraction.
1.6Encapsulation
Binding(orwrapping)codeanddatatogetherintoasingleunitisknownas
encapsulation.Forexample:capsule,itiswrappedwithdifferentmedicines.
Ajavaclassistheexampleofencapsulation.Javabeanisthefully
encapsulatedclassbecauseallthedatamembersareprivatehere.
1.7NewOperator
Itdynamicallyallocatesbufferinheapwiththereferencewedefinepointed
fromthestack.
Foreg. Demoobj;
Obj=newDemo();
Thisstatementdoestwothings:
1.Itcreatesactual(physical)objectinheapwiththevariable‘obj’instack
pointingtheobject.
2.Itcallstheconstructorof‘Demo’classfortheintializationofobject.

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 Injava,onlyobjectsaregettingmemoryatruntime.
 Newoperatorisonlyusedtoallocateamemoryforobjectonly.
 Thememorythathasbeenallocatedatruntimedoesnothaveany
name.
 Injava,pointersarenotdefined.ItusesReferenceIDfortheallocation
whichisstoredinsideReferenceVariable.
1.8Instance:
Itisactuallythephysicalexistenceofanobject.
Foreg.Carisaclassandifweseeanycarinreality,thenitisgeneralthing.
2.ConstructorsInJava:
Constructorinjava isa specialtypeofmethod thatisusedtoinitializethe

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object.
Javaconstructoris invokedatthetimeofobjectcreation.Itconstructsthe
valuesi.e.providesdatafortheobjectthatiswhyitisknownasconstructor.
Rulesforcreatingjavaconstructor
Therearebasicallytworulesdefinedfortheconstructor.
1. Constructornamemustbesameasitsclassname
2. Constructormusthavenoexplicitreturntype
Typesofjavaconstructors
Therearetwotypesofconstructors:
1. Defaultconstructor(no-arguementconstructor)
2. Parameterizedconstructor
2.1DefaultConstructor:
Eg.
classBike1{
Bike1(){
System.out.println("Bikeiscreated");
}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){

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Bike1b=newBike1();}}
Output:
Bikeiscreated
Rule:Ifthereisnoconstructorinaclass,compilerautomaticallycreatesa
defaultconstructor.
2.2ParameterizedConstructor:
A constructorthathaveparametersisknownasparameterizedconstructor.
Parameterizedconstructorisusedtoprovidedifferentvaluestothedistinct
objects.
ConstructorOverloadinginJava
ConstructoroverloadingisatechniqueinJavainwhichaclasscanhaveany
numberofconstructorsthatdifferinparameterlists.Thecompiler
differentiatestheseconstructorsbytakingintoaccountthenumberof
parametersinthelistandtheirtypes.

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3.Javastatickeyword
Thestatickeywordinjavaisusedformemorymanagementmainly.Wecan
applyjavastatickeywordwithvariables,methods,blocksandnestedclass.
Thestatickeywordbelongstotheclassthaninstanceoftheclass.
Thestaticcanbe:
variable(alsoknownasclassvariable)
method(alsoknownasclassmethod)
block
nestedclass
1)Javastaticvariable
Ifyoudeclareanyvariableasstatic,itisknownstaticvariable.
Thestaticvariablecanbeusedtoreferthecommonpropertyofallobjects
(thatisnotuniqueforeachobject)e.g.companynameofemployees,college
nameofstudentsetc.
Thestaticvariablegetsmemoryonlyonceinclassareaatthetimeofclass
loading.
Advantageofstaticvariable
Itmakesyourprogrammemoryefficient(i.eitsavesmemory).
Understandingproblemwithoutstaticvariable
classStudent{
introllno;
Stringname;
Stringcollege="ITS";

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}
Supposethereare500studentsinmycollege,nowallinstancedatamembers
willgetmemoryeachtimewhenobjectiscreated.Allstudenthaveitsunique
rollnoandnamesoinstancedatamemberisgood.Here,collegereferstothe
commonpropertyofallobjects.Ifwemakeitstatic,thisfieldwillgetmemory
onlyonce.
Javastaticpropertyissharedtoallobjects.
2)Javastaticmethod
Ifweapplystatickeywordwithanymethod,itisknownasstaticmethod.
Astaticmethodbelongstotheclassratherthanobjectofaclass.
Astaticmethodcanbeinvokedwithouttheneedforcreatinganinstanceofa
class.
staticmethodcanaccessstaticdatamemberandcanchangethevalueofit.
3)Javastaticblock
Isusedtoinitializethestaticdatamember.
Itisexecutedbeforemainmethodatthetimeofclassloading.

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4. POLYMORPHISM:
Wheneveranobjectgivesdifferentbehavioraccordingtodifferent
environmentthenitissaidtobepolymorphism.
Eg.System.out.println(10);
System.out.println(“hi”);
System.out.println(2.4);
Here,byusingonlyonefunction,wepasseddifferenttypeofvalues.
*Polymorphismisalwaysachievedbythebehaviorofanobject.
Polymorphismareoftwotypes:
1.RunTimePolymorphism(LateBinding):
Objectisbindwithitsfunctionalityatruntime.
2.CompileTimepolymorphism(EarlyBinding):
Objectisbindwithitsfunctionalityatcompiletime.
 JavadoesnotsupportOperatoroverloadingexplicitly.
Rule:JavadoesnotsupportCompiletimePolymorphism.Onlyincaseof
Staticfunction CompileTimePolymorphismissupported.ButStatic
functionsarebindatclasslevel.SoCTPinjavaisnotsupported.
Rule:Bydefaultallthenonstaticfunctionexceptstatic,final,privateare
implicitvirtual andvirtualfunctionalwaysbindatruntime.
4.1. Functionoverloading:
Functionoverloadingsaysifyouhavemorethanonefunctionwith
samenameinoneclassbuthavingdifferentprototypes.
Functionprototypesconsistsof5thimgs:
1.Accessspecifier

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2.Accessmodifier
3.Returntype
4.Name
5.Argiuement
 Accessspecifier,accessmodifier,andreturntypedonotplayanyrole
infunctionoverloading.
 Functionoverloadingcanonlybeachievedbychangingargumentsin2
ways:
1.Changeinnumberofarguments
2.Changeindatatypeofargument
4.2DataShadowing
Wheneverclasslevelvariableandlocallevelvariablehavesamename
,ThenlocalVariablevalueovershadowstheclasslevelvariable’svalue.
ThisconceptiscalledDatashadowing.
Thiskeyword:
 Allthenonstaticfunction,implicitlyaccessclasslevelvariablein
objectbyusing‘this’keyword.
 ‘this’catchesRIDofobjectimplicitlyinnonstaticfunction.
Ifdatashadowingoccursthentoaccessclasslevelvariablevalues,use
of‘this’ismandatory.
 ‘this’keywordcannotbeusedinstaticfunction.

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6.Inheritance:
Itisusedtoachievereusability,optimization,timeandcostutilization.
ItisachievedbyFunctionOverriding.
Eg.SyntaxofjavaisinheritedfromyhesyntaxofClanguage.
InheritanceisaISARELATIONSHIP.
 Javadoesnotsupportmultipleinheritance.
 Bydefaultallthedatamemberandmemberfunctionofparentclass
areavailabletochildclassiftheyarenotprivate.
6.1Functionoverriding:
Wheneverparentclassandchildclassbothhavememberfunction
ofsamesamethenchildfunctionoverridesparentfunction.This
conceptiscalledfunctionoverriding.
 Staticmethodcannotoverrideanotherstaticmethod,buttheycanhide
anothermethodanditiscalledfunctionhiding.
 Ifmethodofparentismadeprivatethenwhatevertheaccessspecifier
ofmethodofchildis,functionoverridingisnotpossible.
 Finalmethodscannotbeoverriddenbymethodofchildclass.
 Onlyinheritedmethodcanbeoverridden.
 Theoverridingmethodandoverriddenmethodmusthavesame
argumentlistandareofsamereturntype.
 Constructorscan’tbeoverriddenbutcanbeoverloaded.
 Abstractmethodmustbeoverriddenbynonabstractsubclass.
6.2 Upcasting
TheRIDofchildclassobjectisputintheRVofparentclassbutvice

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versaisnottrue.
Eg.Parentp=newChild();
6.3 Downcasting
TheprocessofgettingbackRIDofachildclassobjectfromparent
classRVtochildclassRV. Eg.Childc=(Child)p;

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7.Abstraction:
Itisusedtodefinestandards.
Itisusedtohidetheinternalworking.
Abstractfunctiondefinestandards,implementationvariesfrom
onestandardtoother.
Therearetwowaystoachieveabstraction:
1.ViaabstractClass
2.ViaInterface
7.1AbstractClass
 Abstractclassissimilartonormalclassinjavaexceptitcan’tbe
instanciated.
 Abstractclasscanonlycontainabstractmethods.
 Itmaycontainmorethanoneabstractmethodsoralsocontainnon
abstractmethods.
 Achildclasshastooverridealltheabstractmethodofanabstract
methods,Otherwiseithastomakeitselfabstract.
Eg.
abstractClassBase{
Intx;inty;
voidshow(){
System.out.println(x);System.out.println(y);
}
Abstractvoidget();}
ClassChildextendsBase{

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Voidget(intx,inty){
this.x=x;
this.y=y;}
publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[])
{
Childc1=newChild();
C1.get(1,2);
C1.show();
}
}
Output:
1
2
7.2Interfaces:
Interfacesaretheblueprintofaclass.
Itisareferencetypeinjava.Itisacollectionofabstractmethods.
Aclassimplementsaaninterface,therebyinheritinganabstract
methodsftheinterface.
Alongwiththeabstractmethods,italsocontainconstants,default
methods,staticmethods,andnestedmethods.
Interfacecontainsthebehaviorthataclassimplements.
 Interfacecan’tbeinstanciated.
 Interfacedoesnotcontainanyconstructors.
 Allthemethodsofinterfaceareabstract.
 Aninterfaceisnotextendedbyaclass.

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 Aninterfacecanextendmultipleinterfaces.
Interfacekeywordisusedtodeclareinterface.
Foreg.
InterfaceMy{
voidshow();}
classChildimplementsMy{
publicvoidshow()
{System.out.println(“show”);}
Publicstaticvoidmain(Stringargs[]){
Mym=newMy();
m.show();}
output:
show
7.3ExtendindInterfaces:
Eg.
publicinterfaceSports{
publicvoidshow();
}
PublicinterfaceFootballextendsSports{
Publicvoidscore();
}
7.4Extendingmultipleinterfaces
Eg.PublicinterfacehockeyextendsSports,Football{}
8.StringHandling:
Creatingstringbymostdirectway:

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Stringg=“Helloworld”;
 Stringclassisimmutablesoonceobjectiscreateditcan’tbechanged.
ImportantmethodsofStringclass:
1.byteb[]=g.getBytes();
2.charch[]=g.toCharArray();
3.charc=g.charAt(2);
4.Strings1=g.toUpperCase();
5.Strings2=g.toLowerCase();
6.Strings1=g.subString(10);
7.Strings2=g.subString(0,4);
8.Strings=String.valueOf(10);
9.intI=Integer.parseInt(“10”);etc.
StringConcatenation:
Strings=“good”;
S=s+“morning”;
StringComparision:
1.Booleanb=s1.equals(s2);
Italwayscomparesthecontentofreferencevariable,ifsamethenreturns
true;
2.booleanb=s1.equalsIgnoreCase(s2);
3.intx=s1.CompareTo(s2);

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9.ProjectforInstituteManagementUsingSwingandPanel:
InthiswehavemadeaLibrearymanagementprojectinwhichanadmin
managestheRecordofbooks,AddbookwhichyouwanttostoreonLibreary,
Availablebooks,,IssueBook,ReturnBook.Onlytheadministratorhasthe
permissiontomanagethisinstitutemanagementapplication.
Forcreatingthisapplication,weneedthefollowingfile:
1.Javafile:
forwritingcode.Inthisfileweuseswingandpackagecomponentsto
createaregistrationformwithpasswordvalidation.
2.Odbc.jarfile:
ThisjarfileprovidesawaytosetupaJavaconnectionwithanOracle
Database.
3.Msaccessfile:whichisusedtostorethedatabasetables.
4.Regtableindatabase1.mdb(msaccessfile):forfetchingrecordswe
needadatabasetable.

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INTERODUCTION:-LibrarymanagementsystemprothemainobjectiveoftheLibrary
Managementsystemprojectisdisciplineoftheplanning,organizingandmanagingthe
librarytasks.Ourprojectaimsatmakingthetaskoflibraryeasy.LibraryManagementis
enteringtherecordsofnewbookandretrievingthedetailsofbookavailableinthelibrary.
Wecanissuebooktothelibrarymemberandmaintaintheirrecordsandcanalsochecks
howmanybookareissuedandstockavailableinthelibrary.Intheprojectwecanmaintain
thelatefineoflibrarymemberwhoreturntheissuedbookaftertheduedate.ThisLibrary
managementsystemprojectinJAVAandMSSQLserver.
Projecttitle:
Librarymanagementsystem/LibrarymanagementsystemprojectinJAVA
RDBMS
Languageandsoftwaretoolused:

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FrontEnd:Java
OperatingSystem:Window10
BackEnd:MicrosoftSQLServer
ProposedSystem:
Intheproposedsystem,weassumethateachmemberwillbehavingaidentitywhichcan
beusedforthelibrarybookissue.wheneverlibrarymemberwishtotakeabook,thebook
issuedbythelibraryauthoritywillbecheckboththebookdetailsaswellasthestudent
detailsandstoreitinlibrarydatabase.
 ModuleDescription:
1.UserModule:
 Inthismodulestudentcancheckavailabilityofthebook…
 Thefollowingarethesubmoduleintheusermodule.
Bookreturn:Herestudentwillreturnthebookstothelibrary…
 2.LiberianModule:
 Thisisthemainmoduleintheproposedproject.TheLiberiancanreadand
writeinformationaboutanystudent.TheLiberiancanalsoupdate,createand
deletetherecordofstudentasperrequirementandimplementationplans.
 Thefollowingarethesubmoduleintheadministratormodule.
 Bookdetails:AllowLiberiantoenteredbookdetails.
 Bookissue:HereLiberianissuesthebookstothestudentfromlibrary.
 Futurescopeoftheproject:
Wecanconsidermuchfuturescopetothisapplication.Thefollowingare

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someofthere.
 OnlineuseofthelibrarycanbegoodfeaturefortheLibraryManagement
system.
 Advancedfinepaymentsystemcanbeadded.
 Inventorysystemcanbeusedtomaintainthebooksofthelibrary.
 Hardwarerequirement:Operatingsystem:Window10
 Harddisks:GB
 RAM:MB
Softwarerequirement:
 Javalanguage
 Javadevelopmentkit7
 MSSQLserver
ModuleOfProject:
 LoginPage.
 Menu.
 AddBook.
 AvailableBook.
 IssueBook.
 ReturnBook.
 Bookdetails:AllowLiberiantoenteredbookdetails.

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 Bookissue:HereLiberianissuesthebookstothestudentfromlibrary.
 Futurescopeoftheproject:
Wecanconsidermuchfuturescopetothisapplication.Thefollowingare
someofthere.
 OnlineuseofthelibrarycanbegoodfeaturefortheLibraryManagement
system.
 Advancedfinepaymentsystemcanbeadded.
 Inventorysystemcanbeusedtomaintainthebooksofthelibrary.
 Hardwarerequirement:Operatingsystem:Window10
 Harddisks:GB
 RAM:MB
Softwarerequirement:
 Javalanguage
 Javadevelopmentkit7
 MSSQLserver
ModuleOfProject:
 LoginPage.
 Menu.
 AddBook.
 AvailableBook.
 IssueBook.
 ReturnBook.

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LoginPage-:
TheLoginpageisthefirstpageoftheproject.Whichisthegrantthepermissiontothe
liberationbyaccessingthecorrectsecuritylevel?WheretheusernameorPassword.
HerethethreePanelareusedintheLoginPage,inwhichthefirstpanelisusesforthe
LIBRARYMANAGMENT.thesecondpanelisusedfortheuseridandpasswordandthelast
panel,panelthreeisusedforthefinalprocessoftheloginpageasaLoginintheprojector
canceltheloginpage.
Afterthecorrectinformationprovidingintheloginpagetheauthorisedusercanenterin
theproject...andhewillbeaccessallthefunctionoftheproject.suchasaddbook,return
booketc
Completetheprocessofloginpageasacompleteandcorrecttheauthorisedusergoes
awaythenextpage(Menu).
Inthecaseofincorrectusernameorpasswordtheloginpagewillbeshowthedialogbox
andinstructionthattheusernameorpasswordisinvalid.

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Menu-:
Themenupageoftheprojectiscontainthe4button.whichistheuseforopennewpage
forusingspecialaction.
Wherethefollowingbuttonsareusing.theyarefollowingtypes-----
 AddBook.
 AvailableBook.
 IssueBook.
 ReturnBook.

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AddBook-:
Theaddbookpageoftheprojectisthepageinwhichthenewbooksaretheaddingin
libraryrecordthrowthelibrarian.
Wherethegeneralinformationshouldmusttoaddedinthefield.Afterthesubmittingthe
alldetailsthedetailofthebookissavedintheavailablebook.

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AvailableBook-:
 Theavailablebookoftheprojectistherecordoftheallbookswhicharetheaddedin
thelibrary.Theaddbooksdatabaseareconnectedwiththeavailablebook.Thebooks
whoaretheaddedintheaddbookpagetheyarestoredintheavailablebook.Inwhich
thealldetail

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ofthebooksaretheincludedsuchas,bookname,bookid,publisher,publishingyear,
addingdateetc.
IssueBook-:
Theissuebookistheprocessofthedestructionofthelibrary’sbooktotheusers,where
theallgeneralinformationofuser’s&booksareaddedinthepageoftheissuebook.after
thatthebooksarethecheckoutfromthelibrary.

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ReturnBook-:
Thereturnbookofthejavalibrarymanagementsystemisthelastpage,inwhichthe
booksarecheckininthelibrarywhicharethecheckoutbythelibrary.
Thebasicdetailofthebooksandusersaresubmittingsameastheissuebookpage.after
thatthebooksarecheckininthelibrary.

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Conclusion
Thistrainingfocusseduponincreasingourknowledge
andinterestintowardthejava.Becausejavaismost
interestingandmostusedlanguageinthesedays.We
learnthowtocreateawebsitesandwebpages.Itwas
agreatexperience.Itincreaseourpracticalskills
that‟sthemainthingwhichwelearntinthetraining
session.Thus,webelievethatourprojectwillbe
beneficialforvariouspurposes&henceourefforts
willbefruitful.