Suicide Information.pptx

“But this is it, the deed is done
silence drowns the sound.
Before I leaped, I should've seen
the view from halfway down.
I really should’ve thought about
the view from halfway down.
I wish I could've known about
the view from halfway down—”
- BoJack Horseman (Season 6)

Statis
tics
01
Suicide Death Rates

Philippines
PHILIPPINES IN COMPARISON

Defini
tion
02
What does it encompasses?

 Is the deliberate destruction of
one’s own life.
 Intentional
 Uses any means that leads to
one’s end.
SUICIDE:

 According to Durkheim: “all cases
of death resulting directly or
indirectly from a positive or
negative act of the
victim himself, which he knows
will produce [suicide]” (1951: 44).
SUICIDE:

SUICIDE:
 He treated it not as an
individual phenomenon, but as
a consequence of social
organization and structure.

AMBIGUITY OF
TERM
 Sometimes a want, sometimes a
need (i.e., social obligations).
 Not direct perpetrator.
 Is perceived to be done in order to
achieve something that is valued
greater than one’s own life.

INDIRECT SUICIDES (???)
 Behaviors such as alcoholism, hyper obesity, use of
certain kinds and quantities of drugs, and cigarette
smoking are perceived by some as forms of slow,
relatively indirect suicide.
 Intensive research excludes such
categorization.
 Motivation is not death.

Historica
l
Backgroun
d
03
Throughout the human past.

Traditional beliefs in
Japan, India, and
China
Asian Christianity
Historical stance
and challenges met
across the centuries
Western
Historical judgement
of England and
America
Religion
Perspectives of
major religions such
as Islam, Buddhism,
Hinduism, and
Judaism
PERSPECTIVES

ASIA
India
Suttee
China
Widow
Chastity
Japan
Seppuku or
“Hara-kiri”

WESTER
N
America
Condemnation
England
Felony

Islam
RELIGION
Judaism
 Alike to Abrahamic beliefs.
 Disbelief is the only
unredeemable sin.
 Quranic evidence (Quran
4:29).
 Muhammad
 Misinterpretation of Jihad
 Serious violation of Talmudic laws.
 Preservation of human life as
supreme.
 Unclear on euthanasia
(hasten or impede).
 3 Justifiable excuses
(exceptions to guilt).
 Assisting is
forbidden.

Hinduism
RELIGION
Buddhism
 Spiritually unacceptable.
 Violation of the code of Ahimsa
or non-violence.
 Mahabharata scripture.
 Hinduism accepts a
person’s right to end one's life
through Prayopavesa or
suicide through fasting.
 Doctrine of Karma.
 Pursuance of the Noble
Eightfold Path requires life of
suffering not escape.
 Goes against one of the
highest Vinaya codes.
 Does not outright
condemn - only
those driven by
negativity.

CHRISTIANITY
 No explicit mention in
the Bible but implicit
(Psalm 37:14-15).
 Breaking the Sixth
Commandment of the
Abrahamic law.
 Life is God’s property
(David Hume).
 Life after death.
 The argument of
martyrdom and
chastity.

St. Augustine
of Hippo
There could be no justifiction.
Breaks the Sixth Commandment.
CHRISTIANITY (MEDIEVAL
AGE)
St. Thomas
of Aquinas
Usurps the power and Will of God.
Unnatural and offensive act.
Church
Leaders
Condemn.

D. Hume
A Human Right
Voltaire
Individual Choice
I. Kant
Irrational
VS. AGE OF
ENLIGHTENMENT

Contempor
ary Views
03
Lens of the present.

- steadyfan66
“We generally
condemn suicide.”
PRESENT PUBLIC OPINION
- JewsWorld1
“There is an
increasing
tolerance.”
- NostraDAMNus
“Choice made by
rational people.”
- HelloC2Plus
“Feelings of
undesirability.”
- wiTnessBelgyan
“Caused by
persistent
mental disorders.”
- Limited_Stonks580
“Should not be
established as illegal.”
- Anonnymmusss22222
“As a relatively young, well-
educated male, I understand such
choices ”

20x more
than successful attempts
Call for
attention and intervention
Women
more often commit such
acts
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS

Suicidal thoughts
12.2 million
3.2 million
Suicidal plans
1.2 million
Suicide attempts

Younger
Individuals commit such
acts
Decrease
in frequency of behaviors
through time
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS

Extent of
Suicide
04
Suicide trends from different points across the
globe.

There is no standardized
procedures for tracking
and assessment.
Many of the families of the
deceased hide the truth in
fear of social judgement.
Statistics are often
presented in percentages
in proportion to a growing
population.
STATISTICAL RECORDING
Difficulty Stigma Misleading

COUNTRIES OF
FOCUS
United States of America
Sweden and Norway
South Korea
China
Finland
Saudi Arabia
Japan
Philippines

 Numbers fluctuate
during rise during
economic problems and
decrease during war.
 Suicides among the
young is higher in the
present times.
 Suicides lessen during
holidays.
 Increased suicides in
military due to war
involvement (shell
shock).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 In 1960s, Sweden had
the highest rate among
developed counties.
 Dark winters; Seasonal
affective disorder
(SAD).
 Sweden > Norway;
attributed to child-
rearing practices.
 In Norway, children are
allowed for greater
emotional expression.
 Slowly accepting
euthanasia.
SWEDEN & NORWAY

 Fourth highest rate in
the world according to
the WHO.
 The elderly
demographics have the
highest rate, followed by
high school and college
students.
 Honor and pride.
 Methods are often
poisoning via carbon
monoxide and jumping of
Mapo Bridge (Seoul) aka
“The Bridge of Death”.
SOUTH KOREA

 Highest rates among the
young and elderly.
 Accounts for one-quarter
of suicides worldwide.
 In contrast to the West,
most suicide victims are
women (more
independence, more
duties).
 One child
policy effect.
 5x more in rural areas.
 Few epidemiological
studies done.
CHINA

 Rank 1 among countries
in 2019 “World
Happiness Report”.
 High SES: 70% are
employed and 88% high
school grads.
 Dark winters (SAD).
 Increasing rate among
the young.
 Gig economy.
 Social stigma of mental
illness.
 Unhappy while rich.
 Equality and
comparisons.
FINLAND

 The youth population
(15-49 yrs. old) have
the highest rate.
 Males have higher
rate of suicide (social
stigma), but females
suffer most negative
factors (i.e.,
discrimination, social
constraints, forced
marriages).
 Law against suicide.
 Underreported.
SAUDI ARABIA

 Used to be the highest in
the world; now outside
the top 10.
 Still a very serious
concern.
 Leading cause of death
among the young adults
(20-44).
 Divorce and job loss
are seen as major factors.
 Honor and pride.
 Aokigahara Forest aka
“The Sea of Trees” aka
“Suicide Forest”.
JAPAN

 More male victims than
females.
 The largest age
demographic is the
elderly, followed closely
by adolescents and
young adults.
 Declining suicidal
ideation but increasing
suicide attempts.
 Drug abuse, bullying,
and familiar relations
are major factors.
 Highly stigmatized.
PHILIPPINES

Societal
Different
ials
05
In terms of gender, age, race, urban/rural, marital
status, occupation and social status.

GENDER
Female
Male
 Commit suicide three
to four times more
than females.
 Uses more dangerous and
lethal means.
 Higher rates in older
men than younger men.
 Greater stigma.
 Lesser than women only in
China and Bangladesh
 Have higher suicide
attempt rates than
men.
 Favors the use of
chemicals or
household objects.
 Higher rates of suicide
in Asian women than
Western men.
 Wilson
Hypothesis
(1981)

 A 2018 review which collated data from 35 previous studies; it involved
involved close to 2.4 million heterosexual youth and 113,468 LGBTQ
youth, ages 12 to 20, from 10 countries.
 Findings were:
 LGBTQ youth were 3.5 times more likely to attempt suicide as
their heterosexual peers
 Transgender teens were 5.87 times more likely
 Gay and lesbian youth were 3.71 times more likely
 Bisexual youth were 3.69 times more likely to attempt suicide than
teens who identified as heterosexual.
 Causes: minority stress, lack of social support, discrimination,
conversion therapy and talks.
JAMA Pediatrics
(LGBT Community)

AGE
Elderly
Young
 In the US, the suicide rate of
this age group increase by
140% between 1960-1975,
and by 75% between
1979-1988.
 Not the highest but stabilizes
at current rate.
 Grown along the internet age;
more connected and isolated
than ever.
 Second leading death cause
 In general, this age
group has the highest
death rate.
 Males-to female suicide
ratio is at 12:1 as the
highest.
 Loss of ability and pride.
 Deteriorating physical
health.
 Social isolation.
 Silent suicides.
 Chicago-
based study
(Maris, 1969)

RACE
African-
American
Caucasian/Whi
te
 In the US, whites of both
sexes, individually or
combined, have a higher
rate of suicide than all
other races (CDC, 2009).
 White elderly
males have the
highest rate.
 Although, in general, the suicide
rates are lower than whites, the
only exception is the
demographic of young African-
Americans from both
sexes.
 Self-hatred; minority
(Hendin, 1969)
 Underreported.
Asian
 Lower suicide rates than
former two.
 In the US, the highest
suicide rates come from
ages 20-24 (APA, 2007).
 Highest among races: 65-
84; female.
 Social pressure and stigma

URBAN/RURAL
Rural
Urban
 Blasé Attitude (Simmel,
1903).
 Isolation and lack of emotional
support.
 Access to
psychological health centers.
 Easier statistical tracking
 Maybe less or more due to
strong social cohesion and
enforcement of
homogeneity.
 Less mental support
professionals/clinics
 Underreported.
 Difference is
difficult to
ascertain.

MARITAL STATUS
Divorced
Married
 Suicide rates are the
lowest among all
marital statuses.
 Lower than single
people in all age
groups.
 Presence of social
support.
 Suicide rates are the highest among
all marital statuses.
 As much as five times more than
married men.
 Divorce rate has positive correlation
with suicide rate.
Widowe
d
 Suicide rates are
three times more
than married men.
 Absence of social
support.
 Loss of meaning in
life.

Judaism
RELIGION
Christianity
 Typically, lower than the Catholic rate.
 Sudden spikes during persecutions (i.e.,
Jihads, World War II)
 Currently rising as religious influence
lessens and greater social participation
is observed.
 In the Western world,
suicide rates are
lower than
Protestants; but very
small margin.
 Strong stance
against suicide and
belief of afterlife is
internalized.
 Italy is an exception.
Protestant
 Higher suicide rates due to the promotion
of more individualistic types of behaviors
and beliefs.

 In general, increased religiosity makes individuals less likely to
accept suicide (Hoelter, 1979).
 However, religion may help unhappy people to justify their decisions
to commit suicide (Jacobs, 1970).
 “happy reunions”
 “the final rest”
 Suicidal people may look to religious teachings for confirmation that
they bear no blame or sin, and that self-destruction represents their
only option for dealing with their lives.
Religion as a
whole

OCCUPATION AND SOCIAL
STATUS
 Durkheim (1951: 257) found links between occupational status and suicide, which
occurs unusually frequently among people in the upper ranks of various
occupations as well as in positions of high status (which contrasts with most beliefs
at the time).
 High education vs Low education
 In fact, the least-educated group had twice the suicide rate of the most-
educated group. Studies in other countries have confirmed this relationship
(e.g., Li, 1972).
 Occupation
 Secure employment and strong social ties = lower suicide rates
 Lacks empirical evidence

Types of
Suicide
06
Categories based on Durkheim’s work.

Durkheim
Altruistic Egoistic Anomic
 Durkheim (1951) displayed a particular interest in self-destructive acts among
preliterate societies.
 As a result of his studies, the following categories were made:
 Durkheim also mentioned another type, fatalistic suicide, but was ignored by
both he author and other critics (slave).
 Theoretical argument mostly grounded on individualistic perspective, but later
refined to fit more structural concepts.

 Taking one’s own life to preserve
the life of another.
 Social welfare over individual
prosperity.
 These include those arising from
physical illnesses, connected
with religious rites or warfare, or
intended to atone for violations of
certain norms, mores, or taboos.
 Committing the act is no longer
deviant but its avoidance may be.
 Example scenarios:
 A need to balance supply
and demand.
 A soldier wishing to not spill
state information.
 A kamikaze pilot fighting for
his nation.
 A serial killer condemned by
society.
 A poor patient choosing
euthanasia.
Altruisti
c

 Taking one’s own life to for
individualistic reasons such as:
 financial problems
 health difficulties,
 marital or relationship
struggles
 occupational setbacks.
 Products of societies without
close or group-oriented
interpersonal relationships.
 This is also the presumed
reason to why suicide is so high
among older, divorced, or
widowed men (Centers for
Disease Control, 2009).
 “Immortality as a curse.”
 Older people experience higher
incidence of depression due to
lack of social support,
prospects, hindering physical
conditions – life is on a near
deadline.
Egoisti
c

 Instances when individuals feel
“lost” or normless in situations
governed by confused or
disrupted social values.
 People from social statuses on
the extremes of the
socioeconomic spectrum.
 Loss of meaning/purpose in life.
 Both Breed (1963) and Maris
(1969) occupational difficulties
as major factors.
 May include disruptions of
society’s economic or social
equilibrium – basically anything
that may significantly change
lifestyle of people.
 Examples:
 Rising prices due to global
power shifts.
 Covid19 pandemic.
Anomic

OTHER SIGNIFICANT TYPES
 Occur out of the clash of modern and traditional values.
 Case report about the suicide of a 17-year-old girl in Turkey, where the act was
“required” of her by her family in order to maintain the honor of the family. Her
crime? Forming a romantic and physical relationship with a boy she liked in high
school.
 Majority is characterized by communities that are poor, rural, and deeply influenced
by conservative Islam, but there are exceptions (Sierra Leone).
 Majority of this type of suicides occur in the Middle East.
Honor or
“Virgin”

 As many relish the seemingly limitless opportunities around them, many fail to
recognize the increased vulnerability they now have to problems.
 Failure to properly assess the weight of problem relative to the generalized
entirety of human experience.
 In the US, since the 1950s, suicide rate of this demographic tripled and continues
to increase until the 20th century. Although declining, the danger is still apparent.
 Suicide Ideation: Prevalent among the youth, with almost 3 million adolescents in
the US as of the 2000 (U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, 2002).
 Women have higher rate of suicide ideation but no variation in race.
 In Japan, 40% and 60% of male and female junior high students express
desire to commit suicide, respectively (Iga, 1981).
Adolescent

Nevertheless,
culture influences
suicide, and its
elements bear
predictive
relationships to
self-destructive
behavior.

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