Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
Threshing – traditional methods mechanical
threshers – types-principles and operation-moisture content –measurement –direct and indirect
methods – moisture meters – equilibrium moisture content.
Harvesting
For paddy, harvesting refers to the cutting and gathering of panicles attached to the stalks.
Harvesting at the right time and in the right way maximizes grain yield and minimizes grain losses and quality deterioration.
Once the plants have reached full growth (approximately three months after planting) and the grains begin to ripen-the tops begin to droop and the stem yellows-the water is drained from the fields.
As the fields dry, the grains ripen further and harvesting is commenced.
Stage of harvest :
Many factors must be considered to obtain optimum rice harvest.
The grain must be mature, high in quality and have proper moisture content.
Field should be sufficiently dry to support harvesting and transport.
Timely harvesting ensures good grain quality, high market value and improved consumer acceptance.
The right stage for harvesting is when about 80% panicles have 80 % ripened spike lets and their upper portion is straw colored. The grain contains about 20% of moisture.
Rice should be harvested when the grains on lower part of the panicle are in hard dough stage.
Maturity may be hastened by 3-4 days by spraying 20 % NaCl a week before harvest to escape monsoon rains
Harvesting methods :
Depending on the size of the operation and the amount of mechanization, rice is either harvested by hand or machine. The different harvesting systems are as follows:
Manual harvesting
Manual harvesting makes use of traditional threshing tools such as threshing racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling or by hand using sharp knives or sickles. Gives 55-60 % grain recovery.
Manual harvesting and machine threshing
Rice is manually threshed, then cleaned with a machine thresher.
Machine reaping and machine threshing
A reaper cuts and lays the crop in a line. Threshing and cleaning can then be performed manually or by machine.
Combine harvesting
The combine harvester combines all operations from paddy harvesting to rice extraction - cutting, handling, threshing and cleaning. Gives 50 % recovery.
Average yield :
A well-managed crop of mid-late duration varieties yield about 60-70 quintals/ ha.
Short duration varieties yield about 45-55 quintals.
About 40-60 quintals/ ha of fodder also becomes available per season.
Top
Post Harvest Technologies
Threshing
Threshing is the process of beating paddy plants in order to separate the seeds or grains from the straw.
To maintain the high quality of the harvested grains, it should be threshed immediately after harvesting.
Avoid field drying and stacking for several days as it affects grain quality due to over drying. Stacked grains of high moisture content results in discoloration or yellowing.
Threshing can be done manually or mechanically
Manual threshing
The manual methods of thr
Natural organic and biological farming A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Natural organic and biological farming A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
Recent techniques and Modern tools in weed managementAshokh Aravind S
weed science, emerging issues in weed science, new tools and improvements in weed management, future advancements in weed management, biological weed control, harvest weed seed control
Threshing – traditional methods mechanical
threshers – types-principles and operation-moisture content –measurement –direct and indirect
methods – moisture meters – equilibrium moisture content.
Harvesting
For paddy, harvesting refers to the cutting and gathering of panicles attached to the stalks.
Harvesting at the right time and in the right way maximizes grain yield and minimizes grain losses and quality deterioration.
Once the plants have reached full growth (approximately three months after planting) and the grains begin to ripen-the tops begin to droop and the stem yellows-the water is drained from the fields.
As the fields dry, the grains ripen further and harvesting is commenced.
Stage of harvest :
Many factors must be considered to obtain optimum rice harvest.
The grain must be mature, high in quality and have proper moisture content.
Field should be sufficiently dry to support harvesting and transport.
Timely harvesting ensures good grain quality, high market value and improved consumer acceptance.
The right stage for harvesting is when about 80% panicles have 80 % ripened spike lets and their upper portion is straw colored. The grain contains about 20% of moisture.
Rice should be harvested when the grains on lower part of the panicle are in hard dough stage.
Maturity may be hastened by 3-4 days by spraying 20 % NaCl a week before harvest to escape monsoon rains
Harvesting methods :
Depending on the size of the operation and the amount of mechanization, rice is either harvested by hand or machine. The different harvesting systems are as follows:
Manual harvesting
Manual harvesting makes use of traditional threshing tools such as threshing racks, simple treadle threshers and animals for trampling or by hand using sharp knives or sickles. Gives 55-60 % grain recovery.
Manual harvesting and machine threshing
Rice is manually threshed, then cleaned with a machine thresher.
Machine reaping and machine threshing
A reaper cuts and lays the crop in a line. Threshing and cleaning can then be performed manually or by machine.
Combine harvesting
The combine harvester combines all operations from paddy harvesting to rice extraction - cutting, handling, threshing and cleaning. Gives 50 % recovery.
Average yield :
A well-managed crop of mid-late duration varieties yield about 60-70 quintals/ ha.
Short duration varieties yield about 45-55 quintals.
About 40-60 quintals/ ha of fodder also becomes available per season.
Top
Post Harvest Technologies
Threshing
Threshing is the process of beating paddy plants in order to separate the seeds or grains from the straw.
To maintain the high quality of the harvested grains, it should be threshed immediately after harvesting.
Avoid field drying and stacking for several days as it affects grain quality due to over drying. Stacked grains of high moisture content results in discoloration or yellowing.
Threshing can be done manually or mechanically
Manual threshing
The manual methods of thr
Natural organic and biological farming A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Natural organic and biological farming A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan
Manufacturing of Vermicompost and Organic Manure. Profitable Investment in Organic Natural Plant Nutrient Industry.
Vermicompost
Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Vermicast is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms. Vermicomposting is a type of composting in which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of organic waste conversion and produce a better end-product.
For More Details, Click Here: https://niir.org/profile-project-reports/profiles/biotechnology-bio-technology-industrial-biotechnology-biotech-sector-industry-biotech-projects-enzymes-papain-phytase-lipase-enzyme-food-biotechnology-industrial-enzymes-vermiculture-vermicompost-biofertilizer-organic-farming-biogas/z,,2d,0,a/index.html
https://niir.org/profile-project-reports/profiles/chemicals-biotechnology-enzymes-bio-fertilizer-vermiculture-vermicompost-chemical-allied-industries-alcohol-projects/z,,5,0,a/index.html
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
“Any living organism supplying plant nutrients directly or indirectly is regarded as biofertilizer. They are not synthetically manufactured in factory.”
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Organic farming :
Organic farming means all kinds of agricultural products
are producedOrganically
This includes agricultural produce such as grains, meat,
dairy, eggs,
Fibers, such as cotton, flowers and processed good
products.
Organic farming Management relies on developing
biological diversity in the field to disturb habitat for
pest organisms.
3. Character of organic food:
Food is grown without
Pesticides
Synthetic growth hormone
Petroleum_ based fertilizer
Cloning
Foods is processed without
Artificial colours and flavours
Artificial perservatives
Irradiation
GMOs
5. Principles:
The principles of organic farming are as follows..
No chemical, pesticides or poisons used.
Small quantities of water used.
Natural way of farming based on intimate
understanding of nature’s way
Soil considered as a Living system and not an inert bowl
for unloading chemicals
Fertility of the soil is due to the microbes and other
organisms
6. Organic farming types:
The term organic farming can be used for many system of agricultural.
Traditional farming is that which is not influenced by green revolution
Kitchen gardening
Alley cropping
Garden cultivation
Permaculture
11. Organic manures:
Organic manures are natural products used by farmers
To provided food for the crop plants.there are a number of Organic
manures.
Organic manures increase the organic matter in the soil .
Organic matter in turn release the plant food in available form for
the use of crops
Bacterial and fungal activity increase in the soil.
12. Types of organic manures:
1.Green manuring
2.Compost
3.Vermiculture
13. Green manuring :
It is the practice of growing a short
duration Succulent and leafy legume
crop and ploughing .
The plants in the same field before
they form Seeds.
14. Composting:
It is well decomposed organic wastes
Like plant residues, straw, water, hyacinth,
Sawdust, animal dung and urine earth from
Cattle sheds, waste fodder, kitchen wastes
Human habitation waste. Compost Making is
The process of decomposing organic wastes
In a pit under medium high temperature.
15. Vermiculture:
Vermiculture means artificial rearing or
Cultivation of earthworms. Vermicompost
is the excreta of earthworms, which is Rich
In humus.
Conversion of garbage by earthworms
Into compost and the multiplication of
Earthworms are simple process and can
Be easily handled by the farmers.
16. What does it included?
It involves the use of biological material
Avoiding synthetic substance and maintaing
Elogical balance there by minimizing pollution
And wastage
It includes process like crop rotation
Green manure ,organic waste management
Biological pest control etc…,
17.
18. Advantages of organic farming
Protects future generations
Prevents soil erosion
Protects water quality
Keep chemical off the plate
Protects farm workers
Helps small farmers
Support a true economy
Promotes biodiversity
G.E free
19. Uses and benefits
Reduction of toxic substance in the environment
Job creation
Assisting the fight against climate
Preservation of the culture of agriculture
Reduction of farm waste