The document provides a detailed summary of the Bhopal gas tragedy, litigation history, and judicial discourse that followed. It discusses [1] how the 1984 gas leak at a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases, killing thousands; [2] the complex legal battles between victims, the Indian government, and Union Carbide over more than a decade seeking compensation and accountability; and [3] debates around the appropriate role of the state, judicial decisions, medical understanding of the disaster's long-term health impacts, and allegations of misleading information.
In his 10-point Socioeconomic Agenda, President Rodrigo Duterte envisioned the reduction of poverty from 21.6% in 2015 to 13%-15% by 2022.
Among the reforms that will drive this Agenda is the acceleration of infrastructure and the development of industries that will yield robust growth across the archipelago, create jobs and uplift the lives of Filipinos.
Infrastructure is among the top priorities of this Administration with public spending on infrastructure projects targeted to reach 8-9 trillion pesos from 2017-2022.
The channel system of public service department of malaysiaValerie Sinti
The purpose of this paper is to identify the channel systems for the PSD (Public Service Department) of Malaysia. We will find out how IT supports each of those components and to suggest improvements in the existing channel system that can be supported by Information Technology (IT) technologies and that are not in use by the company today. Accordingly, Section One outlines a brief background of PSD. It also will discuss the vision of missions, functions and objectives of PSD.
Nehru's economic policies and the challenges of globalizationDayamani Surya
Nehru's economic policies failed because he could not build institutions and organizational structures to implement his vision or policies or to mobilize the people behind them; he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas, and was a major reason for the shortcomings in the implementation of the land reforms, the execution of the Community Development programme and the management of the public sector.
A critical flaw of Nehru’s strategy of consolidation of the Indian nation, economic development and social transformation flowed from his non-adherence to the Gandhian strategy of non-violent struggle in one crucial aspect and its emphasis on the mobilization of the people.
Philippine Public Financial Management System and its Role in National Develo...O C
This document discusses public financial management in the Philippines. It provides an overview of key concepts in public financial management including fiscal discipline, efficiency, and transparency. It also outlines the Philippine public financial management cycle and priorities such as investing in economic and social services. Challenges are discussed such as underspending and the need for performance-based budgeting and cash-based appropriations. Overall the document presents concepts and priorities for the Philippine public financial management system and its role in national development.
Labour Welfare Boards are statutory bodies that collect contributions from a labour welfare fund to implement various schemes for workers and their families. They manage libraries, schools, craft classes, games, and educational/recreational programs through Labour Welfare Centers. Boards in each state/region, like the West Bengal Labour Welfare Board, consist of representatives from employees, employers, and the government to carry out daily activities and special events for workers.
Monetary policy determines the supply and availability of money in an economy in order to achieve objectives like economic growth and price stability. It is implemented by central banks and involves managing interest rates and the money supply. When the economy is slowing, monetary policy aims to increase the money supply and lower rates to boost aggregate demand. When inflation is high, it seeks to tighten the money supply or raise rates to reduce aggregate spending. The goals are macroeconomic stability with low unemployment and inflation alongside steady growth.
Monetary policy aims to control money supply as an instrument to achieve general economic objectives like growth, stability, and employment. It uses tools like interest rates, reserve requirements, open market operations, and moral persuasion. There are different measures of money supply like M1, M2, M3 and M4. Recent changes to India's monetary policy include an increase in the repo rate to 8.5% and maintaining other rates like the reverse repo and CRR. Fiscal policy involves government revenue and expenditure and aims to promote development through taxation, spending, debt management, and deficit financing.
Collective Bargaining l Registered and Unregistered Trade Unions l Child LabourManasi Kale
This presentation walks you through the basics of Labour Laws in India like Collective Bargaining, Registered and Unregistered Trade Unions and Child Labour
In his 10-point Socioeconomic Agenda, President Rodrigo Duterte envisioned the reduction of poverty from 21.6% in 2015 to 13%-15% by 2022.
Among the reforms that will drive this Agenda is the acceleration of infrastructure and the development of industries that will yield robust growth across the archipelago, create jobs and uplift the lives of Filipinos.
Infrastructure is among the top priorities of this Administration with public spending on infrastructure projects targeted to reach 8-9 trillion pesos from 2017-2022.
The channel system of public service department of malaysiaValerie Sinti
The purpose of this paper is to identify the channel systems for the PSD (Public Service Department) of Malaysia. We will find out how IT supports each of those components and to suggest improvements in the existing channel system that can be supported by Information Technology (IT) technologies and that are not in use by the company today. Accordingly, Section One outlines a brief background of PSD. It also will discuss the vision of missions, functions and objectives of PSD.
Nehru's economic policies and the challenges of globalizationDayamani Surya
Nehru's economic policies failed because he could not build institutions and organizational structures to implement his vision or policies or to mobilize the people behind them; he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas, and was a major reason for the shortcomings in the implementation of the land reforms, the execution of the Community Development programme and the management of the public sector.
A critical flaw of Nehru’s strategy of consolidation of the Indian nation, economic development and social transformation flowed from his non-adherence to the Gandhian strategy of non-violent struggle in one crucial aspect and its emphasis on the mobilization of the people.
Philippine Public Financial Management System and its Role in National Develo...O C
This document discusses public financial management in the Philippines. It provides an overview of key concepts in public financial management including fiscal discipline, efficiency, and transparency. It also outlines the Philippine public financial management cycle and priorities such as investing in economic and social services. Challenges are discussed such as underspending and the need for performance-based budgeting and cash-based appropriations. Overall the document presents concepts and priorities for the Philippine public financial management system and its role in national development.
Labour Welfare Boards are statutory bodies that collect contributions from a labour welfare fund to implement various schemes for workers and their families. They manage libraries, schools, craft classes, games, and educational/recreational programs through Labour Welfare Centers. Boards in each state/region, like the West Bengal Labour Welfare Board, consist of representatives from employees, employers, and the government to carry out daily activities and special events for workers.
Monetary policy determines the supply and availability of money in an economy in order to achieve objectives like economic growth and price stability. It is implemented by central banks and involves managing interest rates and the money supply. When the economy is slowing, monetary policy aims to increase the money supply and lower rates to boost aggregate demand. When inflation is high, it seeks to tighten the money supply or raise rates to reduce aggregate spending. The goals are macroeconomic stability with low unemployment and inflation alongside steady growth.
Monetary policy aims to control money supply as an instrument to achieve general economic objectives like growth, stability, and employment. It uses tools like interest rates, reserve requirements, open market operations, and moral persuasion. There are different measures of money supply like M1, M2, M3 and M4. Recent changes to India's monetary policy include an increase in the repo rate to 8.5% and maintaining other rates like the reverse repo and CRR. Fiscal policy involves government revenue and expenditure and aims to promote development through taxation, spending, debt management, and deficit financing.
Collective Bargaining l Registered and Unregistered Trade Unions l Child LabourManasi Kale
This presentation walks you through the basics of Labour Laws in India like Collective Bargaining, Registered and Unregistered Trade Unions and Child Labour
The document discusses various aspects of labour legislation in India. It begins by defining labour legislation as the body of laws enacted by the government to deal with employment, wages, working conditions, and welfare of workers. It then discusses the objectives of labour legislation as improving workers' living standards and promoting industrial peace. The document further elaborates on different types of labour laws covering areas like working conditions, social security, wages, and industrial relations. It also provides examples and brief descriptions of major labour laws in India like the Factories Act, Payment of Wages Act, and Industrial Disputes Act.
The document discusses public borrowing and debt. It defines public borrowing as the transfer of purchasing power from individuals to the government, which is then transferred back through government spending, having both revenue and expenditure effects. The document explains that governments borrow through issuing securities like treasury bills and G-secs. It distinguishes between internal debt borrowed within a country and external debt borrowed from other countries. External debt allows for the import of resources but means the country must consume more than it produces. Public debt allows governments to raise funds but can slow economic growth if debt reaches 77% or more of GDP.
The document discusses public budgeting. It defines what a budget is, including that a budget is a plan for how tax revenues will be spent annually. It describes the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which created the Bureau of the Budget (now OMB) and GAO. OMB assists the president in budget preparation and analyzes funding requests. The budget cycle and types of budgets like capital, operating, line-item and performance budgets are covered. The document also discusses budget surpluses, deficits, and discretionary vs entitlement spending.
EVERY THING ABOUT THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION YOU WANTED TO KNOW YOU WILL GET HERE SO GO AND CHECK IT OUT... INDIAN CONSTITUTION FAMOUS EVERY WHERE FOR ITS STABILITY..
This document provides an overview of financial administration. It defines financial administration and discusses its key components, including public revenue, public expenditure, and public debt. It describes the traditional and modern views of the nature of financial administration. The document also outlines the scope of financial administration and identifies its core areas as financial planning, budgeting, resource mobilization, investment decisions, and expenditure control.
Constitution of india- A melting pot of constitutionsPrati Jain
The presentation talks about the formation of indian constitution, focusing on its various aspects as being inspired from various other constitutions of world. It was a class assignment. :)
The document discusses the nature and importance of contract law. It provides 7 definitions of a contract from various sources. A contract is generally defined as a promise or set of promises that is legally binding and enforceable. For a valid contract to exist there must be an offer, acceptance, and consideration. Contract law protects business interests and transactions by enforcing agreements and providing remedies for breach of contract. It is an essential part of business and commerce.
All the four Labour Codes have now been passed in both the houses of the parliament and President's assent obtained. As industries across India are busy decoding the codes, they are also trying to understand the possible impact the could make, when the date of commencement likely shortly, is announced. They would like to make policy decisions, if need be, to stay compliant because of the introduction of the Codes.
Stat Con: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius(Express Mention and Implied E...polchan
A short presentation about points in Stat Con: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius(Express Mention and Implied Exclusion) and Noscitur Asociis (Associated Words)
This document defines financial administration and explains the budget cycle process in Malaysia. Financial administration involves planning, developing and implementing policies related to taxation, budgeting, spending, acquisition and accounting. It deals with how a government utilizes public funds to deliver services and manages revenue collection. The budget cycle in Malaysia refers to Budget 2010, and involves the executive branch proposing a budget that is then passed into law by the legislative branch. The process allows the government to forecast revenues and expenditures and set policy priorities through the annual budget.
This document discusses line agencies, staff agencies, and auxiliary agencies in public administration.
Line agencies deal directly with the public and fulfill the primary objectives of the government, such as health, defense, and education. Staff agencies act as extensions of the chief executive and cabinet to provide advice and information to line agencies. Auxiliary agencies support line agencies by providing necessary supplies and services, such as construction work and procurement. The key differences are that line agencies directly implement programs, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies provide support services.
The document discusses the origins and theories of public borrowing and debt. It outlines different periods and schools of thought around public debt, from mercantilism and Adam Smith's criticisms of borrowing, to Keynes' theory of deficit financing. The document also examines development finance models and how borrowing from international organizations like the IMF and World Bank became prominent sources of funds for developing countries pursuing infrastructure and other development projects.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on stabilization policy. It discusses debates around whether the government should take an active or passive role in stabilizing the economy. It also examines criticisms of discretionary policy and arguments for rule-based policy. The document defines important terms like inside and outside lags, automatic stabilizers, leading indicators, the Lucas Critique, political business cycles, time inconsistency, and monetarism.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in promoting good governance in India. It argues that ICT, through e-governance initiatives, can make government more efficient, transparent, and accountable by automating processes, reducing errors and delays, and increasing access to information for citizens. National programs like the National e-Governance Action Plan aim to leverage ICT to improve public services and governance. Case studies of e-governance pilot projects demonstrate benefits like increased transparency, cost reductions, and improved service delivery.
The document discusses various labour laws in India related to women's rights and protections. It outlines laws that provide for equal treatment and special protections for working women, including maternity benefits, prohibition of night work, and laws against sexual harassment. Key acts discussed include the Maternity Benefit Act, Equal Remuneration Act, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, and Factories Act. The document provides an overview of the provisions and protections afforded by these important labour laws.
Legislative Proposal (Bill) Making Process in BangladeshMd Asaduzzaman
The document outlines the legislative drafting process in Bangladesh. It discusses the relevant laws and authorities involved, including the Constitution, rules of procedure, and various ministries. It then describes the steps for preparing a draft bill, including initiation by an administrative ministry, review by the Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, examination and approval by the Cabinet, and preparation of supporting documents for the bill.
Organs of government and separation of power in BangladeshIshtiakH0ssain
The government of Bangladesh has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is unicameral called Sangsad. The executive is led by the Prime Minister who selects ministers. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with appellate and high court divisions. Separation of powers means measures corresponding to the three types of power - legislative, executive, and judicial. However, in Bangladesh this notion of balancing power among institutions is not always followed as expected by the constitution.
ESIC ACT, 1948
Slides content:
Introduction
Origin
Objective & Applicability
Administration & Registration
Identity card
Employers & Employee contribution
Benefits under the scheme
Benefits to Employers
Rajiv Gandhi shramik Kalyan Yojna
Certification of return of contribution by Auditor
Records to be maintained for inspection by ESI authorities
Employees Insurance court
Special provisions
other provision
Important forms to be submitted under the Act
End.
This order from the Supreme Court of India discusses the ongoing legal issues surrounding medical care and research for victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy. [1] It summarizes the history of the case and previous court orders establishing organizations to provide healthcare and fund medical research. [2] The order examines reports submitted to the court on the functioning of these organizations and compliance with past directions. [3] It considers several pending applications seeking further directions on improving management of healthcare for victims and ensuring compliance with recommendations.
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
The document discusses various aspects of labour legislation in India. It begins by defining labour legislation as the body of laws enacted by the government to deal with employment, wages, working conditions, and welfare of workers. It then discusses the objectives of labour legislation as improving workers' living standards and promoting industrial peace. The document further elaborates on different types of labour laws covering areas like working conditions, social security, wages, and industrial relations. It also provides examples and brief descriptions of major labour laws in India like the Factories Act, Payment of Wages Act, and Industrial Disputes Act.
The document discusses public borrowing and debt. It defines public borrowing as the transfer of purchasing power from individuals to the government, which is then transferred back through government spending, having both revenue and expenditure effects. The document explains that governments borrow through issuing securities like treasury bills and G-secs. It distinguishes between internal debt borrowed within a country and external debt borrowed from other countries. External debt allows for the import of resources but means the country must consume more than it produces. Public debt allows governments to raise funds but can slow economic growth if debt reaches 77% or more of GDP.
The document discusses public budgeting. It defines what a budget is, including that a budget is a plan for how tax revenues will be spent annually. It describes the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which created the Bureau of the Budget (now OMB) and GAO. OMB assists the president in budget preparation and analyzes funding requests. The budget cycle and types of budgets like capital, operating, line-item and performance budgets are covered. The document also discusses budget surpluses, deficits, and discretionary vs entitlement spending.
EVERY THING ABOUT THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION YOU WANTED TO KNOW YOU WILL GET HERE SO GO AND CHECK IT OUT... INDIAN CONSTITUTION FAMOUS EVERY WHERE FOR ITS STABILITY..
This document provides an overview of financial administration. It defines financial administration and discusses its key components, including public revenue, public expenditure, and public debt. It describes the traditional and modern views of the nature of financial administration. The document also outlines the scope of financial administration and identifies its core areas as financial planning, budgeting, resource mobilization, investment decisions, and expenditure control.
Constitution of india- A melting pot of constitutionsPrati Jain
The presentation talks about the formation of indian constitution, focusing on its various aspects as being inspired from various other constitutions of world. It was a class assignment. :)
The document discusses the nature and importance of contract law. It provides 7 definitions of a contract from various sources. A contract is generally defined as a promise or set of promises that is legally binding and enforceable. For a valid contract to exist there must be an offer, acceptance, and consideration. Contract law protects business interests and transactions by enforcing agreements and providing remedies for breach of contract. It is an essential part of business and commerce.
All the four Labour Codes have now been passed in both the houses of the parliament and President's assent obtained. As industries across India are busy decoding the codes, they are also trying to understand the possible impact the could make, when the date of commencement likely shortly, is announced. They would like to make policy decisions, if need be, to stay compliant because of the introduction of the Codes.
Stat Con: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius(Express Mention and Implied E...polchan
A short presentation about points in Stat Con: Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius(Express Mention and Implied Exclusion) and Noscitur Asociis (Associated Words)
This document defines financial administration and explains the budget cycle process in Malaysia. Financial administration involves planning, developing and implementing policies related to taxation, budgeting, spending, acquisition and accounting. It deals with how a government utilizes public funds to deliver services and manages revenue collection. The budget cycle in Malaysia refers to Budget 2010, and involves the executive branch proposing a budget that is then passed into law by the legislative branch. The process allows the government to forecast revenues and expenditures and set policy priorities through the annual budget.
This document discusses line agencies, staff agencies, and auxiliary agencies in public administration.
Line agencies deal directly with the public and fulfill the primary objectives of the government, such as health, defense, and education. Staff agencies act as extensions of the chief executive and cabinet to provide advice and information to line agencies. Auxiliary agencies support line agencies by providing necessary supplies and services, such as construction work and procurement. The key differences are that line agencies directly implement programs, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies provide support services.
The document discusses the origins and theories of public borrowing and debt. It outlines different periods and schools of thought around public debt, from mercantilism and Adam Smith's criticisms of borrowing, to Keynes' theory of deficit financing. The document also examines development finance models and how borrowing from international organizations like the IMF and World Bank became prominent sources of funds for developing countries pursuing infrastructure and other development projects.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on stabilization policy. It discusses debates around whether the government should take an active or passive role in stabilizing the economy. It also examines criticisms of discretionary policy and arguments for rule-based policy. The document defines important terms like inside and outside lags, automatic stabilizers, leading indicators, the Lucas Critique, political business cycles, time inconsistency, and monetarism.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in promoting good governance in India. It argues that ICT, through e-governance initiatives, can make government more efficient, transparent, and accountable by automating processes, reducing errors and delays, and increasing access to information for citizens. National programs like the National e-Governance Action Plan aim to leverage ICT to improve public services and governance. Case studies of e-governance pilot projects demonstrate benefits like increased transparency, cost reductions, and improved service delivery.
The document discusses various labour laws in India related to women's rights and protections. It outlines laws that provide for equal treatment and special protections for working women, including maternity benefits, prohibition of night work, and laws against sexual harassment. Key acts discussed include the Maternity Benefit Act, Equal Remuneration Act, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, and Factories Act. The document provides an overview of the provisions and protections afforded by these important labour laws.
Legislative Proposal (Bill) Making Process in BangladeshMd Asaduzzaman
The document outlines the legislative drafting process in Bangladesh. It discusses the relevant laws and authorities involved, including the Constitution, rules of procedure, and various ministries. It then describes the steps for preparing a draft bill, including initiation by an administrative ministry, review by the Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division, examination and approval by the Cabinet, and preparation of supporting documents for the bill.
Organs of government and separation of power in BangladeshIshtiakH0ssain
The government of Bangladesh has three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The legislative branch is unicameral called Sangsad. The executive is led by the Prime Minister who selects ministers. The judicial branch has a Supreme Court with appellate and high court divisions. Separation of powers means measures corresponding to the three types of power - legislative, executive, and judicial. However, in Bangladesh this notion of balancing power among institutions is not always followed as expected by the constitution.
ESIC ACT, 1948
Slides content:
Introduction
Origin
Objective & Applicability
Administration & Registration
Identity card
Employers & Employee contribution
Benefits under the scheme
Benefits to Employers
Rajiv Gandhi shramik Kalyan Yojna
Certification of return of contribution by Auditor
Records to be maintained for inspection by ESI authorities
Employees Insurance court
Special provisions
other provision
Important forms to be submitted under the Act
End.
This order from the Supreme Court of India discusses the ongoing legal issues surrounding medical care and research for victims of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy. [1] It summarizes the history of the case and previous court orders establishing organizations to provide healthcare and fund medical research. [2] The order examines reports submitted to the court on the functioning of these organizations and compliance with past directions. [3] It considers several pending applications seeking further directions on improving management of healthcare for victims and ensuring compliance with recommendations.
The document discusses the history and development of public interest litigation (PIL) in India, including key cases such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar in 1979 that led to the release of over 40,000 under trial prisoners. PIL has been used in issues relating to human rights, the environment, public accountability, and judicial oversight of the executive and legislative branches. The increased use of PIL has also been controversial as it has blurred the lines between the roles of the different branches of government.
The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred in 1984 when toxic methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India owned and operated by Union Carbide India Limited, a subsidiary of American Union Carbide Corporation. Over 15,000 people died and many more suffered injuries and long-term health issues as a result of exposure to the gas. Legal proceedings ensued between the Indian government, Union Carbide, and victims seeking damages and justice. In 1989, Union Carbide agreed to pay $470 million in an out-of-court settlement, but victims continued fighting for further compensation and clean-up of the contaminated site for decades.
The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred in 1984 in Bhopal, India, resulting in one of the worst industrial disasters in history. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned and operated by Union Carbide India Limited killed thousands. The three main causes were identified as overconfidence in production technology, overcapacity of the plant, and bad management leading to dangerous cost reductions and insufficient safety standards. While Union Carbide paid $470 million in compensation, the environmental damage was not fully repaired and thousands continue to suffer health impacts decades later. Survivors remain unsatisfied with the response and call for greater accountability and support for ongoing effects.
Bhopal Gas Tragedy - by ALOKRANJAN.ORG.INALOK RANJAN
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy, also known as the Bhopal disaster, occurred on the night of December 2-3, 1984, in Bhopal, India. It is considered one of the world's worst industrial disasters.
**Cause and Immediate Impact:**
The disaster was caused by a leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the American company Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). The gas leaked from a storage tank due to a combination of factors including maintenance issues, safety protocol failures, and inadequate emergency preparedness.
The gas quickly spread throughout the surrounding neighborhoods, exposing over half a million people to toxic gases. Immediate symptoms included burning sensation in the eyes, breathing difficulties, and severe irritation of the skin. Thousands of people died within days, and the long-term health effects continued to impact survivors for years.
**Casualties and Aftermath:**
Estimates of the death toll vary widely, with figures ranging from several thousand to over 20,000 deaths. Tens of thousands of people suffered permanent disabilities and health problems due to exposure to the toxic gas. The impact on the environment was also significant, with soil and water contamination affecting the area for years.
The disaster sparked global outrage and drew attention to industrial safety standards and corporate responsibility. The legal aftermath was complex and contentious, involving litigation both in India and the United States.
**Legacy and Lessons:**
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy remains a symbol of the devastating consequences of industrial negligence and the dangers of chemical industry practices. It highlighted the need for stringent safety regulations, emergency preparedness, and corporate accountability in hazardous industries.
The survivors and families affected by the tragedy continue to advocate for justice, healthcare, and environmental remediation. The disaster spurred discussions and reforms in industrial safety standards worldwide, emphasizing the importance of preventing similar catastrophes in the future.
- In 1984, a deadly gas leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India exposed over half a million people, killing 20,000. Over 100,000 people still suffer health issues from the exposure.
- A medical clinic called the Sambhavna Clinic was founded in Bhopal to provide free treatment to the gas victims. It has treated over 16,000 people but the site remains contaminated and Dow Chemical refuses to help clean it up.
- Survivors continue to experience health problems decades later from the exposure and the contaminated water, with one victim still dying each day. Union Carbide and Dow have not taken responsibility or provided information to properly treat the victims.
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred in 1984 in Bhopal, India and was one of the world's worst industrial disasters. A leak of toxic gases from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) killed thousands of people. The causes included overconfidence in production technology, overcapacity of the plant, poor economic performance leading to cost cutting, and insufficient safety standards. While Union Carbide claimed it was an isolated incident, survivors and activists argue it showed systematic negligence by the corporation. Dow Chemical later acquired Union Carbide but refused responsibility and prioritized shareholder interests over assisting the victims or remediating the environmental damage, which continues to negatively impact the community to this day.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was the worst industrial disaster in history. In 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide in Bhopal, India exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. At least 3,787 people died due to the gas release and many more suffered severe, long-term health issues. The cause of the leak remains disputed between Union Carbide and the Indian government, with both sides blaming each other or sabotage. To this day, the site remains contaminated and people continue to suffer health problems from exposure to the gases.
This document summarizes Anjali Deshpande's novel "Impeachment" which depicts the aftermath of the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India. Over 500,000 people were exposed to toxic gases from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. The novel focuses on the victims' fight for justice and compensation. It shows their struggles with the legal system and authorities who failed to properly help or warn residents. While activists fought for the victims, support waned over time as the tragedy receded from news coverage. The document examines themes of environmental damage, industrial safety, and seeking justice following an industrial disaster.
The document discusses the patentability of microorganisms. It notes that prior to 1980, microorganisms were not considered patentable as they were natural products. However, in 1980 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Chakrabarty v. General Electric that genetically modified microorganisms could be patented. The ruling established that microorganisms created through human manipulation with an industrial use could be patented. This opened the door for biotechnology to become a major industry. The document also discusses India's stance on patenting microorganisms and other biological materials.
Public interest litigation (PIL) has played an important role in environmental protection in India. PIL allows citizens to file lawsuits on behalf of the public interest. Key Supreme Court rulings using PIL have addressed issues like water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, and toxic gas leaks. The rulings have established new principles like "absolute liability" for polluters. They have also expanded the right to a clean environment under Article 21 of the Indian constitution. While PIL has helped curb environmental damage, some argue it is also overused and citizens should take more personal responsibility to protect the environment.
The Supreme Court of India issued notices to state governments, union territories, and parties who had approached high courts regarding the distribution of essential medical supplies and services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The court is considering passing uniform orders related to oxygen supply, essential drug supply, vaccination methods, and lockdown declarations. It also asked the central government to submit a national plan for dealing with these matters and to report on setting up a coordinating body to allocate resources consultatively between states. The matter has been listed for further hearing tomorrow.
This paper summarizes the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India, where a leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases, killing thousands. It describes how Union Carbide sought to minimize its legal and financial responsibilities through denial of culpability, delaying legal proceedings, and negotiating a low compensation settlement with the Indian government without victim involvement. The health impacts of the leak continue to this day, yet Union Carbide has refused to release research that could help victims or to take responsibility for ongoing monitoring and treatment. The paper also highlights the work of the Sambhavna Trust, which supports survivors through participatory health programs combining traditional and western medicine.
The document summarizes the key events related to the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India. It describes how the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant was built in 1969 to produce pesticides using methyl isocyanate (MIC). There were earlier leaks at the plant in the 1970s and 1980s. On the night of December 2, 1984, water is believed to have entered an MIC storage tank, causing a catastrophic release of MIC gas that killed thousands immediately and exposed over 500,000 people. The leak had long-term health impacts on the surrounding population. The legal proceedings and settlements resulting from the disaster are also summarized.
This document summarizes a tribunal decision on hydraulic fracturing or "fracking". The tribunal heard compelling evidence of harm to the environment, ecosystems, and human rights from fracking activities in various locations. A study of complaints filed in Colorado also found high numbers related to water issues, spills/leaks, air quality, and noise. Based on this evidence, the tribunal found that the fracking industry and supporting governments are violating rights of nature and obligations to protect the environment. The tribunal recommended banning unconventional energy extraction, supporting laws to criminalize ecocide, and supporting grassroots anti-fracking movements.
This document summarizes a tribunal decision on hydraulic fracturing or "fracking". The tribunal heard compelling evidence of harm to the environment, ecosystems, and human rights from fracking activities in various locations. A study of complaints filed in Colorado also found high numbers related to water issues, spills/leaks, air quality, and noise. Based on this evidence, the tribunal found that the fracking industry and supporting governments are violating rights of nature and obligations to protect the environment. The tribunal recommended banning unconventional energy extraction, supporting laws to criminalize ecocide, and supporting grassroots anti-fracking movements.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the worst industrial disasters when over 500,000 people were exposed to toxic methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984. The owner Union Carbide paid $470 million to settle lawsuits. In 1998, the plant was turned over to the state government after cleanup. Victims suffered severe health effects including eye damage, respiratory issues, neurological problems and psychological trauma. The full long term impacts are still emerging decades later.
The document provides an overview of Good Clinical Practice (GCP) training, including:
1. A refresher on the key events that led to the development of GCP guidelines like the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki in response to unethical medical experiments and drug issues.
2. An overview of the regulatory framework for clinical trials in Europe and the UK, including EU directives and UK laws that implement GCP principles.
3. A discussion of what guidelines and regulations are applicable for the conduct of clinical trials today, including ICH E6 and EU Clinical Trials and GCP directives.
Similar to Suffering, legitimacy and healing:The Bhopal Case (20)
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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3. The Event
The Litigation History
The Construction of Medical Knowledge
The Judicial Discourse
The Sequel
The Residue
Conclusion
4. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy has been acknowledged as the worst industrial disaster in
History
The magnitude of the gas leak in Bhopal directly involved the scientific, legal and
administrative structures of modern society.
One of the best known studies of legal and moral issues arising out of chemical disasters
was made by Schuck (1987) in Agent Orange Case.
Case represents attempts of millions of Vietnam war veterans to seek legal redress for
grievous illnesses which they believed were caused by exposure to Agent Orange, a
herbicide used by USA Army to defoliate Vietnam‟s jungle cover.
5. Financial and personnel demands of the case are staggering.
1500 law firms representing the plaintiffs.
Defendants spent $100 mn to just prepare for the trial.
Cost of trial staggering, this issue also called for a new kind of jurisprudence.
There are scientific and legal complexities of staggering nature in cases of mass toxic
torts.
Eg-In Agent Orange case, courts became places where the Vietnam war and its
hardships were symbolically enacted.
Reich(1982) observes “ Chemical disasters represent an extraordinary event that
disrupts the normal flow of life”.
6. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred on
the night of 2–3 December 1984 at
the Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant
in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Over 500,000 people were exposed
to methyl isocyanate gas and other
chemicals.
This tragedy is considered as one of
the biggest toxic torts that has ever
happened.
7. The earliest description of the gas were of a
creeping, deadly, yellow, choking vapour
that was intensely irritating to eyes and
lungs.
Between 3-6 December about 2500 people
died as a result of inhaling this deadly
vapour
Union Carbide Officials claimed that MIC
was not more potent than teargas and it
caused only surface damage.
8. Parens patriae
The Government of India, with this function,
took upon itself responsibility for the conduct
of the case, as well as for the provision of
welfare to the victims.
The Bhopal Act was passed by the
Government of India in March, 1985
The constitutional validity of the Bhopal Act
was challenged in the Supreme Court since it
took away from victims the right to be heard.
9. Month/ Year What happened?
1985 • Case initially pursued in New York District Court.*
1986 • Hearing of the case begins in Bhopal District Court.
• The court ruled that Carbide should pay Rs. 350 crore as interim relief.
1987 • Carbide appealed against the ruling in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh
• Quantum of interim relief reduced to Rs. 250 crores
1988 • UCC appealed to the Supreme Court against the MP HC Order.
• Judicial Order passed asking the GOI and UCC to settle at $470 million.
10. On 15 February 1988, a judicial order was
passed asking the Government of India and
Union Carbide to finally settle at $470 million.
Part of the settlement deal fashioned by the
court was immunity granted to Union Carbide
Company and its subsidiaries against any civil
or criminal liability arising from the Bhopal
Disaster at present and in the future.
There were widespread protests against this
settlement
11. It was believed by many that the courts had
been pressurized by the Congress
Government which was then in power to
issue such an order and that the
Government had made a private deal with
Union Carbide.
Warren Anderson (the main accused in the
case) somehow managed to leave the
country.
12. The Janata Government which came into
power in January 1990 supported the
review petitions which were filed in the
Supreme Court challenging the settlement
on behalf of some victim groups.
The Janata Government took upon itself to
provide relief to the victims. It took upon
itself the role of guardian with great
seriousness.*
(January 1990- November 1990)
13. At the time of the leak, very little was known
about MIC.
UCC sent in a team of three doctors as part
of its relief operation.
Dr. Peter Halberg comments on age group.
14. Various studies were conducted after the
leak. These included studies on animals ,
clinical studies on survivors and autopsy
reports.
Various tests conducted.(UCC, ICMR,
Independent Doctors)
The Indian council of Medical research was
entrusted with sole responsibility for
providing medical evidence to the
government of India.
15. MIC is the most potent pulmonary irritant and the second most potent sensory irritant.
The vapour pressure of MIC is exceedingly high, hence even a short duration of exposure
is likely to result in severe effects.
The acute effects of MIC included immediate death due to profound hypoxia resulting in
blockage of air.
Other experiments on animals as well as clinical observations on survivors have
confirmed that there is a complex response to varying degrees of exposure to the gas.
At higher dose levels, there were life threatening manifestations of pulmonary damage.
At Intermediate level of exposure, there was eye damage including corneal opacity and
high risks of cataract.
At low doses, sensory and neurological responses were found.
16. A report by a victim group was submitted
and it mentioned that there were several
long-term effects of MIC, including chronic
respiratory conditions, increase in corneal
opacity and weakening of immune system.
It is not only that local immunity gets
altered, a experimental research on
animals has shown that there is persistent
bone marrow suppression and suppression
of lympho proliferative responses.
17. UCC Scientists assumed that most symptoms caused by MIC exposure were reversible,
but by the epidemiological surveys it could be concluded that signs & symptoms in
exposed populations had increased, the population which were initially asymptomatic
were now showing signs of lung and eye disorder.
The petitioners placed before the court some of the expert studies which shows that MIC
had caused long term irreversible damage to the vital systems of the exposed population.
18. Madhya Pradesh Government had shown that :
Claimants appeared for medical examination-
3,59,793
Serious Injuries- 2574
Permanent Disability- 40
Temporary Disabilities- 10,534
Death toll – 2500*
19. It was alleged that many people had put in
false claims.
50% of the cases of certain disorders were
out of proportion to the clinical, radiological
features of the patient.
Malingerers (someone who faked their
illness) became starkly evident during the
hearings.
20. Carbide Lawyers denied that MIC is the most
potent sensory and pulmonary irritant
The sufferings of the victims were highly
exaggerated, and also the Government ended
up producing documents which showed victims
exaggerating their symptoms.
Most of the victims already suffered from
Malnutrition or a previous disease like
Tuberculosis.
21. The Bhopal Act was an important judicial innovation since the costs of pursuing the case
would have been too staggering for the victims.
But it was argued that certain sections of the act amounted to naked usurpation of
power.
The Attorney General claimed that the Government had a right and duty to take care of
its citizens in the exercise of its parens patriae jurisdiction.
He claimed that the victims could not pursue the case against a powerful multinational
and defended the settlement with Carbide.
22. The issue of the Government acting as a surrogate for handicapped people has been
widely debated in recent years.
The Supreme Court had claimed that it had acted in best interests of victims. But the
victims were contesting this.
How could the court defend the actions of the Government when the victims
themselves were protesting against them?
23. The judges upheld the Constitutional validity of the Bhopal Act by saying:
„Our Constitution makes it imperative for the state to secure to all its citizens the rights
guaranteed by the Constitution and when the citizens are not in a position to assert and
secure these rights, the State must come into the picture and protect and fight for the rights
of the citizens’
This principle greatly expand the power of the state to act as a guardian.
But the settlement did not help in securing the rights of the victims.
24. After the Supreme Court order, there was nothing in the judicial order to instruct the
Government to provide the immediate relief.
No procedure was formulated for the dispersal of money nor was any timetable formulated
by the Court.
Why had the Court not found it fit to invite the opinion of the victims themselves
about the proposed settlement before passing the judicial order?
25. A MNC was engaged in production of an extremely hazardous chemical.
Despite the known hazards of the gases, neither the MNC nor the Government of India
considered it necessary to enquire into the nature of hazard.
The result of this was that more than 3,00,000 people were suddenly blighted by a crippling
disease and around 2500* people died horrible deaths.
26. How had the Court arrived at the particular sum of $470 million as adequate compensation
for the 3,00,000 victims known to be affected ?
Were the victims right in alleging that there was no evidence of the application of a judicial
mind behind this order?
How was the status of a claim made by a victim determined?
27. The judgment of 22nd December,1989 had concluded on a note of judicial humility
„It is well to remember …Time has upset many fighting faiths …and one must always wager
one‟ salvation upon some prophecy based on uncertain knowledge…our knowledge
changes: our perception of truth also changes…‟
The judges went to some lengths to defend this settlement on the grounds that the
suffering needed immediate amelioration (change for the better).
One of the main contentions of the review petitions filed was that the court has been
misled by the Government of India regarding the no. of victims and the type of injuries
caused to them by inhalation of MIC.
28. The petitioners contended that the ultra hazardous nature and long-term impact of the lethal gas
had not been understood by the court when it fashioned the settlement.
It claimed that the so called medical examinations of the M.P government was superficial and
likely to mislead.
It was initially assumed that MIC caused simple and short term injuries but it has now been
found that injury caused by MIC is to the entire system.
29. The judges made two arguments in this regard :
1. They conceded the point made by Carbide
lawyers that any long term affects of MIC were
known to the government at the time of
settlements and therefore the government must
bear the future costs.
2. They had relied heavily upon an earlier affidavit
of the Additional Director of Claims that the
medical characterization of survivors was
reliable.
30. The scoring system which relied upon an organ by organ-score-could not have captured
the chronic disease patterns typically associated with assault on immune system.
Dr. Daya Verma conducted a survey on spontaneously abortion following exposure to MIC
in different localities around the Carbide factory, with the help of school children.
He conducted in vitro and vivo studies on rats and guinea pigs showing that foetal loss
was not only due to maternal distress but also because MIC directly enters the
bloodstream of the foetus.
31. The government of Madhya Pradesh had established its sole authority
over the documentation and categorization of claims through the
Bhopal Act and the secrecy of the medical reports and hence they
were able to create a monopolistic control over knowledge.
Judges set an important principle of public policy by which any risk
from a toxic hazard would entitle the population to claim the expenses
of medical surveillance
The Judges seem to have been aware that the amount of settlement
was not adequate to cover this but they had to defend their own
settlement.
Hence they gave direction to the government to provide the insurance
cover to the exposed population and appealed to UCC and UCIL to
provide a hospital for medical care of patients.
32. There was one unconnected moment in this whole
episode:
Administrative action taken by the Janata Government.
The Janata Government evolved as scheme for interim
relief that was not dependent upon the litigational
uncertainties.
The victims were transformed from incompetent ,
irresponsible people to those whose needs for survival
were of paramount importance.
33. Date What happened?
Dec 2-3, 1984 Leak of MIC from UCC, Bhopal Factory
1985 Case initially pursued in New York District Court
1986 Hearing begins in a Bhopal District Court
1987 Appeal made by Carbide to Madhya Pradesh High Court
1988 Appeal made to the Supreme Court. Out of court settlement of $470 million.
February-March 1989 Public protest against the unjust settlement followed by filing of a number of review and
writ petitions against the settlement in the Supreme Court
December 1989 SC held the Bhopal Act as constitutional
1990 Janata Government came into power
Parens patriae refers to the inherent power and authority of a legislature to provide protection to the person and property of persons who are incompetent.
Verdict of the Supreme court after the review petition.
UCC contended that the scoring methods used by the doctors of MP Govt was more reliable than any results obtained by the clinical observations or the ongoing surveys.
UCC stated that the symptoms reported by victims in 50% of the cases for certain disorders were out of proportionExample of Dr H Weil- he claimed that the claims made by the victims were highly exaggerated.
Carbide’s main method of dealing with the medical evidence presented on behalf of victim groups was plain denial.Petitioners placed before the court expert studies that stated that MIC is the most potent sensory and pulmonary irritant.Paragraph “ the popn more than 3,00,000…..”
What is parens patriae?Pg 157 1st paragraphIt was contended that this act took away from the victims the right to be heard.
This view has been challenged on the grounds that a surrogate is acting in the best interests of the patient only if he tries to replicate the decisions that a patient would have made had she been capable.
This deprives the persons of their constitutional rights including the right to petition a court of law.Pg 160 explainThe principle on which usurpation of power by gov. was defended was that the Bhopal Act , had proved to be in the interest of the victims.
Answer: Because there was a certain degree of unease and skepticism that was expressed by the learned counsels of both the parties as they stated that there had ben uninformed and irresponsible criticism of the attempts to settlement.
Yet the people declared incompetent and irresponsibl were neither the multinational nor the government but the sufferers.
The fact is that examination of only half the claimants had been completed at the time that the court ordered settlement, and this through procedures highly questionable.3. It was made on the basis of a scoring system. Each symptom was given a score and finally these scores were aggregated. Scoring system used the analogy of organ y organ I injury rather than systematic damage. Patients who could not produce documentary evidence in the form of records of hospital admission, or proof of having been treated in the first few days of the gas disaster were declared uninjured regardless of the stage of their health.