The document discusses the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which allows for free movement of goods and services between member states without tax restrictions. Custom duties are charged on goods entering from non-member countries, and these duties are collected and deposited in a central fund before being shared among members. This revenue sharing arrangement provides important income to poorer members like Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland for development activities.
Mamello Nchake
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The African Agriculture Trade Monitor 2020
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AKADEMIYA2063
OCT 20, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 10:45 AM EDT
SAFTA, Aggreement of safta , india,pakistan, afghanistan,bangladesh,malidives,sri lanka,nepal ,bhutan.
issues of safta, sapta, why it is failing?, safta instruments
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
Mamello Nchake
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The African Agriculture Trade Monitor 2020
Co-Organized by IFPRI and AKADEMIYA2063
OCT 20, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 10:45 AM EDT
SAFTA, Aggreement of safta , india,pakistan, afghanistan,bangladesh,malidives,sri lanka,nepal ,bhutan.
issues of safta, sapta, why it is failing?, safta instruments
Regional Economic Integration (REI) refers to the commercial policy of discriminatively reducing or eliminating trade barriers only between the states joining together.
Regional economic groups eliminate or reduce trade tariffs (and other trade barriers) among the Partner States while maintaining tariffs or barriers for the rest of the world (non-member countries).
Geographical proximity, cultural, historical, and ideological similarities, competitive or complementary economic linkages, and a common language among the Partner States are importantly required for effective economic integration.
Regional economic integration in Africa traces back to 1910 with the formation of Southern African Customs Union (SACU) by the countries of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland and South Africa. Other main economic arrangements include East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) etc. Also there is the planned African Economic Community, whose treaty was signed in 1991 (the Abuja Treaty) and it is expected by 2025. All these efforts are aimed at unifying Africa, but, there has been limited success due to the various problems which the region is facing including the internal civil wars.
Regional economic integration in Africa has not been so effective and it faces some challenges including overlapping memberships due to the multiplicity of its economic communities.
The similarity and smallness of the African countries together with the competition between each other in the global market for the same products are some of the reasons responsible for the past lack of success in the economic integration in the continent.
Several attempts of regional economic integration in Africa have been put into place over time, however they have been ineffective in promoting trade and attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the continent.
Relatively high external trade barriers and low resource complementarity between Partner States limit internal and external regional trade.
Small market size, poor transport facilities and high trading costs make it difficult for African countries to reap the potential benefits of economic integration.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and approved in their parliaments.
Econ01. Economic of Trade and Economic of Integrationaeronchua
This Powerpoint was our report for Principles of Economics covering the topics Economic of Trade and Economic of Integration with the ASEAN Economic Integration 2015.
This is taken from various books and internet articles.
Not for commercial use and for personal reference only.
Thank you!
"That in all things, God may be Glorified"
It described, how do we measure development. Various development indicators. HDI, GDP, GNP etc. Where India stands in HDI. the comparison among developed nations and among SAARC nations.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and approved in their parliaments.
Econ01. Economic of Trade and Economic of Integrationaeronchua
This Powerpoint was our report for Principles of Economics covering the topics Economic of Trade and Economic of Integration with the ASEAN Economic Integration 2015.
This is taken from various books and internet articles.
Not for commercial use and for personal reference only.
Thank you!
"That in all things, God may be Glorified"
It described, how do we measure development. Various development indicators. HDI, GDP, GNP etc. Where India stands in HDI. the comparison among developed nations and among SAARC nations.
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost sovereign state in Africa.
It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometers of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho.
South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions.
Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, which is among the highest number of any country in the world.
South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day.
This document list and briefly describe SOME key terms and concept that are important for students sitting the CSEC Social Studies exam to know and understand. It is by no means exhausted and additional terms can be loaded to compliment this one.
Gold output from Ghana declined by 12.1% per cent from the previous year's output, the Ghana Chamber of Mines has disclosed.
Figures contained in the 2020 Annual Report Report of the Chamber indicates that the total volume of gold produced in the country declined from 4.577 million ounces in 2019 to 4.023 million ounces in 2020.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. • There is free movement of goods and services between member states.
• This means that no tax is charged on goods moving through member
states.
• For example, if Botswana imports cars from South Africa, there should
be no tax restrictions on those cars to either South Africa or Botswana.
• Custom duties are charged on goods entering any member country from
non-member countries.
• Similar duties charged on goods from other countries outside SACU are
collected and deposited into a central fund in South Africa for two years
after which are shared among member states.
Operations of SACU
2. The unification of the four countries means that
goods produced in countries with small populations
or small domestic markets such as Botswana has an
opportunity to sell to a larger market because of
combined populations.
For example, Botswana has a small population of
only about 2.3 million but can sell her goods to a
population of over 46 million in the SACU region.
Successes of SACU
3. The money collected as custom duties from goods
from outside the SACU region is shared among the
member states.
This money helps poor member states such as
Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland as an important
source of income for their development activities.
Successes of SACU cont.
4. The money collected as custom duties from goods from outside
the SACU region is shared among the member states.
This money helps poor member states such as Botswana,
Lesotho and Swaziland as an important source of income for
their development activities.
For example, in the 1981/82 financial year SACU earning provided
37% of Botswana's government revenue, 60% of Swaziland's
government revenue, and 71% of Lesotho's government revenue
(Seidman, 1985).
You can imagine how dependent poor countries such as
Swaziland and Lesotho are on this money to fund their
development activities.
Successes of SACU cont.
5. Differences in levels of industrialisation are related to
the amounts of goods any member country can
produce and export.
This means that South Africa, the richest and most
industrialised member, has been the main producer
and exporter in SACU so she benefited more from
free movement of goods than the poor, less
industrialised member states.
Challenges to SACU
6. The two year waiting period before sharing custom
revenues allows inflation to devalue the money.
Furthermore, the keeping of the custom duties in a
central fund in South Africa allows South Africa to
earn huge interests on that money which is not
shared with the other countries.
This is unfair because the money belongs to all
member states.
Challenges to SACU
7. South Africa being the richest member and owner of major
sea ports uses her influence to control the poorer member
states.
For example, membership to SACU makes it difficult for
Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland to object to South
African policies or cut their economic ties with South Africa
because they need to get their imports through South
Africa.
Furthermore, member states cannot protect their industry
from competition from South African goods or restrict
some imports since SACU is a free trade area.
Challenges to SACU cont.
8. Members should be allowed to limit the amount of
goods imported from other SACU members especially
if such goods are already produced within the
country.
For example, Botswana should not be forced to allow
South African bread into Botswana because
Botswana has her own bread which she wants to sell
to people at home without any competition from
South African bread.
Ways of Strengthening SACU
9. There is need to set up a new agreement on the
sharing of revenue in such a manner that even the
poorer, less industrialised members can benefit from
the customs union.
An example of this change of agreement was done in
1969.
The 1969 agreement allows a country to receive a
share according to the amount of goods imported.
Ways of Strengthening SACU
10. There is need to make agreement on the sharing of
interest from the money deposited in the central
fund.
Such an arrangement can boost financial situation of
the poorer countries rather than being taken by the
richer member, South Africa.
Ways of Strengthening SACU cont.
11. Customs revenue collections should be shared in a
shorter time rather than two years.
This will help avoid effects of inflation that usually
occur because of delays in sharing the money.
I believe you have studied enough content about
SACU and should now be moving on to study about
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
and its membership.
Ways of Strengthening SACU cont.
12. SADC is the unification of Southern African countries for the
purposes of development through sharing resources and
working together.
It originally started as Southern African Development Co-
ordinating Conference (SADCC) established in 1980, but later
in 1992 changed to SADC with increased membership.
Members of SADC are independent countries of Southern
Africa. Original members are Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,
Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and
Zimbabwe.
They were later joined by Namibia, South Africa, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Mauritius, Madagascar and Seychelles
Southern African Development
Community (SADC) and Its
Membership
13.
14. (i) The Summit of Heads of State and Government
This is the meeting of Heads of States and government where decisions for
the community are made.
Such meetings are held annually although special meetings can be called
whenever it is necessary.
(ii) Council of Ministers
This is made up of Ministers of Finance and Development Planning from
member states.
The work of this council is to supervise the work of the community.
It also chooses issues to be discussed by Heads of States.
Operations of SADC
15. (iii) The Executive Secretariat
This is the administrative part of SADC where the Executive Secretary runs the affairs
of the community.
The Secretariat identifies the needs of the community and forwards them to the
Council of Ministers.
The SADC Secretariat is housed in Gaborone.
(iv) Specialised Committees or Commissions of SADC
Different committees are set up to look into different projects and different countries
are assigned responsibility for each project.
The allocation of responsibility is based on the climate and natural resources that each
country has to favour it for the identified activity.
Operations of SADC cont.
16. SADC countries and their specialised
responsibilitiesCountry Responsibility
Angola
Botswana
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Energy
Agricultural Research, Livestock Production
and Animal Disease Control
Inland Fisheries, Forestry and Wildlife
Tourism
Transport and Communications, Culture and
Information
Marine fisheries and Resources
Finance and Investment
Human Resources and Development
Industry and Trade
Mining
Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
Country Responsibility
Angola
Botswana
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Energy
Agricultural Research, Livestock Production
and Animal Disease Control
Inland Fisheries, Forestry and Wildlife
Tourism
Transport and Communications, Culture and
Information
Marine fisheries and Resources
Finance and Investment
Human Resources and Development
Industry and Trade
Mining
Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources
17. Increase of trade between member states
Self-sufficiency has increased as shown by reduction of imports
from outside SADC and encouragement of exports to places
outside the region. Also dependence on Multi-national
Companies is being reduced.
There has been increased production within the region as a
result of specialisation. As shown in the table you have studied
earlier, each country has concentrated on production activities
for which it has natural resources, and this has resulted in
efficient production of goods and services.
There has been diversification of industry within the region.
Successes of SADC
18. Member states have been helped by others in times of need.
For example, Mozambique was assisted by other SADC member
states during her flood disaster whilst Lesotho was helped by SADC
forces to restore peace during an attempted coup.
There has been some infrastructural development. Roads linking
major towns and sea ports are being improved.
The Trans-Kalahari High Way linking Windhoek (Namibia) to
Botswana and South African road network is an example of a SADC
road project.
Countries with small domestic markets such as Botswana have been
able to expand the market for their goods and services.
SADC has been able to borrow funds from western donor countries
for some development projects.
Successes of SADC cont.
19. The region is still dominated by western countries through historic and
colonial ties. For example, Botswana still continues to finalise her copper
refining process in the USA and yet such service is available in Zambia. Other
member states tend to have more trade with colonial masters such as
Britain than with other member states.
Linking of all major centres by road, rail and air routes is not yet adequate
Since her acceptance into SADC, South Africa dominates the region. Due to
her strength in military power, wealth and economic development, South
Africa is able to influence most of the decisions for the whole region.
Location of new industries for the region may be difficult to decide since the
rich countries tend to be advantaged because of favourable economic
conditions
Challenges to SADC
20. There is still lack of commitment to implement some SADC agreements and
policies by some member states.
For example, Zimbabwe has shown unwillingness to implement guidelines
on voting and elections agreed upon at a Heads of States Summit in 2004.
Conflicts within member states are slowing down production and
development, in addition to disturbing peace and security.
For example, war in Angola has disturbed diamond mining there whilst
disagreements over land issue between white farmers and the government
in Zimbabwe has resulted in loss of agricultural production and
unemployment in the country.
The impact of the Zimbabwean conflict is already felt by her neighbours
such as Botswana and South Africa where Zimbabwean illegal immigrants
have become an immigration problem.
Challenges to SADC cont.
21. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - This incurable
disease is killing many skilled people in the region.
Member states are using a lot of hard earned income in the fight
against HIV/AIDS. It has been observed that major roads which
were constructed to facilitate transportation of goods by trucks
are unfortunately promoting the spread of AIDS.
The main road from Pretoria in South Africa to Zimbabwe,
Mozambique and Malawi through Messina / Beit bridge border
has been nicknamed "the Death Corridor" because of high risk of
contracting AIDS due to high numbers of prostitutes and
mobility along the road through trucks.
Foreign debt - The SADC region has accumulated foreign debts
which are difficult to pay back.
Challenges to SADC cont.