Subject essay: James von Geldern
Dissidence arose among Soviet intellectuals in the 1960s and expanded in the early 1970s. Challenging official policies
became possible as Khrushchev loosened state controls, but the practice continued to grown when the boundaries of
permissible expression contracted under the Brezhnev administration. It reflected the contradiction between an increasingly
articulate and mobile society on the one hand and an increasingly sclerotic political order on the other. While never including
more than a few thousand individuals, dissidents exercised a moral and even political weight far exceeding their numbers,
and paralleled the self-proclaimed role of the nineteenth-century Russian intelligentsia as the "conscience of society."
Dissidence took a variety of forms: public protests and demonstrations, open letters to Soviet leaders, and the production
and circulation of manuscript copies (samizdat) of banned works of literature, social and political commentary. In addition,
from 1968 until the early 1980s, the samizdat journal, The Chronicle of Current Events, served as a clearing house of
information about human-rights violations in the Soviet Union. By the early 1970s, the dissident movement evinced three
main currents. Democratic socialism, couched in terms of "scrupulous regard for democratic principles" and "the possibility
of an alliance between the best of the intelligentsia supported by the people and the most forward-looking individuals in the
governing apparat," was exemplified by the historian Roy Medvedev in his book, On Socialist Democracy (originally
published in Amsterdam in 1972). Political liberalism and a strong defense of freedom of expression and other human rights
was most famously articulated by the physicist, Andrei Sakharov in his essay, "Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual
Freedom," which dates from 1968. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the novelist and author of GULAG Archipelago, embodied the
third current which condemned western ideologies including Marxism in the name of Russian Orthodox values. In addition,
human rights activities took up the cause of religious dissenters, Soviet Jews who had been denied permission to emigrate
("refuseniks"), and nationalities such as the Crimean Tatars.
Soviet authorities attempted to repress these currents and activities by propaganda that discredited dissidents and their
claims, confiscation of dissident literature, removal of dissidents from their jobs, prosecution and incarceration in mental
institutions and prison, banishment to a provincial city or outlying region, or enforced exile with removal of Soviet citizenship.
In 1974, Solzhenitsyn was deported from the Soviet Union. The network of underground groups set up after the Helsinki
Accords of 1975 to monitor Soviet compliance with that agreement's human-rights provisions was hounded and decimated
by arrests. Sakharov was stripped of his privileges as a member of the Academy of Sc.
This document provides a list of previous works by Arnold Lunn, the author of the book "Revolutionary Socialism in Theory and Practice". The list includes over 30 of Lunn's previous publications covering a wide range of topics from skiing and alpine sports to biographies, histories of various places in Europe, religious works, and works on science and the supernatural.
The document provides an overview of Russian culture through examining its religion, art, and history. It discusses how Christianity played a major role in shaping Russian culture and inspired beautiful icons and art. The document also notes that Russia covers a large geographic area and has a long history that shaped its people's values of community, family, and sacrifice due to invasions. Russian culture is rooted in Orthodox Christianity and a oneness with nature that fostered strong bonds between people.
This document provides an introduction to Alexander Chayanov's book "The Theory of Peasant Co-operatives". It summarizes that Chayanov predicted aspects of Stalin's collectivization program and offered an alternative model of agricultural development based on peasant co-operatives. The book argues that different forms of farming organization need to be combined for co-operatives to succeed. Although written in the 1920s, the concepts are still relevant today for discussions around smallholders, informal economies, and Soviet agricultural restructuring.
The document summarizes a book titled "The Jewish Utopia" which outlines Zionists' plans for global domination according to the author. It describes the book as presenting a vision of a future worldwide regime dominated by Zionists according to Jewish religious texts and rabbis. The book advocates for a socialist-style world order governed by a single ideology and values system determined by Jewish authorities, with the righteous following their leadership and the wicked being denied participation. The author expresses concern over what such a regime could mean for freedoms and self-determination of non-Jewish peoples.
The bolshevik uniform-vladimir_lazarevski-1937-128pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
The Russian monarchy was crumbling in early 1917 as the Russian army was disintegrating. The army sent in 1917 was of much poorer quality than the initial army in 1914, as the best troops had been sacrificed early in the war. The Russian army suffered tremendous hardships from a lack of munitions and equipment against a technologically superior German army. Russia attempted to replenish its forces but the hastily trained recruits could not replace experienced soldiers. As a result, the army sent in 1917 was much weaker than appearances suggested, contributing to the collapse of the monarchy.
The First Political Theory (liberalism) is short of breath and although it has achieved boundless totalitarian power, it is no longer able to ensure order. It will explode like Aesop's frog: it swelled beyond its ability to bear "
The document discusses the emergence of a new multipolar world order as liberalism declines and is no longer able to ensure order. It argues that liberalism has achieved totalitarian power but is now short of breath. The failure of unions and parties indicates that the First Political Theory of liberalism is declining. A new multipolar world order will see the defeat of American unipolar hegemony. The desirable scenario is the overthrow of unipolarity and affirmation of a multipolar order that respects cultural diversity. The Russian-Ukrainian war is accelerating changes and signs of a new multipolar world are already emerging as countries coordinate financially without the dollar.
The document discusses the emergence of a new multipolar world order as liberalism declines and is no longer able to ensure order. It argues that liberalism has achieved totalitarian power but is now short of breath. The failure of unions and parties indicates that the First Political Theory of liberalism is declining. A new multipolar world order will see the defeat of American unipolar hegemony. The desirable scenario is the overthrow of unipolarity and affirmation of a multipolar order that respects cultural diversity. The Russian-Ukrainian war is accelerating changes and signs of a new multipolar world are already emerging as countries coordinate financially without the dollar.
This document provides a list of previous works by Arnold Lunn, the author of the book "Revolutionary Socialism in Theory and Practice". The list includes over 30 of Lunn's previous publications covering a wide range of topics from skiing and alpine sports to biographies, histories of various places in Europe, religious works, and works on science and the supernatural.
The document provides an overview of Russian culture through examining its religion, art, and history. It discusses how Christianity played a major role in shaping Russian culture and inspired beautiful icons and art. The document also notes that Russia covers a large geographic area and has a long history that shaped its people's values of community, family, and sacrifice due to invasions. Russian culture is rooted in Orthodox Christianity and a oneness with nature that fostered strong bonds between people.
This document provides an introduction to Alexander Chayanov's book "The Theory of Peasant Co-operatives". It summarizes that Chayanov predicted aspects of Stalin's collectivization program and offered an alternative model of agricultural development based on peasant co-operatives. The book argues that different forms of farming organization need to be combined for co-operatives to succeed. Although written in the 1920s, the concepts are still relevant today for discussions around smallholders, informal economies, and Soviet agricultural restructuring.
The document summarizes a book titled "The Jewish Utopia" which outlines Zionists' plans for global domination according to the author. It describes the book as presenting a vision of a future worldwide regime dominated by Zionists according to Jewish religious texts and rabbis. The book advocates for a socialist-style world order governed by a single ideology and values system determined by Jewish authorities, with the righteous following their leadership and the wicked being denied participation. The author expresses concern over what such a regime could mean for freedoms and self-determination of non-Jewish peoples.
The bolshevik uniform-vladimir_lazarevski-1937-128pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
The Russian monarchy was crumbling in early 1917 as the Russian army was disintegrating. The army sent in 1917 was of much poorer quality than the initial army in 1914, as the best troops had been sacrificed early in the war. The Russian army suffered tremendous hardships from a lack of munitions and equipment against a technologically superior German army. Russia attempted to replenish its forces but the hastily trained recruits could not replace experienced soldiers. As a result, the army sent in 1917 was much weaker than appearances suggested, contributing to the collapse of the monarchy.
The First Political Theory (liberalism) is short of breath and although it has achieved boundless totalitarian power, it is no longer able to ensure order. It will explode like Aesop's frog: it swelled beyond its ability to bear "
The document discusses the emergence of a new multipolar world order as liberalism declines and is no longer able to ensure order. It argues that liberalism has achieved totalitarian power but is now short of breath. The failure of unions and parties indicates that the First Political Theory of liberalism is declining. A new multipolar world order will see the defeat of American unipolar hegemony. The desirable scenario is the overthrow of unipolarity and affirmation of a multipolar order that respects cultural diversity. The Russian-Ukrainian war is accelerating changes and signs of a new multipolar world are already emerging as countries coordinate financially without the dollar.
The document discusses the emergence of a new multipolar world order as liberalism declines and is no longer able to ensure order. It argues that liberalism has achieved totalitarian power but is now short of breath. The failure of unions and parties indicates that the First Political Theory of liberalism is declining. A new multipolar world order will see the defeat of American unipolar hegemony. The desirable scenario is the overthrow of unipolarity and affirmation of a multipolar order that respects cultural diversity. The Russian-Ukrainian war is accelerating changes and signs of a new multipolar world are already emerging as countries coordinate financially without the dollar.
Letter to President of the Russian Federation Vladimir PutinRobert Nazaryan
This letter from Robert Nazaryan congratulates Vladimir Putin on his reelection as President of Russia. Nazaryan proposes presenting his work, the "Armenian Theory of Relativity - One Dimensional Movement", to the Nobel Committee for Physics for the 2015 prize. He believes this could help address issues in theoretical physics and bring about a new renaissance. Nazaryan asks Putin to support having his theory considered, in part due to their shared goal of countering international Jewish forces.
A comprehensive catalog of there various, ignominious racially prejudices pontificated by Karl Marx and Engels. This book is needed for those studying economics, Marxism, capitalism, wealth inequality, communism, income equality, and anthropology.
Martin luther king biography - Christine TsamiliAnaxagoreio
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil rights activist who played a key leadership role in the American civil rights movement. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 and became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. In 1955, he led the Montgomery bus boycott which lasted over a year and challenged segregation in public transit. King went on to found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 and led many nonviolent protests against racial injustice, including the 1963 March on Washington. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike. King received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts to end racial segregation through nonviolent civil disobedience
Jesuits, Freemasons, Zionists, the Pandemic, Ukraine, Russia and Eschatological Conflicts
Response to an Indian friend, who asked my viewpoint about the Russian special operation against the Nazi gangsters of Ukraine
3rd April 2022
1- A Critical Confrontation between Jesuits and Freemasons
2- The Pandemic and the Jesuit Eschatological Agenda (and how it has advanced throughout the last millennium)
3- The Multiple Dimensions of the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine
4- The Historical Facts
Benson, ivor russia 1917-1918 a key to the riddle of an age of conflict - j...RareBooksnRecords
This document provides a summary of the events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the overthrow of the Russian monarchy. It discusses how the true facts of what happened have long been suppressed on both sides of the Cold War. It summarizes that the Tsar and his family were assassinated in 1918 in Ekaterinburg on direct orders from Bolshevik leaders in Moscow, and details of the killing were thoroughly investigated and documented in the Sokolov Archive. The document also notes that Jews were overrepresented among the Bolshevik revolutionaries and left Russia in large numbers recently due to a new antisemitism blaming Jews for the revolution and its aftermath, showing how the events still have modern relevance.
20th Century Cultural War,; The Frankfort School of Cultural Marxism and the ...Wayne Williams
Students will examine the history of the Frankfort School of Marxism and how it migrated to the U.S., and how this relates to social upheaval in today's America.
Ashish nandy the intimate enemy loss and recovery of self under colonialis...KJLM1
This document is the preface to a book titled "The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self under Colonialism" by Ashis Nandy.
In 3 sentences:
1) The book examines how modern colonialism psychologically colonized minds in colonized societies by creating new secular hierarchies and promoting Western concepts of rationality, progress, and modernity.
2) It argues that this "second colonization" has survived the end of empires and still influences interpretations of colonialism, even anti-colonial resistance movements.
3) The preface aims to justify and defend the "authentic innocence" of cultures that confronted colonialism while also recognizing the need for post-colonial
Marx dobie, ann theory into practice - marxist criticismInvisible_Vision
The document analyzes Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and Marxist literary criticism through examining Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Diamond Necklace". It discusses how the economic system depicted in the story divides society into bourgeoisie and proletariat classes based on ownership of property and means of production. Madame Loisel, as a member of the proletariat class, has no power or opportunity for social mobility. The story reveals how the internal contradictions of capitalism cause ongoing class struggle and psychological damage by commodifying possessions. A Marxist analysis seeks to uncover these dynamics to further the proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie.
002 Essay Abstract Example ~ Thatsnotus. How To Write An Abstract For An Essay - How To Write A Great Essay .... writing an abstract for an essay. Abstract Essay Topics. Thesis Abstract Examples - Thesis Title Ideas for College. 016 What Is Art Essay Example ~ Thatsnotus. PPT - Techniques & Research in Music Education PowerPoint Presentation .... 002 Writing Satirical Essay P1 ~ Thatsnotus. 001 Abstract Essay Research Paper Sample ~ Thatsnotus. ⭐ Abstract topics to write about. How to Write an Abstract (with .... 004 Essay Example Philosophy Topics Future Teachers Of Education .... Opinion Essay Topics. Kymaro Health & Beauty. Ap Essay Questions For Jane Eyre | PDF. Research Paper Abstract | Writing Help, Outline Example, Paper Topics. example of an essay abstract - World Social Media Mainstreet. Abstract Essay Topics | Essay on Abstract Topics | Hitbullseye.
Stalin russia and_the_crisis_in_socialism-max_eastman-1940-281pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
The document summarizes Max Eastman's changing views on socialism in Russia over time. Originally, Eastman endorsed Lenin's system of revolutionary engineering, believing it would lead to greater liberty, equality, and individuality after the socialization of land and capital. However, he has since become disillusioned as Stalin consolidated power and established an authoritarian regime. Eastman now sees little hope for a classless society in Russia and believes the country will become as reactionary as any that emerged from feudalism if changes are not made within the next decade. He notes the cultural reaction that has reversed early progress on education, women's rights, and peace that were cited by early observers like John Dewey and Lucy Wilson.
Secret Societies have a history of being considered a threat to overall society and deeply involved in all types of world corruption as well as every war. This was written by an historical writer researcher nearly 100 years ago. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
The Rostow Memorandum proposes a new strategy for US foreign policy that assumes the Soviet Union is "mellowing" and becoming more open to meaningful agreements. It argues both the US and USSR are losing power and influence, creating overlapping interests where deals can be made. However, US intelligence sees no evidence the Soviets have softened their goals of world domination. The Memorandum's optimistic view of the Soviets has concerned military and intelligence leaders.
07.03.2020. Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?Evgenia An
Presentation "Koryo-Saram - A missing meso-link?"
by Evgenia An (PhD Candidate, Goethe University, Frankfurt)
for the Conference "Strange Korean Parallels", Helsinki.
Women Empowerment Essay for Students & Children | 500+ Words Essay. Women Empowerment Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Essay on Women Empowerment : Samples & Useful Tips | Leverage Edu. Essay on Women Empowerment | Short essay, Speech on women, Essay on .... Women Empowerment Essay 2. Women Empowerment Speech for ASL: PDF Available | Leverage Edu. Women Empowerment Essay.doc | Empowerment | Literacy. Women Empowerment Essay - Scholarly Write-ups. Women empowerment essay writing in english. 002 Essay Example Women Empowerment ~ Thatsnotus. Essay on Barriers to Empowerment of Women in India for Students and .... Essay On Women Empowerment | Empowerment | Housekeeping. How to written an essay Women Empowerment. Essay on Women Empowerment for Students and Children – Version Weekly. Write an essay on Women Empowerment | English | Essay Writing - YouTube. Write My Essay For Me: Essay women empowerment. Essay On Women Empowerment. Essay On Women Empowerment In English. Women Empowerment Essay in 2020 | Women empowerment, Essay, Empowerment. Women empowerment essay pptx. Analytical Essay: Short essay on womens empowerment in english. essay on women empowerment - YouTube. Women empowerment- Essay for Beginners & school boys & girls. Free Essays On Women Empowerment. Women empowerment Essay — 500 Words Essays [Top 3+]. [SHORT] Essay on Women Empowerment | in India - Study-Phi. Essay on Women Empowerment in English - LearnEnglishGrammar.in.
The document discusses Karl Marx's views and how they have been interpreted and applied in different ways over time. It makes three key points:
1) Marx believed violent revolution was necessary for workers to improve their conditions, but changes in Western countries came through long-term union movements rather than sudden revolution.
2) Some Marxist principles like improving workers' rights were adopted through reforms rather than dismantling the existing system.
3) Not all policies commonly labeled as "Marxist", like Social Security, involved destroying and rebuilding government as Marx predicted. They developed uniquely in different countries.
Lecture Concert for Peaceful Unification on the Korean Peninsula (English)HWPL
A Special Proposal on the Unification on the Korean Peninsula and World Peace, Made by Leaders of Eastern Europe who Led the System Change to Democracy
Explain how firms can benefit from forecastingexchange rates .docxhanneloremccaffery
Explain how firms can benefit from forecasting
exchange rates
Describe the common techniques used for
forecasting
Explain how forecasting performance can be
evaluated
explain how interval forecasts can be applied
APA format, minimum 3 sources
Paper will be a minimum of 650 and a maximum of 900 words.
(This includes title section, content, and references…in other
words the entire paper)
.
•POL201 •Discussions •Week 5 - DiscussionVoter and Voter Tu.docxhanneloremccaffery
• POL201 • Discussions • Week 5 - Discussion
Voter and Voter Turnout
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., Fraught with Fraud (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Proof at the Polls (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning. Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the body of your post and full citations on the references list (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
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No less than 4 pages causal argument researched essay
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Includes an interview with an expert from a university
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Includes survey question with students concerning the topic
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Includes arguments from official sources from the library
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Ovid's account of the flood that differ from Genesis. How do they differ? What is the significance of these differences
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Explain how firms can benefit from forecastingexchange rates .docxhanneloremccaffery
Explain how firms can benefit from forecasting
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Describe the common techniques used for
forecasting
Explain how forecasting performance can be
evaluated
explain how interval forecasts can be applied
APA format, minimum 3 sources
Paper will be a minimum of 650 and a maximum of 900 words.
(This includes title section, content, and references…in other
words the entire paper)
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• POL201 • Discussions • Week 5 - Discussion
Voter and Voter Turnout
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., Fraught with Fraud (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Proof at the Polls (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning. Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the body of your post and full citations on the references list (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
•No less than 4 pages causal argument researched essay •In.docxhanneloremccaffery
•
No less than 4 pages causal argument researched essay
•
Includes an interview with an expert from a university
•
Includes survey question with students concerning the topic
•
Includes arguments from official sources from the library
.
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian andor Ovids ac.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian and/or Ovid's account of creation that differ from Genesis. How do they differ? What is the significance of these differences?
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian and/or
Ovid's account of the flood that differ from Genesis. How do they differ? What is the significance of these differences
.
•Langbein, L. (2012). Public program evaluation A statistical guide.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Langbein, L. (2012). Public program evaluation: A statistical guide (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. ◦Chapter 7, “Designing Useful Surveys for Evaluation” (pp. 209–238)
•McDavid, J. C., Huse, I., & Hawthorn, L. R. L. (2013). Program evaluation and performance measurement: An introduction to practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ◦Chapter 4, “Measurement for Program Evaluation and Performance Monitoring” (pp. 145–185)
•Geddes, B. (1990). How the cases you choose affect the answers you get: Selection bias in comparative politics. Political Analysis, 2(1), 131–150. Retrieved from http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/PS671/Geddes_1990PA.pdf
•Levitt, S., & List, J. (2009). Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? An analysis of the original illumination experiments. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w15016.pdf
•Urban Institute. (2014). Outcome indicators project. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/center/cnp/projects/outcomeindicators.cfm
•Bamberger, M. (2010). Reconstructuring baseline data for impact evaluation and results measurement. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1276521901256/premnoteME4.pdf
•Parnaby, P. (2006). Evaluation through surveys [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.idea.org/blog/2006/04/01/evaluation-through-surveys/
•Rutgers, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. (2014). Developing a survey instrument. Retrieved from http://njaes.rutgers.edu/evaluation/resources/survey-instrument.asp
•MEASURE Evaluation. (n.d.). Secondary analysis of data. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/our-work/secondary-analysis/secondary-analysis-of-data
•Zeitlin, A. (2014). Sampling and sample size [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/2.%20Sampling%20and%20Sample%20Size_AFZ3.pdf
Now that you have thought through a logical model or framework for your Final Project, it is time to develop preliminary input, output, and outcome indicators. For this Assignment, use the guidelines from the Urban Institute resource and consult relevant Optional Resources from this week.
Submit a 2- to 3-page paper which describes your input, output, and outcome program indicators, including the following:
•Describe the variables and the data you will be using.
•Provide a realistic discussion of the availability of research data.
•Provide an analysis of intended data collection strategies.
◦If a sample or sample survey will be used, discuss the sampling frame or the sampling strategy you intend to use.
.
•Chapter 10 Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accura.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Chapter 10: Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observable aspects of culture in comparison to an insider with several years of work experience? Select a percentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning.
•Chapter 11: A noted organization theorist once said, "Pressure for change originates in the environment. Pressure for stability originates within the organization." Do you agree?
•Chapter 12: If managers frequently use experience and intuition to make complex, non-programmed decisions, how do they apply evidence-based management (which seems to suggest that managers should rely on facts and data)?
•Chapter 13: In a rapidly changing organization, are decisions more likely to be made using the rational or political model of organization?
•What biblical implications should be included/addressed?
•How can/should a biblical worldview be applied?
Group Discussion Board Forum Thread Grading Rubric
Criteria
Points Possible
Points Earned
Thread
0 to 30 points
All questions associated with Part 1 are provided in a thread.
At least 4 peer-reviewed references are included in the thread.
The thread is 1200 words.
The thread is posted by the stated deadline.
Spelling and grammar are correct.
Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
Total
.
· Bakit Di gaanong kaganda ang pagturo sa UST sa panahon.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
Bakit
Di gaanong kaganda ang pagturo sa UST sa panahon ni Jose Rizal
·
bakit
Merong diskriminasyon; minamaliit ang mga Pilipinosa panahon ni Jose Rizal
·
bakit
Galit sa kay Jose Rizal ang mga Dominikano dahil sa pagtatatag ng Companerismo (Fraternity)
·
bakit
Gustong gamutin ni Jose Rizal ang ina niya
.
·YOUR INDIVIDUAL PAPER IS ARGUMENTATIVE OR POSITIONAL(Heal.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
YOUR INDIVIDUAL PAPER IS ARGUMENTATIVE OR POSITIONAL
(Healthcare Information Technology)
THIS is NOT and information paper so please read this carefully
Individual Writing Assignment
This Individual Writing Assignment is worth 20 points, and it is due at the end of Week 5.
The purposes of this assignment are to a) help you effectively use research resources through library data bases and search engines to complete course requirements; b) improve your critical thinking skills, and c) develop your effectiveness in writing about topics relevant to course objectives and healthcare information systems. The paper explores, in greater detail than the required readings and class discussion, any healthcare information system topic identified in the course text or syllabus. Your job is to select a current issue in healthcare information systems, provide the necessary background and your position, along with a conclusion and future direction. I encourage you to select a subject in which you have interest and approach this assignment as a potential publishable work.
Position Paper
Your final paper is 15 pages double-spaced (excluding the executive summary, footnotes, and references) with a 10 or 12 point font. Tables, graphics, and diagrams must be placed in the paper as attachments. They do not count in the page length. This is a guide to help you organize your content and what is expected in each section. The page counts are suggested, however, where they have a limit, that must be adhered to.
·
Cover Page:
APA Style (1 Page, not included in page count)
·
Table of Contents:
(not included in page count)
·
Executive Summary:
Bottom line up front (1 page, no more)
·
Introduction
: (1/2 to 1 page)
·
Background
: Information on the topic that provides context so readers can understand the background leading into your statement and analysis of the issue (up to 2 pages, no more)
·
Analysis of the issue
: This is the problem you see with the current state of your topic supported by evidence and literature that brings validity to the issue or problem you are stating exists. Then describe the factors contributing to the issue /problem broken down by (2-3 pages)
People
Processes
Technology
·
Position
: Now that the reader understands the problem broken down by people, process, and technology, provide a clear statement of what your position is on the issue and why. (1/2 to 1 page)
·
Rationale
: Now that the reader clearly understands your position and why you will detail your position with supporting evidence and literature to persuade the reader your position is the most valid. You should address opposing views with counter arguments here also. Your position should have evidence directly addressing the issues you stated above broken down by the same (3-4 pages)
People
Process
Technology
·
Recommendation
: Now that you have convinced the reader on your position being the best way forward, you need to provide 3-5 discrete recommen.
·Write a 750- to 1,Write a 750- to 1,200-word paper that.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
Write
a 750- to 1,
Write
a 750- to 1,200-word paper that addresses the following:
Define religion.
Describe the theory of animism.
Explain the influence of religion on cultures.
Identify the seven major religions of the world.
Describe any four types of theism.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Include
a minimum of five references.
Limit
direct quotes to less than 10% of the total manuscript.
Criteria for grading
·
Introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points
·
Define religion
·
Describe the theory of animism
·
Explain the influence of religion on cultures (e.g., architecture, art, politics, social norms, etc.)
·
Identify the seven major religions of the world and provide one or two sentences about each
·
Describe any four types of theism (e.g., atheism, monotheism, ditheism, polytheism, pantheism, etc.) and provide an example of each
·
Conclusion
.
[Type here]Ok. This school makes me confused. The summary of t.docxhanneloremccaffery
[Type here]
Ok. This school makes me confused. The summary of this week they posted like this:
SUMMARY:
This week introduced you to grand theories and middle-range theories that serve to articulate the voice of nursing within healthcare.
Here are the key points covered:
Grand theories are comparatively more abstract than middle-range theories since they are at a higher level of abstraction. Compared to grand theories, middle-range theories are made up of limited number of concepts that lend themselves to empirical testing. All theories help to explain human health behavior.
· Sister Callista Royï's adaptive model theory is built on the conceptual foundation of adaptation. It identifies the positive role that nursing plays in the promotion and enhancement of client adaptation to environments that facilitate the healing process.
· Leiningerï's culture care theory is pertinent in the current multicultural healthcare environment where nurses are exposed to diverse cultures.
· Penderï's health promotion and disease prevention theory can be called as a "direction setting exercise" for nursing professionals. It believes in fostering the spirit of health promotion and disease and risk reduction.
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions, read the following:The Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on a Systems Approach, read the following:
The Roy Adaptation Model
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on Culture, read the following:
Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory and Model
SO, THAT IS WHY I ASSUMED THAT HAS TO BE ONE OF THEM (Pender, Roy Adaptaion or Leininger)
ANYWAY, I AM PUTTING INFORMATION TOGETHER.
Week 4 Chapter 17
Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions
The Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender
Background
Nola J. Pender was born in 1941 in Lansing, Michigan. She graduated in 1962 with a diploma in nursing. In 1964, Pender completed a bachelor’s of science in nursing at Michigan State University. By 1969, she had completed a doctor of philosophy in psychology and education. During this time in her career, Pender began looking at health and nursing in a broad way, including defining the goal of nursing care as optimal health.
In 1975, Pender published a model for preventive health behavior; her health promotion model first appeared in the first edition of the text Health Promotion in Nursing Practice in 1982. Pender’s health promotion model has its foundation in Albert Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory (which postulates that cognitive processes affect behavior change) and is influenced by Fishbein’s (1967) theory of reasoned action (which asserts that personal attitudes and social norms affect behavior).
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
McCullagh (2009) labeled Pender’s health promotion model as a middle-range integrative theory, and rightly so. Fawcett (2005) decisively presented the differenc.
{
Discrimination
*
GENERAL DISCRIMINATION
+
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION
(on freedom of religion)
DISCRIMINATION ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
(still weak protection)
GENDER DISCRIMINATION
(CEDAW)
TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION
NON-DISCRIMINATION in INT’L LAW
A. GENERAL DISCRIMINATION
Arts 1 & 2 Universal Declaration on Human Rights
Arts. 2 & 26 ICCPR
Art. 14 ECHR & Add. Protocol 12
B. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Int’l Convention against All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
Art . 2: (1). Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
(2). States to take the necessary steps to adopt laws and measures to give effect to art. 2;
(3). States to ensure effective remedy, determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority and enforce such remedies.
Art. 26: non-discrimination before the law and equal protection by the law
ICCPR
*
Justification for differential treatment
General Comment 18 HRC
Not every differentiation of treatment will constitute discrimination:
if the criteria are reasonable and objective
and the aim is to achieve the purpose which is legitimate
ICCPR cont.
*
“Racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life (art. 1)
States Parties particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction (art. 3)
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION-
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Direct discrimination: Indirect discrimination
Formal equality: Substantive equality
Discrimination in law: Discrimination in practice
Non-discrimination: negative protection
Equality: positive obligations -> special measures
Is there a hierarchy in the protection of discrimination?
Racial Discrimination (prohibition Jus Cogens);
gender based discrimination?
Religious-based discrimination??
Discrimination based on sexual orientation???
Discrimination (forms & grounds)
= Affirmative action/ positive action
Article 1.4 of ICERD:
Special measures taken for the sole purpose of securing adequate advancement of certain racial or ethnic groups or individuals requiring such protection as may be necessary in order to ensure such groups or in.
`HISTORY 252AEarly Modern Europe from 1500 to 1815Dr. Burton .docxhanneloremccaffery
`HISTORY 252A
Early Modern Europe from 1500 to 1815
Dr. Burton Van Name Edwards (Van)
Tuesday – Thursday 3:30-4:45
Unistructure 247
Third Paper Assignment
Due Tuesday, December 13th
The third paper will be based on a book in the list at the end of the syllabus. These works are generally works of literature, with some concerned with philosophy or politics. The student’s task will be to show how the chosen work reflects or shows the influence of conditions and events in Europe that were operating at the time of the writing of the work. This is not a book report. I am not interested in plots or descriptions of the general argument of a given work. Instead, I am looking for an analysis of specific sections of the chosen work that may illuminate social and economic attitudes or contemporaneous conditions.
The paper should be 7-8 pages long.
You will be expected to give a 5-10 minute oral report based on your finding in the third paper. This oral report will be a significant part of your class participation grade.
.
^ Acadumy of Management Journal2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.docxhanneloremccaffery
^ Acadumy of Management Journal
2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY OF CAREER SUCCESS
SCOTT E. SEIBERT
MARIA L. KRAIMER
•̂ ' ' ' Cleveland State University
ROBERT C. LIDEN
University of Illinois at Chicago
A model integrating competing theories of social capital with research on career
success was developed and tested in a sample of 448 employees with various occupa-
tions and organizations. Social capital was conceptualized in terms of network struc-
ture and social resources. Results of structural equation modeling showed that net-
work structure was related to social resources and that the effects of social resources
on career success were hilly mediated by three network benelits: access to information,
access to resources, and career sponsorship.
Organizational researchers have begun to de-
velop increasingly comprehensive models of career
success using demographic, human capital, work-
family, motivational, organizational, and industry
variables (e.g., Dreher & Ash, 1990; Judge & Bretz,
1994: Judge, Cable. Boudreau, & Bretz. 1995; Kirch-
meyer, 1998). Although this work has provided
considerable evidence regarding the determinants
of career outcomes, the roles of informal interper-
sonal behaviors have not been fully explored (Judge
& Bretz, 1994; Pfeffer, 1989). Popular advice for
getting ahead in one's career rarely fails to mention
the importance of networking for the achievement
of career goals (e.g., Bolles, 1992; Kanter, 1977).
Indeed, Luthans, Hodgetts, and Rosenkrantz (1988)
found that the most successful managers in their
study spent 70 percent more time engaged in net-
working activities and 10 percent more time en-
gaged in routine communication activities than
their less successful counterparts. Recent advances
in social capital theory (Coleman, 1990) have begun
to provide a finer-grained analysis of the ways in-
dividuals' social networks affect their careers in
organizations (Burt, 1992, 1997; Ibarra, 1995;
Podolny & Baron, 1997; Sparrowe & Popielarz,
1995). This theoretical perspective has the poten-
Data were collected and the manuscript was submitted
and processed while Scott E. Seibert was in the Manage-
ment Department at the University of Notre Dame and
Maria L. Kraimer was a graduate student at the Univer-
sity of Illinois at Chicago. Support for this project was
provided by the Management Department at the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame and the Alumni Office of the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame. The current investigation is part of a
larger study of career success.
tial to considerably enhance scholars' knowledge of
the role of social processes in career success.
The first purpose of the current study was to
integrate the current conceptualizations of social
capital as they pertain to career success. Tbree dif-
ferent theoretical approaches—weak tie theory
(Granovetter, 1973), structural hole theory (Burt,
1992), and social resource theory (Lin, 1990)—
focus on different network properties as r.
`
Inclusiveness. The main difference that can distinguish a happy employee from disgruntled employee. As with all decisions that are made, there is always an audience that the decision will affect. When employees are privy and organizational decisions are inclusive to employees this can greatly increase their level of fulfillment. Whether or not the end user of the decision will be content with the outcome or not, there will always be critics. Which leads us to discuss key characteristics and the importance of involving employees in relative organizational decision making.
It is not uncommon to find that during strategic organizational planning that top-level management will include their employees to engage and provide their input on complex processes. Human capital, whether the organization is large or small, corporate ran or small business managed is key to an organization’s success. Employee satisfaction level drives productivity and is what increases revenue for the company. Happy employees equal happy customers.
What does it take to keep employees motivated? A critical and important element for employers to keep their employees happy and content is clear communication. It is critical that an organization’s objective and vision for future growth is communicated clearly throughout all levels. Top-level management must be skilled at delivering the company’s mission and values to every tier within their organization. Each tier within the organization with healthy communication should be able to open-mindedly accept the message and freely provide any feedback positive or negative without fear of repercussion. Keeping an open line of communication within an organization is key to building the foundation for success.
As we move away from the golden days of traditional office operations consisting of fax machines, telephones, paper, pencils, etc. and move towards a more technologically repertoire, we lose the personable face to face interaction with one another. We spend most of the day behind our computer screen at our desk. The need to sustain job satisfaction amongst employees could not be ever more present than now. To maintain the morale amongst employees, organizations should be able to keep them challenged and motivated. Take technology for example. If the increase of new technology isn’t daunting enough, consider the challenge to remain current with technology all the while maintaining a competitive advantage in the industry? Reach internally to our internal resource, human capital. Employees must be given the opportunity to share their knowledge, skills, and abilities. When empowered to provide input concerning highly visible organizational decisions, employee morale is boosted. Not only is this beneficial for employees but also the employer as they receive ideas and input that could possibly lead to the solution. Employee engagement boosts the overall welfare of the organization.
According to.
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._CNA320 Poster Presentation rubric.pdf
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._CNA320+Poster+Template (1).ppt
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._Helpful Hints for the Poster Presentation.docx
Sujan Poster/Poster Abstract - Aspiration pneumonia (1).docx
Title: Aspiration pneumonia: Best practice to avoid complications
Background
Aspiration pneumonia is a lung infection due to inhaled contents; this is a relevant topic because aspiration pneumonia is prevalent and accounts for up to 15% of all pneumonia cases and is particularly common in older people, and thus it is important for nurses to be aware of how to manage the condition particularly as the population is ageing so this will be of more concern (Kwong, Howden & Charles 2011).
Target Audience
The target audience for this presentation is experienced Registered Nurses and thus the presentation has been designed for this group.
Main Findings
Aspiration pneumonia is an infection within the lungs that occurs after a person aspirates either liquid, vomit or food into the larynx and lower respiratory tract; this can occur when an individual inhales their gastric or oral contents. Patients at risk include individuals who are elderly or those who have a marked disturbance of consciousness such as that resulting from a drug overdose, seizures, a massive cerebrospinal accident, dysphagia or dysphasia (Kwong, Howden & Charles 2011). Aspiration pneumonia can quickly develop into respiratory failure, abscess and empyema and this requires supportive care, which is the main form of therapy, however prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is also often prescribed (Joundi, Wong & Leis 2015). Best practice suggests suctioning, supplemental oxygen to keep O2 above 90%, septic shock therapy, management of hypotension and antibiotic therapy for 7-10 days. Sputum cultures should be taken so that antibiotics can be tailored appropriately (McAdams-Jones & Sundar 2012).
Implications for Practice
These findings are important for registered nurses to be aware of so that aspiration pneumonia can be managed appropriately and complications can be avoided, which could cause increased hospital stay and costs. Nurses need to be aware of the best practice recommendations such as oxygen supplementation, sit up while eating, provide thickened foods and drinks, dental care and about taking sputum cultures when managing aspiration pneumonia so that treatment can be tailored appropriately and recovery can occur quickly.
Feedback from marker (Teacher)
Thank you for your abstract.
You have just managed a pass grade, your work is very basic and you will need to engage with the basic practice literature to ensure you have a comprehensive understanding of this topic in your poster.
I am also unclear on your focus, is this about prevention of aspiration or management once it has occurred or both?
Kind regards Andrea
Sources of Evidence
Joundi, R, Wong, B & Leis, J 2015, "Antibiotics “Just-In-Ca.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Juneteenth Freedom Day 2024 David Douglas School District
Subject essay James von GeldernDissidence arose among Sov.docx
1. Subject essay: James von Geldern
Dissidence arose among Soviet intellectuals in the 1960s and
expanded in the early 1970s. Challenging official policies
became possible as Khrushchev loosened state controls, but the
practice continued to grown when the boundaries of
permissible expression contracted under the Brezhnev
administration. It reflected the contradiction between an
increasingly
articulate and mobile society on the one hand and an
increasingly sclerotic political order on the other. While never
including
more than a few thousand individuals, dissidents exercised a
moral and even political weight far exceeding their numbers,
and paralleled the self-proclaimed role of the nineteenth-century
Russian intelligentsia as the "conscience of society."
Dissidence took a variety of forms: public protests and
demonstrations, open letters to Soviet leaders, and the
production
and circulation of manuscript copies (samizdat) of banned
works of literature, social and political commentary. In
addition,
from 1968 until the early 1980s, the samizdat journal, The
Chronicle of Current Events, served as a clearing house of
2. information about human-rights violations in the Soviet Union.
By the early 1970s, the dissident movement evinced three
main currents. Democratic socialism, couched in terms of
"scrupulous regard for democratic principles" and "the
possibility
of an alliance between the best of the intelligentsia supported
by the people and the most forward-looking individuals in the
governing apparat," was exemplified by the historian Roy
Medvedev in his book, On Socialist Democracy (originally
published in Amsterdam in 1972). Political liberalism and a
strong defense of freedom of expression and other human rights
was most famously articulated by the physicist, Andrei
Sakharov in his essay, "Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual
Freedom," which dates from 1968. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the
novelist and author of GULAG Archipelago, embodied the
third current which condemned western ideologies including
Marxism in the name of Russian Orthodox values. In addition,
human rights activities took up the cause of religious dissenters,
Soviet Jews who had been denied permission to emigrate
("refuseniks"), and nationalities such as the Crimean Tatars.
Soviet authorities attempted to repress these currents and
activities by propaganda that discredited dissidents and their
claims, confiscation of dissident literature, removal of
dissidents from their jobs, prosecution and incarceration in
3. mental
institutions and prison, banishment to a provincial city or
outlying region, or enforced exile with removal of Soviet
citizenship.
In 1974, Solzhenitsyn was deported from the Soviet Union. The
network of underground groups set up after the Helsinki
Accords of 1975 to monitor Soviet compliance with that
agreement's human-rights provisions was hounded and
decimated
by arrests. Sakharov was stripped of his privileges as a member
of the Academy of Sciences and, in 1980, consigned to
internal exile. But Roy Medvedev's observation that "There is
now a very widespread feeling that the way we live and work
has become untenable," eventually would be repeated by
Mikhail Gorbachev as justification for his policies of glasnost
and
perestroika.
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4. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Letter to the Soviet Leaders. 1974
Contributor: Translation by Hilary Sternberg
The murky whirlwind of Progressive Ideology swept in on us
from the West at the end of the last century, and has tormented
and
ravaged our soul quite enough ...
A second danger is the multiple impasse in which Western
civilization (which Russia long ago chose the honor of joining)
finds itself, but
it is not so imminent; there are still two or three decades in
reserve. We share this impasse with all the advanced countries,
which are in
an even worse and more perilous predicament than we are,
although people keep hoping for new scientific loopholes and
inventions to
stave off the day of retribution. I would not mention this danger
in this letter if the solutions to both problems were not identical
in many
respects, if one and the same turnabout, a single decision, would
not deliver us from both dangers. Such a happy coincidence is
rare.
Let us value history's gift and not miss these opportunities.
And all this has so "suddenly" come tumbling out at mankind's
feet, and at Russia's! How fond our progressive publicists were,
both
before and after the Revolution, of ridiculing those retrogrades
(there were always so many of them in Russia): people who
called upon
us to cherish and have pity on our past, even on the most
Godforsaken hamlet with a couple of hovels, even on the paths
that run
5. alongside the railroad track; who called upon us to keep horses
even after the advent of the motorcar, not to abandon small
factories for
enormous plants and combines, not to discard organic manure in
favor of chemical fertilizers, not to mass by the million in
cities, not to
clamber on top of one another in multistory apartment blocks.
How they laughed, how they tormented those reactionary
"Slavophiles"
(the jibe became the accepted term, the simpletons never
managed to think up another name for themselves). They
hounded the men
who said that it was perfectly feasible for a colossus like
Russia, with all its spiritual peculiarities and folk traditions, to
find its own
particular path; and that it could not be that the whole of
mankind should follow a single, absolutely identical pattern of
development.
No, we had to be dragged along the whole of the Western
bourgeois-industrial and Marxist path in order to discover,
toward the close of
the twentieth century, and again from progressive Western
scholars, what any village graybeard in the Ukraine or Russia
had
understood from time immemorial and could have explained to
the progressive commentators ages ago, had the commentators
ever
found the time in that dizzy fever of theirs to consult him: that a
dozen worms can't go on and on gnawing the same apple
forever, that if
the earth is a finite object, then its expanses and resources are
finite also, and the endless, infinite progress dinned into our
heads by
the dreamers of the Enlightenment cannot be accomplished on
it. No, we had to shuffle on and on behind other people, without
6. knowing
what lay ahead of us, until suddenly we now hear the scouts
calling to one another: We've blundered into a blind alley, we'll
have to turn
back. All that "endless progress" turned out to be an insane, ill-
considered, furious dash into a blind alley. A civilization
greedy for
"perpetual progress" has now choked and is on its last legs ...
But what about us? Us, with our unwieldiness and our inertia,
with our flinching and inability to change even a single letter, a
single
syllable, of what Marx said in 1848 about industrial
development? Economically and physically we are perfectly
capable of saving
ourselves. But there is a roadblock on the path to our salvation-
the sole Progressive World View. If we renounce industrial
development,
what about the working class, socialism, communism, unlimited
increase in productivity and all the rest? Marx is not to be
corrected,
that's revisionism ...
But you are already being called "revisionists" anyway,
whatever you may do in the future. So wouldn't it be better to
do your duty
soberly, responsibly and firmly, and give up the dead letter for
the sake of a living people who are utterly dependent on your
power and
your decisions? And you must do it without delay. Why dawdle
if we shall have to snap out of it sometime anyway? Why repeat
what
others have done and loop the agonizing loop right to the end,
when we are not too far into it to turn back? If the man at the
head of the
column cries, "I have lost my way," do we absolutely have to
7. plow right on to the spot where he realized his mistake and only
there -turn
back? Why not turn and start on the right course from wherever
we happen to be?
As it is, we have followed Western technology too long and too
faithfully. We are supposed to be the "first socialist country in
the world,"
one which sets an example to other peoples, in both the East and
the West, and we are supposed to have been so "original" in
following various monstrous doctrines-on the peasantry, on
small tradesmen-so why, then, have we been so dolefully
unoriginal in
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technology, and why have we so unthinkingly, so blindly,
copied Western civilization? (Why? From military haste, of
course, and the
haste stems from our immense "international responsibilities,"
and all this because of Marxism again.)
One might have thought that, with the central planning of which
we are so proud, we of all people had the chance not to spoil
Russia's
natural beauty, not to create antihuman, multimillion
concentrations of people. But we've done everything the other
8. way round: we have
dirtied and defiled the wide Russian spaces and disfigured the
heart of Russia, our beloved Moscow. (What crazed, unfilial
hand
bulldozed the boulevards so that you can't go along them now
without diving down into degrading tunnels of stone? What evil,
alien ax
broke up the tree-fined boulevards of the Sadovoe Kol'tso and
replaced them with a poisoned zone of asphalt and gasoline?)
The
irreplaceable face of the city and all the ancient city plan have
been obliterated, and imitations of the West are being flung up,
like the'
New Arbat; the city has been so squeezed, stretched and pushed
upward that life has become intolerable-so what do we do now?
Reconstruct the former Moscow in a new place? That is
probably impossible. Accept, then, that we have lost it
completely?
We have squandered our resources foolishly without so much as
a backward glance, sapped our soil, mutilated our vast expanses
with
Idiotic "Inland seas" and contaminated belts of wasteland
around our industrial centers-but for the moment, at least, far
more still
remains untainted by us, which we haven't had time to touch. So
let us come to our senses in time, let us change our course! ...
This Ideology that fell to us by inheritance is not only decrepit
and hopelessly antiquated now; even during its best decades it
was totally
mistaken in its predictions and was never a science.
A primitive, superficial economic theory, it declared that only
the worker creates value and failed to take into account the
contribution of
9. either organizers, engineers, transportation or marketing
systems. It was mistaken when it forecast that the proletariat
would be
endlessly oppressed and would never achieve anything in a
bourgeois democracy-if only we could shower people with as
much food,
clothing and leisure as they have gained under capitalism! It
missed the point when it asserted that the prosperity of the
European
countries depended on their colonies; it was only after they had
shaken the colonies off that they began to accomplish their
"economic
miracles." It was mistaken through and through in its prediction
that socialists could never come to power except through an
armed
uprising. It miscalculated in thinking that the first uprisings
would take place in the advanced industrial countries; quite the
reverse. And
the picture of how the whole world would rapidly be overtaken
by revolutions and how states would soon wither away was
sheer
delusion, sheer ignorance of human nature. And as for wars
being characteristic of capitalism alone and coming to an end
when
capitalism did-we have already witnessed the longest war of the
twentieth century so far, and it was not capitalism that rejected
negotiations and a truce for fifteen to twenty years; and God
forbid that we should witness the bloodiest and most brutal of
all mankind's
wars-a war between two Communist superpowers. Then there
was nationalism, which this theory also buried in 1848 as a
"survival"-but
find a stronger force in the world today! And it's the same with
many other things too boring to list.
Marxism is not only not accurate, is not only not a science, has
10. not only failed to predict a single event in terms of figures,
quantities,
time-scales or locations (something that electronic computers
today do with laughable ease in the course of social forecasting,
although
never with the help of Marxism)-it absolutely astounds one by
the economic and mechanistic crudity of its attempts to explain
that most
subtle of creatures, the human being, and that even more
complex synthesis of millions of people, society. Only the
cupidity of some,
the blindness of others and a craving for faith on the part of still
others can serve to explain this grim jest of the twentieth
century: how
can such a discredited and bankrupt doctrine still have so many
followers in the West! In our country are left the fewest of all!
We who
have had a taste of it are only pretending willy-nilly ...
Here in Russia, for sheer lack of practice, democracy survived
for only eight months-from February to October, 1917. The
�migr�
groups of Constitutional Democrats and Social Democrats still
pride themselves on it to this very day and say that outside
forces
brought about its collapse. But in reality that democracy was
their disgrace; they invoked it and promised it so arrogantly,
and then
created merely a chaotic caricature of democracy, because first
of all they turned out to be ill-prepared for it themselves, and
then
Russia was worse prepared still. Over the last half-century
Russia's preparedness for democracy, for a multiparty
parliamentary system,
could only have diminished. I am inclined to think that its
sudden reintroduction now would merely be a melancholy
11. repetition of 1917
Should we record as our democratic tradition the Land
Assemblies of Muscovite Russia, Novgorod, the early Cossacks,
the village
commune? Or should we console ourselves with the thought that
for a thousand years Russia lived with an authoritarian order-
and at
the beginning of the twentieth century both the physical and
spiritual health of her people were still intact?
However, in those days an important condition was fulfilled:
that authoritarian order possessed a strong moral foundation,
embryonic
and rudimentary though it was-not the ideology of universal
violence, but Christian Orthodoxy, the ancient, seven-centuries-
old
Orthodoxy of Sergei of Radonezh and Nil Sorsky, before it was
battered by Patriarch Nikon and bureaucratized by Peter the
Great.
From the end of the Moscow period and throughout the whole of
the Petersburg period, once this moral principle was perverted
and
weakened, the authoritarian order, despite the apparent external
successes of the state, gradually went into a decline and
eventually
perished.
But even the Russian intelligentsia, which for more than a
century has invested all its strength in the struggle with an
authoritarian
regime-what has it achieved for itself or the common people by
its enormous losses? The opposite of what it intended, of
course. So
should we not perhaps acknowledge that for Russia this path
was either false or, premature? That for the foreseeable future,
12. perhaps,
whether we like it or not, whether we intend it or not, Russia is
nevertheless destined to have an authoritarian order? Perhaps
this is all
that she is ripe for today? ... Everything depends upon what sort
of authoritarian order lies in store for us in the future.
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It is not authoritarianism itself that is intolerable, but the
ideological lies that are daily foisted upon us. Not so much
authoritarianism as
arbitrariness and illegality, the sheer illegality of having a
single overlord in each district, each province and each sphere,
often ignorant
and brutal, whose will alone decides all things. An authoritarian
order does not necessarily mean that laws are unnecessary or
that they
exist only on paper, or that they should not reflect the notions
and will of the population. Nor does it mean that the legislative,
executive
and judicial authorities are not independent, any of them, that
they are in fact not authorities at all but utterly at the mercy of
a telephone
call from the only true, self-appointed authority. May I remind
you that the soviets, which gave their name to our system and
existed until
July 6, 1918, were in no way dependent upon Ideology:
Ideology or no Ideology, they always envisaged the widest
possible consultation
13. with all working people.
Would it be still within the bounds of realism or a lapse
daydreams if we were to propose that at least some of the real
power of the
soviets be restored? I do not know what can be said on the
subject of our Constitution: from 1936 It has not been observed
for a single
day, and for that reason does not appear to be viable. But
perhaps even the Constitution is not beyond all hope? ...
So that the country and people do not suffocate, and so that they
all have the chance to develop and enrich us with ideas, allow
competition on an equal and honorable basis not for power, but
for truth between all ideological and moral currents, in
particular
between all religions - there will be nobody to persecute them if
their tormentor, Marxism, is deprived of its state privileges. But
allow
competition honestly, not the way you do now, not by gagging
people; allow it to religious youth organizations (which are
totally
nonpolitical; let the Komsomol be the only political one), grant
them the right to instruct and educate children, and the right to
free parish
activity. (I myself see Christianity today as the only living
spiritual force capable of undertaking the spiritual healing of
Russia. But I
request and propose no special privileges for it, simply that it
should be treated fairly and not suppressed.) Allow us a free art
and
literature, the free publication not just of political books-God
preserve us!-and exhortations and election leaflets; allow us
philosophical,
ethical, economic and social studies, and you will see what a
rich harvest it brings and how it bears fruit-for the good of
14. Russia. Such an
abundant and free flowering of inspiration will rapidly absolve
us of the need to keep on belatedly translating new ideas from
Western
languages, as has been the case for the whole of the last fifty
years-as you know.
What have you to fear? Is the idea really so terrible? Are you
really so unsure of yourselves? You will still have absolute and
impregnable power, a separate, strong and exclusive Party, the
army, the police force, industry, transportation,
communications, mineral
wealth, a monopoly of foreign trade, an artificial rate of
exchange for the ruble-but let the people breathe, let them think
and develop! If
you belong to the people heart and soul, there can be nothing to
hold you back!
After all, does the human heart not still feel the need to atone
for the past?
Source: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Letter to the Soviet Leaders
(New York: Harper & Row, 1974), pp. 19-21, 24-26, 41-43, 51-
54, 56-57.
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Andrei Sakharov, Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual
Freedom. 1974
15. The division of mankind threatens it with destruction.
Civilization is imperiled by: a universal thermonuclear war,
catastrophic hunger for
most of mankind, stupefaction from the narcotic of "mass
culture," and bureaucratized dogmatism, spreading of mass
myths that put
entire peoples and continents under the power of cruel and
treacherous demagogues, and destruction or degeneration from
the
unforeseeable consequences of swift changes in the conditions
of life on our planet.
In the face of these perils, any action increasing the division of
mankind, an preaching of the incompatibility of world
ideologies and
nations is madness and crime. Only universal cooperation under
conditions of intellectual freedom and the lofty moral ideals of
socialism and labor, accompanied by the elimination of
dogmatism. and pressures of the concealed interests of ruling
classes, will
preserve civilization.
The reader will understand that ideological collaboration cannot
apply to those fanatical, sectarian, and extremist ideologies that
reject
all possibility of rapprochement, discussion, and compromise,
for example, the ideologies of fascist, racist. militaristic, and
Maoist
demagogy.
Millions of people throughout the world are striving to put an
end to poverty. They despise oppression, dogmatism, and
demagogy (and
their more extreme manifestations: racism, fascism, Stalinism,
and Maoism). They believe in progress based on the use, under
16. conditions of social justice and intellectual freedom, of all the
positive experience accumulated by mankind ...
Intellectual freedom is essential to human society-freedom to
obtain and distribute information, freedom for open-minded and
fearless
debate, and freedom from pressure by officialdom and
prejudices. Such a trinity of freedom of thought is the only
guarantee against an
infection of people by mass myths, which, in the hands of
treacherous hypocrites and demagogues, can be transformed into
bloody
dictatorship. Freedom of thought is the only guarantee of the
feasibility of a scientific democratic approach to politics,
economy, and
culture.
But freedom of thought is under a triple threat in modern
society-from the deliberate opium of mass culture, from
cowardly, egotistic,
and philistine ideologies, and from the ossified dogmatism of a
bureaucratic oligarchy and its favorite weapon, ideological
censorship.
Therefore, freedom of thought requires the defense of all
thinking and honest people. This is a mission not only for the
intelligentsia but
for all strata of society, particularly and organized stratum, the
its most active working class. The worldwide dangers of war,
famine,
cults of personality, and bureaucracy-these are perils for all of
mankind.
Recognition by the working class and the intelligentsia of their
common interests has been a striking phenomenon of the present
day.
The most progressive, internationalist, and dedicated element of
17. the intelligentsia is, in essence, part of the working class, and
the most
advanced, educated, internationalist, and broadminded part of
the working class is part of the intelligentsia.
This position of the intelligentsia in society renders senseless
any loud demands that the intelligentsia subordinate its
strivings to the will
and interests of the working class (in the Soviet Union, Poland,
and other socialist countries). What these demands really mean
is
subordination to the will of the Party or, even more specifically,
to the Party's central apparatus and its officials. Who will
guarantee that
these officials always express the genuine interests of the
working class as a whole and the genuine interest of progress
rather than
their own caste interests? ...
Fascism lasted twelve years in Germany. Stalinism lasted twice
as long in the Soviet Union. There are many common features
but also
certain differences. Stalinism exhibited a much more subtle kind
of hypocrisy and demagogy, with reliance not on an openly
cannibalistic program like Hitler's but on a progressive,
scientific, and popular socialist ideology.
This served as a convenient screen for deceiving the working
class, for weakening the vigilance of the intellectuals and other
rivals in
the struggle for power, with the treacherous and sudden use of
the machinery of torture, execution, and informants,
intimidating and
making fools of millions of people, the majority of whom were
neither cowards nor fools. As a consequence of this "specific
feature" of
18. Stalinism, It was the Soviet people, its most active, talented,
and honest representatives, who suffered the most terrible blow.
At least ten to fifteen million people perished in the torture
chambers of the NKVD from torture and execution, in camps for
exiled kulaks
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and so-called semi-kulaks and members of their families and in
camps "without the right of correspondence" (which were in
fact the
prototypes of the fascist death camps, where, for example,
thousands of prisoners were machine gunned because of
"overcrowding" or
as a result of "special orders").
People perished in the mines of Norilsk and Vorkuta from
freezing, starvation, and exhausting labor, at countless
construction projects,
in timber-cutting, building of canals, or simply during
transportation in prison trains, in the overcrowded holds of
"death ships" in the Sea
of Okhotsk, and during the resettlement of entire peoples, the
Crimean Tatars, the Volga Germans, the Kalmyks, and other
Caucasus
peoples ...
19. In conclusion, I will sum up a number of the concrete proposals
of varying degrees of importance that have been discussed in
the text.'
These proposals, addressed to the leadership of the country, do
not exhaust the content of the article.
The strategy of peaceful coexistence and collaboration must be
deepened in every way. Scientific methods and principles of
international policy will have to be worked out, based on
scientific prediction of the immediate and more distant
consequences.
The initiative must be -seized in working out a broad program
of struggle against hunger.
A law on press and information must be drafted, widely
discussed, and adopted, with the aim not only of ending
irresponsible and
Irrational censorship, but also of encouraging self-study in our
society, fearless discussion, and the search for truth. The law
must
provide for the material resources of freedom of thought.
All anti-constitutional laws and decrees violating human rights
must be abrogated.
Political prisoners must be amnestied and some of the recent
political trials must be reviewed (for example, the Daniel -
Siniavskii and
Ginzburg-Galanskov cases). The camp regime of political
prisoners must be promptly relaxed.
The exposure of Stalin must be carried through to the end, to
the complete truth, and not just to the carefully weighed half-
truth dictated
20. by caste considerations. The influence of neo-Stalinists in our
political life must be restricted in every way (the text
mentioned, as an
example, the case of S. Trapeznikov, who enjoys too much
influence).
The economic reform must be deepened in every way and the
area of experimentation expanded, with conclusions based on
the
results.
Source: Andrei Sakharov, Sakharov Speaks (New York: Knopf,
1974), pp. 58-61, 80-81, 112-13.
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Roy A. Medvedev, On Socialist Democracy. 1975
How can we act to bring about democratization in the USSR? ...
... In our conditions, the struggle for democratization must be a
political one. It is unrealistic to suppose that neo-Stalinism,
bureaucracy,
and dogmatism can be overcome without a political fight. This
is the only way that democracy can be achieved. However, we
must
make sure all our activities are strictly within the framework of
the Constitution. In fact, the struggle has already begun at every
level of
21. society, taking different forms according to circumstances. And
what is more-, one can predict that with each extension of
democratic
rights, the political struggle will gain momentum, often
reaching acute proportions. The transition from any
authoritarian regime to a
democratic one is always accompanied by an intensification of
political passions and pressures.
There is no doubt about the fact that democratization is an
objective necessity for our society. Its inevitability is related to
economic and
technical progress, the scientific and technological revolution
and changes that have taken place in the social structure. The
country
cannot be governed in the old way, and this is beginning to be
felt not only by many young government officials but also by
certain
seemingly dyed-in-the-wool bureaucrats. Yet the fact remains
that democratization will not come about automatically nor will
it be
handed down "from above." It will occur only as a response to
objective demands and determined efforts.
It is also unrealistic to suppose that a limited amount of
democracy can be introduced which would apply to only one or
two "approved"
political trends or movements. Certainly all political groups,
including all the conservative and reactionary ones, will try to
use
democratic freedoms to increase their own influence. The more
circumstances seem to be turning against them, the harder they
will
struggle to maintain their political position. Therefore the
presence of political conflict contains an element of risk, but
risk is inevitable if
22. there is to be a transition to a new and higher stage. Only the
experience of struggle can foster the political activism and
initiative of the
masses and encourage democratic habits throughout the social
fabric.
In democratic conditions, political struggle presupposes a
comparatively free confrontation between different points of
view, which
obviously would provide a much better education in civic
responsibility than does the present show of ostensible unity.
We must only
see to it that the political struggle is waged responsibly in forms
that reasonable people can accept. Mutual destructiveness
should be
avoided; there must be a basic tolerance for those with whom
one disagrees. Only this kind of open political contest can offer
our
people a proper political education, teaching them not only to
express their own opinions but also to heed the views of others.
This is
the only way to establish a convention of ethical behavior in
politics, to eliminate uncompromising sectarianism, intolerance,
and elitist
complacency. Only in conditions of overt political struggle will
it be possible for genuine political figures to emerge, men who
are
capable of guiding the construction of a developed socialist and
communist society in an efficient way. Thoughtful foreign
observers
who are sympathetic toward our country understand this very
well. "Soviet society," wrote G. Boffa, the Italian Communist,
"stands in
need of the establishment of democratic methods. The
experience of the post-Stalin decades has shown that this cannot
come about
23. without political struggle, a struggle against those individuals
and groups who openly or in secret have resisted and obstructed
the
policies initiated at the Twentieth Congress, a struggle against
their theories and attitudes. But at all times there must be
scrupulous
regard for democratic principles. The words 'political struggle'
evoke uneasiness in the Soviet Union, an out-of-date reaction,
as if there
were some real threat to the unity of society. But surely periods
of political struggle are the greatest source of progress in both
thought
and action." This is an entirely reasonable view. If socialist
democracy is to be firmly established, it must be defended by
the whole
people, possibly only after all have passed through the school of
political struggle by actually participating in the fight to extend
and
strengthen socialist democracy.
I speak of struggle and pressure coming from the people and
particularly from the intelligentsia; however, this does not
exclude the
possibility of initiative appearing at the top. If moves toward
democratization were taken at the higher levels of party and
state it would
be an important guarantee that subsequent controversy
involving so many difficult Political problems would take place
in the least
painful manner and would be kept within bounds. But for the
time being we do not have such a leadership; fine words about
socialist
democracy are not supported by actions. Yet the experience of
Hungary, where over a period of years there has been a process
of real
democratization directed from "above," does show that
24. cooperation between those "above" and those "below" is a
perfectly viable
possibility. Something similar happened in Poland in 1971-72
but only after a very bitter and dangerous political crisis, which
could have
been avoided by a more rational leadership. The Czechoslovak
experience of 1968-69, its achievements and failures, must also
be
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carefully studied ...
Of course I know that democratization cannot come about
automatically and have no illusions about the difficulty of the
struggle. But all
the same, it is wrong to exclude the possibility of an alliance
between the best of the intelligentsia supported by the people
and the most
forward-looking individuals in the governing apparat ...
The realization of a serious program of democratic change must
be a comparatively slow and gradual process. The actual time
period
will be determined by many factors, but it should take not less
than ten or fifteen years. First of all, the democratic movement
in our
25. country is still too weak and would be unable to achieve rapid
political changes. Secondly, we are still very much in the
process of
formulating political programs. Therefore as the democratic
movement evolves, there must also be a development of
socialist political
thought, the creation of new political doctrines on the basis of
Marxism-Leninism which Will analyze our changed political
and economic
circumstances. Without this kind of theoretical preparation,
without a serious program--even if it is discussed only in a
relatively narrow
circle any kind of rapid political change would inevitably create
overwhelming contradictions and disarray. Overhasty reform
can also
cause problems within the socialist bloc (as the experience of
Czechoslovakia has shown). Improvisation in politics can easily
result in
anarchy. But although diametrically opposed to authoritarian
abuse of power, anarchy offers little prospect for elementary
human rights
and freedoms.
Reform must also be gradual because of the peculiar nature of
bureaucracy. As, Lenin often pointed out, there is no way to
"lance the
bureaucratic boll, to wipe bureaucracy from the face of the
earth"-the only possibility is cure. "Surgery in this case," wrote
Lenin, "is
absurd, it cannot work. There can only be a slow healing
process-other alternatives are fraudulent or naive." This advice
should not be
forgotten. It is essential for us to work out a democratic
platform. But at the same time we must make an effort to
accumulate
information, educate people and win them over, step by step.
26. And it all will take time.
There is now a very widespread feeling that the way we live and
work has become untenable, and this applies not just to the
intelligentsia but also to much of the working class, white collar
workers, and perhaps some of the peasantry. But there is still no
mass
movement demanding change or democratic reform, and without
this it is difficult to count on, any rapid transformation of our
political
system or on a change of attitude at the top. governments that
have signed the Final Act. It Is the intention of the "group" to
request
that, in special cases, these countries form an international
commission to investigate these matters. In addition, the
"group" will rely oil
the pressure of Western public opinion Oil the Soviet
government and does not-in the words of Orlov--"seek support
among the people."
Antisocial elements arc calling oil the heads of states
participating in the Helsinki Conference to create in their
countries unofficial
monitoring groups, which could subsequently be unified into an
international committee ...
The Committee for State Security is taking measures to
compromise and put an end to the "group's" hostile activities.
Source: Roy A. Medvedev, On Socialist Democracy (New York:
Knopf, 1975), pp. 310-15, 331-32.
Marxist Dissent - Medvedev
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