Experiment No.5 Flow Over Weirs in a Flume-ROSAROS.pdfKentRosaros1
The document describes an experiment to determine the characteristics of flow over two types of weirs - a sharp-crested weir and a trapezoidal weir. It outlines the objectives, materials, theory, procedure, data collection, and computations for the experiment. Flow rates were measured over each weir type at different water levels. Discharge coefficients were then calculated and averaged for each weir based on the experimental data.
This document discusses different well log measurements for determining porosity: sonic, density, and neutron logs. It provides details on how each log works, the parameters it measures, and how porosity can be derived from each log. A key point is that no single log directly measures porosity. By combining the logs, a more accurate estimate of porosity can be obtained by accounting for factors like lithology, fluid type, and borehole conditions. Secondary effects that can impact porosity calculations from each log are also reviewed.
The document discusses rock mass classification using the Q-system. It begins by defining rock mass and describing different types based on discontinuities, from massive to heavily jointed rock. It then discusses the Q-system which evaluates rock mass quality based on factors like degree of jointing, joint roughness, alteration, water conditions and stresses. These factors are used to calculate a Q-value, with higher values indicating better rock mass stability. The Q-system provides guidelines for rock support design based on the Q-value. Overall, the document provides an overview of rock mass characteristics and classifications using the Q-system.
APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC ENERGY IN FLUID MECHANICSKaran Patel
The document discusses two applications of specific energy in fluid mechanics: 1) Flow through a rectangular channel transition where the width gradually reduces, and 2) Flow over a raised channel floor or "hump". For channel transitions, the specific energy at the initial and final sections must be equal, allowing analysis of how the water surface and flow depth change through the transition. For raised floors, the specific energy upstream minus the height raised gives the specific energy over the floor, enabling calculation of the maximum height the floor can be raised before flow becomes critical.
O documento discute fatores relacionados ao dimensionamento e operação de adutoras em sistemas de abastecimento de água, incluindo classificação, hidráulica, traçado, materiais, limpeza e manutenção.
Experiment No.5 Flow Over Weirs in a Flume-ROSAROS.pdfKentRosaros1
The document describes an experiment to determine the characteristics of flow over two types of weirs - a sharp-crested weir and a trapezoidal weir. It outlines the objectives, materials, theory, procedure, data collection, and computations for the experiment. Flow rates were measured over each weir type at different water levels. Discharge coefficients were then calculated and averaged for each weir based on the experimental data.
This document discusses different well log measurements for determining porosity: sonic, density, and neutron logs. It provides details on how each log works, the parameters it measures, and how porosity can be derived from each log. A key point is that no single log directly measures porosity. By combining the logs, a more accurate estimate of porosity can be obtained by accounting for factors like lithology, fluid type, and borehole conditions. Secondary effects that can impact porosity calculations from each log are also reviewed.
The document discusses rock mass classification using the Q-system. It begins by defining rock mass and describing different types based on discontinuities, from massive to heavily jointed rock. It then discusses the Q-system which evaluates rock mass quality based on factors like degree of jointing, joint roughness, alteration, water conditions and stresses. These factors are used to calculate a Q-value, with higher values indicating better rock mass stability. The Q-system provides guidelines for rock support design based on the Q-value. Overall, the document provides an overview of rock mass characteristics and classifications using the Q-system.
APPLICATION OF SPECIFIC ENERGY IN FLUID MECHANICSKaran Patel
The document discusses two applications of specific energy in fluid mechanics: 1) Flow through a rectangular channel transition where the width gradually reduces, and 2) Flow over a raised channel floor or "hump". For channel transitions, the specific energy at the initial and final sections must be equal, allowing analysis of how the water surface and flow depth change through the transition. For raised floors, the specific energy upstream minus the height raised gives the specific energy over the floor, enabling calculation of the maximum height the floor can be raised before flow becomes critical.
O documento discute fatores relacionados ao dimensionamento e operação de adutoras em sistemas de abastecimento de água, incluindo classificação, hidráulica, traçado, materiais, limpeza e manutenção.
Canal & canal types with design of channels by dj sir covered kennedy lacey t...Denish Jangid
This document discusses canals and their classification and design. It describes different types of canals including contour canals, which follow the contour lines of the land to minimize engineering works. The document outlines several steps for determining the depth and bed width of canals based on factors like area and peak discharge. It also lists considerations for aligning canals, such as minimizing costs, serving the intended irrigation area, and balancing cut and fill amounts.
This document discusses slurry conveying systems used in mining applications to transport mining waste and concentrates. It covers Newtonian slurries characterized by small particle sizes and low concentrations. Key aspects summarized include rheological models for viscosity, methods for calculating settling velocity, and steps to design a slurry transport system, including characterizing flows, determining pipe diameter, head losses, and pump selection. Slurry transport is affected by particle size, concentration, and pipe diameter, with minimum flow rates defined by settling velocity limits.
This document provides samples and resources for job seekers applying to AECOM, including:
- Top 10 cover letter templates and samples for AECOM applications
- Referral cover letter samples for when a connection refers you
- Application letter and networking letter samples
- A description and sample of a value proposition letter sent to recruiters
- Links to additional job interview materials like behavioral questions, resume samples, and thank you letter examples.
ENERGY DISSIPATORS
stilling basin
A stilling basin is defined as a structure in which a hydraulic jump used for energy dissipation is confined either partly or entirely.
Certain auxiliary devices such as chute blocks, sills, baffle walls, etc. are usually provided in the stilling basins to reduce the length of the jump and thus to reduce the length and the cost of the stilling basin.
Moreover, these devices also improve the dissipation action of the basin and stabilize the jump.
Chute Blocks :
These are triangular blocks with their top surface horizontal. These are installed at the toe of the spillway just at upstream end of the stilling basin.
They act as a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling basin. They furrow the incoming jet and lift a portion of it ab0ve the floor.
These blocks stabilise the jump and thus improve its performance, these also decrease the length of the hydraulic jump.
Basin Blocks or Baffle Blocks or Baffle Piers :
These are installed on the stilling basin floor between chute blocks and the end sill. These blocks also stabilise the formation of the jump.
Moreover, they increase the turbulence and assist in the dissipation of energy.
They help in breaking the flow and dissipate energy mostly by impact. These baffle blocks are sometimes called friction blocks.
Sills and Dentated Sills :
Sill or more preferably dentated sill is generally provided at the end of the stilling basin.
The dentated sill diffuses the residual portion of the high velocity jet reaching the end of the basin. They, therefore, help in dissipating residual energy and to reduce the length of the jump or the basin.
particular location of these blocks mainly depends upon the initial Froude number (F1) and the velocityof the incoming flow. The stilling basins are usually rectangular in plan. These aremade up of concrete.
[A] U.S.B.R. Stilling basins :
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
Type I basin (F1 between 2.5 to 4.5)
Provide chute blocks and end sill
Length of basin = 4.3 y2 to 6.0 y2
Width of chute block = y1
Spacing = 2.5 y1
Height of chute block = 2y1
Length of chutes = 2y1
U.S.B.R. Type-II basin for F1 greater than 4.5 and v1 less than 15 m/sec.:
U.S.B.R. Type-Ill basin for F, greater than 4.5 and V1 greater than 15 m/sec :
Chutes and dentated sills provided
Baffle is not provided because of –velocity is high and cavitation is possible.
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
IS Type-Ill basin is usually provided with a sloping apron for the entire len
This document discusses the design of penstock pipes, which carry water from forebay tanks to power houses and must withstand high water pressures. It describes the types of penstocks as buried or exposed, and their components like anchor blocks and valves. It explains how to size penstocks by calculating the optimal diameter that minimizes costs and head losses. Factors that contribute to head losses like friction and turbulence are also outlined. The document provides the method to calculate penstock wall thickness and notes air vents are included to release air during filling and draining of the pipes. In conclusion, it thanks the reader and lists references used.
Nts181 - Dimensionamento de Ramal Predial de ÁguaPedro Cunha
Este documento estabelece critérios para dimensionamento de ramais prediais de água, cavaletes e hidrômetros na primeira ligação de água, considerando a estimativa de consumo do imóvel. Inclui anexos com tabelas para estimativa de consumo, dimensionamento de ramais, cavaletes e hidrômetros, além de critérios para redimensionamento quando houver alterações no imóvel.
1) The document discusses different types of canal outlets including non-modular and semi-modular outlets. Non-modular outlets include submerged pipe outlets where discharge depends on the head difference between the water course and parent channel.
2) Semi-modular outlets include pipe outlets discharging freely into the atmosphere, Kennedy's gauge outlets, and Crump's open flume outlets where discharge is affected by changes in the parent channel but not the water course.
3) Key characteristics of outlets discussed are flexibility, proportionality, sensitivity, efficiency, minimum modular head, and types include submerged pipe outlets, orifice semi-modules, and Crump's open flume outlets.
Casing is run in wells to seal off different formation layers and pressure zones, control fluid migration, and provide structural support. There are typically four casing types:
1) Conductor casing is near the surface to protect shallow zones.
2) Surface casing isolates freshwater and provides a foundation for wellhead equipment.
3) Intermediate casing seals between pressure zones or problem formations.
4) Production casing isolates the producing reservoir and allows zone-specific extraction. Properly cementing each casing string is important for isolation and containment of fluids.
Neural Tree for Estimating the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock MaterialsVarun Ojha
The document presents a neural tree model for estimating the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock materials from index test parameters. It develops and compares models using fuzzy inference systems, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, multi-layer perceptrons, and heterogeneous flexible neural trees. The best performing and lightest weight model was a multiobjective heterogeneous flexible neural tree, which estimated UCS with the lowest error and highest correlation. Among the different index test parameters, the point load strength test was found to be the most significant in estimating UCS.
The document provides design steps for a canal drop-notch structure. Key steps include:
1) Designing the trapezoidal notch including the number of notches, bottom width, and side slopes based on upstream and downstream water levels.
2) Designing the drop wall with appropriate thickness, height, and bottom width to safely convey water over the notch.
3) Designing a water cushion cistern downstream of the notch using Bligh's creep theory to determine adequate thickness to prevent uplift.
4) Designing protective works including abutments, wing walls, and revetment pitching upstream and downstream for structural integrity and erosion protection.
Este documento descreve o uso de vertedores para medir vazão em canais. Explica os tipos de vertedores, como vertedores retangulares e triangulares, e fornece fórmulas para calcular a vazão teórica e real com base na altura da água acima do vertedor. Também detalha os procedimentos experimentais para medir a vazão usando vertedores e comparar os resultados com as fórmulas.
O documento discute jardins filtrantes, que são áreas alagadas artificiais usadas para tratar esgoto. Elas simulam áreas alagadas naturais e usam plantas e microorganismos para purificar a água. O texto descreve como um jardim filtrante proposto funcionaria em sistemas de saneamento rural, tratando águas cinza complementarmente a fossas sépticas biodigestoras. Esquemas ilustram a concepção e detalhes do sistema de jardim filtrante.
This document provides a design summary for a weir on the River Cauvery near Thottilpatti Village in India. It first provides background context on water supply in Vellore District. It then describes the proposed project to tap water from the Cauvery to supply 148, 181, and 215 million liters per day to meet present, intermediate, and ultimate water demand projections. The document outlines the design of the weir using Bligh theory to determine crest levels, weir lengths, water levels, and structural dimensions like floor thickness to prevent undermining. Design calculations for weir dimensions, uplift forces, and sheet pile depths are shown.
[1] O documento apresenta notas de aula sobre prospecção e amostragem de solos, incluindo objetivos de investigações geotécnicas, etapas de investigação, métodos de prospecção diretos, semi-diretos e indiretos. [2] Descreve ensaios de campo como o CPT, SPT e ensaios pressiométricos e suas aplicabilidades. [3] Inclui também índice e exercícios relacionados ao tema.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large projects. It begins by explaining the importance of proper equipment use for economy, quality, safety and timely project completion. It then classifies common equipment into earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate/concrete production, pile-driving, tunneling and dewatering. Specific earth-moving equipment discussed in detail include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers. Their applications and factors affecting output are also summarized. The document concludes by briefly describing hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers.
O documento discute fluxo bidimensional de água através de solos. Explica que a equação de Laplace descreve esse tipo de fluxo e que sua solução são linhas de fluxo e equipotenciais que formam uma rede de fluxo. A rede de fluxo pode ser usada para calcular vazão, gradientes hidráulicos e poropressão.
Canal & canal types with design of channels by dj sir covered kennedy lacey t...Denish Jangid
This document discusses canals and their classification and design. It describes different types of canals including contour canals, which follow the contour lines of the land to minimize engineering works. The document outlines several steps for determining the depth and bed width of canals based on factors like area and peak discharge. It also lists considerations for aligning canals, such as minimizing costs, serving the intended irrigation area, and balancing cut and fill amounts.
This document discusses slurry conveying systems used in mining applications to transport mining waste and concentrates. It covers Newtonian slurries characterized by small particle sizes and low concentrations. Key aspects summarized include rheological models for viscosity, methods for calculating settling velocity, and steps to design a slurry transport system, including characterizing flows, determining pipe diameter, head losses, and pump selection. Slurry transport is affected by particle size, concentration, and pipe diameter, with minimum flow rates defined by settling velocity limits.
This document provides samples and resources for job seekers applying to AECOM, including:
- Top 10 cover letter templates and samples for AECOM applications
- Referral cover letter samples for when a connection refers you
- Application letter and networking letter samples
- A description and sample of a value proposition letter sent to recruiters
- Links to additional job interview materials like behavioral questions, resume samples, and thank you letter examples.
ENERGY DISSIPATORS
stilling basin
A stilling basin is defined as a structure in which a hydraulic jump used for energy dissipation is confined either partly or entirely.
Certain auxiliary devices such as chute blocks, sills, baffle walls, etc. are usually provided in the stilling basins to reduce the length of the jump and thus to reduce the length and the cost of the stilling basin.
Moreover, these devices also improve the dissipation action of the basin and stabilize the jump.
Chute Blocks :
These are triangular blocks with their top surface horizontal. These are installed at the toe of the spillway just at upstream end of the stilling basin.
They act as a serrated device at the entrance to the stilling basin. They furrow the incoming jet and lift a portion of it ab0ve the floor.
These blocks stabilise the jump and thus improve its performance, these also decrease the length of the hydraulic jump.
Basin Blocks or Baffle Blocks or Baffle Piers :
These are installed on the stilling basin floor between chute blocks and the end sill. These blocks also stabilise the formation of the jump.
Moreover, they increase the turbulence and assist in the dissipation of energy.
They help in breaking the flow and dissipate energy mostly by impact. These baffle blocks are sometimes called friction blocks.
Sills and Dentated Sills :
Sill or more preferably dentated sill is generally provided at the end of the stilling basin.
The dentated sill diffuses the residual portion of the high velocity jet reaching the end of the basin. They, therefore, help in dissipating residual energy and to reduce the length of the jump or the basin.
particular location of these blocks mainly depends upon the initial Froude number (F1) and the velocityof the incoming flow. The stilling basins are usually rectangular in plan. These aremade up of concrete.
[A] U.S.B.R. Stilling basins :
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
Type I basin (F1 between 2.5 to 4.5)
Provide chute blocks and end sill
Length of basin = 4.3 y2 to 6.0 y2
Width of chute block = y1
Spacing = 2.5 y1
Height of chute block = 2y1
Length of chutes = 2y1
U.S.B.R. Type-II basin for F1 greater than 4.5 and v1 less than 15 m/sec.:
U.S.B.R. Type-Ill basin for F, greater than 4.5 and V1 greater than 15 m/sec :
Chutes and dentated sills provided
Baffle is not provided because of –velocity is high and cavitation is possible.
[B] Indian Standards Basins :
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
1. Horizontal apron - Type-I
2. Horizontal apron - Type-II
3. Sloping apron - Type-Ill
4. Sloping apron - Type-IV
IS Type-Ill basin is usually provided with a sloping apron for the entire len
This document discusses the design of penstock pipes, which carry water from forebay tanks to power houses and must withstand high water pressures. It describes the types of penstocks as buried or exposed, and their components like anchor blocks and valves. It explains how to size penstocks by calculating the optimal diameter that minimizes costs and head losses. Factors that contribute to head losses like friction and turbulence are also outlined. The document provides the method to calculate penstock wall thickness and notes air vents are included to release air during filling and draining of the pipes. In conclusion, it thanks the reader and lists references used.
Nts181 - Dimensionamento de Ramal Predial de ÁguaPedro Cunha
Este documento estabelece critérios para dimensionamento de ramais prediais de água, cavaletes e hidrômetros na primeira ligação de água, considerando a estimativa de consumo do imóvel. Inclui anexos com tabelas para estimativa de consumo, dimensionamento de ramais, cavaletes e hidrômetros, além de critérios para redimensionamento quando houver alterações no imóvel.
1) The document discusses different types of canal outlets including non-modular and semi-modular outlets. Non-modular outlets include submerged pipe outlets where discharge depends on the head difference between the water course and parent channel.
2) Semi-modular outlets include pipe outlets discharging freely into the atmosphere, Kennedy's gauge outlets, and Crump's open flume outlets where discharge is affected by changes in the parent channel but not the water course.
3) Key characteristics of outlets discussed are flexibility, proportionality, sensitivity, efficiency, minimum modular head, and types include submerged pipe outlets, orifice semi-modules, and Crump's open flume outlets.
Casing is run in wells to seal off different formation layers and pressure zones, control fluid migration, and provide structural support. There are typically four casing types:
1) Conductor casing is near the surface to protect shallow zones.
2) Surface casing isolates freshwater and provides a foundation for wellhead equipment.
3) Intermediate casing seals between pressure zones or problem formations.
4) Production casing isolates the producing reservoir and allows zone-specific extraction. Properly cementing each casing string is important for isolation and containment of fluids.
Neural Tree for Estimating the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock MaterialsVarun Ojha
The document presents a neural tree model for estimating the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rock materials from index test parameters. It develops and compares models using fuzzy inference systems, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems, multi-layer perceptrons, and heterogeneous flexible neural trees. The best performing and lightest weight model was a multiobjective heterogeneous flexible neural tree, which estimated UCS with the lowest error and highest correlation. Among the different index test parameters, the point load strength test was found to be the most significant in estimating UCS.
The document provides design steps for a canal drop-notch structure. Key steps include:
1) Designing the trapezoidal notch including the number of notches, bottom width, and side slopes based on upstream and downstream water levels.
2) Designing the drop wall with appropriate thickness, height, and bottom width to safely convey water over the notch.
3) Designing a water cushion cistern downstream of the notch using Bligh's creep theory to determine adequate thickness to prevent uplift.
4) Designing protective works including abutments, wing walls, and revetment pitching upstream and downstream for structural integrity and erosion protection.
Este documento descreve o uso de vertedores para medir vazão em canais. Explica os tipos de vertedores, como vertedores retangulares e triangulares, e fornece fórmulas para calcular a vazão teórica e real com base na altura da água acima do vertedor. Também detalha os procedimentos experimentais para medir a vazão usando vertedores e comparar os resultados com as fórmulas.
O documento discute jardins filtrantes, que são áreas alagadas artificiais usadas para tratar esgoto. Elas simulam áreas alagadas naturais e usam plantas e microorganismos para purificar a água. O texto descreve como um jardim filtrante proposto funcionaria em sistemas de saneamento rural, tratando águas cinza complementarmente a fossas sépticas biodigestoras. Esquemas ilustram a concepção e detalhes do sistema de jardim filtrante.
This document provides a design summary for a weir on the River Cauvery near Thottilpatti Village in India. It first provides background context on water supply in Vellore District. It then describes the proposed project to tap water from the Cauvery to supply 148, 181, and 215 million liters per day to meet present, intermediate, and ultimate water demand projections. The document outlines the design of the weir using Bligh theory to determine crest levels, weir lengths, water levels, and structural dimensions like floor thickness to prevent undermining. Design calculations for weir dimensions, uplift forces, and sheet pile depths are shown.
[1] O documento apresenta notas de aula sobre prospecção e amostragem de solos, incluindo objetivos de investigações geotécnicas, etapas de investigação, métodos de prospecção diretos, semi-diretos e indiretos. [2] Descreve ensaios de campo como o CPT, SPT e ensaios pressiométricos e suas aplicabilidades. [3] Inclui também índice e exercícios relacionados ao tema.
This document provides an overview of various types of construction equipment used in large projects. It begins by explaining the importance of proper equipment use for economy, quality, safety and timely project completion. It then classifies common equipment into earth-moving, hauling, hoisting, conveying, aggregate/concrete production, pile-driving, tunneling and dewatering. Specific earth-moving equipment discussed in detail include power shovels, backhoes, draglines, clamshells and scrapers. Their applications and factors affecting output are also summarized. The document concludes by briefly describing hauling equipment like dump trucks and dumpers.
O documento discute fluxo bidimensional de água através de solos. Explica que a equação de Laplace descreve esse tipo de fluxo e que sua solução são linhas de fluxo e equipotenciais que formam uma rede de fluxo. A rede de fluxo pode ser usada para calcular vazão, gradientes hidráulicos e poropressão.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power. It explains that hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It describes how hydroelectric systems work by using turbines connected to generators to convert the mechanical energy of moving water into electrical energy. The document also discusses different types of hydroelectric facilities including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and varying sizes from large to micro hydro plants. It concludes by giving examples of hydroelectric dams in Arizona.
Elgin Equipment Group's Coanda Screens are Tough, Proven Solutions for a variety of applications including small hydro, micro hydro, and low head sites.
Proje Kontrol Açıklamalı El Kitabı v.02.01Yusuf Yıldız
Bu kitapçık T.M.M.O.B İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası İzmir ve Bursa Şubeleri tarafından, statik proje hazırlayan üyelerimize bir yol göstermesi ve kontrol hizmetinin daha sağlıklı yapılabilmesi için hazırlanmıştır.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like drinking water, irrigation, hydropower, flood control and recreation. The main purposes of dams worldwide are irrigation (48.6%), hydropower (17.4%), and water supply (12.7%). A dam has a dam body, reservoir, spillway, intake structures and may include a sluiceway or diversion facilities. Dams are classified by size, height, and structural design, with the main types being gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, embankment dams and composite dams. While dams provide benefits like food and energy, they can also cause issues like flooding, disruption of ecosystems and communities.
The document discusses different types of intake structures used for water supply projects. It defines an intake structure as one that withdraws water safely from its source and discharges it into a withdrawal conduit. Intake structures can vary in complexity from simple submerged intakes to large intake towers. The document describes key factors in selecting intake locations and provides details on different intake types including submerged intakes, intake towers, river intakes, canal intakes, and intakes for dam sluice ways. It focuses on design considerations for each type of intake structure.
How to Make Awesome SlideShares: Tips & TricksSlideShare
Turbocharge your online presence with SlideShare. We provide the best tips and tricks for succeeding on SlideShare. Get ideas for what to upload, tips for designing your deck and more.
SlideShare is a global platform for sharing presentations, infographics, videos and documents. It has over 18 million pieces of professional content uploaded by experts like Eric Schmidt and Guy Kawasaki. The document provides tips for setting up an account on SlideShare, uploading content, optimizing it for searchability, and sharing it on social media to build an audience and reputation as a subject matter expert.
2. Tirol Regülatörler Tirol regülatörler ile alınan akım içerisinde fazla miktarda havayı da sürüklemektedir. Gerçek akım yüksekliği hesaplanan akım yüksekliğinden fazla olacaktır. Bu sebeple 20~60 cm arasında bir hava payı alınması önerilmektedir.
3. Tirol Regülatörler Izgaraların eğimi ne kadar fazla olursa tıkanma olasılığı o kadar az olur. Izgara şekli de tıkanma olasılığını etkiler.
Tirol Izgarası
Tirol Tipi Bağlamaların Hidrolik Hesabı ile İlgili İrdelemeler, Çağlar Özcan Yüksek Lisans Tezi
4. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Izgaranın kısa olması sebebiyle çok küçük olan sürtünme, yüzeysel gerilme etkileri ve akıntı çizgilerinin kıvrıntılı olması hesaplarda göz ardı edilmiştir. Hesaplama yöntemi olarak, «Vahşi Derelerden Su Alma, Kazım Çeçen, 1962» isimli yayında verilen yöntem kullanılabilir. Izgara genişliği enerji seviyesi sabit ve enerji çizgisi sabit olmak üzere iki farklı yöntemle hesaplanır.
5. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması J. Frank tarafından pratik bir hesaplama yöntemi geliştirilmiştir. Akım derinliğindeki değişim «l» ve «h1» eksenli bir elips ile tanımlanmaktadır. 푠2 푙2=2 ℎ ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ12 q0=qa durumu için: 푙=2.561 푞0 휆ℎ1
Enerji Seviyesi Sabit Kabul Edilirse
6. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Izgaranın başlangıcında h1 akım derinliği kritik derinlikten daha düşüktür. ℎ1=푐∗ℎ푘푟푖푡푖푘=푐∗ 23 퐻0 c: Azaltma katsayısı ℎ푘푟푖푡푖푘= 푞2 푔 3
Enerji Seviyesi Sabit Kabul Edilirse
ε
c
14º
0.879
16º
0.865
18º
0.851
20º
0.837
22º
0.825
24º
0.812
26º
0.800
7. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Izgara başlangıcındaki büzülme katsayısı: 휇0=0.66∗휀−0.16∗ 푎 ℎ00.13 Ortalama büzülme katsayısı: 휇=1.22∗휇0 Relatif akım alanı: 휑= 푒 푎 e : Ġki ızgara arası net açıklık a : Ġki ızgara arası mesafe 푙=2.561 푞 휑∗휇2∗푔∗푐표푠휀∗ℎ표
Enerji Seviyesi Sabit Kabul Edilirse
8. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Izgaranın başlangıcındaki su yüksekliği: ℎ0=ℎ푚푖푛=1.5∗ℎ푘푟푖푡푖푘 Izgara boyu: 푙=1.185 ℎ0 휇∗휓 휇=1.22∗휇0 휑= 푒 푎
Enerji Çizgisi Sabit Kabul Edilirse
9. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Bilinenler Debi, Q = 1.00 m3/s Genişlik, B = 14.00 m Izgara açısı, ε = 20º Ġki ızgara arası net açıklık, e = 50.00 mm Ġki ızgara ekseni arası mesafe, a = 80 mm
Örnek
10. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Kanal içerisindeki akımın hesaplanabilmesi için öncelikle kontrol kesitinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Kritik su kotları ve kanal boyunca oluşacak enerji kayıpları kullanılarak kontrol kesiti belirlenebilir. Belirlenen kontrol kesitine göre kanal içerisindeki su profili hesaplanabilir. Kanal boyunca debi girişi olduğu için, hesaplamalar kanal parçalara bölünerek yapılmalıdır.
Kanal Boyutları
Q1
Q2
Qn
Q= 푄푖 푛 푖=1
11. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Öncelikle kanal içerisindeki kritik akım karakteristikleri belirlenmelidir.
Kanal Boyutları
x
yc
A
T
Vc
Qc
Rc
0
x1
Q1
x2
Q1+Q2
….
xn
푄푖 푛 푖=1
12. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Kontrol kesitinin belirlenmesi
Kanal Boyutları
x
Δx
Qc
Qn+Qn+1
yc
Vc
Vn+1
ΔQc
ΔVc
Δym
Rc
hf
Δy’
ΣΔy’
Kanal boyunca mesafeler
Ara mesafeler
x mesafesinde olması gereken debi
Bir önceki kesit ile toplam debi
Kritik derinlik
Kritik hız
Bir önceki kesitteki hız ile toplam
Debi artışı
Hız artışı
Çarpışma kaybı nedeniyle su yüzeyindeki düşüş 푄푛푉푛+푉푛+1 푔푄푛+푄푛+1Δ푉+ 푉푛+1 푄푛 Δ푄
Kritik hidrolik yarıçap
Sürtünme kaybı
Su yüzündeki düşme miktarı
Su yüzündeki toplam düşme miktarı
13. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması Su yüzü profilinin hesaplanması
Kanal Boyutları
a
T
P
x
Δx
z0
Δy’
z
y
A
Q
V
Q1+ Q2
V1+ V2
ΔQ
ΔV
Δym’
R
hf
Δy’
Fark
Islak çevre
Su yüzü genişliği
Taban genişliği
Kanal taban kotu
Su yüzü kotu
Su yüksekliği
Alan
14. Izgara Boyutlarının Hesaplanması
Kanal Boyutları Kritik akım durumu için çizilen kanal tabanı eğimi ile normal kanal eğiminin aynı olduğu nokta kontrol noktasıdır. Bu noktada kanal içerisindeki akım kritik altı akımdan kritik üstü akıma geçiş yapmaktadır. Bu kesitin solundaki eğim taban eğiminden büyük, sağındaki eğim ise taban eğiminden küçüktür.