HYDRAULIC JUMP CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIFFERENT OPEN CHANNEL AND STILLING BASIN ...IAEME Publication
Hydraulic jump is considered as the best way for dissipating energy present in moving water downstream of hydraulic structures. This paper conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the hydraulic jump characteristics variations for different rectangular open channel layouts. In this paper, the used open channel layouts were five bed slopes of 0.0175, 0.0349, 0.0524, 0.0699, and 0.0875, and a sill with three different heights was placed along a model of the stilling basin at three different longitudinal distances. The characteristics of the hydraulic jump, which was formed downstream vertical gate, were measured for variable discharges.
The document discusses pumps, motors, and hydraulic cylinders. It begins by introducing hydraulic pumps and describing the two main types: rotodynamic pumps (like centrifugal pumps) and reciprocating pumps. It then compares centrifugal and positive displacement (reciprocating) pumps, noting key differences in how they handle flow rate, pressure, viscosity, efficiency, and net positive suction head (NPSH). The document dives deeper into technical terms related to pumps like static pressure, pressure head, specific weight, and flow rate. It provides diagrams of components like centrifugal pumps and reciprocating pumps. In summary, the document provides an overview of hydraulic pump types and technical concepts as well as comparisons between centrifugal and reciprocating pump
This document provides an overview of bandhara irrigation systems in India. It discusses the key components and types of bandhara systems, including solid and open bandhara. Solid bandharas are constructed to fully raise the water level upstream and have no openings, while open bandharas can raise the water level and also allow water to flow through by removing needles. The document outlines the typical components of bandhara systems and considerations for selecting sites, and discusses the advantages of being an economical localized irrigation method and disadvantages like potential water wastage.
The document provides information on fundamental hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses the basic principles and advantages of hydraulic systems over mechanical systems. It then describes the basic components of hydraulic systems including reservoirs, strainers, filters, accumulators, pressure gauges, flow meters, and pumps. It provides diagrams and explanations of how different types of hydraulic systems and components work.
This document presents an experiment on uniform flow through an open rectangular channel. The experiment is designed to investigate water flow through a rectangular channel with dimensions of 175mm height and 55mm width. Procedures are outlined for setting up the channel with a variable slope and measuring the flow rate, depth, and calculating other parameters like mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and Manning's roughness coefficient. Plots of mean velocity versus hydraulic radius and slope are used to determine the Manning's n value from the slope of the graph. [/SUMMARY]
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
HYDRAULIC JUMP CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIFFERENT OPEN CHANNEL AND STILLING BASIN ...IAEME Publication
Hydraulic jump is considered as the best way for dissipating energy present in moving water downstream of hydraulic structures. This paper conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the hydraulic jump characteristics variations for different rectangular open channel layouts. In this paper, the used open channel layouts were five bed slopes of 0.0175, 0.0349, 0.0524, 0.0699, and 0.0875, and a sill with three different heights was placed along a model of the stilling basin at three different longitudinal distances. The characteristics of the hydraulic jump, which was formed downstream vertical gate, were measured for variable discharges.
The document discusses pumps, motors, and hydraulic cylinders. It begins by introducing hydraulic pumps and describing the two main types: rotodynamic pumps (like centrifugal pumps) and reciprocating pumps. It then compares centrifugal and positive displacement (reciprocating) pumps, noting key differences in how they handle flow rate, pressure, viscosity, efficiency, and net positive suction head (NPSH). The document dives deeper into technical terms related to pumps like static pressure, pressure head, specific weight, and flow rate. It provides diagrams of components like centrifugal pumps and reciprocating pumps. In summary, the document provides an overview of hydraulic pump types and technical concepts as well as comparisons between centrifugal and reciprocating pump
This document provides an overview of bandhara irrigation systems in India. It discusses the key components and types of bandhara systems, including solid and open bandhara. Solid bandharas are constructed to fully raise the water level upstream and have no openings, while open bandharas can raise the water level and also allow water to flow through by removing needles. The document outlines the typical components of bandhara systems and considerations for selecting sites, and discusses the advantages of being an economical localized irrigation method and disadvantages like potential water wastage.
The document provides information on fundamental hydraulic systems and their components. It discusses the basic principles and advantages of hydraulic systems over mechanical systems. It then describes the basic components of hydraulic systems including reservoirs, strainers, filters, accumulators, pressure gauges, flow meters, and pumps. It provides diagrams and explanations of how different types of hydraulic systems and components work.
This document presents an experiment on uniform flow through an open rectangular channel. The experiment is designed to investigate water flow through a rectangular channel with dimensions of 175mm height and 55mm width. Procedures are outlined for setting up the channel with a variable slope and measuring the flow rate, depth, and calculating other parameters like mean velocity, hydraulic radius, and Manning's roughness coefficient. Plots of mean velocity versus hydraulic radius and slope are used to determine the Manning's n value from the slope of the graph. [/SUMMARY]
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
Flow Through Pipes, Head Loss in Pipes, Minor Head Loss, Major Head Loss, Darcy's Formula, Chezy's Formula, Hydraulic Gradient Line, Total Energy Line, Energy Gradient Line... By Engr. M. Jalal Sarwar
O documento resume os principais tipos de medidores e sensores de vazão, incluindo medidores de pressão diferencial como placa de orifício, tubo de Venturi e bocal, além de rotâmetros, turbinas, sensores ópticos, magnéticos e ultrassônicos. O documento também discute medidores do tipo Coriolis, vortex, térmicos e de deslocamento positivo.
This document discusses how water surface profiles within culverts are classified in two ways: 1) Hydraulic Slope, which is based on the culvert bottom slope and the relationship between critical depth and normal depth, and 2) Hydraulic Curve, which describes the shape of the water surface profile based on the Hydraulic Slope classification and the actual flow depth relative to critical and normal depths. There are five Hydraulic Slope classifications - Adverse, Horizontal, Critical, Mild, and Steep - which can change as flows increase. The three Hydraulic Curve classifications - Type 1, 2, and 3 - indicate whether flow is subcritical or supercritical.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
This document summarizes a study on varying the outlet blade angle of a centrifugal pump impeller using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three impellers were designed with outlet blade angles of 20, 30, and 50 degrees. CFD was used to analyze the flow patterns, pressure distributions, and head-capacity curves of each design. The results showed increased pump performance with higher outlet blade angles, including smoother head curves, higher heads, and improved efficiency. Future work is planned to model an impeller with a 30 degree outlet blade angle and further investigate design parameters.
The document discusses the design of water distribution systems. It states that the design must satisfy water needs and maintain minimum residual pressures. It discusses pressure variations and velocity limits in distribution systems. It introduces the Hazen-Williams equation for calculating head loss in pipes based on flow rate, length, diameter and roughness coefficient. The document outlines Hardy's Cross Method for balancing flows in distribution networks using loop equations. It provides an example of applying the method to calculate pipe diameters and flows in a sample network.
O documento discute medidores de vazão térmicos, que medem vazão inferindo outras variáveis como temperatura. Estes medidores possuem dois termoresistores que medem a diferença de temperatura em fluxos de gases e líquidos. A vazão é calculada baseada na variação da resistência elétrica dos sensores devido ao efeito de resfriamento causado pelo fluxo. Detalha também especificações, instalação, princípio de funcionamento e aplicações destes medidores.
This is a presentation on various hydraulic structures and their uses and cross sections which will help a person to get acquainted with the most important hydraulic structures that are in use in this current world.
This document provides information about submersible pumps. It begins by introducing pumps in general and describing their basic functions. It then discusses the types of pumps, including positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, and sump pumps. The document focuses on submersible pumps, noting they were first installed in 1928 and describing their key features, such as being hermetically sealed and able to operate underwater. It explains their working principle, applications in areas like water wells and oil extraction, advantages like efficiency and use in small wells, and disadvantages like shorter lifespan and harder maintenance due to being submerged.
Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as when a valve closes rapidly. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. The Joukowsky equation describes the relationship between pressure change and change in flow velocity. Protective devices like water hammer arrestors, surge tanks, and soft starters can help reduce the effects of water hammer by slowing changes in flow.
This document provides information about pipe flow and head losses in civil engineering. It discusses:
1. Types of pipe flow including steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent.
2. Forces in pipe flow including pressure, gravity, inertia. Conservation equations for mass and momentum are presented.
3. Energy head in pipe flow including kinetic, pressure, and potential (elevation) heads. The Bernoulli equation relating these is derived.
Major and minor head losses are also summarized. Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating major head losses due to pipe friction is presented.
Weirs are barriers placed in flowing water to alter flow characteristics and measure discharge. They come in various forms smaller than conventional dams. The geometry of the weir crest allows depth of water behind it to be converted to a flow rate using discharge equations. Common weir types include labyrinth, broad crested, sharp crested, compound, and V-notch weirs, each suited to different flow measurement applications. While weirs enable flow measurement, they can also increase oxygen in water and create dangerous hydraulic jumps downstream.
Crown corrosion - wwwe - By Mr. Mayank Oza - water and waste water engineeringMayank Oza
The document discusses crown corrosion in sewers. Crown corrosion occurs when bacteria in sewage slime convert sulphates to sulphides, which release hydrogen sulphide gas. To control corrosion, sewer design should provide self-cleansing flow, ventilation, and flushing to prevent stagnation. Pipes made of inert materials or lined with sulphate-resistant cement can increase longevity by preventing corrosion.
The draft tube connects the outlet of the turbine runner to the tailrace. It gradually increases in cross-sectional area along its length. The draft tube allows reaction turbines to be placed above the tailrace without losing efficiency. It recovers some of the kinetic energy lost at the runner outlet by converting it into pressure potential energy, guiding the water smoothly into the tailrace and preventing backflow into the runner. Common draft tube types include conical, elbow, and Moody spreading designs.
This document discusses open channel flow. It begins by defining open channel flow as flow where the surface is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure at the surface. It then classifies open channel flows as being either artificial or natural channels. It further classifies flows as being steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, subcritical, critical, or supercritical. The document also discusses gradually varied and rapidly varied flow, and defines geometric properties of open channels such as depth, width, perimeter, and hydraulic radius. It concludes by discussing the most economical channel sections.
Flow Through Pipes, Head Loss in Pipes, Minor Head Loss, Major Head Loss, Darcy's Formula, Chezy's Formula, Hydraulic Gradient Line, Total Energy Line, Energy Gradient Line... By Engr. M. Jalal Sarwar
O documento resume os principais tipos de medidores e sensores de vazão, incluindo medidores de pressão diferencial como placa de orifício, tubo de Venturi e bocal, além de rotâmetros, turbinas, sensores ópticos, magnéticos e ultrassônicos. O documento também discute medidores do tipo Coriolis, vortex, térmicos e de deslocamento positivo.
This document discusses how water surface profiles within culverts are classified in two ways: 1) Hydraulic Slope, which is based on the culvert bottom slope and the relationship between critical depth and normal depth, and 2) Hydraulic Curve, which describes the shape of the water surface profile based on the Hydraulic Slope classification and the actual flow depth relative to critical and normal depths. There are five Hydraulic Slope classifications - Adverse, Horizontal, Critical, Mild, and Steep - which can change as flows increase. The three Hydraulic Curve classifications - Type 1, 2, and 3 - indicate whether flow is subcritical or supercritical.
This presentation includes introduction to run off river (ROR) plant and pumped storage plants, comparison between traditional and run off river plant, Classification of ROR Plants, Advantages and disadvantages of ROR Plants, Introduction to Pumped Storage Power (PSP) Plants, Classification of PSP, and Advantages and disadvantages of PSP
This document summarizes a study on varying the outlet blade angle of a centrifugal pump impeller using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three impellers were designed with outlet blade angles of 20, 30, and 50 degrees. CFD was used to analyze the flow patterns, pressure distributions, and head-capacity curves of each design. The results showed increased pump performance with higher outlet blade angles, including smoother head curves, higher heads, and improved efficiency. Future work is planned to model an impeller with a 30 degree outlet blade angle and further investigate design parameters.
The document discusses the design of water distribution systems. It states that the design must satisfy water needs and maintain minimum residual pressures. It discusses pressure variations and velocity limits in distribution systems. It introduces the Hazen-Williams equation for calculating head loss in pipes based on flow rate, length, diameter and roughness coefficient. The document outlines Hardy's Cross Method for balancing flows in distribution networks using loop equations. It provides an example of applying the method to calculate pipe diameters and flows in a sample network.
O documento discute medidores de vazão térmicos, que medem vazão inferindo outras variáveis como temperatura. Estes medidores possuem dois termoresistores que medem a diferença de temperatura em fluxos de gases e líquidos. A vazão é calculada baseada na variação da resistência elétrica dos sensores devido ao efeito de resfriamento causado pelo fluxo. Detalha também especificações, instalação, princípio de funcionamento e aplicações destes medidores.
This is a presentation on various hydraulic structures and their uses and cross sections which will help a person to get acquainted with the most important hydraulic structures that are in use in this current world.
This document provides information about submersible pumps. It begins by introducing pumps in general and describing their basic functions. It then discusses the types of pumps, including positive displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps, and sump pumps. The document focuses on submersible pumps, noting they were first installed in 1928 and describing their key features, such as being hermetically sealed and able to operate underwater. It explains their working principle, applications in areas like water wells and oil extraction, advantages like efficiency and use in small wells, and disadvantages like shorter lifespan and harder maintenance due to being submerged.
Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave that occurs when water flowing through a pipe is forced to stop or change velocity suddenly, such as when a valve closes rapidly. This can cause very high pressure spikes that can damage pipes and equipment. The Joukowsky equation describes the relationship between pressure change and change in flow velocity. Protective devices like water hammer arrestors, surge tanks, and soft starters can help reduce the effects of water hammer by slowing changes in flow.
This document provides information about pipe flow and head losses in civil engineering. It discusses:
1. Types of pipe flow including steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent.
2. Forces in pipe flow including pressure, gravity, inertia. Conservation equations for mass and momentum are presented.
3. Energy head in pipe flow including kinetic, pressure, and potential (elevation) heads. The Bernoulli equation relating these is derived.
Major and minor head losses are also summarized. Darcy-Weisbach equation for calculating major head losses due to pipe friction is presented.
Weirs are barriers placed in flowing water to alter flow characteristics and measure discharge. They come in various forms smaller than conventional dams. The geometry of the weir crest allows depth of water behind it to be converted to a flow rate using discharge equations. Common weir types include labyrinth, broad crested, sharp crested, compound, and V-notch weirs, each suited to different flow measurement applications. While weirs enable flow measurement, they can also increase oxygen in water and create dangerous hydraulic jumps downstream.
Crown corrosion - wwwe - By Mr. Mayank Oza - water and waste water engineeringMayank Oza
The document discusses crown corrosion in sewers. Crown corrosion occurs when bacteria in sewage slime convert sulphates to sulphides, which release hydrogen sulphide gas. To control corrosion, sewer design should provide self-cleansing flow, ventilation, and flushing to prevent stagnation. Pipes made of inert materials or lined with sulphate-resistant cement can increase longevity by preventing corrosion.
The draft tube connects the outlet of the turbine runner to the tailrace. It gradually increases in cross-sectional area along its length. The draft tube allows reaction turbines to be placed above the tailrace without losing efficiency. It recovers some of the kinetic energy lost at the runner outlet by converting it into pressure potential energy, guiding the water smoothly into the tailrace and preventing backflow into the runner. Common draft tube types include conical, elbow, and Moody spreading designs.
This document discusses open channel flow. It begins by defining open channel flow as flow where the surface is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure at the surface. It then classifies open channel flows as being either artificial or natural channels. It further classifies flows as being steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, subcritical, critical, or supercritical. The document also discusses gradually varied and rapidly varied flow, and defines geometric properties of open channels such as depth, width, perimeter, and hydraulic radius. It concludes by discussing the most economical channel sections.
Tipik Hızlı Yerçekimli Filtre Akış Şeması Hızlı Kum Filtrelerinin İzometrik Görünümü Temiz Su Yük Kaybı Hızlı Kum Filtrelerinde Geri Yıkama Geri Yıkama Ne Zaman Gerekli Olur Hızlı Yerçekimli Filtrelerin İşletme Sorunları Tasarım Örneği
3. Genel Bilgi
Çakıl geçitleri, regülatör yapılarının önünde biriken malzemeleri temizlemek amacıyla tesis
edilmektedir.
Aynı zamanda kontrollü bir dolusavak olarak görev yaparak taşkın döneminde gelen debinin
bir kısmını da geçirebilmektedir.
Literatürde, genişliği 50 m’yi geçen regülatörlerde 2 tarafta da bulunmasının faydalı olduğu
belirtilmiştir. Ancak, çakıl geçidinin asıl görevi su alma yapısından içeri temiz akım girmesini
sağlamaktır.
Kapak üst kotunun su seviyesinin üzerinde olması ve ayrıca bir dalgıç perdenin de olmaması
durumunda çakıl geçitlerinden geçen debi dolusavak gibi hesaplanabilir.
5. Debi Formülü – Yöntem 1
Her iki akım durumunda da geçen debinin formülü: Q=CdLd 𝟐𝐠𝐲 𝟏
Q:Çakıl geçidinden geçen debi (m3/s)
Cd:Debi katsayısı
L:Çakıl geçidinin genişliği (m)
d:Çakıl geçidinin düşey açıklığı (m)
g:Yerçekimi ivmesi, (m/s2)
y1:Memba su derinliği (m)
6. Akım Tipinin Belirlenmesi – Yöntem 1
Akım tiplerine göre formül değişmemektedir, ancak debi katsayısı (Cd) değişmektedir.
Akım tipleri Swamee (1992) tarafından geliştirilen şu eşitlikler yardımıyla
belirlenebilmektedir.
Serbest Akım: 𝑦1 ≥ 0.81𝑦3
𝑦3
𝑏
0.72
Batık Akım: 𝑦3 < 𝑦1 < 0.81𝑦3
𝑦3
𝑏
0.72
7. Büzülme Katsayısı – Yöntem 1
Büzülme katsayısı, çakıl geçidi çıkışında su derinliğinin en az olduğu noktanın (vena contracta)
kapak açıklığına oranıdır.𝐶𝑐 =
𝑦2
𝑏
Keskin kenarlı dik bir çakıl geçidi kapağı için
büzülme katsayısı temel teorik hesaplamalar sonucunda
0.598~0.611 olarak belirlenmiştir.
Deney sonuçlarına göre ise katsayı 0.61~0.74 arasında
değişmektedir.
Hesaplamalarda bu değer genellikle 0.61
kullanılmaktadır.
8. Debi Katsayısı – Yöntem 1
Serbest akım durumunda, 𝐶 𝑑 =
𝐶 𝑐
1+
𝐶 𝑐 𝑏
𝑦1
Batık akım durumunda,
Φ=
𝑦1
𝑦3
Ψ=
𝑦1
𝐶 𝑐 𝑏
9. Serbest Çalışma Hali – Yöntem 2
𝑄 = μ ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 2𝑔𝐻
μ: Büzülme katsayısı
L: Çakıl geçidinin genişliği (m)
d: Çakıl geçidinin düşey açıklığı (m)
g: Yerçekimi ivmesi, (m/s2)
H: Memba su derinliği (m)
10. Serbest Çalışma Hali – Yöntem 2
Büzülme katsayısı (μ) 0.65 kabul edilebilir. 𝑑1 = 0.65 ∗ 𝑑
H-d1 = Ht Buradan «1» kesitindeki hız ve Froud Sayısı hesaplanabilir.
𝑑2
𝑑1
=
1
2
1 + 8𝐹𝑟1
2
− 1 d2 değeri hesaplanır.
Mansap su seviyesi (dw) eşlenik derinlikten (d2) daha düşükse serbest çalışma hali söz
konusudur.
𝑄 = μ ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 2𝑔𝐻 denkleminden «Q» değeri hesaplanır.
11. Batık Çalışma Hali – Yöntem 2
Mansap su seviyesi (dw) eşlenik derinlikten (d2) daha yüksekse batık çalışma hali söz
konusudur.
𝑄 = μ ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝐿 2𝑔∆𝐻 denkleminden «Q» değeri hesaplanır.
ΔH = Memba – mansap su seviyeleri farkı
