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Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia

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UNICEF Europe & Central Asia
UNICEF Europe & Central Asia

The syllabus called ‘Children’s Rights and Journalism Practice’ was developed by UNICEF Regional Office in Geneva with the support of the Dublin Institute of Technology. The syllabus consists of students’ manual and teachers’ guide. With UNICEF support the manual was translated into Georgian.

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bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma bavSvis uflebebi uflebebis dacva da Jurnalisturi praqtika - bavSvTa parlamentebi uflebebze dafuZnebuli ras unda moicavdes kodeqsi? presis Tavisufleba midgoma
bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 2011 weli
saswavlo kursi momzadda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da damoukide- bel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis gaeros bavSvTa fondis (iunisefi) regionu- li ofisis dakveTiT dublinis teqnologiuri institutis media skolis mier. © `iunisefi~ - dublinis teqnologiis instituti, 2007 w. © qarTuli Targmani da gamocema, gaeros bavSvTa fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, 2011 w. saxelmZRvanelos qarTuli variantis SemuSavebasa da adaptaciaSi monawileobd- nen: daviT paiWaZe, ilias saxelobis universiteti; marine vaSaymaZe, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; maia miqaSaviZe, Jurnalistikisa da media menejmen- tis kavkasiuri skola; naTia kalaZe, saqarTvelos universiteti; maia qurcikiZe, gaeros bavSvTa fondi. masalebis mowodebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT eqspertebs: Tamar korZaias, marine kvaWaZes, Teona kuWavasa da nato zazaSvils.
sarCevi bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma ............................................................................6 winasityvaoba...........................................................................................................6 nawili pirveli: `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~ ......................................................8 1. adamianis uflebaTa cnebis warmodgena ..........................................................8 adamianis uflebebi da bunebiTi uflebebi ........................................................8 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia..................................................10 uflebebis dacva................................................................................................... 11 2. bavSvis uflebebi ................................................................................................14 bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia ...............................................................................15 bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti ................................................................................17 saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi .......................................18 gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da bavSvis uflebebis dacva qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ........................................................................28 3. bavSvis uflebebi da media ...............................................................................30 `oslos gamowveva~ ................................................................................................30 mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze ...........................................................................31 bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi .......................................................................................32 mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia ..................................................................33 bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi............................................................................34 mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi ...................35 4. winaaRmdegobebi bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis gzaze ...................39 adamianis uflebaTa dacva ..................................................................................39 bavSvis uflebaTa dacva ......................................................................................40 problemebi bavSvTa uflebebis realizebaSi ...................................................42 bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze reagireba .........................43 5. mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva, bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli pasuxismgebloba ..................................................................................................46 bavSvebis warmodgena masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi ..........................46 stereotipebi mediaSi ..........................................................................................48 bavSvTa uflebebis darRveva ..............................................................................49 bavSvTa dacva ........................................................................................................49 media axali TaobisTvis .......................................................................................51 profesiuli pasuxismgebloba.............................................................................51 Sida regulireba...................................................................................................52 bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas mediis eTikisa da JurnalistTa profesiuli standartebis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi .............................55
6. informaciis gavrcelebis saukeTeso praqtika bavSvebis Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.....................................................................57 `msoflio bavSvebisaTvis~ ...................................................................................57 bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi ...............................58 bavSvebis monawileoba..........................................................................................59 monawileobiT miRebuli sargebloba ................................................................60 perspeqtivebi bavSvebisTvis: magaliTebi ..........................................................61 bavSvTa parlamentebi...........................................................................................62 monawileobisTvis arsebuli barierebi .............................................................64 Tavi 2: bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli Jurnalisturi praqtika ............... 66 1. qcevis kodeqsebi da saredaqcio saxelmZRvanelo principebi.................66 Jurnalistikis kodeqsebis ganviTareba ............................................................66 presis Tavisufleba .............................................................................................68 ras unda moicavdes kodeqsi? .............................................................................70 mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi ............................................................71 saerTaSoriso kodeqsebi .....................................................................................72 bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli qcevis kodeqsi........................................................73 JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisTvis ......................................74 bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: eTikuri saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis ................76 mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi saqarTveloSi ...................................77 danarTebi .................................................................................................................81 `bi-bi-si~-s saredaqcio principebi bavSvebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT..................................................................................81 Jurnalistebis statusi da Jurnalisturi eTika: JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis principebi ..............................................................84 JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis deklaracia Jurnalisturi qcevis principebis Sesaxeb .......................................................88 saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia ................................................... 89 2. bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi ............................................................................91 bavSvTa dacva ........................................................................................................91 bavSvTa dacva organizaciebSi ............................................................................94 mediis bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi ...................................................................95 3. kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi ...........................................................97 konkretuli magaliTis ganxilva: TviTneburi dakavebis sakiTxebze momuSave jgufi.....................................................................................................99 sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis asaki ...................................................103 media da kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi: vinaobis dacva ..................105 konkretuli magaliTi (1): didi britaneTi: meri beli ................................105
konkretuli magaliTi (2): didi britaneTi: jeims balgeris mkvlelebi ....106 ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso dokumentebi arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sferoSi.......................................................................... 107 arasruwlovanTa marTlsamjulebis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso principebi ............................................................................... 108 arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistema saqarTveloSi ..................... 112 4. siuJetebisa da wyaroebis moZieba ................................................................121 Jurnalistis roli.............................................................................................121 bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb masalebis momzadebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebi .............................................................123 `iunisefis~ saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis .................................................................................124 gaeros konvenciasTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebis dasma ...................................125 statiebisa da siuJetebis wyaroebi .................................................................126 ZiriTadi terminebi wyaroebTan urTierTobisas ..........................................130 5. bavSvebisagan intervius aReba.......................................................................131 fotoebSi bavSvebis gamoyeneba .........................................................................134 `iunisefis~ saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebisagan intervius aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ..................................................................135 intervius Semdeg... ...........................................................................................136 “gadavarCinoT bavSvebi”-s saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebisgan intervius aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ..................................................................136 6. bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros ..............................................138 media da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros ......................................142 7. sityvis Tavisufleba bavSvebs da bavSvebze orientirebuli media .....146 bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi..........................................................................148 bavSvebTan erTad da bavSvebisTvis momzadebuli mediaprogramebis dadebiTi mxareebi ..............................................................................................149 globaluri konteqsti.......................................................................................151 mediaSi bavSvebis mizanmimarTuli monawileobis winaSe arsebuli sirTuleebi da winaaRmdegobebi ......................................................................152 8. saukeTeso Jurnalisturi praqtika bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT ...............155 saukeTeso praqtikis magaliTebi .....................................................................156
6 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma winasityvaoba mivesalmebiT JursnalistebisTvis bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelos mkiTxvels. saxelmZRvanelos mizania mogawodoT is ZiriTadi ideebi da informacia, romlebic dagexmarebaT axali ambebis pasuxismgeblobiT, bavSvTa uflebebis dacviTa da maT mimarT pativiscemiT gaSuqebaSi. saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebuli midgoma organizacia `adamianis uflebaTa ganaTlebis asociacia~ (HREA) gvTavazobs saswavlo piramidas, romelic Sedgeba adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis sami ZiriTadi modelisagan. qveda aris `faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modeli~, Sua - „angariSvaldebulebis modeli~, xolo zeda - `transformaciuli modeli~. modeli 1 - faseulobebi da informirebuloba faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modelSi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi amocanaa adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli sabaziso codnis gadacema. am modelis mizania, `xeli Seewyos iseTi msoflios mSeneblobas, sadac pativiscemiT ekidebian adamianis uflebebs. es miiRweva im miznebis gaTviTcnobierebiTa da erTgulebiT, romlebic Camoyalibebulia `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciasa~ da sxva ZiriTad dokumentebSi~ (`adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis axali modelebi~, felisa tibitsi, `ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso mimoxilva~ - adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili specialuri gamocema, 2002). faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modelis magaliTebia sazogadoebaSi codnis gavrcelebis kampaniebi, axalgazrduli programebi da saskolo da sauniversiteto saganmanaTleblo programebi. modeli 2 – angariSvaldebuleba mosalodnelia, rom am modelis dawyebisas monawileebs ukve hqondeT warmodgena adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. isic mosalodnelia, rom isini uSualod Tu arapirdapiri gziT monawileobdnen adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi. es modeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da lobirebis unarebis ganviTarebasa da adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis ufro Rrmad gagebis xelSewyobaze. angariSvaldebulebis modelis magaliTebia treningebi adamianis uflebebis sferoSi moRvawe aqtivistebis an im adamianebisaTvis, visac evaleba adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvis SemTxvevebis dokumenturi saxiT dafiqsireba. modeli 3 – transformaciuli es modeli miznad isaxavs, daexmaros adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebis
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 7 mowmeebs da msxverplebs. adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis es forma SeiZleba gamodges, rogorc calkeuli adamianebis, ise mTlianad TemebisTvis. transformaciuli modelis mizania, misces monawileebs SesaZlebloba, daicvan sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari Temebi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisagan. am modelis magaliTebia ltolvilTa banakSi ganxorcielebuli programebi da jgufuri daxmarebis programebi ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis. vinaidan modulis amocanaa treningSi monawile JurnalistebisaTvis iseTi informaciis miwodeba, romelic maT sWirdebaT bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis pasuxismgeblobiT gaSuqebis unaris ganviTarebisTvis, gamoviyenebT faseulobebisa da informirebulobis models – konkretuli aqcentiT bavSvis uflebebze. modulis mizania ara adamianis uflebebis sferoSi moRvawe aqtivistebis Camoyalibeba, aramed bavSvebTan da maT uflebebTan dakavSirebuli Temebis pasuxismgeblobiT gaSuqebis unaris ganviTareba. am modulis gavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT gaigoT, ras warmoadgens bavSvTa uflebebi, gansakuTrebiT gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis konteqstSi. Tqven aseve SeZlebT kritikulad SeafasoT bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqeba adamianis uflebebis, anu `uflebebze damyarebuli~, perspeqtividan, gaecnobiT saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da kodeqsebs bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sesaxeb da SeZlebT gamoTqvaT profesiuli mosazreba sakuTari praqtikis Sesaxeb uflebebze damyarebuli perspeqtividan. rac yvelaze mTavaria, SeZlebT gamoiyenoT is, rac iswavleT, Tqvens samomavlo karieraSi rogorc Jurnalistebma da reportiorebma da samarTlianad, zustad da bavSvebis uflebaTa principebis gaTvaliswinebiT moamzadoT siuJetebi, statiebi da reportaJebi. modulis struqtura modulSi Sedis ori ZiriTadi nawili: nawili pirveli, `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~, iZleva zogad informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratomaa esoden mniSvnelovani uflebebis gageba da gaTviTcnobiereba. garda amisa, am nawilSi ganxilulia saTanado praqtikis magaliTebi da, agreTve, is problemebi da gamowvevebi, romlebic wamoiWreba bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqebisas. nawili meore, `bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli Jurnalisturi praqtika~, profesiul Jurnalistur praqtikas ganixilavs bavSvis uflebebis perspeqtividan da gvacnobs im strategiebsa da konteqstebs, romlebSic unda davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu rogor gavaumjobesoT Cveni Jurnalisturi saqmianoba. am naSromSi warmodgenil masalasTan erTad unda gaecnoT mravalferovan damxmare literaturas da rekomendaciebs samomavlo sakiTxavebTan dakavSirebiT. imedi gvaqvs, rom modulSi naswavli dagexmarebaT axali ambebis yvelanairi formiT gaSuqebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevebSi, roca siuJetis centraluri figura bavSvia.
8 nawili pirveli: `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~ 1. adamianis uflebaTa cnebis warmodgena ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  ras warmoadgens adamianis uflebebi?  ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv uflebebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris?  adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia  adamianis uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebebi da bunebiTi uflebebi adamianis uflebebi gulisxmobs adamianis ganuyofel, sayovelTao uflebebs, miuxedavad adgilmdebareobis Tu sxva iseTi faqtorebisa, rogorebicaa eTnikuri warmomavloba, religia, erovneba Tu sqesi. adamianis uflebebi is ZiriTadi standartebia, romelTa gareSe adamianebi ver icxovreben Rirseulad. adamianis uflebebi yvela adamians Tanasworad, sayovelTaod da samudamod ekuTvnis. adamianis uflebebi xelSeuxebelia: adamians ver CamoerTmeva es uflebebi iseve, rogorc is, rom igi yovelTvis adamianad darCeba. adamianis uflebebi ganuyofelia: adamians ver CamoerTmeva ufleba imis gamo, rom is `naklebad mniSvnelovania~ an `ar aris arsebiTi~. adamianis uflebebi urTierTdamokidebulia: adamianis yvela ufleba urTierTSemavsebeli sistemis nawilia. magaliTad, Tqvens SesaZleblobasTan, monawileoba miiRoT Tqveni xelisuflebis muSaobaSi, uSualo kavSirSia Tqveni ufleba, gamoxatoT sakuTari Tavi, miiRoT ganaTleba da upirvelesi aucileblobis sagnebic ki. adamianis uflebebis idea aRmocenda bunebiTi uflebebis filosofiuri koncefciidan; zogi ar aRiarebs gansxvavebebs uflebaTa am or kategorias Soris da orives erT ramed aRiqvams, xolo sxvebi am or termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas aniWeben da is Tvisebebi, rac tradiciulad bunebiT uflebebs ukavSirdeba, ar asocirdeba adamianis uflebebTan.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 9 ras warmoadgens bunebiTi uflebebi? bunebiTi uflebebi sayovelTao uflebebia, romlebic yvela adamians ekuTvnis da ar aris damokidebuli adamianis qcevasa Tu Sexedulebebze. adamiani sazo- gadoebis wevri xdeba garkveuli ZiriTadi uflebebiT da arc erT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia CamoarTvas mas es uflebebi. bunebiTi uflebebis yvelaze adreuli asaxva moipoveba indur vedebSi, agamebsa da upaniSadebSi – teqstebSi, romlebic sami aTas welze meti xnis win daiwera. mas Semdeg bunebiTi uflebebi mniSvnelovani cnebaa im wignebSi, romlebic safuZv- lad udevs msoflios ZiriTad religiebs. bibliac, Torac da yuranic qadageben yvela adamianis Tanasworobis, Rirsebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelobas. bunebiTi uflebebis erT-erTi Teoria Camoyalibda ganmanaTleblobis peri- odis bunebiTi kanonidan mefeTa wminda uflebebis sawinaaRmdegod da iZleo- da liberalizmis moralur dasabuTebas. individualizmis ideis gaZlierebasTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT me-17 sauku- neSi, bunebriTi kanonebidan gamomdinare doqtrinebi Seicvala da xazgasmiT aRiniSna is faqti, rom individebs, vinaidan isini adamianebi arian, aqvT ufle- bebi, romlebic ar unda daarRvios romelime sxva adamianma an sazogadoebam. am doqtrinis, albaT, saukeTeso formulireba jon lokis (1632-1704) naS- romebSia mocemuli. misi azriT, adamiani Tavisi bunebiT aris racionaluri da kargi da rom mas politikur sazogadoebaSi Semoaqvs igive uflebebi, romle- bic cnobili iyo sazogadoebisTvis ufro adreul safexurebze. am uflebaTa- gan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, sakuTari qveynis mTavrobaSi xmis ufleba da qonebis ufleba. bunebiTi uflebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba daupirispirdes iuridiul uflebas: bu- nebiTia ufleba, rodesac is arsebobs maSinac ki, roca ar aris miRebuli mTavrobis an mTlianad sazogadoebis mier, xolo iuridiuli ufleba war- moadgens iseT uflebas, romelic dadgenilia mTavrobis an sazogadoebis mier maTi wevrebis sasargeblod. damatebiTi literatura: Peter Jones: Rights, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. Jeremy Waldron, ed: Theories of Rights, (Oxford Readings in Philosophy), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. adamianis uflebebis arseboba, moqmedeba da Sinaarsi dResac debatebis sagania filosofiasa da politikur mecnierebaSi. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da SeTanxmebebSi, aseve bevri qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSia gansazRvruli. magram bevrisaTvis uflebebis doqtrina scdeba kanons da warmoadgens fundamentur moralur baziss Tanamedrove socialuri wesrigis regulirebisaTvis. aseTi adamianebisaTvis es demokratiuli idealebia.
10 Cven yvelas gvWirdeba uflebebi da gvaqvs kidec isini. es uflebebi uzrunvelyofs Cvens arsebobas da ganviTarebas da xels uwyobs Cvens dacvas fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri Seuracxyofisa da Zaladobisagan. uflebebi gulisxmobs imasac, rom gvqondes SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miviRoT im sakiTxebSi, romlebic Cven gvexeba. uflebebi uzrunvelyofs, rom yvela adamians Tanasworad da samarTlianad moeqcnen. adamianis uflebebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba da propagandireba niSnavs imis moTxovnas, rom yvela pativiscemiT moeqces da daicvas yvela adamianis Rirseba. magram uflebebs Tan pasuxismgeblobac axlavs: yovelma Cvenganma pativi unda sces sxva adamianebis uflebebs da marto sxvebisgan ar unda moiTxovos Tavisi uflebebis pativiscema. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia 1945 wels msofliom Zlivs daaRwia Tavi meore msoflio oms, romelic pirvels 30 wliTac ki ar gvaSorebda. am omis dros umciresobaTa jgufebisa da samxedro tyveebis mimarT Cadenilma sazarelma sisastikeebma ubiZga msoflios qveynebis liderebs, CamoeyalibebinaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia mSvidobis, keTildReobisa da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad. 1948 wlis 10 dekembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam miiRo da gamoaqveyna adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. deklaraciaSi aRiarebuli iqna `Tandayolili Rirseba~ da `Tanaswori da ganuyofeli uflebebi~ adamianTa ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis. masSi naTqvamia, rom `adamianis uflebaTa ugulebelyofam da abuCad agdebam gamoiwvia barbarosuli aqtebi ... da rom iseTi msoflios Seqmna, romelSic adamianebs eqnebaT sityvisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba da romelSic isini icxovreben SiSisa da gaWirvebis gareSe, gamocxadebulia adamianebis maRal miswrafebad~. deklaracia Sedgeba 30 muxlisagan, romlebSic gamoxatulia gaeros Sexeduleba yvela adamianisTvis garantirebul uflebebze. adamianis uflebaTa komisiis (romelmac moamzada deklaraciis teqsti) wevrma, elinor ruzveltma, ganacxada: `es ar aris xelSekruleba ... [momavalSi] igi SeiZleba gaxdes saerTaSoriso „didi qartia“ (Magna Carta…) 1995 wlis 5 oqtombers warmoTqmul sityvaSi papma ioane pavle II-m adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias uwoda `adamianis sindisis erT-erTi yvelaze maRali gamoxatuleba TanamedroveobaSi.~ Tumca gaeroSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis elCma, jin kirkpatrikma, deklaracias `santa-klausisaTvis miwerili werili~ uwoda. misi TqmiT, `arc buneba, arc gamocdileba da arc albaToba ar acocxlebs `uflebebis~ am CamonaTvals, im uflebebisa, romlebic ar cnobs SezRudvebs, garda maTi avtorebis gonebiT da madiT dawesebulisa~ (konferenciis dokumenti: `adamianis uflebaTa sicocxlisunariani politikis Camoyalibeba~, 1981). yvelaze mniSvnelovan muxlebs Sorisaa:  muxli 1: `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT.~
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 11  muxli 3: sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.  muxli 5: wamebis an sastiki, araadamianuri Tu Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa Tu dasjis akrZalva.  muxli 18: azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba.  muxli 19: azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.  muxli 26: ganaTlebis ufleba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis Semdeg gaeros generalurma asambleam yvela wevr qveyanas mouwoda, gamoeqveynebinaT deklaraciis teqsti da `ganepirobebinaT misi gavrceleba, wakiTxva da axsna skolebsa da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, ganurCevlad qveynebisa Tu teritoriebis politikuri statusisa~. ginesis `rekordebis wignSi~ adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia aRwerilia rogorc `dokumenti, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze met enaze iTargmna~. misi Targmani moipoveba 321 enasa da dialeqtze (2004 wlisaTvis). deklaraciis miRebas mohyva rigi mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebebisa, romlebic miznad isaxavda adamianis uflebebis damkvidrebas da dacvas. 1966 wels gaero-m miiRo samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti da ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti. am paqtebma maTi xelmomweri yvela saxelmwifosTvis savaldebulod aqcia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi Camoyalibebuli uflebebis dacva. adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebaSi sxva mniSvnelovani nabijebi iyo Jenevis konvenciebi omis dros dasacavi wesebis Sesaxeb da konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianis uflebebi jer kidev viTardeba. magaliTad, am bolo wlebSi garemos damcvelebi mogviwodebdnen adamianis uflebebis gafarToebas da maT ricxvSi sufTa da usafrTxo wylis misawvdomobaze adamianis sayovelTao uflebisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli sxva uflebebis CarTvas. uflebebis dacva me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mravalma jgufma da moZraobam moaxerxa mniSvnelo- vani socialuri cvlilebebis miRweva adamianis uflebebis gansamtkiceblad. dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi profkavSirebma SemoiRes kanonebi, romlebic mSromelebs aZlevs gaficvis, minimaluri samuSao pirobebis dadgenis da bavSvTa Sromis akrZalvis an regulirebis uflebebs. qalTa uflebebis moZraobam mraval qals moupova arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. erovnul- ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobebma bevr qveyanaSi daamxo kolonialuri Zalebi. aqedan yvelaze gavlenian Zalas warmoadgenda mahaTma gandi, romelmac indoeTi gaaTavisufla britaneTis batonobisagan. rasobrivi Cagvris qveS myof adamianTa da religiur umciresobaTa moZraobebma warmatebas miaRwies msoflios mraval
12 qveyanaSi. maT Soris iyo moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis da, SedarebiT axlaxan, e.w. `identurobisa da politikis~ moZraobebi, romlebic ibrZodnen qalTa da umciresobaTa uflebebisTvis aSS-Si. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis mixedviT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi irRveva maSin, rodesac:  rasobrivi, sarwmunoebrivi Tu sxva jgufis wevrebs arTmeven uflebas, aRiarebuli iyos `individad~ (me-2 da me-6 muxlebi);  mamakacebs da qalebs ar epyrobian Tanasworad (me-2 muxli);  gansxvavebuli rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufis wevrebs ar epyrobian Tanasworad (me-2 muxli);  safrTxe eqmneba adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebas (me-3 muxli);  adamiani gayidulia monad an imyofeba ymobaSi (me-4 muxli);  uflebebis darRvevis msxverplT uars eubnebian samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtian saSualebaze (me-8 muxli);  adamianis mimarT sasjelis aRsruleba xdeba TviTneburad, saTanado da samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis Cautareblad (me-11 muxli);  saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi TviTneburad erevian adamianis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi (me-12 muxli);  moqalaqeebs ekrZalebaT sakuTari qveynis datoveba an Tavis qveyanaSi dabruneba (me-13 muxli);  adamians uars eubnebian sityvis an religiis Tavisuflebaze (me-18 da me-19 muxlebi);  adamians uars eubnebian profkavSirSi gaerTianebis uflebaze (23-e muxli);  adamians uars eubnebian ganaTlebis miRebis uflebaze (26-e muxli). adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia da mis mier aRwerili msoflios xedva daedo safuZvlad iseTi organizaciebis Camoyalibebas, rogorebicaa “amnesti interneiSenal~ da `hiuman raiTs uoC~, romlebic iRvwian adamianis uflebebis dacvisTvis da atareben farTo kampaniebs maTi darRvevis winaaRmdeg. isini amzadeben yovelwliur angariSebs TiToeul qveyanaSi adamianis `uflebebis mxriv arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. `amnesti interneiSenalis~ monacemebiT, Zalze cota qveyanaa iseTi, sadac ar xdeba adamianis uflebebis seriozuli darRveva. am organizaciis 2007 wlis `adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb angariSis~ mixedviT, dokumenturad aris dadasturebuli, rom 57 qveyanaSi arseboben politikuri, e.w. `sindisis patimrebi,~ da 102 qveyanaSi aRiniSna policiis, samxedro Tu usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis personalis mxridan wamebisa Tu sastikad mopyrobis SemTxvevebi.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 13 zogs sjera, rom adamianis uflebebis darRveva ufro xSiria diqtatorul saxelmwifoebSi, vidre demokratiulSi, vinaidan sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis wyalobiT SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos mier Cadenili darRvevebis gamoaSkaraveba. magram adamianis uflebebi demokratiul qveynebSic irRveva. magaliTad, makfersonis angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom britaneTis policia instituciurad rasistul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda Savkaniani axalgazrdis, stiven lorensis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, xolo `amnesti interneiSenalma~ Tavis angariSebSi aSSs mier marTul guantanamos yuris banaks uwoda `skandaluri, adamianis uflebebis mxriv~. daaxloebiT 90 qveyanaSi daarsda adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli institutebi am qveynebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis, xelSewyobisa Tu monitoringis mizniT. Sefaseba imsjeleT adamianis uflebaTa cnebaze SerCeuli, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli Temis konteqstSi. damatebiTi literatura adamianis uflebaTa resurs-centri: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/background.shtm adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli institutebis forumi: http://www.nhri.net/ `amnesti interneiSenal~: http://www.amnesty.org/ `amnesti interneiSenalis~ 2006 wlis qveynebis angariSi: http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/index-eng `hiuman raiTs uoC~: http://www.hrw.org/ adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi: http://www.ohchr.org
14 2. bavSvis uflebebi ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  ratom aris aucilebeli bavSvis uflebebis gamoyofa?  gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia  bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti  saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi `bavSvTa uflebebi~ aris adamianis uflebebi bavSvebisa da 18 wlamde adamianebisaTvis. im faqtis aRiarebis safuZvelze, rom bavSvoba Cveni cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli periodia, bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis uflebebis calke wyeba Camoyalibda. bavSvoba aris is dro, rodesac Cven aqtiurad vizrdebiT da vswavlobT, rodesac gvWirdeba sxva adamianebi, romlebic mogvivlian da usafrTxoebas mogvcemen, rodesac Cven unda gvqondes SesaZlebloba, udardelad vicxovroT. 1989 wels gaeroSi mividnen saerTo SeTanxmebamde, rom bavSvebs sWirdebaT sakuTari konvencia. bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis Camoyalibebul uflebaTa am calke wyebas gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia hqvia. konvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom 18 wlamde adamianebs aqvT masSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba, miuxedavad maTi rasis, religiis Tu SesaZleblobebisa, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ras fiqroben an amboben isini da ra tipis ojaxidan arian. ra saWiroa bavSvTa uflebebis gamoyofa calke konvenciis saxiT? bavSvebi individebi arian: isini arc mSoblebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenen, arc saxelmwifosi da arc raime Camouyalibebeli arsebebi arian; maT adamianTa ojaxis Tanasworuflebiani wevrebis statusi aqvT. bavSvebi iwyeben cxovrebas, rogorc absoluturad damokidebeli arsebebi: isini mTlianad mSoblebis imedze arian kvebisa Tu aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT: es maT sWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom gaizardon da damoukidebelni gaxdnen. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aseT zrunvas bavSvi unda iRebdes misi ojaxis ufrosi wevrebisagan, magram, roca uSualo mzrunvelebs ar SeuZliaT bavSvis saWirobebis dakmayofileba, ukve sazogadoebam unda izrunos amis gamosworebaze. bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian Seuracxyofisa da eqspluataciisgan: bavSvebi fizikurad ufro daucvelebi arian, vidre zrdasruli adamianebi. garda amisa, isini emociuradac gacilebiT mgrZnobiareni arian uaryofiTi STabeWdilebebis mimarT. fizikurma da fsiqikurma zewolam SeiZleba samudamo daRi daasvas bavSvs. msoflios mraval kuTxeSi bavSvebi ganicdian mZime eqspluatacias, rogorc muSebi an rogorc jariskacebi.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 15 mTavrobis moqmedeba an umoqmedoba ufro Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvebze, vidre sazogadoebis romelime sxva jgufze: samTavrobo politikis TiTqmis yvela sfero (magaliTad, ganaTleba Tu janmrTelobis dacva) garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvebze. windauxedavi politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ar iTvaliswinebs bavSvebis problemebs, Zalze avnebs mTeli sazogadoebis momavals. bavSvebis azrs iSviaTad aqceven yuradRebas da iSviaTad iTvaliswineben politikur procesebSi: bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, ar iReben monawileobas arCevnebsa Tu politikur procesebSi. Tu ar movismenT maT azrebs – rogorc isini maT saxlSi, skolaSi an TavianT megobrebTan gamoxataven – verasodes gavigebT im mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, romlebic moqmedebs bavSvebis cxovrebaze axla an imoqmedebs momavalSi. mraval cvlilebas sazogadoebaSi bavSvebisTvis araproporciuli da xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs: ojaxis Semadgenlobis Secvla, globalizacia, samuSao pirobebis cvlileba da socialuri SeRavaTebis Semcireba bevr qveyanaSi seriozul zegavlenas axdens bavSvebis cxovrebaze. amgvari cvlilebebis Sedegebi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT damangreveli aRmoCndes SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis da sxva sagangebo situaciebis SemTxvevebSi. bavSvis jansaR ganviTarebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis momavlisTvis: vinaidan maTi zrdis procesi jer ar dasrulebula, bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian (gacilebiT metad, vidre ufrosebi) cxovrebis iseTi cudi pirobebis mimarT, rogoricaa siRaribe, janmrTelobis araadekvaturi dacva, cudi kveba, sufTa wylis xelmiuwvdomeloba, cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi da garemos dabinZureba. sxvadasxva avadmyofobis, cudi kvebisa da siRaribis Sedegebi safrTxes uqmnis bavSvebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, im sazogadoebis momavals, romelSic isini cxovroben. saxelmwifoebs Zalian Zvirad ujdebaT uyuradReboba bavSvebis mimarT: socialuri kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli gamocdileba moqmedebs adamianis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, bavSvebis ganviTarebis msvleloba ki gansazRvravs im wvlils, romelsac isini Seitanen qveynis momaval cxovrebaSi. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989 wlis 20 noembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam daamtkica bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia. dRes is saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaa, romelsac qveynebi xels aweren da rodesac mis ratificirebas moaxdenen, maT iuridiulad moeTxovebaT konvenciis Sesruleba. es pirveli savalebulod Sesasrulebeli saerTaSoriso instrumentia, romelSic Sedis adamianis uflebebis mTeli speqtri. misi ratificireba msoflios yvela qveyanam moaxdina, garda somalis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa. somalim ratificireba imitom ver moaxerxa, rom mas ar hyavs aRiarebuli mTavroba, xolo aSS-m konvenciis xelmoweriT gvaCvena Tavisi ganzraxva, moexdina misi ratificreba, magram jer es ar gaukeTebia.
16 konvenciis safuZvelze bavSvebs aqvT ufleba, dakmayofildes maTi ZiriTadi saWiroebebi: arseboba, dacva, janmrTelobis dacva, sakvebisa da wylis misawvdomoba. maT aseve aqvT ufleba, hqondeT sakuTari potencialis srulad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba: es aris ganaTleba, TamaSi, sporti, sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da monawileoba im gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic maT exeba. konvenciaSi sagangebodaa naTqvami, rom yvela bavSvs erTi da igive uflebebi aqvs da rom yvela ufleba urTierTdakavSirebuli da Tanaswori mniSvnelobisaa. konvencia exeba aseve bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas _ pativi scen sxva adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT maTi mSoblebis, uflebebs. gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi 54 muxlia, romelTagan TiToeulSi gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli ufleba. es uflebebi iyofa oTx jgufad: arseboba, dacva, ganviTareba da monawileoba. arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs bavSvis sicocxlis uflebas da uflebas, dakmayofilebul iqnes arsebobisTvis aucilebeli saWiroebebi. es aris kveba, sacxovrebeli, cxovrebis adekvaturi done da janmrTelobis dacvis misawvdomoba. ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi gansazRvravs imas, rac bavSvs sWirdeba misi potencialis srulad ganviTarebisTvis. es aris ganaTleba, dasveneba da Tavisufali dro, kulturuli saqmianoba, informaciis misawvdomoba da azris, sindisisa da religiuri rwmenis Tavisufleba. dacvasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi moiTxovs, rom bavSvebi dacul iqnen yovelgvari formis Seuracxyofis, ugulebelyofisa da eqspluataciisagan. es uflebebi exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa ltolvili bavSvebis sagangebo dacva, dacvis saSualebebi momuSave bavSvebisaTvis da im bavSvebis dacva da reabilitacia, romlebmac ganicades raime formis Zaladoba an eqspluatacia. monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs, rom yvela bavSvs unda mieces SesaZlebloba, aqtiuri roli Seasrulos Tavis Temsa da sazogadoebaSi. es uflebebi moicavs Sexedulebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da uflebas, saTanado yuradReba daeTmos bavSvis Sexedulebebs im sakiTxebSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. bavSvis unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad unda gaizardos bavSvisTvis SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, raTa moemzados pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse zrdasruli cxovrebisaTvis. konvenciis 41 ZiriTadi muxlidan oTxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan isini arsebiTia konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela uflebis xorcSesxmisaTvis. qvemoT CamoTvlilia es muxlebi, romlebic konvenciis `saerTo principebad~ aris cnobili:  me-2 muxli: uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba TiToeuli bavSvisTvis, nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis gareSe.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 17  me-3 muxli: bavSvis mimarT nebismier qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisas upirvelesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis interesebis dacvis ukeT uzrunvelyofas.  me-6 muxli: yovel bavSvs aqvs sicocxlis, gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis ufleba.  me-12 muxli: bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos yvela im sakiTxSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. am bolo wlebSi Seiqmna bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ori fakultatiuri oqmi:  fakultatiuri oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul iqna 2000 wlis 25 maiss, da  fakultatiuri oqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebuli iqna 2000 wlis 25 maiss. konvenciaSi gamoxatulia bavSvisa da bavSvobis cnebis axali xedva. bavSvebi arc TavianTi mSoblebis sakuTreba arian da arc qvelmoqmedebis ususuri obieqtebi. isini adamianebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari uflebebi aqvT. konvencia gvTavazobs xedvas bavSvisa, rogorc Zlieri, kompetenturi adamianis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis wevrisa, romelsac aqvs misi asakisa da simwifis Sesabamisi uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT aRiarebiT konvencia mTlianad bavSvze axdens koncentrirebas. bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti im saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma, romlebmac moaxdines konvenciis ratificireba, regularulad unda warudginon angariSi bavSvis uflebaTa komitets – eqspertebisgan Semdgar organos, romelic awarmoebs saxelmwifoTa mier konvenciis Sesrulebis monitorings. am angariSebSi asaxulia qveyanaSi bavSvTa uflebebis mxriv arsebuli mdgomareoba da miTiTebulia is zomebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs am uflebebis xorcSesasxmelad. saxelmwifoTa angariSebis ganxilvisas bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti mouwodebs qveynebis xelisuflebaTa yvela dones, isargeblon konvenciiT, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principiT politikis SemuSavebasa da mis aRsrulebaSi. vinaidan adamianis uflebebis dacva Tavisi xasiaTiT usasrulo procesia, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac iseTi, rasac gaumjobeseba sWirdeba. bavSvTa uflebebis damcveli organos Seqmna da kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs realurad bavSvTa uflebebi da rogor SeiZleba maTi saukeTeso gziT xorcSesxma, dRemde diskusiebis sagania. bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba nawilobriv emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom bavSvebis daucvelobisa da, Sesabamisad, maTi sagangebo dacvis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobiereba ar uSlis xels imas, rom bavSvebi iCagrebodnen maT garSemo ufrosebis samyaroSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad. bavSvebis mZime mdgomareobis mimarT TanagrZnoba xSirad iwvevs imas, rom
18 bavSvebs aRiqvamen koleqtiurad da epyrobian rogorc qvelmoqmedebis obieqtebs da ara rogorc individuumebs, romelTac sakuTari unarebi, SesaZleblobebi, saWiroebebi da uflebebi aqvT. amis Sedegad bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi xSirad arapolitikurad miiCneva da verc gvardeba. bavSvTa uflebebis ZiriTadi principi is aris, rom sazogadoeba valdebulia, daakmayofilos bavSvis ZiriTadi saWiroebebi da uzrunvelyos daxmareba misi pirovnebis, niWisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Seqmna asaxavs zogad wess, rom, rac ufro maRalia uflebebis gaTviTcnobierebis done, miT metia maTi garantirebis SesaZlebloba. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis wyalobiT bavSvebis uflebebi mkafiod, Tanmimdevrulad da yovlismomcveli saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT gansazRvra maTi pativiscemisa da Sesrulebis winapirobaa. Sefaseba gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa komitetisaTvis Tqveni qveynis mier wardgenil erovnul angariSebze da komitetis mier am angariSebis ganxilvaze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT imaze, Tu ra meqanizmi arsebobs Tqvens qveyanaSi bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Sesrulebis monitoringisaTvis da ra gavlenas axdens is. damatebiTi literatura da resursebi `iunisefi~: bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_index.html bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/index.htm `bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli~ (CRIN) - bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.crin.com/resources/treaties/CRC.asp?catName=International+Treaties&flag=legal&ID=6 `bavSvis uflebaTa aliansi~ _ bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.childrensrights.ie/convention.php saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi bavSvis uflebebi garantirebulia, rogorc saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebiT (bavSvis uflebaTa deklaracia, bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanebTan mopyrobis wesebi (`pekinis wesebi~), gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis arasrulwlovanTa Soris damnaSaveobis profilaqtikis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (er-riadis wesebi); haagis konvencia bavSvis saerTaSoriso gatacebis samoqalaqo aspeqtebis Sesaxeb da sxva), aseve erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi (konvenciebi, damatebiTi oqmebi, paqtebi da sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi), romlebic saqarTvelos mier iqna ratificirebuli, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 19 saqarTvelo bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias SeuerTda 1994 wels. konvenciis moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad saqarTvelo axorcielebs bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul debulebebs erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia warmoadgens saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sistemis Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba. konvencia gamoiyeneba saqarTveloSi, rogorc uSualod moqmedi kanoni da saqarTvelos normatiul aqts warmoadgens. ufro metic, saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias da konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias upiratesi Zala aqvs saqarTvelos sxva kanonebis mimarT da is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes uSualod. bavSvs (arasrulwlovans) iseTive uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi aqvs, rogorc srulwlovan adamians, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (magaliTad. saarCevno ufleba). adamianis uflebebi, maT Soris bavSvis uflebaTa dacva, garantirebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis II TaviT. yvela ufleba, romelTa dacvac garantirebulia konstituciis meore TaviT, Seexeba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvas. konstituciiT daculia bavSvis sicocxlis ufleba, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, Sekrebebis ufleba, sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba, ganviTarebis ufleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, ukanono dakavebisagan, wamebisagan dacvis ufleba da sxva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT arasrulwlovania piri, romelsac ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asakisaTvis. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad (1997) arasrulwlovani piri aris uflebaunariani da 7 wlis asakidan CaiTvleba SezRudul qmedunarianad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT srul qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan, anu piri, romelic Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT srulad axorcielebs Tavis sakuTar uflebebsa da movaleobebs. uflebaunarianoba pirs eniWeba dabadebis momentidan gardacvalebis momentamde. gamonakliss warmoadgens memkvidreobis ufleba, romelic pirs warmoeSoba Casaxvis momentidan da am uflebis realizacia damokidebulia bavSvis dabadebaze. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT srul qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan. uflebaunarianoba - fizikuri piris unari, hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan. qmedunarianoba - fizikuri piris unari, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (qmedunarianoba), warmoiSoba srulwlovanebis miRwevisTanave.
20 7 wlidan bavSvi SezRudul qmedunarianad aris aRiarebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi. magaliTad, dados garigeba. 7 wlamde asakis bavSvi mcirewlovania da qmeduunaro. mis uflebebs axorcielebs meurve an mzrunveli. meurveoba - meurveoba wesdeba bavSvze, romelsac ar miuRwevia Svidi wlis asakisaTvis an pirze, romelic sasamarTlos mier aRiarebulia qmeduunarod suliT avadmyofobis an Wkuasustobis gamo. mzrunveloba - mzrunveloba wesdeba arasrulwlovanze Svidi wlis asakidan Tvramet wlamde. mzrunveloba wesdeba agreTve srulwlovan qmedunarian pirze misi TxovniT, Tu mas Tavisi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo ar SeuZlia damoukideblad ganaxorcielos Tavisi uflebebi da Seasrulos Tavisi movaleobani. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos warmoadgens saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro an/da mis sistemaSi Semavali uflebamosili dawesebuleba (organizacia), agreTve maTi teritoriuli organoebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997) iTvaliswinebs or garemoebas, romlis drosac, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas, piri CaiTvleba emansipirebulad da utoldeba srulwlovan, srul qmedunarian pirs: 1. 16 wlis asaks miRweuli piris qorwineba; 2. kanonieri warmomadgenlis mier 16 wlis asaks miRweuli pirisaTvis sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis uflebis miniWeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT saqorwino asakad gansazRvrulia Tvrameti weli. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qorwinebisas uSvebs gamonakliss. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi Teqvsmeti wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT. Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris SemTxvevaSi pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa gancxadebis safuZvelze daqorwinebis nebarTva SeuZlia gasces sasamarTlom. samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsisa da `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad bavSvi dabadebisTanave iZens gvars, saxels da moqalaqeobas. saqarTvelos kanoni `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ (1993) gansazRvravs bavSvis moqalaqeobis sakiTxs. bavSvi, romlis orive mSobeli misi dabadebis momentisaTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqea, saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvleba dabadebis adgilis miuxedavad. 14-dan 18 wlamde bavSvis moqalaqeobis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod misi TanxmobiT. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad yvela bavSvi unda izrdebodes ojaxSi da ar daSordes Tavis mSoblebs maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. es moTxovna Tavis asaxvas povebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romlis Tanaxmad `bavSvs aqvs ufleba, cxovrobdes da izrdebodes
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 21 ojaxSi~. Svilebis aRzrdis yvela sakiTxs mSoblebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT wyveten. mSobelTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo mSoblebis da arasrulwlovnis monawileobiT. bavSvis uflebebi daculia mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSic. Tu ganqorwinebis gamo an sxva mizeziT bavSvis mSoblebi cal-calke cxovroben, maT SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli, Tu visTan icxovrebs arasrulwlovani Svili. meuRleTa Soris davis SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sasamarTloSi bavSvis uflebebs icavs meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos mier daniSnuli bavSvis warmomadgeneli, romelic saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros bavSvis interesebs warmoadgens. kanonmdeblobiT daculia bavSvis qonebrivi uflebebic. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvis qonebriv uflebebis dacvas axorcielebs qonebis meurve. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mSobels, romelic sistematurad aridebs Tavs mSoblis movaleobis Sesrulebas da arajerovnad iyenebs mSoblis uflebebs – bavSvs uxeSad eqceva, masze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens Tavisi amoraluri saqcieliT, an qronikuli alkoholiki an narkomania, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba CamoerTvas mSoblis yvela ufleba da movaleoba. es SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos iniciativiT, ise 14 wlis asaks miRweuli bavSvis moTxovniT. arasrulwlovans aqvs dacvis ufleba mSobelTa (sxva kanonier warmomadgenelTa) mxridan uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. arasrulwlovnis uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis darRvevisas, maT Soris, mSobelTa (erT-erTi mSoblis) mier bavSvis aRzrdasTan, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli movaleobebis Seusruleblobis an arasaTanadod Sesrulebisas, an mSoblis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovans ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad mimarTos meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebs, 14 wlis asakidan ki – sasamarTlos. samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, samoqalaqo saqmeebze davebis ganxilvisas daculia arasrulwlovanTa uflebebi. 7-dan 18 wlamde arasrulwlovanTa uflebebsa da kanoniT dacul interesebs sasamarTloSi icaven maTi mSoblebi, mSvileblebi an mzrunvelebi. amasTanave, sasamarTlo valdebulia, aseT saqmeebSi Caabas TviT arasrulwlovnebic. Tu arasrulwlovans kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, TviTon, damoukideblad gankargos Tavisi qoneba, dados wvrilmani sayofacxovrebo garigebebi da a. S., mas ufleba aqvs sasamarTloSi piradad daicvas Tavisi uflebebi da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebi, iyos mosarCele, mopasuxe an mesame piri. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, arasrulwlovanis SuamdgomlobiT an Tavisi iniciativiT, saqmeSi Caabas misi kanonieri warmomadgenelic. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovans 14 wlis asakidan ufleba aqvs, mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dasacavad. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo niSnavs saproceso
22 warmomadgenels da ganixilavs saqmes. arasrulwlovan mosarCeles ufleba aqvs, ar daeTanxmos Tavis saproceso warmomadgenels da TviTon daicvas sakuTari Tavi. sasamarTlo valdebulia aseT saqmeebze Caabas meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebi. samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvisas, 14 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvisas, xolo sasamarTlos SexedulebiT 14-dan 18 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvis drosac, SeiZleba mowveul iqnes pedagogi, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moiwvion agreTve mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi an mzrunvelebi. mosarCele - samoqalaqo procesSi fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos, arbitraJs an samediatoro sasamarTlos mopasuxis mier darRveuli Tu sadavod qceuli uflebis an kanonieri interesebis dasacavad. mopasuxe - samoqalaqo procesis an sameurneo davis erT-erTi mxare. mopasuxes pasuxs sTxovs sasamarTlo an arbitraJi mosarCelis im gancxadebis mixedviT, rom mopasuxem daarRvia an sadavo gaxada mosarCelis ufleba. bavSvis konvenciis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac bavSvs ar hyavs mSoblebi, is saxelmwifos dacvis qveS imyofeba. amave debulebas iziarebs saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba. kerZod, Tu napovnia bavSvi, romlis vinaoba, mSoblebis vinaoba da maTi adgilsamyofeli ucnobia, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo valdebulia ganaxorcielos yvela qmedeba bavSvisa da misi mSoblebis vinaobis dadgenisaTvis. Tu bavSvis da misi mSoblebis vinaoba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad ver dgindeba, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo valdebulia, miiRos zomebi bavSvis mosavlelad da mimarTos sasamarTlos bavSvis mitovebulad aRiarebisaTvis. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icavs bavSvis interesebs gaSvilebisas. 10 wels miRweuli bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobi gareSe ar daiSveba. kanoni mkacrad icavs Svilad ayvanis konfidencialobis dacvis uflebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, dasjadia Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gamJRavneba; piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa. saqarTvelos kanoni `Svilad ayvanis da mindobis Sesaxeb~ (2010) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mindobasa da gaSvilebas. mindobiT aRzrda (Svilobilad ayvana) – Svilobilad mindoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da mimReb ojaxs Soris ormxrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze bavSvis aRsazrdelad ganTavsebas winaswar Seswavlil da SerCeul ojaxSi. am periodis manZilze biologiur ojaxs aqvs SesaZlebloba, iqonios mudmivi kontaqti bavSvTan, maTi ararsebobisas ki bavSvi 18 wlis asakidan Tavisufalia da ar aris damokidebuli mimReb ojaxze
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 23 Svilad ayvana – termini _ bavSvis Svilad ayvana niSnavs sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT bavSvis samudamod gadacemas ojaxisaTvis. Svilad ayvana samudamod cvlis bavSvis statuss. igi xdeba mSvilebeli mSoblebis gvaris matarebeli da maTi qonebis memkvidre. aseT SemTxvevaSi, biologiur ojaxTan yvela saxis kavSiri wydeba. gasaSvilebeli bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romelic am kanoniT dadgenili wesiT aRricxulia gasaSvilebel bavSvTa da mSvilebelTa erTian reestrSi da akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs (18 wlamde piri; romlis mSoblebi sasamarTlom aRiara ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad; mitovebuli bavSvi; oboli bavSvi; mSoblebis TanxmobiT gaSvilebuli piri; bavSvi, romlis mSoblebsac CamoerTva mSoblis ufleba) g) napovni bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romlis aRmoCenis momentSi da am momentidan 6 kviris vadaSi ver dadginda misi an/da mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba, mis mitovebul bavSvad aRiarebamde; d) mitovebuli bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romlis aRmoCenis momentSi da am momentidan 6 kviris vadaSi ver dadginda misi an/da mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba da romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT aRiarebul iqna mitovebulad. mindobiT aRsazrdelad gadacemuli bavSvi - mSoblebs CamoerTvaT an SeuCerdaT mSoblis uflebebi da movaleobebi da bavSvi unda ganTavsdes Tavisi ojaxis gareT. Tu mSoblis ufleba, gadawyvitos, visTan icxovros misma Svilma, SezRudulia da bavSvi unda ganTavsdes Tavisi ojaxis gareT; Tu bavSvis datoveba meurvesTan an mzrunvelTan misgan damoukidebeli mizezebiT bavSvisTvis sazianoa; Tu Svilis CamorTmeva xdeba mSoblis uflebebisa da movaleobebis CamorTmevis an SezRudvis gareSe. amave kanoniT, bavSvi, Tu man miaRwia 10 wels an 10 welze meti asakisaa, ar eTanxmeba Svilad ayvanas (gaSvilebaze) an mindobiT aRzrdas, ar SeiZleba iqnes gaSvilebuli, aseve akrZalulia 10 wlis an 10 welze meti asakis bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobis gareSe. dauSvebelia da-Zmis, debis an/da Zmebis daSoreba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es Seesabameba maT interesebs. mSvileblisa da gasaSvilebeli bavSvis (Tu igi 10 wlisaa an 10 welze metisaa) moTxovniT sasamarTlo sxdoma SeiZleba iyos Ria, xolo informacia - sajaro. Tu naSvilebi 10 wlisaa an 10 welze metisaa, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba dasaSvebia mxolod naSvilebis TanxmobiT. gaSvilebisas an mindobisas SesaZleblobis farglebSi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes bavSvis axlo eTnikur, religiur da kulturul garemoSi aRzrdis SesaZlebloba. bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da am sferoSi misi nebis pativiscema aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi: saqarTvelos kanoni janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb; pacientis uflebaTa Sesaxeb; organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb da sxva. arasrulwlovan pacientTa uflebebi yvelaze kargad vlindeba saqarTvelos kanonSi `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (2000), romelic arasrulwlovan pacientebs iseTsave uflebebs aniWebs, rogorc srulwlovans, garda im specifikuri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Tavisi asakis gamo, pacienti mometebul
24 yuradRebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, informirebuli Tanxmobis micema raime samedicino manipulaciisas. kanonmdebeli did yuradRebas uTmobs arasrulwlovnis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informaciis dacvas. mSoblebs an kanonier warmomadgenlebs arasrulwlovanis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia ar miewodeba, Tu informaciis miwodebis winaaRmdegia TviT qmedunariani arasrulwlovani pacienti, aseve 14-dan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani pacienti, romelic samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT sworad afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da romelmac eqims mimarTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis, kontracefciis araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis miRebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. 14-dan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovan pacients, romelic samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT sworad afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, ufleba aqvs ganacxados informirebuli Tanxmoba samedicino momsaxurebaze, Tu man samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevs mimarTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis, kontracefciis araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis miRebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. saqarTvelos kanoni `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006) gansazRvravs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac arasrulwlovani uars ambobs mkurnalobaze. arasrulwlovans gaaCnia mkurnalobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, Tu aqvs unari, miiRos gacnobierebuli gadawyvetileba. bavSvis uflebebis dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ (2005). kanonis Tanaxmad, moswavles aqvs ufleba: Tanabar pirobebSi, diskriminaciis gareSe, dadgenili wesiT, saskolo dros an skolis teritoriaze isargeblos am TaviT daculi da skolis mier aRiarebuli yvela uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, agreTve skolis yvela resursiT; saxelmwifo icavs moswavlis da mSoblis saganmanaTleblo arCevanis Tavisuflebas. moswavle daculi unda iyos arasaTanado mopyrobis, uyuradRebobisa da Seuracxyofisagan; sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb codnis ufleba. moswavleebs aqvT ufleba, flobdnen informacias TavianTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, agreTve maTi SezRudvis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. skola valdebulia, yovel axal moswavles gaacnos misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvisas moswavles gonivrul vadaSi ganumartos SezRudvis safuZveli, moswavles ki aqvs ufleba, piradad an arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT monawileoba miiRos skolis marTvaSi, miiRos skolaSi arsebuli nebismieri informacia, garda piradi saidumloebis Semcveli informaciisa; moiTxovos da miiRos skolis mier masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis gadawyvetileba, moiTxovos misi azris mosmena da monawileoba miiRos ganxilvaSi uSualod an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. `bavSvTa da axalgazrduli kavSirebis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb“ (1999) saqarTvelos kanoniT daculia bavSvebis mier Seqmnil sxvadasxva saxis
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 25 organizaciebi _ bavSvTa kavSirebi. bavSvTa kavSiri aris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvruli wesiT Seqmnili arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, romlis sadamfuZneblo dokumentaciiT gansazRvruli saqmianobis mizania bavSvTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis, maTi niWisa da unaris ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. bavSvTa kavSirSi gawevrianebisa da sadamfuZneblo dokumentaciiT gansazRvrul saqmianobaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs nebismier pirs 7 wlis asakidan, Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT. saqarTvelos kanoniT `reklamis Sesaxeb~ (1998) daculia arasrulwlovnis uflebebi. kerZod, reklamis warmoebis, ganTavsebisa da gavrcelebis dros arasrulwlovanTa gulubryvilobisa da gamoucdelobis borotad gamoyenebisagan maTi dacvis mizniT akrZalulia: a) arasrulwlovanTa STagoneba _ daarwmunon mSoblebi an sxva pirebi reklamirebuli saqonlis SeZenaSi; b) arasrulwlovanTa yuradRebis mipyroba imaze, rom reklamirebuli saqonlis floba upiratesobas aniWebs maT sxva arasrulwlovanTa mimarT, xolo misi uqonloba iwvevs sawinaaRmdego efeqts; g) reklamaSi iseTi teqstis, audio- da videoinformaciis moTavseba, romlebic aCvenebs arasrulwlovnebs saSiS adgilas da saSiS viTarebaSi; d) arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqonlis gamosayeneblad saWiro Cvevebis aucilebeli donis gauTvaliswinebloba. amasTan, Tu saqonlis gamoyenebis Sedegebi naCvenebi an aRwerilia, reklama unda iZleodes informacias imis Sesaxeb, risi miRwevac realurad SesaZlebelia im asakobrivi jgufis arasrulwlovanTaTvis, romlisTvisac gankuTvnilia es saqoneli; e) arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqonlis Rirebulebaze (fasze) ararealuri (damaxinjebuli) warmodgenis Seqmna, kerZod, sityvebis `mxolod~, `sul raRac~ da maT msgavsTa gamoyenebiT, agreTve pirdapiri an iribi miTiTebiT imaze, rom reklamirebuli saqoneli xelmisawvdomia yvela ojaxis biujetisaTvis. saqarTvelos kanoni `mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ (2001) gulisxmobs dacvas im mavne zegavlenisagan, romelic dakavSirebulia alkoholuri sasmelebis da Tambaqos momxmareba-gasaRebasTan, azartul TamaSobebSi monawileobasTan, iseT filmebis CvenebasTan, nabeWdi produqciis moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, romelmac SeiZleba ziani miayenos arasrulwlovnis fsiqikur an/da fizikur janmrTelobas, mis moralur da socialur ganviTarebas. analogiur akrZalvas Seicavs saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ (2004), romlis mixediTac ikrZaleba bavSvTa da mozardTa fizikur, gonebriv da zneobriv ganviTarebaze mavne zegavlenis momxdeni programebis im dros ganTavseba, roca maT mier am programebis naxvis an mosmenis didi albaToba arsebobs. arasrulwlovanTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis garantiebi Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi (2006). saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba zogadad iTvaliswinebs Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa (ILO) da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rezoluciebsa da standartebs.
26 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT samuSaoze miRebis minimaluri asakia 16 weli. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar aris akrZaluli 16 wlamde arasrulwlovanis dasaqmeba, magram kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs im pirobebze, romelic unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli arasrulwlovanis dasaqmebisas: kanonieri warmomadgenlis an mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos Tanxmoba; rodesac … SromiTi urTierTobebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba arasrulwlovanis interesebs; zians ar ayenebs mis zneobriv, fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas; ar uzRudavs mas savaldebulo dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTlebis miRebis uflebas da SesaZleblobas. 14 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanTan SesaZlebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba, magram mxolod sportul, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul da kulturis sferoSi saqmianobaze, aseve sareklamo samuSaos Sesasruleblad. akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba saTamaSo biznesTan, Ramis gasarTob dawesebulebebTan, erotikuli da pornografiuli produqciis, farmacevtuli da toqsikuri nivTierebebis damzadebasTan, gadazidvasTan da realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. arasrulwlovanis kanonier warmomadgenels an mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos ufleba aqvT moiTxovon arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSla, Tu muSaobis gagrZeleba zians miayenebs arasrulwlovnis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an sxva, mniSvnelovan interesebs. Sromis kodeqsiT akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSpirobebiani samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. SromiTi kodeqsi zRudavs arasrulwlovnis 22 saaTidan 6 saaTamde dasaqmebas. bavSvis uflebebis dacvis meqnizmebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos kanonSi `ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverlTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006). ojaxSi Zaladoba gulisxmobs ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevas fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri, seqsualuri ZaladobiT an iZulebiT. kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvis mimarT fizikuri Zaladobis kvalis arsebobisas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT unda moxdes bavSvis misi mSoblebisagan gancalkeveba. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT damcavi orderis safuZvelze xdeba bavSvis gancalkeveba moZalade mSoblisagan. sasamarTlo gansazRvravs moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis vadebs. am drosac kanoni mkacrad icavs bavSvis usafrTxoebas. mSobels bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba SeiZleba mieces mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mis mimarT daculi iqneba usafrTxoebis yvela zoma, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes bavSvis monaxulebis adgils, dros, periodulobas, xangrZlivobas da pirs, romelic pasuxismgebelia bavSvis usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis dacvaze. Tu bavSvis mimarT usafrTxoebis zomebi daculi ar aris, moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba izRudeba.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 27 2010 wlis martidan funqcionirebs “bavSvTa dacvis mimarTvianobis procedurebi”, romelic sami saministros – Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro – koordinaciis meqanizms warmoadgens da miznad isaxavs bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis faqtebis adreul etapze gamovlenasa da maTze reagirebas. ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtze operatiuli reagirebisaTvis uflebamosili organos mier msxverplis dacvisa da moZaladis garkveuli moqmedebebis SezRudvis uzrunvelsayofad, droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT, SesaZlebelia, gamoices Semakavebeli an damcavi orderi. damcavi orderi aris pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) mier administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT gamocemuli aqti, romliTac ganisazRvreba ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Zaladobis msxverplis dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac arsebobs sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis aRZvris safuZveli da pirs aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT Sefardebuli aqvs patimroba. moZaladis mier damcavi orderiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Semakavebeli orderi aris policiis uflebamosili TanamSromlis mier gamocemuli aqti, romliTac ganisazRvreba ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Zaladobis msxverplis dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi da romelic gamocemidan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi dasamtkiceblad waredgineba sasamarTlos. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 32-e muxli krZalavs bavSvis monuri Sromis gamoyenebas. analogiuri akrZalva mocemulia `transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciisa da misi damatebiTi oqmi `adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb~, romlis monawilec 2006 wlidan saqarTveloc gaxda. trefikingi (adamianiT vaWroba) - adamianis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve muqariT, ZaladobiT an iZulebis sxva formiT, motacebiT, SantaJiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, umweo mdgomareobis an Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, sazRauris anda sargeblis micemis an miRebis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRwevad, romelsac sxva pirze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi) - arasrulwlovnis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. trefikingis msxverpl bavSvTa uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis oqmiT adamianebis,
28 gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis, agreTve `adamianebiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ evropis sabWos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebiT da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. am dokumentebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri muxlebi – adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi); arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi); adamianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverlis (dazaralebulis) momsaxurebiT sargebloba. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs specialuri kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” (2006), romliTac daculia bavSvis uflebebi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba yuradRebas uTmobs kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi mozardisadmi efeqtur, samarTlian da humanur damokidebulebas da cdilobs, erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi daamkvidros saerTaSoriso standartebi am sferoSi. adaministraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT administraciuli pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentisaTvis Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul pirebs. magaliTad, metropoliteniT sargeblobis wesebis darRveva; wvrilmani xulignoba an xulignoba, Cadenili ToTxmetidan Teqvsmet wlamde mozardis mier, wvrilmani qurdoba da sxva. administraciuli patimroba ar SeiZleba SeefardoT Tvrameti wlis asaks miuRwevel pirebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uxvad Seicavs arasrulwlovanTa uflebebis dacviT normebs. arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis saqarTveloSi arsebuli sistemis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT me-2 TavSi. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da bavSvis uflebebis dacva qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxli aRiarebs informaciisa da ideebis daubrkoleblad gavrcelebisa da miRebis uflebas, Tumca SezRudvis erT- erT kriteriumad adgens sxva pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is laxavs bavSvis konstituciiT dacul sxva uflebebs da winaaRmdegobaSi modis bavSvis konstituciiT dacul interesebTan. imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba gansxvavebul wesebs udgens samauwyeblo (tele- da radiomauwyebloba) mediasa da presas. samauwyeblo medias gacilebiT meti regulacia da valdebulebebi aqvs, misi zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.1 bavSvTa uflebebis dacvas mediaSi iTvaliswinebda kanoni `mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~. 2004 wlis 23 dekembris cvlilebebis Tanaxmad 1 ra Tqma unda, regulaciebi marto gavlenis SesaZlebelobebidan ar aris ganpirobebuli. mnSvnelovania amowurvadi resursebiT sargblobac, Tumca gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania swored es sakiTxi, ris gamoc moxda masze aqcentireba.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 29 aRniSnuli funqcia srulad gadavida komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis regulirebis sferoSi da mas daevala `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsis miReba~, romliTac dadgindeboda bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis savaldebulo wesebi. swored is faqti, rom arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dacva mediaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod da mxolod `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsSi~, ganapirobebs mis savaldebuloobas mauwyeblebis da ara presis mimarT. presis mimarT vrceldeba is zogadi kriteriumebi da moTxovnebi, rac dadgenilia konstituciiTa da kanoniT `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~. magaliTad, yalbi faqtebis, Seuracxmyofeli masalebis gavrcelebiT, sxva pirovnuli uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dainteresebul pirs SesaZlebloba aqvs, dava awarmoos sasamarTloSi media saSualebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli imas gulisxmobs, rom presas SeuZlia imoqmedos sakuTari eTikuri standartebis Sesabamisad, winaswar kanoniT dadgenili wesebis gareSe, xolo dainteresebul pirs2 aqvs post-faqtum reagirebis ufleba. gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSia samauwyeblo media. Jurnalistebis mier arasrulwlovanTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis savaldebulo wesebs adgens saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis 2009 wlis 12 martis dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsis~ me-11 Tavi. qcevis kodeqsi adgens im winaswar kriteriumebs, rac savaldebulod unda gaiTvaliswinos mauwyebelma. magaliTad, sabavSvo gadacemebis gaSveba gansazRvrul dros, savaraudo auditoriis winaswar gansazRvra. arasrulwlovnebze mavne zegavlenis Tavidan acilebis mizniT filmebze gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi specialuri SemzRudavi niSani. gansakuTrebulad SezRudulia uxamsi da Zaladobis amsaxveli masalebis gaSveba eTerSi im dros, rodesac, savaraudod, didia arasrulwlovanTa auditoria. aseve akrZalulia maTTvis gankuTvnil gadacemebSi Seuracxmyofeli leqsikis gamoyeneba. arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dacvis TavlsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba akisria sazogadoebriv mauwyebels, romelic `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis3 Tanaxmad valdebulia, programebSi asaxos asakobrivi mravalferovneba da, aseve, bavSvTa da mozardTa interesebis Sesabamisi proporciiT ganaTavsos sabavSvo programebi. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis sameurveo sabWos mier datkicebul 2010 wlis samoqmedo gegmaSi gansakuTrebulad aris gamoyofili bavSvTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis erT-erTi prioritetia `sabavSvo da axalgazrduli programebi yvela asakobrivi (skolamdeli, umcrosi saskolo, ufrosi saskolo, studentebi) jgufisaTvis~.4 2 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba bavSvi da misi kanonieri warmomadgeneli. 3 ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ muxli 16. 4 www.gpb.ge
30 3. bavSvis uflebebi da media ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze  bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi  mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia  bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi  mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi `oslos gamowveva~ 1999 wlis noemberSi mediaproeqtebSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebi, mediis profesionalebi da bavSvis uflebaTa eqspertebi Seikribnen norvegiis dedaqalaq osloSi, raTa ganexilaT, Tu ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia medias bavSvis uflebebis ganviTarebaSi msoflio masStabiT. msjeloba moicavda xuT Temas:  bavSvis ufleba, xeli miuwvdebodes mediaze, maT Soris axal mediaze;  bavSvis ufleba, miiRos codna da Seiqmnas warmodgena mediasTan dakavSirebiT;  bavSvis ufleba, monawileoba miiRos mediaSi;  bavSvis ufleba, daculi iyos mediiT miyenebuli zianisgan da ekranze arsebuli Zaladobisgan;  mediis roli bavSvis uflebebis dacvasa da xelSewyobaSi. am ganxilvebis safuZvelze gaCnda `oslos gamowveva~, romelic aRiarebda, rom `bavSvebsa da medias Soris urTierToba aris kari bavSvebis da maTi uflebebis did da mravalsaxovan samyaroSi – ganaTlebis, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, TamaSis, identobis, janmrTelobis, Rirsebis da sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis, dacvis samyaroSi – da rom media garkveul rols TamaSobs bavSvis uflebebis yvela aspeqtSi, bavSvis cxovrebis yovel elementSi~. `oslos gamowveva~ moqmedebisken mowodebaa. igi yvelas miswvda, vinc bavSvebisa da mediis rTuli urTierTobis kvleviT, ganviTarebiT da monitoringiT aris dakavebuli da monawileobs amaSi: mTavrobebi, organizaciebi da kerZo pirebi, romlebic bavSvebis sakiTxebze muSaoben, mediis profesionalebi yvela doneze da yvela media saSualebaSi, kerZo seqtori, maT Soris mediis mflobelebi, bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi, mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da mkvlevrebi (`iunisefis~ vebgverdi www.unicef.org/magic am mowodebaze gamoxmaurebaa – aq mocemulia mTeli msoflios bavSvebis mier bavSvebisTvis da bavSvebis monawileobiT Seqmnili mediaproeqtebi, sxva bmulebTan da informaciasTan erTad). gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ramdenime ZiriTadi muxli exeba mediisa da bavSvebis sakiTxebs. bavSvis uflebaTa komitetma sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi gamoyo gansaxilvelad:
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 31  mediis saSualebebiT bavSvis warmoCenis gaumjobeseba;  bavSvebis waxaliseba, rom aqtiurad miiRon mediaSi monawileoba;  bavSvebis dacva mediis mavne zemoqmedebisgan. konvenciis me-17 muxli ganmartavs mediis mniSvnelovan rols informaciis gavrcelebaSi da ganusazRvravs monawile saxelmwifoebs konkretul amocanebs, rac farTo gagebiT xels uwyobs bavSvis keTildReobas. igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifoebi `aRiareben masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa mniSvnelovan rols~ da `uzrunvelyofen bavSvisaTvis sxvadasxva erovnuli da saerTaSoriso wyaroebiT gavrcelebuli informaciisa da masalebis xelmisawvdomobas, gansakuTrebiT iseTi informaciis da masalebisa, romlebic mimarTulia bavSvis socialuri, sulieri da moraluri keTildReobisaken, agreTve jansaRi fizikuri da fsiqikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaken.~ konvenciis me-12 muxli aRiarebs bavSvis uflebas, gamoxatos Tavisi Sexedulebebi nebismier sakiTxze, romelic mas exeba. me-13 muxli amkvidrebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas: `es ufleba moicavs Tavisuflebas, miuxedavad sazRvrebisa, moiZios, miiRos an gaavrcelos nebismieri saxis informacia an mosazrebebi zepirad, werilobiT an beWdviTi formiT, xelovnebis saxiT an nebismieri sxva saSualebiT sakuTari arCevanisamebr.~ es muxlebi emsaxureba ara marto kargad informirebuli moqalaqis Camoyalibebas, aramed imasac, rom axalgazrdebis xma ufro xSirad ismodes masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. igi iZleva mkafio gzavnils, rom bavSvebi unda iyvnen saainformacio revoluciis rogorc monawileebi, ise beneficiarebi. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, masobrivi informaciis axali saSualebebisa da internetis gavrcelebis Semdeg, bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis mediis sakiTxma globaluri mniSvneloba SeiZina. zogierTma dainteresebulma mxarem daiwyo bavSvis uflebebis realizeba mediis saSualebiT – magaliTad, imis uzrunvelyofiT, rom axalgazrduli auditoriisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos maRalxarisxovani Sinaarsis media, gaismodes axalgazrdebis xma da bavSvebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi eTikurad Suqdebodes. mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze mravali kvlevaa Catarebuli bavSvebze mediis _ maT Soris mediaSi Zaladobis asaxvis _ zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. rogorc zogierTi eqsperti, magaliTad, miCiganis universitetis profesori l. rouel hiusmani (2000) amtkicebs, 50-wliani dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom `Zaladoba mediaSi zrdis bavSvebis agresiulobas da es wlebis Semdeg iCens Tavs, rodesac isini zrdasrul asaks aRweven.~ Tumca sxvebi, maT Soris jonaTan fridmani torontos universitetidan, amtkiceben, rom `samecniero monacemebi ar adasturebs, rom Zaladobis naxva Zaladobas warmoSobs an mis mimarT ugrZnobs xdis adamians.~ mediis gavrceleba da globalizacia Tanamedrove axalgazrduli kulturis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. bevr qveyanaSi axalgazrdebs gacilebiT
32 metad miuwvdebaT xeli multimediis saSualebebze, vidre adre – es aris tradiciuli, satelituri da sakabelo televiziis arxebi; radiosadgurebi; gazeTebi da Jurnalebi; interneti, kompiuteri da videoTamaSebi. dRes ucxouri programebi da media bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomia. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi naklebia oficialuri cenzura da kontroli. informaciis, eleqtronuli fostis da fotoebis gacvla msoflioSi dRes ufro swrafad da Tavisuflad xdeba, vidre odesme. amitom ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc bavSvebis mediaSi monawileobis, ise mavne zegavlenisagan maTi dacvis sakiTxebi. bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva did gavlenas axdens bavSvebisa da bavSvobis mimarT damokidebulebaze da mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs bavSvebis mimarT mozrdilTa qcevaze. mediis saSualebiT mowodebuli aRwera misabaZ magaliTad iqceva axalgazrdebisTvis da zemoqmedebas axdens maT poziciasa da molodinze. is, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis warmodgena mediis mier, an sulac maTi ignorireba, gavlenas axdens bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze da sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilis damokidebulebaze maT mimarT. media xSirad bavSvebs ise aRwers, rogorc pasiur, utyv `msxverplebs.~ bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis SesaZleblobis micemiT, Tavad ilaparakon TavianT imedebze, SiSebsa Tu miRwevebze, aseve maT cxovrebaze ufrosebis qcevis zemoqmedebaze, mediis profesionalebs SeuZliaT Seaxsenon sazogadoebas, rom bavSvebi iseve imsaxureben pativiscemas, rogorc yvela adamiani. Jurnalistebis saerTaSoriso federaciis informaciiT, mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva amkvidrebs mTel rig miTebs:  ganviTarebadi qveynebis ojaxebi, Rataki bavSvebi, agreTve omisa da sxvadasxva ubedurebis msxverplebi kargaven individualobas da humanurobas. maT xSirad aCveneben rogorc umweo tanjulebs, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT moqmedeba, fiqri an laparaki;  bavSvebis problemebis gaSuqebisas arsebobs tendencia, rom fokusireba moxdes sensaciur ambebze, xolo mravalricxovani problemebi, romlebic bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSia gansazRvruli, uyuradRebod rCeba;  xSirad mediaSi erTjeradi reportaJebia bavSvebis Sesaxeb, rasac ar mohyveba analizi da Semdgomi moqmedeba;  konfidencialurobas bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis ar uweven angariSs;  axal ambebSi bavSvebs xSirad stereotipulad warmoaCenen, magaliTad: `afrikeli moSimSile bavSvebi~ da `upasuxismgeblo Tineijerebi.~ dominirebs ambebi bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobaze, arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveobaze, quCis bavSvebze, maSin, rodesac bavSvis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli sxva problemebi, rogoricaa TamaSis, dasvenebisa da sportis ufleba, ar aris miCneuli axali ambebisTvis saintereso siuJetad. amis Sedegad iqmneba daubalansebeli STabeWdileba, rom bavSvebi an `msxverplebi~
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 33 arian, an saxifaTo `SfoTisTavebi.~ 1998 wels britanuli organizacia `Cildrenz eqspresi~ romelic saSualebas aZlevs bavSvebs da axalgazrdebs, monawileoba miiRon mediis saqmianobaSi, Tavad weron da redaqtireba gaukeTon reportaJebs, monitorings uwevda erovnuli gazeTebis Sinaarss erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. mkvlevrebma `Svidi momakvdinebeli stereotipi~ aRmoaCines. sixSiris mixedviT esenia:  `msxverpli bavSvebi~: 31,5%  `sayvareli bavSvebi~ (gaumarTlebeli, mizanTan Seusabamo foto/ gamosaxuleba): 26,7%  `patara eSmakebi~ (bavSvebis `demonizeba~/anu maTTvis aTasnairi codvis miwera): 10,8%  `bavSvebi SesaniSnavebi arian~ (gansakuTrebuli bavSvebi): 9,7%  `bavSvebi, rogorc aqsesuarebi~ (anu mSoblebis sakuTreba): 8,4%  `dRevandeli bavSvebi~ (mozrdilebis nostalgia warsulis mimarT): 7,5%  `patara angelozebi~ (visac cudis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia): 5,4% stereotipebisken midrekilebas mowmobs kvleva, romelic organizacia `MORI~-m (bazrisa da sazogadoebrivi azris saerTaSoriso kvleva - Market and Opinion Research International) Caatara 2004 wels britanuli JurnalisTvis `Young People Now~ (`dRevandeli axalgazrdoba~). masSi naTqvamia: [axalgazrdebis] es jgufebi xedaven presaSi damkvidrebul negatiur stereotips da grZnoben, rom es moqmedebs maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, imaze, Tu rogor eqcevian maT ufrosebi, rodesac sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi arian megobrebTan erTad. amasTan, isini Tvlian, rom Jurnalistebi naCqarevad ikaveben moraluri upiratesobis pozicias, rodesac axalgazrdebis qcevas afaseben~. isini amas farisevlur pozad aRiqvamen, radgan Tvlian, rom Jurnalistebs axasiaTebT gazviadeba imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gayidon gazeTebi da fuli iSovon: `nebismier rames miagneben da moipoveben, Tu dasaweri SemoakldebaT. sul ar adardebT, vinmes reputacias Tu Crdili miadgeba.~ es `MORI~-s adrindel (2003) gamokvlevas exmaureba, romelic cxadyofs, rom 11-18 wlis 914 axalgazrdidan orma mesamedma (64%) ganacxada, rom ar endoba Jurnalistebs. ase rom, marTalia, media mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informirebulobis amaRlebaSi, magram, amave dros, is SeiZleba saeWvo partnioric aRmoCndes. mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia erTi mxriv, sainformacio media aSuqebs Zaladobis msxverplebs an mogviTxrobs ambebs moZaladeebis Sesaxeb reportaJebis, fotoebis, dokumenturi filmebisa da sxva saSualebebiT. meore mxriv, igi Tavad SeiZleba gaxdes eqspluatatori, rodesac axal ambebSi an reklamaSi bavSvebis seqsualurad provokaciul saxeebs qmnis. mediis profesionalebi kargad arian momzadebulni saimisod, rom bavSvis uflebebi stabilurad SeinarCunon sainformacio formatSi, am uflebebis
34 dasacavad seriozuli Zalisxmeva gamoiyenon da moiTxovon bavSvis uflebebis dacva imaTgan, vinc amas ar akeTebs. magram komerciulma mosazrebebma SeiZleba aiZulos media, rom Tavidan airidos es pasuxismgebloba. interesTa uxerxuli wonasworoba prevalirebs iq, sadac eTikuri standartebi SeiZleba msxverplad Seewiros komerciul moTxovnebs. bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi axalgazrdebis mediaSi monawileobis magaliTebi adasturebs maT interess gare samyaros mimarT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maT Sansi eZlevaT, rom TavianTi Tavi gamoxaton im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic maT exeba. interesTa jgufebis da mediis organizaciebis mzardi raodenoba uamrav SesaZleblobas qmnis axalgazrdebisaTvis, rom mediaSi miiRon monawileoba. mediaproeqtebis magaliTebi warmatebuli mediaproeqtebisa da programebis magaliTebi bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisTvis da maTi monawileobiT: `ANDI~ – bavSvis uflebaTa braziliuri axali ambebis saagento monitorings uwevs mediis mier bavSvebisa da axalgazrdobis gaSuqebas, treningebs utarebs da muSaobs JurnalistebTan, romlebic weren bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis sakiTxebze. `ANDI“-s ZalisxmeviT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da gaumjobesda bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis sakiTxebis gaSuqeba braziliur mediaSi. es modeli axla laTinuri amerikis rva qveyanaSi inergeba. `TROC“ - albaneTis axalgazrda reportiorebi. aTeulobiT axalgazrda 13- dan 18 wlamde qveynis yvela kuTxidan gadis trenings am yovelkvireuli teleJurnalis saSualebiT. studentebi swavloben video axali ambebis warmoebis yvela aspeqts da pasuxismgebelni arian programebis dagegmvasa da gamoSvebaze ufrosebis mciredi daxmarebiT. es programa Zalze popularulia axalgazrda mayureblebs Soris albaneTsa da mezobel qveynebSi. isini afaseben `TROC“-s rogorc pirvel satelevizio Sous, romelic saTanadod aSuqebs socialur problemebs mTeli qveynis masStabiT. `mukTo xobor~ (Mukto Khobor) – (Tavisufali axali ambebi) – es aris yovelkvireuli axali ambebis 25-wuTiani gamoSveba da mimdinare ambebis programa bangladeSSi, romelsac 11-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi qmnian. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs bavSvebsa da maT uflebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. igi uzrunvelyofs forums axalgazrdebisTvis, rom maT SeZlon TavianTi Sexedulebebis gamoxatva, uviTarebs axalgazrda Jurnalistebs specialur unar-Cvevebs, STaagonebs axalgazrda mayureblebs, romlebic xedaven TavianTi Tanatolebis warmatebul muSaobas mediaSi da uCvenebs, rom axalgazrdebs SeuZliaT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon arsebul problemebTan brZolaSi.
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 35 afrikis bavSvTa da mauwyeblobis fondi (`CBFA“). es fondi 1995 wels Seiqmna. misi mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo bavSvebisa da mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb afrikis wesdebis ganxorcielebisTvis, agreTve miepyro mauwyeblebisa da prodiuserebis yuradReba maRalxarisxovani sabavSvo televiziis Seqmnis aucileblobisken. `CBFA“-s miznobriv jgufSi Sedian 9-dan 16 wlamde axalgazrdebi, mediis profesionalebi da mauwyeblebi. fondi marTavs seminarebs, kinoCvenebebsa da Sexvedrebs, romelTa ganxilvis sagani afrikeli bavSvebis problemebi da uflebebia. egviptis video da Temis ocnebebis proeqti avrcelebs ganviTarebis da mosaxleobis saqmianobis centr `axali horizontebis~ programis codnasa da gamocdilebas da aZlierebs axalgazrda qalebisa da gogonebis xmas egviptur sazogadoebaSi. qalTa jgufebi sxvadasxva egvipturi Temidan euflebian video da saprodiusero unar-Cvevebs da swavloben problemur an delikatur sakiTxebze muSaobas. jgufis wevrebi cnobadi xdebian, rogorc spikerebi da liderebi da xels uwyoben stereotipebis damsxvrevas. am jgufebis mier Seqmnili videomasalebi xSirad aRZravs diskusiebs da xels uwyobs problemis mogvarebis adgilobrivi gzebis Ziebas TiToeul TemSi. mediaSi monawileoba SesaniSnav Sedegebs aZlevs axalgazrdebs, rac Sejamebulia `iuneskos~ sainformacio samsaxuris 2001 wlis yovelwliur gamocemaSi `mosazrebebi bavSvebisa da mediis Sesaxeb.~ es Sedegebia:  siamayis, siZlierisa da sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnobis gaZliereba, rodesac axalgazrdebi grZnoben, rom maTi xma yuradRebis Rirsi gaxda, isini sazogadoebis nawils warmoadgenen, maT gauges sxvebs da sakuTar kulturas;  maTi yoveldRiuri ocnebebis da sakuTari adgilobrivi, socialuri da eTnikuri kulturisa da sinamdvilis asaxva mediaSi;  unar-Cvevebisa da cnobismoyvareobis gaZliereba da mediis sakiTxebSi kompetenturobis amaRleba (magaliTad, mediis kritikuli gaazreba);  audio-vizualuri mediis warmoebaSi monawileobis meSveobiT socialuri samarTlianobis gazrdili SegrZneba im axalgazrdebSi, romlebic kargad ar swavloben tradiciul, beWdviT masalebze dafuZnebul skolebSi;  meti interesi da monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, sakuTari pirobebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, gadaizrdeba moqmedebaSi, romelic miznad daisaxavs mediasa da TemebSi axalgazrdebis problemebis ganxilvis gaumjobesebas. mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi bavSvebi da mozardebi masmediis yuradRebis centrSi, rogorc wesi, raime negatiuri, dramatuli movlenebisa da incidentebis Sedegad xvdebian: omi,
36 SimSili, bunebrivi katastrofebi, mkvleloba da Zaladoba – ai is konteqsti, romlis mTavari gmirebi xSirad bavSvebi arian. Sesabamisad, iqmneba STabeWdileba bavSvebze, rogorc msxverplsa an moZaladeze. mozardebTan dakavSirebuli problemuri situaciebis gaSuqeba gavlenas axdens, rogorc Tavad incidentSi CarTul mozardze, aseve masmediis mravalaTasian auditoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebze. Jurnalistebs xSirad aqvT saqme ama Tu im xarisxis matravmirebel movlenasa da dazaralebul, travmirebul adamianTan. masmedia, romlis movaleobaa gaaSuqos es incidentebi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs (zogjer negatiurs) Zaladobis, incidentebis, travmirebulobis xarisxis gansazRvraSi. informaciis Segrovebis dros, dazaralebulis interviurebis procesSi Jurnalisti cdilobs aRweros rac SeiZleba `mZime~ da `saSineli~ istoria, moagrovos e.w. `sensaciuri masala~. es amZimebs matravmirebeli incidentis xarisxs, aiZulebs dazaralebuls, kidev erTxel ganicados is tkivili, damcireba, SiSi da Seuracxyofa, romelic mas Tavs gadaxda. Jurnalisti ar aris fsiqoTerapevti da, bunebrivia, is ver gauadvilebs dazaralebuls mdgomareobas _ is Tavisda uneburad tovebs respondents pirispir sakuTar gancdebTan. masmediis matravmirebeli zegavlenis kidev erTi aspeqtia is, Tu rogor interpretacias aZlevs Jurnalisti matravmirebel (Zaladobis) incidents. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba movlenis dramatizeba, kidev ufro damZimeba. Jurnalisti aseve cdilobs, moiZios mizezebi da ipovos damnaSaveebi, xdeba warsulze fiqsireba, iqmneba gamouvalobis STabeWdileba, ramac mkiTxvel auditoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios ususurobis gancda, SiSisa da SfoTvis momateba, agresiuli impulsebis gaaqtiureba, rac sabolood sazogadoebaSi arasasurveli fsiqoemociuri fonis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. rac Seexeba masmediis gavlenas bavSvebisa da mozardebis fsiqikur janmrTe- lobaze, winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi weria: `bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: eTikuri saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxe- bis gaSuqebisaTvis: nu miayenebT raime zians bavSvs; moerideT iseT kiTxvebs an komentarebs, romlebic SeiZleba sadavo aRmoCndes kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da romlebic bavSvs Seuqmnis safrTxes, daucvels gaxdis Seuracxyofisgan an gaaRviZebs masSi tkivilsa da wuxils, gamowveuls travmuli movlenebiT” zianSi, `tkivilsa da wuxilSi” igulisxmeba bavSvis fsiqoemociuri mdgomareoba da qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi kargad Cans, ramdenad seriozuli SeiZleba gaxdes es `ziani~. SemTxveva 1 arasrulwlovanma k.g.-m, quCaSi urTierTSelaparakebis dros, civi iaraRiT msubuqi Wriloba miayena moqalaqe r.d.-s. incidentis Semdeg is mSobelTan
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 37 erTad gamocxadda policiaSi, sadac daakaves. amis Semdgom mozardi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi masmediis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda, ZiriTadad SemTxvevis gaSuqebisas xdeboda faqtis dramatizeba, Sefaseba, ojaxisa da mozardis dadanaSauleba. nawili sazogadoebisa iziarebda aseT damokidebulebas, nawili cdilobda, mozardi `gmirad~ warmoeCina da mis dauyonebliv ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. yuradRebis centrSi yofna, sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebis aseTi polarizeba zemoqmedebs mozardis jer kidev Camouyalibebel fsiqikaze. orive pozicia momxdari faqtis Seusabamoa. moyvanil magaliTSi moxda mozardze orazrovani `iarliyis~ – msxverplisa da moZaladis – mikvra. msgavsi viTareba zemoqmedebs mozardis fsiqoemociur mdgomareobaze, vinaidan orive pozicia araadekvaturia, xels uSlis mozards, gaacnobieros sakuTari pasuxismgebloba da Camouyalibdes kongruentuli, Sesatyvisi damokidebuleba momxdari incidentis mimarT. amgvari aJiotaJi, zewola arTulebs mozardTa adaptaciis isedac rTul process arasrulwlovanTa aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi. aq moyvanil SemTxvevaSi mozard k.-s aReniSneboda Zilis problemebi, Ramis koSmarebi, brazis Semotevebi, autoagresia _ suicidis ramdenime mcdeloba. SemTxveva 2 arasrulwlovani gogona n.k. seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli gaxda. es SemTxveva gaSuqda erT-erTi gazeTis furclebze, sadac moZaladis saxeli da gvari anonimuri iyo, xolo gogonas Sesaxeb gazeTi srul informacias gvawvdida. Sedegad momxdaris Sesaxeb gaiges mezoblebma, skolam da gogona Temis mxridan zewolis msxverpli gaxda, masTan urTierToba Sewyvites megobrebma (ZiriTadad mSoblebis moTxovniT), mezoblebma. gogonam jer uari Tqva skolaSi siarulze, mere gareT gamosvla Sewyvita, Semdeg sakuTari oTaxidan ar gamodioda, Camouyalibda depresiuli simptomatika, Zlieri braleulobis gancda, dabali TviTSefaseba, uimedoba, uperspeqtivoba da a.S. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es gogona erovnebiT rusi iyo da es faqtoric (Cvens sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli stigma) mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. gogonasTan fsiqologiuri muSaobis Semdeg misi mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, Tumca ojaxma mainc miiRo gadawyvetileba daetovebinaT saqarTvelo da sacxovreblad sxva qveyanaSi gadasuliyvnen, rasac am incidentamde ar apirebdnen. orive SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs, rom amgvar situaciaSi irRveva ara marto mozardis uflebebi, aramed ziandeba misi fsiqikuri janmrTelobac, rom mediis amgvarma muSaobam SeiZleba negatiuri gavlena moaxdinos bavSvisa Tu mozardis cxovrebaze. mediis mier bavSvebsa da mozardebTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis asaxva gansazRvravs sazogadoebis pozicias maT mimarT, damokidebulebasa da qcevas, gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo instituciebis mxridan mozardebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.
38 Sefaseba SearCieT mediis informacia bavSvebis Sesaxeb da ganixileT bavSvis uflebaTa konteqstSi. damatebiTi literatura da resursebi `msoflios bavSvebi, axalgazrdebi da media: tendenciebisa da problemebis mimoxilva~, siuzen gigli, `iunisefis~ masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis kompleqsis kvleviTi instituti, 2004 wlis aprili: http://www.intermedia.org/ bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis Semswavleli centri: http://www.childrenyouthandmediacentre.co.uk/ `bavSvTa uflebebi da media – wyaro JurnalistebisTvis~: http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF publications soulbuddiez.pdf `iunisefi~ - vebgverdi Magic: http://www.unicef.org/magic/briefing/about.html `iunisefi~ - axalgazrdebis xma: http://www.unicef.org/voy. am gverdebze axalgazrdebi TavianTi sityvebiT gamoxataven azrebs mediis Sesaxeb sakuTar qveynebSi. `iuneskos~ bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis saerTaSoriso sainformacio samsaxuri: http://www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse.php. informaciis kargi wyaroa msoflios bavSvebTan, axalgazrdebTan da mediasTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli proeqtebis da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. sainformacio samsaxuri miznad isaxavs, aamaRlos bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis Sesaxeb informirebulobisa da codnis done, safuZvels qmnis saTanado politikis formulirebisTvis, xels uwyobs konstruqciul sazogadoebriv debatebs, aZlierebs bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis gaTviTcnobierebas da kompetenturobas mediis sakiTxebSi. bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: media http://www.crin.com/themes/ViewTheme.asp?id=12 mediaSi asaxuli Zaladobis gavlena axalgazrdobaze (Psychological Science, marti 2004) http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf `saxelmwifo jandacvis midgoma mediis Zaladobrivi Sinaarsis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb kvlevis Sedegebis mimarT~: The Lancet, tomi 356, gamocema 9460 (2005 wlis Tebervali, gv. 702-710) l. rouel hiusmani (2000) `kolumbiis olqis kvleva~, miCiganis universiteti: http://www.rcgd.isr. umich.edu/aggr/Projects/CCLS/description.html
bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 39 4. winaaRmdegobebi bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis gzaze ZiriTadi Sesaswavli Temebi  adamianis uflebaTa dacva  bavSvTa uflebebis mxardaWera  problemebi bavSvTa uflebebis realizebaSi  bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze reagireba adamianis uflebaTa dacva arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso, regionul da saxelmwifo doneze. saxelmwifo doneze politikosebs da kanonmdeblebs SeswevT Zala, rom TavianTi konstituciebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyon bavSvTa uflebebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba. zogadad, konstitucia karnaxobs im wesebs, romlebic `uwesebs movaleobebs, uflebebs da funqciebs sxvadasxva samTavrobo instituts~. adamianis uflebaTa ganxorcielebis yvelaze efeqtiani xelSewyoba aRniSnul wesebs maSin SeuZlia, rodesac isini konkretuli terminebiT gansazRvravs am uflebebs da rodesac mTavrobaSi xdeba uflebamosilebis ganawileba. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis TiTqmis sayovelTao ratificireba asaxavs im valdebulebas, rac globalurad arsebobs bavSvis uflebebis principebTan dakavSirebiT. konvenciis ratificirebiT sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebi acxadeben TavianTi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, rom es valdebuleba praqtikulad ganaxorcielon. wevri qveynebi valdebuli arian, Seasworon da Seqmnan kanonebi da politika, raTa srulfasovnad ganaxorcielon konvencia; maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom yvela qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare. konvenciis me-4 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom monawile saxelmwifoebi `Rebuloben yvela aucilebel sakanonmdeblo, administraciul da sxvagvar zomas winamde- bare konvenciiT aRiarebul uflebaTa gansaxorcieleblad~, xolo 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoebi `iReben valdebulebas, saTanado da qmediTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT farTo informacia miawodon rogorc mozrdilebs, aseve bavSvebs konvenciis principebisa da debulebebis Taobaze~. qveynis konstitucia yovelTvis ar uzrunvelyofs absolutur dacvas bavSvis uflebaTa darRvevis winaaRmdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT koleqtiurad mosTxovon mTavrobas, ganmartos Tavisi moqmedebebi da angariSi Caabaros amasTan dakavSirebiT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac moqalaqeebi organizebulad sTxoven pasuxs xelisuflebas. organizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gulisxmobs arasamTavrobo
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
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Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
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Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia
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Students' manual - UNICEF Georgia

  • 1. bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma bavSvis uflebebi uflebebis dacva da Jurnalisturi praqtika - bavSvTa parlamentebi uflebebze dafuZnebuli ras unda moicavdes kodeqsi? presis Tavisufleba midgoma
  • 2.
  • 3. bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika - uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma 2011 weli
  • 4. saswavlo kursi momzadda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da damoukide- bel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis gaeros bavSvTa fondis (iunisefi) regionu- li ofisis dakveTiT dublinis teqnologiuri institutis media skolis mier. © `iunisefi~ - dublinis teqnologiis instituti, 2007 w. © qarTuli Targmani da gamocema, gaeros bavSvTa fondis saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, 2011 w. saxelmZRvanelos qarTuli variantis SemuSavebasa da adaptaciaSi monawileobd- nen: daviT paiWaZe, ilias saxelobis universiteti; marine vaSaymaZe, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti; maia miqaSaviZe, Jurnalistikisa da media menejmen- tis kavkasiuri skola; naTia kalaZe, saqarTvelos universiteti; maia qurcikiZe, gaeros bavSvTa fondi. masalebis mowodebisaTvis madlobas vuxdiT eqspertebs: Tamar korZaias, marine kvaWaZes, Teona kuWavasa da nato zazaSvils.
  • 5. sarCevi bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma ............................................................................6 winasityvaoba...........................................................................................................6 nawili pirveli: `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~ ......................................................8 1. adamianis uflebaTa cnebis warmodgena ..........................................................8 adamianis uflebebi da bunebiTi uflebebi ........................................................8 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia..................................................10 uflebebis dacva................................................................................................... 11 2. bavSvis uflebebi ................................................................................................14 bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia ...............................................................................15 bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti ................................................................................17 saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi .......................................18 gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da bavSvis uflebebis dacva qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi ........................................................................28 3. bavSvis uflebebi da media ...............................................................................30 `oslos gamowveva~ ................................................................................................30 mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze ...........................................................................31 bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi .......................................................................................32 mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia ..................................................................33 bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi............................................................................34 mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi ...................35 4. winaaRmdegobebi bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis gzaze ...................39 adamianis uflebaTa dacva ..................................................................................39 bavSvis uflebaTa dacva ......................................................................................40 problemebi bavSvTa uflebebis realizebaSi ...................................................42 bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze reagireba .........................43 5. mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva, bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli pasuxismgebloba ..................................................................................................46 bavSvebis warmodgena masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi ..........................46 stereotipebi mediaSi ..........................................................................................48 bavSvTa uflebebis darRveva ..............................................................................49 bavSvTa dacva ........................................................................................................49 media axali TaobisTvis .......................................................................................51 profesiuli pasuxismgebloba.............................................................................51 Sida regulireba...................................................................................................52 bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas mediis eTikisa da JurnalistTa profesiuli standartebis dacvis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi .............................55
  • 6. 6. informaciis gavrcelebis saukeTeso praqtika bavSvebis Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.....................................................................57 `msoflio bavSvebisaTvis~ ...................................................................................57 bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli erovnuli samoqmedo gegmebi ...............................58 bavSvebis monawileoba..........................................................................................59 monawileobiT miRebuli sargebloba ................................................................60 perspeqtivebi bavSvebisTvis: magaliTebi ..........................................................61 bavSvTa parlamentebi...........................................................................................62 monawileobisTvis arsebuli barierebi .............................................................64 Tavi 2: bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli Jurnalisturi praqtika ............... 66 1. qcevis kodeqsebi da saredaqcio saxelmZRvanelo principebi.................66 Jurnalistikis kodeqsebis ganviTareba ............................................................66 presis Tavisufleba .............................................................................................68 ras unda moicavdes kodeqsi? .............................................................................70 mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi ............................................................71 saerTaSoriso kodeqsebi .....................................................................................72 bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli qcevis kodeqsi........................................................73 JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisTvis ......................................74 bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: eTikuri saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis ................76 mediis angariSvaldebulebis sistemebi saqarTveloSi ...................................77 danarTebi .................................................................................................................81 `bi-bi-si~-s saredaqcio principebi bavSvebis gaSuqebasTan dakavSirebiT..................................................................................81 Jurnalistebis statusi da Jurnalisturi eTika: JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis principebi ..............................................................84 JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaciis deklaracia Jurnalisturi qcevis principebis Sesaxeb .......................................................88 saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia ................................................... 89 2. bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi ............................................................................91 bavSvTa dacva ........................................................................................................91 bavSvTa dacva organizaciebSi ............................................................................94 mediis bavSvTa dacvis strategiebi ...................................................................95 3. kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi ...........................................................97 konkretuli magaliTis ganxilva: TviTneburi dakavebis sakiTxebze momuSave jgufi.....................................................................................................99 sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis asaki ...................................................103 media da kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi bavSvebi: vinaobis dacva ..................105 konkretuli magaliTi (1): didi britaneTi: meri beli ................................105
  • 7. konkretuli magaliTi (2): didi britaneTi: jeims balgeris mkvlelebi ....106 ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso dokumentebi arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sferoSi.......................................................................... 107 arasruwlovanTa marTlsamjulebis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso principebi ............................................................................... 108 arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis sistema saqarTveloSi ..................... 112 4. siuJetebisa da wyaroebis moZieba ................................................................121 Jurnalistis roli.............................................................................................121 bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb masalebis momzadebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebi .............................................................123 `iunisefis~ saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis .................................................................................124 gaeros konvenciasTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebis dasma ...................................125 statiebisa da siuJetebis wyaroebi .................................................................126 ZiriTadi terminebi wyaroebTan urTierTobisas ..........................................130 5. bavSvebisagan intervius aReba.......................................................................131 fotoebSi bavSvebis gamoyeneba .........................................................................134 `iunisefis~ saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebisagan intervius aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ..................................................................135 intervius Semdeg... ...........................................................................................136 “gadavarCinoT bavSvebi”-s saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebisgan intervius aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ..................................................................136 6. bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros ..............................................138 media da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros ......................................142 7. sityvis Tavisufleba bavSvebs da bavSvebze orientirebuli media .....146 bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi..........................................................................148 bavSvebTan erTad da bavSvebisTvis momzadebuli mediaprogramebis dadebiTi mxareebi ..............................................................................................149 globaluri konteqsti.......................................................................................151 mediaSi bavSvebis mizanmimarTuli monawileobis winaSe arsebuli sirTuleebi da winaaRmdegobebi ......................................................................152 8. saukeTeso Jurnalisturi praqtika bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT ...............155 saukeTeso praqtikis magaliTebi .....................................................................156
  • 8. 6 bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalisturi praqtika – uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma winasityvaoba mivesalmebiT JursnalistebisTvis bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelos mkiTxvels. saxelmZRvanelos mizania mogawodoT is ZiriTadi ideebi da informacia, romlebic dagexmarebaT axali ambebis pasuxismgeblobiT, bavSvTa uflebebis dacviTa da maT mimarT pativiscemiT gaSuqebaSi. saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebuli midgoma organizacia `adamianis uflebaTa ganaTlebis asociacia~ (HREA) gvTavazobs saswavlo piramidas, romelic Sedgeba adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis sami ZiriTadi modelisagan. qveda aris `faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modeli~, Sua - „angariSvaldebulebis modeli~, xolo zeda - `transformaciuli modeli~. modeli 1 - faseulobebi da informirebuloba faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modelSi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi amocanaa adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli sabaziso codnis gadacema. am modelis mizania, `xeli Seewyos iseTi msoflios mSeneblobas, sadac pativiscemiT ekidebian adamianis uflebebs. es miiRweva im miznebis gaTviTcnobierebiTa da erTgulebiT, romlebic Camoyalibebulia `adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciasa~ da sxva ZiriTad dokumentebSi~ (`adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis axali modelebi~, felisa tibitsi, `ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso mimoxilva~ - adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebisadmi miZRvnili specialuri gamocema, 2002). faseulobebisa da informirebulobis modelis magaliTebia sazogadoebaSi codnis gavrcelebis kampaniebi, axalgazrduli programebi da saskolo da sauniversiteto saganmanaTleblo programebi. modeli 2 – angariSvaldebuleba mosalodnelia, rom am modelis dawyebisas monawileebs ukve hqondeT warmodgena adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. isic mosalodnelia, rom isini uSualod Tu arapirdapiri gziT monawileobdnen adamianis uflebebis dacvaSi. es modeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da lobirebis unarebis ganviTarebasa da adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis ufro Rrmad gagebis xelSewyobaze. angariSvaldebulebis modelis magaliTebia treningebi adamianis uflebebis sferoSi moRvawe aqtivistebis an im adamianebisaTvis, visac evaleba adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvis SemTxvevebis dokumenturi saxiT dafiqsireba. modeli 3 – transformaciuli es modeli miznad isaxavs, daexmaros adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebis
  • 9. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 7 mowmeebs da msxverplebs. adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ganaTlebis es forma SeiZleba gamodges, rogorc calkeuli adamianebis, ise mTlianad TemebisTvis. transformaciuli modelis mizania, misces monawileebs SesaZlebloba, daicvan sakuTari Tavi da sakuTari Temebi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevisagan. am modelis magaliTebia ltolvilTa banakSi ganxorcielebuli programebi da jgufuri daxmarebis programebi ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTaTvis. vinaidan modulis amocanaa treningSi monawile JurnalistebisaTvis iseTi informaciis miwodeba, romelic maT sWirdebaT bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis pasuxismgeblobiT gaSuqebis unaris ganviTarebisTvis, gamoviyenebT faseulobebisa da informirebulobis models – konkretuli aqcentiT bavSvis uflebebze. modulis mizania ara adamianis uflebebis sferoSi moRvawe aqtivistebis Camoyalibeba, aramed bavSvebTan da maT uflebebTan dakavSirebuli Temebis pasuxismgeblobiT gaSuqebis unaris ganviTareba. am modulis gavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT gaigoT, ras warmoadgens bavSvTa uflebebi, gansakuTrebiT gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis konteqstSi. Tqven aseve SeZlebT kritikulad SeafasoT bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqeba adamianis uflebebis, anu `uflebebze damyarebuli~, perspeqtividan, gaecnobiT saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da kodeqsebs bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqebis Sesaxeb da SeZlebT gamoTqvaT profesiuli mosazreba sakuTari praqtikis Sesaxeb uflebebze damyarebuli perspeqtividan. rac yvelaze mTavaria, SeZlebT gamoiyenoT is, rac iswavleT, Tqvens samomavlo karieraSi rogorc Jurnalistebma da reportiorebma da samarTlianad, zustad da bavSvebis uflebaTa principebis gaTvaliswinebiT moamzadoT siuJetebi, statiebi da reportaJebi. modulis struqtura modulSi Sedis ori ZiriTadi nawili: nawili pirveli, `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~, iZleva zogad informacias imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ratomaa esoden mniSvnelovani uflebebis gageba da gaTviTcnobiereba. garda amisa, am nawilSi ganxilulia saTanado praqtikis magaliTebi da, agreTve, is problemebi da gamowvevebi, romlebic wamoiWreba bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis gaSuqebisas. nawili meore, `bavSvis uflebebi da profesiuli Jurnalisturi praqtika~, profesiul Jurnalistur praqtikas ganixilavs bavSvis uflebebis perspeqtividan da gvacnobs im strategiebsa da konteqstebs, romlebSic unda davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu rogor gavaumjobesoT Cveni Jurnalisturi saqmianoba. am naSromSi warmodgenil masalasTan erTad unda gaecnoT mravalferovan damxmare literaturas da rekomendaciebs samomavlo sakiTxavebTan dakavSirebiT. imedi gvaqvs, rom modulSi naswavli dagexmarebaT axali ambebis yvelanairi formiT gaSuqebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki im SemTxvevebSi, roca siuJetis centraluri figura bavSvia.
  • 10. 8 nawili pirveli: `gaicaniT bavSvis uflebebi~ 1. adamianis uflebaTa cnebis warmodgena ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  ras warmoadgens adamianis uflebebi?  ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv uflebebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris?  adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia  adamianis uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebebi da bunebiTi uflebebi adamianis uflebebi gulisxmobs adamianis ganuyofel, sayovelTao uflebebs, miuxedavad adgilmdebareobis Tu sxva iseTi faqtorebisa, rogorebicaa eTnikuri warmomavloba, religia, erovneba Tu sqesi. adamianis uflebebi is ZiriTadi standartebia, romelTa gareSe adamianebi ver icxovreben Rirseulad. adamianis uflebebi yvela adamians Tanasworad, sayovelTaod da samudamod ekuTvnis. adamianis uflebebi xelSeuxebelia: adamians ver CamoerTmeva es uflebebi iseve, rogorc is, rom igi yovelTvis adamianad darCeba. adamianis uflebebi ganuyofelia: adamians ver CamoerTmeva ufleba imis gamo, rom is `naklebad mniSvnelovania~ an `ar aris arsebiTi~. adamianis uflebebi urTierTdamokidebulia: adamianis yvela ufleba urTierTSemavsebeli sistemis nawilia. magaliTad, Tqvens SesaZleblobasTan, monawileoba miiRoT Tqveni xelisuflebis muSaobaSi, uSualo kavSirSia Tqveni ufleba, gamoxatoT sakuTari Tavi, miiRoT ganaTleba da upirvelesi aucileblobis sagnebic ki. adamianis uflebebis idea aRmocenda bunebiTi uflebebis filosofiuri koncefciidan; zogi ar aRiarebs gansxvavebebs uflebaTa am or kategorias Soris da orives erT ramed aRiqvams, xolo sxvebi am or termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas aniWeben da is Tvisebebi, rac tradiciulad bunebiT uflebebs ukavSirdeba, ar asocirdeba adamianis uflebebTan.
  • 11. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 9 ras warmoadgens bunebiTi uflebebi? bunebiTi uflebebi sayovelTao uflebebia, romlebic yvela adamians ekuTvnis da ar aris damokidebuli adamianis qcevasa Tu Sexedulebebze. adamiani sazo- gadoebis wevri xdeba garkveuli ZiriTadi uflebebiT da arc erT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia CamoarTvas mas es uflebebi. bunebiTi uflebebis yvelaze adreuli asaxva moipoveba indur vedebSi, agamebsa da upaniSadebSi – teqstebSi, romlebic sami aTas welze meti xnis win daiwera. mas Semdeg bunebiTi uflebebi mniSvnelovani cnebaa im wignebSi, romlebic safuZv- lad udevs msoflios ZiriTad religiebs. bibliac, Torac da yuranic qadageben yvela adamianis Tanasworobis, Rirsebisa da pasuxismgeblobis mniSvnelobas. bunebiTi uflebebis erT-erTi Teoria Camoyalibda ganmanaTleblobis peri- odis bunebiTi kanonidan mefeTa wminda uflebebis sawinaaRmdegod da iZleo- da liberalizmis moralur dasabuTebas. individualizmis ideis gaZlierebasTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT me-17 sauku- neSi, bunebriTi kanonebidan gamomdinare doqtrinebi Seicvala da xazgasmiT aRiniSna is faqti, rom individebs, vinaidan isini adamianebi arian, aqvT ufle- bebi, romlebic ar unda daarRvios romelime sxva adamianma an sazogadoebam. am doqtrinis, albaT, saukeTeso formulireba jon lokis (1632-1704) naS- romebSia mocemuli. misi azriT, adamiani Tavisi bunebiT aris racionaluri da kargi da rom mas politikur sazogadoebaSi Semoaqvs igive uflebebi, romle- bic cnobili iyo sazogadoebisTvis ufro adreul safexurebze. am uflebaTa- gan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba, sakuTari qveynis mTavrobaSi xmis ufleba da qonebis ufleba. bunebiTi uflebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba daupirispirdes iuridiul uflebas: bu- nebiTia ufleba, rodesac is arsebobs maSinac ki, roca ar aris miRebuli mTavrobis an mTlianad sazogadoebis mier, xolo iuridiuli ufleba war- moadgens iseT uflebas, romelic dadgenilia mTavrobis an sazogadoebis mier maTi wevrebis sasargeblod. damatebiTi literatura: Peter Jones: Rights, Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. Jeremy Waldron, ed: Theories of Rights, (Oxford Readings in Philosophy), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984. adamianis uflebebis arseboba, moqmedeba da Sinaarsi dResac debatebis sagania filosofiasa da politikur mecnierebaSi. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT adamianis uflebebi saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da SeTanxmebebSi, aseve bevri qveynis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSia gansazRvruli. magram bevrisaTvis uflebebis doqtrina scdeba kanons da warmoadgens fundamentur moralur baziss Tanamedrove socialuri wesrigis regulirebisaTvis. aseTi adamianebisaTvis es demokratiuli idealebia.
  • 12. 10 Cven yvelas gvWirdeba uflebebi da gvaqvs kidec isini. es uflebebi uzrunvelyofs Cvens arsebobas da ganviTarebas da xels uwyobs Cvens dacvas fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri Seuracxyofisa da Zaladobisagan. uflebebi gulisxmobs imasac, rom gvqondes SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miviRoT im sakiTxebSi, romlebic Cven gvexeba. uflebebi uzrunvelyofs, rom yvela adamians Tanasworad da samarTlianad moeqcnen. adamianis uflebebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba da propagandireba niSnavs imis moTxovnas, rom yvela pativiscemiT moeqces da daicvas yvela adamianis Rirseba. magram uflebebs Tan pasuxismgeblobac axlavs: yovelma Cvenganma pativi unda sces sxva adamianebis uflebebs da marto sxvebisgan ar unda moiTxovos Tavisi uflebebis pativiscema. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia 1945 wels msofliom Zlivs daaRwia Tavi meore msoflio oms, romelic pirvels 30 wliTac ki ar gvaSorebda. am omis dros umciresobaTa jgufebisa da samxedro tyveebis mimarT Cadenilma sazarelma sisastikeebma ubiZga msoflios qveynebis liderebs, CamoeyalibebinaT gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia mSvidobis, keTildReobisa da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad. 1948 wlis 10 dekembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generalurma asambleam miiRo da gamoaqveyna adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. deklaraciaSi aRiarebuli iqna `Tandayolili Rirseba~ da `Tanaswori da ganuyofeli uflebebi~ adamianTa ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis. masSi naTqvamia, rom `adamianis uflebaTa ugulebelyofam da abuCad agdebam gamoiwvia barbarosuli aqtebi ... da rom iseTi msoflios Seqmna, romelSic adamianebs eqnebaT sityvisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba da romelSic isini icxovreben SiSisa da gaWirvebis gareSe, gamocxadebulia adamianebis maRal miswrafebad~. deklaracia Sedgeba 30 muxlisagan, romlebSic gamoxatulia gaeros Sexeduleba yvela adamianisTvis garantirebul uflebebze. adamianis uflebaTa komisiis (romelmac moamzada deklaraciis teqsti) wevrma, elinor ruzveltma, ganacxada: `es ar aris xelSekruleba ... [momavalSi] igi SeiZleba gaxdes saerTaSoriso „didi qartia“ (Magna Carta…) 1995 wlis 5 oqtombers warmoTqmul sityvaSi papma ioane pavle II-m adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias uwoda `adamianis sindisis erT-erTi yvelaze maRali gamoxatuleba TanamedroveobaSi.~ Tumca gaeroSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis elCma, jin kirkpatrikma, deklaracias `santa-klausisaTvis miwerili werili~ uwoda. misi TqmiT, `arc buneba, arc gamocdileba da arc albaToba ar acocxlebs `uflebebis~ am CamonaTvals, im uflebebisa, romlebic ar cnobs SezRudvebs, garda maTi avtorebis gonebiT da madiT dawesebulisa~ (konferenciis dokumenti: `adamianis uflebaTa sicocxlisunariani politikis Camoyalibeba~, 1981). yvelaze mniSvnelovan muxlebs Sorisaa:  muxli 1: `yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT.~
  • 13. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 11  muxli 3: sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.  muxli 5: wamebis an sastiki, araadamianuri Tu Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobisa Tu dasjis akrZalva.  muxli 18: azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba.  muxli 19: azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.  muxli 26: ganaTlebis ufleba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebis Semdeg gaeros generalurma asambleam yvela wevr qveyanas mouwoda, gamoeqveynebinaT deklaraciis teqsti da `ganepirobebinaT misi gavrceleba, wakiTxva da axsna skolebsa da sxva saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, ganurCevlad qveynebisa Tu teritoriebis politikuri statusisa~. ginesis `rekordebis wignSi~ adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia aRwerilia rogorc `dokumenti, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze met enaze iTargmna~. misi Targmani moipoveba 321 enasa da dialeqtze (2004 wlisaTvis). deklaraciis miRebas mohyva rigi mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebebisa, romlebic miznad isaxavda adamianis uflebebis damkvidrebas da dacvas. 1966 wels gaero-m miiRo samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti da ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti. am paqtebma maTi xelmomweri yvela saxelmwifosTvis savaldebulod aqcia adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi Camoyalibebuli uflebebis dacva. adamianis uflebebis ganviTarebaSi sxva mniSvnelovani nabijebi iyo Jenevis konvenciebi omis dros dasacavi wesebis Sesaxeb da konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianis uflebebi jer kidev viTardeba. magaliTad, am bolo wlebSi garemos damcvelebi mogviwodebdnen adamianis uflebebis gafarToebas da maT ricxvSi sufTa da usafrTxo wylis misawvdomobaze adamianis sayovelTao uflebisa da garemosTan dakavSirebuli sxva uflebebis CarTvas. uflebebis dacva me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mravalma jgufma da moZraobam moaxerxa mniSvnelo- vani socialuri cvlilebebis miRweva adamianis uflebebis gansamtkiceblad. dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi profkavSirebma SemoiRes kanonebi, romlebic mSromelebs aZlevs gaficvis, minimaluri samuSao pirobebis dadgenis da bavSvTa Sromis akrZalvis an regulirebis uflebebs. qalTa uflebebis moZraobam mraval qals moupova arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba. erovnul- ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobebma bevr qveyanaSi daamxo kolonialuri Zalebi. aqedan yvelaze gavlenian Zalas warmoadgenda mahaTma gandi, romelmac indoeTi gaaTavisufla britaneTis batonobisagan. rasobrivi Cagvris qveS myof adamianTa da religiur umciresobaTa moZraobebma warmatebas miaRwies msoflios mraval
  • 14. 12 qveyanaSi. maT Soris iyo moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis da, SedarebiT axlaxan, e.w. `identurobisa da politikis~ moZraobebi, romlebic ibrZodnen qalTa da umciresobaTa uflebebisTvis aSS-Si. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis mixedviT adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi irRveva maSin, rodesac:  rasobrivi, sarwmunoebrivi Tu sxva jgufis wevrebs arTmeven uflebas, aRiarebuli iyos `individad~ (me-2 da me-6 muxlebi);  mamakacebs da qalebs ar epyrobian Tanasworad (me-2 muxli);  gansxvavebuli rasobrivi Tu religiuri jgufis wevrebs ar epyrobian Tanasworad (me-2 muxli);  safrTxe eqmneba adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebas (me-3 muxli);  adamiani gayidulia monad an imyofeba ymobaSi (me-4 muxli);  uflebebis darRvevis msxverplT uars eubnebian samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtian saSualebaze (me-8 muxli);  adamianis mimarT sasjelis aRsruleba xdeba TviTneburad, saTanado da samarTliani sasamarTlo procesis Cautareblad (me-11 muxli);  saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi TviTneburad erevian adamianis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi (me-12 muxli);  moqalaqeebs ekrZalebaT sakuTari qveynis datoveba an Tavis qveyanaSi dabruneba (me-13 muxli);  adamians uars eubnebian sityvis an religiis Tavisuflebaze (me-18 da me-19 muxlebi);  adamians uars eubnebian profkavSirSi gaerTianebis uflebaze (23-e muxli);  adamians uars eubnebian ganaTlebis miRebis uflebaze (26-e muxli). adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia da mis mier aRwerili msoflios xedva daedo safuZvlad iseTi organizaciebis Camoyalibebas, rogorebicaa “amnesti interneiSenal~ da `hiuman raiTs uoC~, romlebic iRvwian adamianis uflebebis dacvisTvis da atareben farTo kampaniebs maTi darRvevis winaaRmdeg. isini amzadeben yovelwliur angariSebs TiToeul qveyanaSi adamianis `uflebebis mxriv arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. `amnesti interneiSenalis~ monacemebiT, Zalze cota qveyanaa iseTi, sadac ar xdeba adamianis uflebebis seriozuli darRveva. am organizaciis 2007 wlis `adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb angariSis~ mixedviT, dokumenturad aris dadasturebuli, rom 57 qveyanaSi arseboben politikuri, e.w. `sindisis patimrebi,~ da 102 qveyanaSi aRiniSna policiis, samxedro Tu usafrTxoebis samsaxurebis personalis mxridan wamebisa Tu sastikad mopyrobis SemTxvevebi.
  • 15. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 13 zogs sjera, rom adamianis uflebebis darRveva ufro xSiria diqtatorul saxelmwifoebSi, vidre demokratiulSi, vinaidan sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis wyalobiT SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos mier Cadenili darRvevebis gamoaSkaraveba. magram adamianis uflebebi demokratiul qveynebSic irRveva. magaliTad, makfersonis angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom britaneTis policia instituciurad rasistul damokidebulebas amJRavnebda Savkaniani axalgazrdis, stiven lorensis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi, xolo `amnesti interneiSenalma~ Tavis angariSebSi aSSs mier marTul guantanamos yuris banaks uwoda `skandaluri, adamianis uflebebis mxriv~. daaxloebiT 90 qveyanaSi daarsda adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli institutebi am qveynebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis, xelSewyobisa Tu monitoringis mizniT. Sefaseba imsjeleT adamianis uflebaTa cnebaze SerCeuli, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli Temis konteqstSi. damatebiTi literatura adamianis uflebaTa resurs-centri: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/background.shtm adamianis uflebaTa erovnuli institutebis forumi: http://www.nhri.net/ `amnesti interneiSenal~: http://www.amnesty.org/ `amnesti interneiSenalis~ 2006 wlis qveynebis angariSi: http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/index-eng `hiuman raiTs uoC~: http://www.hrw.org/ adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi: http://www.ohchr.org
  • 16. 14 2. bavSvis uflebebi ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  ratom aris aucilebeli bavSvis uflebebis gamoyofa?  gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia  bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti  saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi `bavSvTa uflebebi~ aris adamianis uflebebi bavSvebisa da 18 wlamde adamianebisaTvis. im faqtis aRiarebis safuZvelze, rom bavSvoba Cveni cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli periodia, bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis uflebebis calke wyeba Camoyalibda. bavSvoba aris is dro, rodesac Cven aqtiurad vizrdebiT da vswavlobT, rodesac gvWirdeba sxva adamianebi, romlebic mogvivlian da usafrTxoebas mogvcemen, rodesac Cven unda gvqondes SesaZlebloba, udardelad vicxovroT. 1989 wels gaeroSi mividnen saerTo SeTanxmebamde, rom bavSvebs sWirdebaT sakuTari konvencia. bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis Camoyalibebul uflebaTa am calke wyebas gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia hqvia. konvenciaSi naTqvamia, rom 18 wlamde adamianebs aqvT masSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba, miuxedavad maTi rasis, religiis Tu SesaZleblobebisa, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ras fiqroben an amboben isini da ra tipis ojaxidan arian. ra saWiroa bavSvTa uflebebis gamoyofa calke konvenciis saxiT? bavSvebi individebi arian: isini arc mSoblebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenen, arc saxelmwifosi da arc raime Camouyalibebeli arsebebi arian; maT adamianTa ojaxis Tanasworuflebiani wevrebis statusi aqvT. bavSvebi iwyeben cxovrebas, rogorc absoluturad damokidebeli arsebebi: isini mTlianad mSoblebis imedze arian kvebisa Tu aRzrdis TvalsazrisiT: es maT sWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom gaizardon da damoukidebelni gaxdnen. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aseT zrunvas bavSvi unda iRebdes misi ojaxis ufrosi wevrebisagan, magram, roca uSualo mzrunvelebs ar SeuZliaT bavSvis saWirobebis dakmayofileba, ukve sazogadoebam unda izrunos amis gamosworebaze. bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian Seuracxyofisa da eqspluataciisgan: bavSvebi fizikurad ufro daucvelebi arian, vidre zrdasruli adamianebi. garda amisa, isini emociuradac gacilebiT mgrZnobiareni arian uaryofiTi STabeWdilebebis mimarT. fizikurma da fsiqikurma zewolam SeiZleba samudamo daRi daasvas bavSvs. msoflios mraval kuTxeSi bavSvebi ganicdian mZime eqspluatacias, rogorc muSebi an rogorc jariskacebi.
  • 17. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 15 mTavrobis moqmedeba an umoqmedoba ufro Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvebze, vidre sazogadoebis romelime sxva jgufze: samTavrobo politikis TiTqmis yvela sfero (magaliTad, ganaTleba Tu janmrTelobis dacva) garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvebze. windauxedavi politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ar iTvaliswinebs bavSvebis problemebs, Zalze avnebs mTeli sazogadoebis momavals. bavSvebis azrs iSviaTad aqceven yuradRebas da iSviaTad iTvaliswineben politikur procesebSi: bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, ar iReben monawileobas arCevnebsa Tu politikur procesebSi. Tu ar movismenT maT azrebs – rogorc isini maT saxlSi, skolaSi an TavianT megobrebTan gamoxataven – verasodes gavigebT im mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, romlebic moqmedebs bavSvebis cxovrebaze axla an imoqmedebs momavalSi. mraval cvlilebas sazogadoebaSi bavSvebisTvis araproporciuli da xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs: ojaxis Semadgenlobis Secvla, globalizacia, samuSao pirobebis cvlileba da socialuri SeRavaTebis Semcireba bevr qveyanaSi seriozul zegavlenas axdens bavSvebis cxovrebaze. amgvari cvlilebebis Sedegebi SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT damangreveli aRmoCndes SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis da sxva sagangebo situaciebis SemTxvevebSi. bavSvis jansaR ganviTarebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis momavlisTvis: vinaidan maTi zrdis procesi jer ar dasrulebula, bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT daucvelni arian (gacilebiT metad, vidre ufrosebi) cxovrebis iseTi cudi pirobebis mimarT, rogoricaa siRaribe, janmrTelobis araadekvaturi dacva, cudi kveba, sufTa wylis xelmiuwvdomeloba, cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi da garemos dabinZureba. sxvadasxva avadmyofobis, cudi kvebisa da siRaribis Sedegebi safrTxes uqmnis bavSvebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, im sazogadoebis momavals, romelSic isini cxovroben. saxelmwifoebs Zalian Zvirad ujdebaT uyuradReboba bavSvebis mimarT: socialuri kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvobaSi miRebuli gamocdileba moqmedebs adamianis Semdgom ganviTarebaze, bavSvebis ganviTarebis msvleloba ki gansazRvravs im wvlils, romelsac isini Seitanen qveynis momaval cxovrebaSi. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989 wlis 20 noembers gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam daamtkica bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia. dRes is saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaa, romelsac qveynebi xels aweren da rodesac mis ratificirebas moaxdenen, maT iuridiulad moeTxovebaT konvenciis Sesruleba. es pirveli savalebulod Sesasrulebeli saerTaSoriso instrumentia, romelSic Sedis adamianis uflebebis mTeli speqtri. misi ratificireba msoflios yvela qveyanam moaxdina, garda somalis da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa. somalim ratificireba imitom ver moaxerxa, rom mas ar hyavs aRiarebuli mTavroba, xolo aSS-m konvenciis xelmoweriT gvaCvena Tavisi ganzraxva, moexdina misi ratificreba, magram jer es ar gaukeTebia.
  • 18. 16 konvenciis safuZvelze bavSvebs aqvT ufleba, dakmayofildes maTi ZiriTadi saWiroebebi: arseboba, dacva, janmrTelobis dacva, sakvebisa da wylis misawvdomoba. maT aseve aqvT ufleba, hqondeT sakuTari potencialis srulad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba: es aris ganaTleba, TamaSi, sporti, sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da monawileoba im gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic maT exeba. konvenciaSi sagangebodaa naTqvami, rom yvela bavSvs erTi da igive uflebebi aqvs da rom yvela ufleba urTierTdakavSirebuli da Tanaswori mniSvnelobisaa. konvencia exeba aseve bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas _ pativi scen sxva adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT maTi mSoblebis, uflebebs. gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi 54 muxlia, romelTagan TiToeulSi gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli ufleba. es uflebebi iyofa oTx jgufad: arseboba, dacva, ganviTareba da monawileoba. arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs bavSvis sicocxlis uflebas da uflebas, dakmayofilebul iqnes arsebobisTvis aucilebeli saWiroebebi. es aris kveba, sacxovrebeli, cxovrebis adekvaturi done da janmrTelobis dacvis misawvdomoba. ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi gansazRvravs imas, rac bavSvs sWirdeba misi potencialis srulad ganviTarebisTvis. es aris ganaTleba, dasveneba da Tavisufali dro, kulturuli saqmianoba, informaciis misawvdomoba da azris, sindisisa da religiuri rwmenis Tavisufleba. dacvasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi moiTxovs, rom bavSvebi dacul iqnen yovelgvari formis Seuracxyofis, ugulebelyofisa da eqspluataciisagan. es uflebebi exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa ltolvili bavSvebis sagangebo dacva, dacvis saSualebebi momuSave bavSvebisaTvis da im bavSvebis dacva da reabilitacia, romlebmac ganicades raime formis Zaladoba an eqspluatacia. monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs, rom yvela bavSvs unda mieces SesaZlebloba, aqtiuri roli Seasrulos Tavis Temsa da sazogadoebaSi. es uflebebi moicavs Sexedulebis gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas da uflebas, saTanado yuradReba daeTmos bavSvis Sexedulebebs im sakiTxebSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. bavSvis unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad unda gaizardos bavSvisTvis SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, raTa moemzados pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse zrdasruli cxovrebisaTvis. konvenciis 41 ZiriTadi muxlidan oTxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, vinaidan isini arsebiTia konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela uflebis xorcSesxmisaTvis. qvemoT CamoTvlilia es muxlebi, romlebic konvenciis `saerTo principebad~ aris cnobili:  me-2 muxli: uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli yvela ufleba TiToeuli bavSvisTvis, nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis gareSe.
  • 19. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 17  me-3 muxli: bavSvis mimarT nebismier qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisas upirvelesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis interesebis dacvis ukeT uzrunvelyofas.  me-6 muxli: yovel bavSvs aqvs sicocxlis, gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis ufleba.  me-12 muxli: bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos yvela im sakiTxSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas. am bolo wlebSi Seiqmna bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ori fakultatiuri oqmi:  fakultatiuri oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul iqna 2000 wlis 25 maiss, da  fakultatiuri oqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebuli iqna 2000 wlis 25 maiss. konvenciaSi gamoxatulia bavSvisa da bavSvobis cnebis axali xedva. bavSvebi arc TavianTi mSoblebis sakuTreba arian da arc qvelmoqmedebis ususuri obieqtebi. isini adamianebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari uflebebi aqvT. konvencia gvTavazobs xedvas bavSvisa, rogorc Zlieri, kompetenturi adamianis, ojaxisa da sazogadoebis wevrisa, romelsac aqvs misi asakisa da simwifis Sesabamisi uflebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT aRiarebiT konvencia mTlianad bavSvze axdens koncentrirebas. bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti im saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebma, romlebmac moaxdines konvenciis ratificireba, regularulad unda warudginon angariSi bavSvis uflebaTa komitets – eqspertebisgan Semdgar organos, romelic awarmoebs saxelmwifoTa mier konvenciis Sesrulebis monitorings. am angariSebSi asaxulia qveyanaSi bavSvTa uflebebis mxriv arsebuli mdgomareoba da miTiTebulia is zomebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo axorcielebs am uflebebis xorcSesasxmelad. saxelmwifoTa angariSebis ganxilvisas bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti mouwodebs qveynebis xelisuflebaTa yvela dones, isargeblon konvenciiT, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principiT politikis SemuSavebasa da mis aRsrulebaSi. vinaidan adamianis uflebebis dacva Tavisi xasiaTiT usasrulo procesia, yovelTvis arsebobs raRac iseTi, rasac gaumjobeseba sWirdeba. bavSvTa uflebebis damcveli organos Seqmna da kiTxva, Tu ras niSnavs realurad bavSvTa uflebebi da rogor SeiZleba maTi saukeTeso gziT xorcSesxma, dRemde diskusiebis sagania. bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis xelSewyoba nawilobriv emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom bavSvebis daucvelobisa da, Sesabamisad, maTi sagangebo dacvis saWiroebis gaTviTcnobiereba ar uSlis xels imas, rom bavSvebi iCagrebodnen maT garSemo ufrosebis samyaroSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad. bavSvebis mZime mdgomareobis mimarT TanagrZnoba xSirad iwvevs imas, rom
  • 20. 18 bavSvebs aRiqvamen koleqtiurad da epyrobian rogorc qvelmoqmedebis obieqtebs da ara rogorc individuumebs, romelTac sakuTari unarebi, SesaZleblobebi, saWiroebebi da uflebebi aqvT. amis Sedegad bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi xSirad arapolitikurad miiCneva da verc gvardeba. bavSvTa uflebebis ZiriTadi principi is aris, rom sazogadoeba valdebulia, daakmayofilos bavSvis ZiriTadi saWiroebebi da uzrunvelyos daxmareba misi pirovnebis, niWisa da SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisaTvis. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Seqmna asaxavs zogad wess, rom, rac ufro maRalia uflebebis gaTviTcnobierebis done, miT metia maTi garantirebis SesaZlebloba. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis wyalobiT bavSvebis uflebebi mkafiod, Tanmimdevrulad da yovlismomcveli saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT gansazRvra maTi pativiscemisa da Sesrulebis winapirobaa. Sefaseba gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa komitetisaTvis Tqveni qveynis mier wardgenil erovnul angariSebze da komitetis mier am angariSebis ganxilvaze dayrdnobiT imsjeleT imaze, Tu ra meqanizmi arsebobs Tqvens qveyanaSi bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis Sesrulebis monitoringisaTvis da ra gavlenas axdens is. damatebiTi literatura da resursebi `iunisefi~: bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_index.html bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/index.htm `bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli~ (CRIN) - bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.crin.com/resources/treaties/CRC.asp?catName=International+Treaties&flag=legal&ID=6 `bavSvis uflebaTa aliansi~ _ bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia: http://www.childrensrights.ie/convention.php saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da bavSvTa uflebebi bavSvis uflebebi garantirebulia, rogorc saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebiT (bavSvis uflebaTa deklaracia, bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovanebTan mopyrobis wesebi (`pekinis wesebi~), gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis arasrulwlovanTa Soris damnaSaveobis profilaqtikis saxelmZRvanelo principebi (er-riadis wesebi); haagis konvencia bavSvis saerTaSoriso gatacebis samoqalaqo aspeqtebis Sesaxeb da sxva), aseve erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi (konvenciebi, damatebiTi oqmebi, paqtebi da sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi), romlebic saqarTvelos mier iqna ratificirebuli, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen.
  • 21. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 19 saqarTvelo bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias SeuerTda 1994 wels. konvenciis moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad saqarTvelo axorcielebs bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul debulebebs erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi. bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia warmoadgens saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas da saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo sistemis Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba. konvencia gamoiyeneba saqarTveloSi, rogorc uSualod moqmedi kanoni da saqarTvelos normatiul aqts warmoadgens. ufro metic, saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias da konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias upiratesi Zala aqvs saqarTvelos sxva kanonebis mimarT da is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes uSualod. bavSvs (arasrulwlovans) iseTive uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi aqvs, rogorc srulwlovan adamians, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (magaliTad. saarCevno ufleba). adamianis uflebebi, maT Soris bavSvis uflebaTa dacva, garantirebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis II TaviT. yvela ufleba, romelTa dacvac garantirebulia konstituciis meore TaviT, Seexeba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvas. konstituciiT daculia bavSvis sicocxlis ufleba, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, Sekrebebis ufleba, sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba, ganviTarebis ufleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, ukanono dakavebisagan, wamebisagan dacvis ufleba da sxva. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT arasrulwlovania piri, romelsac ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asakisaTvis. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad (1997) arasrulwlovani piri aris uflebaunariani da 7 wlis asakidan CaiTvleba SezRudul qmedunarianad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT srul qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan, anu piri, romelic Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT srulad axorcielebs Tavis sakuTar uflebebsa da movaleobebs. uflebaunarianoba pirs eniWeba dabadebis momentidan gardacvalebis momentamde. gamonakliss warmoadgens memkvidreobis ufleba, romelic pirs warmoeSoba Casaxvis momentidan da am uflebis realizacia damokidebulia bavSvis dabadebaze. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT srul qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan. uflebaunarianoba - fizikuri piris unari, hqondes samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi, warmoiSoba dabadebis momentidan. qmedunarianoba - fizikuri piris unari, Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (qmedunarianoba), warmoiSoba srulwlovanebis miRwevisTanave.
  • 22. 20 7 wlidan bavSvi SezRudul qmedunarianad aris aRiarebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi. magaliTad, dados garigeba. 7 wlamde asakis bavSvi mcirewlovania da qmeduunaro. mis uflebebs axorcielebs meurve an mzrunveli. meurveoba - meurveoba wesdeba bavSvze, romelsac ar miuRwevia Svidi wlis asakisaTvis an pirze, romelic sasamarTlos mier aRiarebulia qmeduunarod suliT avadmyofobis an Wkuasustobis gamo. mzrunveloba - mzrunveloba wesdeba arasrulwlovanze Svidi wlis asakidan Tvramet wlamde. mzrunveloba wesdeba agreTve srulwlovan qmedunarian pirze misi TxovniT, Tu mas Tavisi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo ar SeuZlia damoukideblad ganaxorcielos Tavisi uflebebi da Seasrulos Tavisi movaleobani. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos warmoadgens saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro an/da mis sistemaSi Semavali uflebamosili dawesebuleba (organizacia), agreTve maTi teritoriuli organoebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997) iTvaliswinebs or garemoebas, romlis drosac, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas, piri CaiTvleba emansipirebulad da utoldeba srulwlovan, srul qmedunarian pirs: 1. 16 wlis asaks miRweuli piris qorwineba; 2. kanonieri warmomadgenlis mier 16 wlis asaks miRweuli pirisaTvis sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis uflebis miniWeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT saqorwino asakad gansazRvrulia Tvrameti weli. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba qorwinebisas uSvebs gamonakliss. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi Teqvsmeti wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT. Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris SemTxvevaSi pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa gancxadebis safuZvelze daqorwinebis nebarTva SeuZlia gasces sasamarTlom. samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsisa da `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad bavSvi dabadebisTanave iZens gvars, saxels da moqalaqeobas. saqarTvelos kanoni `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ (1993) gansazRvravs bavSvis moqalaqeobis sakiTxs. bavSvi, romlis orive mSobeli misi dabadebis momentisaTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqea, saqarTvelos moqalaqed iTvleba dabadebis adgilis miuxedavad. 14-dan 18 wlamde bavSvis moqalaqeobis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod misi TanxmobiT. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad yvela bavSvi unda izrdebodes ojaxSi da ar daSordes Tavis mSoblebs maTi survilis sawinaaRmdegod. es moTxovna Tavis asaxvas povebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi, romlis Tanaxmad `bavSvs aqvs ufleba, cxovrobdes da izrdebodes
  • 23. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 21 ojaxSi~. Svilebis aRzrdis yvela sakiTxs mSoblebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT wyveten. mSobelTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo mSoblebis da arasrulwlovnis monawileobiT. bavSvis uflebebi daculia mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSic. Tu ganqorwinebis gamo an sxva mizeziT bavSvis mSoblebi cal-calke cxovroben, maT SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli, Tu visTan icxovrebs arasrulwlovani Svili. meuRleTa Soris davis SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxs wyvets sasamarTlo bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sasamarTloSi bavSvis uflebebs icavs meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos mier daniSnuli bavSvis warmomadgeneli, romelic saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros bavSvis interesebs warmoadgens. kanonmdeblobiT daculia bavSvis qonebrivi uflebebic. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvis qonebriv uflebebis dacvas axorcielebs qonebis meurve. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mSobels, romelic sistematurad aridebs Tavs mSoblis movaleobis Sesrulebas da arajerovnad iyenebs mSoblis uflebebs – bavSvs uxeSad eqceva, masze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens Tavisi amoraluri saqcieliT, an qronikuli alkoholiki an narkomania, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT SeiZleba CamoerTvas mSoblis yvela ufleba da movaleoba. es SeiZleba moxdes, rogorc meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organos iniciativiT, ise 14 wlis asaks miRweuli bavSvis moTxovniT. arasrulwlovans aqvs dacvis ufleba mSobelTa (sxva kanonier warmomadgenelTa) mxridan uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg. arasrulwlovnis uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis darRvevisas, maT Soris, mSobelTa (erT-erTi mSoblis) mier bavSvis aRzrdasTan, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli movaleobebis Seusruleblobis an arasaTanadod Sesrulebisas, an mSoblis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovans ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad mimarTos meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebs, 14 wlis asakidan ki – sasamarTlos. samoqalaqo samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, samoqalaqo saqmeebze davebis ganxilvisas daculia arasrulwlovanTa uflebebi. 7-dan 18 wlamde arasrulwlovanTa uflebebsa da kanoniT dacul interesebs sasamarTloSi icaven maTi mSoblebi, mSvileblebi an mzrunvelebi. amasTanave, sasamarTlo valdebulia, aseT saqmeebSi Caabas TviT arasrulwlovnebic. Tu arasrulwlovans kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs ufleba, TviTon, damoukideblad gankargos Tavisi qoneba, dados wvrilmani sayofacxovrebo garigebebi da a. S., mas ufleba aqvs sasamarTloSi piradad daicvas Tavisi uflebebi da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli interesebi, iyos mosarCele, mopasuxe an mesame piri. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, arasrulwlovanis SuamdgomlobiT an Tavisi iniciativiT, saqmeSi Caabas misi kanonieri warmomadgenelic. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi arasrulwlovans 14 wlis asakidan ufleba aqvs, mimarTos sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dasacavad. am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo niSnavs saproceso
  • 24. 22 warmomadgenels da ganixilavs saqmes. arasrulwlovan mosarCeles ufleba aqvs, ar daeTanxmos Tavis saproceso warmomadgenels da TviTon daicvas sakuTari Tavi. sasamarTlo valdebulia aseT saqmeebze Caabas meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebi. samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvisas, 14 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvisas, xolo sasamarTlos SexedulebiT 14-dan 18 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvis drosac, SeiZleba mowveul iqnes pedagogi, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moiwvion agreTve mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi an mzrunvelebi. mosarCele - samoqalaqo procesSi fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic mimarTavs sasamarTlos, arbitraJs an samediatoro sasamarTlos mopasuxis mier darRveuli Tu sadavod qceuli uflebis an kanonieri interesebis dasacavad. mopasuxe - samoqalaqo procesis an sameurneo davis erT-erTi mxare. mopasuxes pasuxs sTxovs sasamarTlo an arbitraJi mosarCelis im gancxadebis mixedviT, rom mopasuxem daarRvia an sadavo gaxada mosarCelis ufleba. bavSvis konvenciis me-20 muxlis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac bavSvs ar hyavs mSoblebi, is saxelmwifos dacvis qveS imyofeba. amave debulebas iziarebs saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba. kerZod, Tu napovnia bavSvi, romlis vinaoba, mSoblebis vinaoba da maTi adgilsamyofeli ucnobia, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo valdebulia ganaxorcielos yvela qmedeba bavSvisa da misi mSoblebis vinaobis dadgenisaTvis. Tu bavSvis da misi mSoblebis vinaoba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad ver dgindeba, meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organo valdebulia, miiRos zomebi bavSvis mosavlelad da mimarTos sasamarTlos bavSvis mitovebulad aRiarebisaTvis. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icavs bavSvis interesebs gaSvilebisas. 10 wels miRweuli bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobi gareSe ar daiSveba. kanoni mkacrad icavs Svilad ayvanis konfidencialobis dacvis uflebas. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, dasjadia Svilad ayvanis saidumloebis gamJRavneba; piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa. saqarTvelos kanoni `Svilad ayvanis da mindobis Sesaxeb~ (2010) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mindobasa da gaSvilebas. mindobiT aRzrda (Svilobilad ayvana) – Svilobilad mindoba gulisxmobs saxelmwifosa da mimReb ojaxs Soris ormxrivi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze bavSvis aRsazrdelad ganTavsebas winaswar Seswavlil da SerCeul ojaxSi. am periodis manZilze biologiur ojaxs aqvs SesaZlebloba, iqonios mudmivi kontaqti bavSvTan, maTi ararsebobisas ki bavSvi 18 wlis asakidan Tavisufalia da ar aris damokidebuli mimReb ojaxze
  • 25. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 23 Svilad ayvana – termini _ bavSvis Svilad ayvana niSnavs sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT bavSvis samudamod gadacemas ojaxisaTvis. Svilad ayvana samudamod cvlis bavSvis statuss. igi xdeba mSvilebeli mSoblebis gvaris matarebeli da maTi qonebis memkvidre. aseT SemTxvevaSi, biologiur ojaxTan yvela saxis kavSiri wydeba. gasaSvilebeli bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romelic am kanoniT dadgenili wesiT aRricxulia gasaSvilebel bavSvTa da mSvilebelTa erTian reestrSi da akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moTxovnebs (18 wlamde piri; romlis mSoblebi sasamarTlom aRiara ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad; mitovebuli bavSvi; oboli bavSvi; mSoblebis TanxmobiT gaSvilebuli piri; bavSvi, romlis mSoblebsac CamoerTva mSoblis ufleba) g) napovni bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romlis aRmoCenis momentSi da am momentidan 6 kviris vadaSi ver dadginda misi an/da mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba, mis mitovebul bavSvad aRiarebamde; d) mitovebuli bavSvi – 18 wlamde asakis piri, romlis aRmoCenis momentSi da am momentidan 6 kviris vadaSi ver dadginda misi an/da mSoblis (mSoblebis) vinaoba da romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT aRiarebul iqna mitovebulad. mindobiT aRsazrdelad gadacemuli bavSvi - mSoblebs CamoerTvaT an SeuCerdaT mSoblis uflebebi da movaleobebi da bavSvi unda ganTavsdes Tavisi ojaxis gareT. Tu mSoblis ufleba, gadawyvitos, visTan icxovros misma Svilma, SezRudulia da bavSvi unda ganTavsdes Tavisi ojaxis gareT; Tu bavSvis datoveba meurvesTan an mzrunvelTan misgan damoukidebeli mizezebiT bavSvisTvis sazianoa; Tu Svilis CamorTmeva xdeba mSoblis uflebebisa da movaleobebis CamorTmevis an SezRudvis gareSe. amave kanoniT, bavSvi, Tu man miaRwia 10 wels an 10 welze meti asakisaa, ar eTanxmeba Svilad ayvanas (gaSvilebaze) an mindobiT aRzrdas, ar SeiZleba iqnes gaSvilebuli, aseve akrZalulia 10 wlis an 10 welze meti asakis bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobis gareSe. dauSvebelia da-Zmis, debis an/da Zmebis daSoreba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac es Seesabameba maT interesebs. mSvileblisa da gasaSvilebeli bavSvis (Tu igi 10 wlisaa an 10 welze metisaa) moTxovniT sasamarTlo sxdoma SeiZleba iyos Ria, xolo informacia - sajaro. Tu naSvilebi 10 wlisaa an 10 welze metisaa, Svilad ayvanis Sesaxeb sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba dasaSvebia mxolod naSvilebis TanxmobiT. gaSvilebisas an mindobisas SesaZleblobis farglebSi uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes bavSvis axlo eTnikur, religiur da kulturul garemoSi aRzrdis SesaZlebloba. bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da am sferoSi misi nebis pativiscema aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi: saqarTvelos kanoni janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb; pacientis uflebaTa Sesaxeb; organoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb da sxva. arasrulwlovan pacientTa uflebebi yvelaze kargad vlindeba saqarTvelos kanonSi `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (2000), romelic arasrulwlovan pacientebs iseTsave uflebebs aniWebs, rogorc srulwlovans, garda im specifikuri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac Tavisi asakis gamo, pacienti mometebul
  • 26. 24 yuradRebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, informirebuli Tanxmobis micema raime samedicino manipulaciisas. kanonmdebeli did yuradRebas uTmobs arasrulwlovnis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informaciis dacvas. mSoblebs an kanonier warmomadgenlebs arasrulwlovanis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia ar miewodeba, Tu informaciis miwodebis winaaRmdegia TviT qmedunariani arasrulwlovani pacienti, aseve 14-dan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani pacienti, romelic samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT sworad afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da romelmac eqims mimarTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis, kontracefciis araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis miRebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. 14-dan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovan pacients, romelic samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT sworad afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas, ufleba aqvs ganacxados informirebuli Tanxmoba samedicino momsaxurebaze, Tu man samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevs mimarTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis, kontracefciis araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis miRebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. saqarTvelos kanoni `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006) gansazRvravs iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac arasrulwlovani uars ambobs mkurnalobaze. arasrulwlovans gaaCnia mkurnalobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba, Tu aqvs unari, miiRos gacnobierebuli gadawyvetileba. bavSvis uflebebis dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb~ (2005). kanonis Tanaxmad, moswavles aqvs ufleba: Tanabar pirobebSi, diskriminaciis gareSe, dadgenili wesiT, saskolo dros an skolis teritoriaze isargeblos am TaviT daculi da skolis mier aRiarebuli yvela uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, agreTve skolis yvela resursiT; saxelmwifo icavs moswavlis da mSoblis saganmanaTleblo arCevanis Tavisuflebas. moswavle daculi unda iyos arasaTanado mopyrobis, uyuradRebobisa da Seuracxyofisagan; sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb codnis ufleba. moswavleebs aqvT ufleba, flobdnen informacias TavianTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, agreTve maTi SezRudvis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. skola valdebulia, yovel axal moswavles gaacnos misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi; uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvisas moswavles gonivrul vadaSi ganumartos SezRudvis safuZveli, moswavles ki aqvs ufleba, piradad an arCeuli warmomadgenlis meSveobiT monawileoba miiRos skolis marTvaSi, miiRos skolaSi arsebuli nebismieri informacia, garda piradi saidumloebis Semcveli informaciisa; moiTxovos da miiRos skolis mier masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis gadawyvetileba, moiTxovos misi azris mosmena da monawileoba miiRos ganxilvaSi uSualod an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT. `bavSvTa da axalgazrduli kavSirebis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb“ (1999) saqarTvelos kanoniT daculia bavSvebis mier Seqmnil sxvadasxva saxis
  • 27. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 25 organizaciebi _ bavSvTa kavSirebi. bavSvTa kavSiri aris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsiT gansazRvruli wesiT Seqmnili arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, romlis sadamfuZneblo dokumentaciiT gansazRvruli saqmianobis mizania bavSvTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis, maTi niWisa da unaris ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. bavSvTa kavSirSi gawevrianebisa da sadamfuZneblo dokumentaciiT gansazRvrul saqmianobaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs nebismier pirs 7 wlis asakidan, Tavisi kanonieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT. saqarTvelos kanoniT `reklamis Sesaxeb~ (1998) daculia arasrulwlovnis uflebebi. kerZod, reklamis warmoebis, ganTavsebisa da gavrcelebis dros arasrulwlovanTa gulubryvilobisa da gamoucdelobis borotad gamoyenebisagan maTi dacvis mizniT akrZalulia: a) arasrulwlovanTa STagoneba _ daarwmunon mSoblebi an sxva pirebi reklamirebuli saqonlis SeZenaSi; b) arasrulwlovanTa yuradRebis mipyroba imaze, rom reklamirebuli saqonlis floba upiratesobas aniWebs maT sxva arasrulwlovanTa mimarT, xolo misi uqonloba iwvevs sawinaaRmdego efeqts; g) reklamaSi iseTi teqstis, audio- da videoinformaciis moTavseba, romlebic aCvenebs arasrulwlovnebs saSiS adgilas da saSiS viTarebaSi; d) arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqonlis gamosayeneblad saWiro Cvevebis aucilebeli donis gauTvaliswinebloba. amasTan, Tu saqonlis gamoyenebis Sedegebi naCvenebi an aRwerilia, reklama unda iZleodes informacias imis Sesaxeb, risi miRwevac realurad SesaZlebelia im asakobrivi jgufis arasrulwlovanTaTvis, romlisTvisac gankuTvnilia es saqoneli; e) arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqonlis Rirebulebaze (fasze) ararealuri (damaxinjebuli) warmodgenis Seqmna, kerZod, sityvebis `mxolod~, `sul raRac~ da maT msgavsTa gamoyenebiT, agreTve pirdapiri an iribi miTiTebiT imaze, rom reklamirebuli saqoneli xelmisawvdomia yvela ojaxis biujetisaTvis. saqarTvelos kanoni `mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ (2001) gulisxmobs dacvas im mavne zegavlenisagan, romelic dakavSirebulia alkoholuri sasmelebis da Tambaqos momxmareba-gasaRebasTan, azartul TamaSobebSi monawileobasTan, iseT filmebis CvenebasTan, nabeWdi produqciis moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, romelmac SeiZleba ziani miayenos arasrulwlovnis fsiqikur an/da fizikur janmrTelobas, mis moralur da socialur ganviTarebas. analogiur akrZalvas Seicavs saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ (2004), romlis mixediTac ikrZaleba bavSvTa da mozardTa fizikur, gonebriv da zneobriv ganviTarebaze mavne zegavlenis momxdeni programebis im dros ganTavseba, roca maT mier am programebis naxvis an mosmenis didi albaToba arsebobs. arasrulwlovanTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis garantiebi Camoyalibebulia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi (2006). saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba zogadad iTvaliswinebs Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa (ILO) da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rezoluciebsa da standartebs.
  • 28. 26 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT samuSaoze miRebis minimaluri asakia 16 weli. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar aris akrZaluli 16 wlamde arasrulwlovanis dasaqmeba, magram kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs im pirobebze, romelic unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli arasrulwlovanis dasaqmebisas: kanonieri warmomadgenlis an mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos Tanxmoba; rodesac … SromiTi urTierTobebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba arasrulwlovanis interesebs; zians ar ayenebs mis zneobriv, fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas; ar uzRudavs mas savaldebulo dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTlebis miRebis uflebas da SesaZleblobas. 14 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanTan SesaZlebelia SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba, magram mxolod sportul, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul da kulturis sferoSi saqmianobaze, aseve sareklamo samuSaos Sesasruleblad. akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba saTamaSo biznesTan, Ramis gasarTob dawesebulebebTan, erotikuli da pornografiuli produqciis, farmacevtuli da toqsikuri nivTierebebis damzadebasTan, gadazidvasTan da realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. arasrulwlovanis kanonier warmomadgenels an mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos ufleba aqvT moiTxovon arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis moSla, Tu muSaobis gagrZeleba zians miayenebs arasrulwlovnis sicocxles, janmrTelobas an sxva, mniSvnelovan interesebs. Sromis kodeqsiT akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSpirobebiani samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. SromiTi kodeqsi zRudavs arasrulwlovnis 22 saaTidan 6 saaTamde dasaqmebas. bavSvis uflebebis dacvis meqnizmebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos kanonSi `ojaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverlTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006). ojaxSi Zaladoba gulisxmobs ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevas fizikuri, fsiqologiuri, ekonomikuri, seqsualuri ZaladobiT an iZulebiT. kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvis mimarT fizikuri Zaladobis kvalis arsebobisas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT unda moxdes bavSvis misi mSoblebisagan gancalkeveba. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT damcavi orderis safuZvelze xdeba bavSvis gancalkeveba moZalade mSoblisagan. sasamarTlo gansazRvravs moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis vadebs. am drosac kanoni mkacrad icavs bavSvis usafrTxoebas. mSobels bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba SeiZleba mieces mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mis mimarT daculi iqneba usafrTxoebis yvela zoma, romelic SeiZleba moicavdes bavSvis monaxulebis adgils, dros, periodulobas, xangrZlivobas da pirs, romelic pasuxismgebelia bavSvis usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis dacvaze. Tu bavSvis mimarT usafrTxoebis zomebi daculi ar aris, moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba izRudeba.
  • 29. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 27 2010 wlis martidan funqcionirebs “bavSvTa dacvis mimarTvianobis procedurebi”, romelic sami saministros – Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro da ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro – koordinaciis meqanizms warmoadgens da miznad isaxavs bavSvis mimarT Zaladobis faqtebis adreul etapze gamovlenasa da maTze reagirebas. ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtze operatiuli reagirebisaTvis uflebamosili organos mier msxverplis dacvisa da moZaladis garkveuli moqmedebebis SezRudvis uzrunvelsayofad, droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT, SesaZlebelia, gamoices Semakavebeli an damcavi orderi. damcavi orderi aris pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) mier administraciuli samarTalwarmoebis wesiT gamocemuli aqti, romliTac ganisazRvreba ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Zaladobis msxverplis dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac arsebobs sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis aRZvris safuZveli da pirs aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT Sefardebuli aqvs patimroba. moZaladis mier damcavi orderiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis Seusrulebloba iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas. Semakavebeli orderi aris policiis uflebamosili TanamSromlis mier gamocemuli aqti, romliTac ganisazRvreba ojaxSi Zaladobis SemTxvevaSi Zaladobis msxverplis dacvis droebiTi RonisZiebebi da romelic gamocemidan 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi dasamtkiceblad waredgineba sasamarTlos. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 32-e muxli krZalavs bavSvis monuri Sromis gamoyenebas. analogiuri akrZalva mocemulia `transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciisa da misi damatebiTi oqmi `adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb~, romlis monawilec 2006 wlidan saqarTveloc gaxda. trefikingi (adamianiT vaWroba) - adamianis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve muqariT, ZaladobiT an iZulebis sxva formiT, motacebiT, SantaJiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, umweo mdgomareobis an Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT, sazRauris anda sargeblis micemis an miRebis gziT im piris Tanxmobis misaRwevad, romelsac sxva pirze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, adamianis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi) - arasrulwlovnis yidva an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, gadacema, Sefareba anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT. trefikingis msxverpl bavSvTa uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis oqmiT adamianebis,
  • 30. 28 gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis, agreTve `adamianebiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ evropis sabWos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebiT da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. am dokumentebis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri muxlebi – adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi); arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi); adamianis vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverlis (dazaralebulis) momsaxurebiT sargebloba. saqarTveloSi moqmedebs specialuri kanoni `adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb” (2006), romliTac daculia bavSvis uflebebi. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba yuradRebas uTmobs kanonTan konfliqtSi myofi mozardisadmi efeqtur, samarTlian da humanur damokidebulebas da cdilobs, erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi daamkvidros saerTaSoriso standartebi am sferoSi. adaministraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT administraciuli pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Cadenis momentisaTvis Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul pirebs. magaliTad, metropoliteniT sargeblobis wesebis darRveva; wvrilmani xulignoba an xulignoba, Cadenili ToTxmetidan Teqvsmet wlamde mozardis mier, wvrilmani qurdoba da sxva. administraciuli patimroba ar SeiZleba SeefardoT Tvrameti wlis asaks miuRwevel pirebs. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uxvad Seicavs arasrulwlovanTa uflebebis dacviT normebs. arasrulwlovanTa marTlmsajulebis saqarTveloSi arsebuli sistemis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT me-2 TavSi. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da bavSvis uflebebis dacva qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxli aRiarebs informaciisa da ideebis daubrkoleblad gavrcelebisa da miRebis uflebas, Tumca SezRudvis erT- erT kriteriumad adgens sxva pirTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. Sesabamisad, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is laxavs bavSvis konstituciiT dacul sxva uflebebs da winaaRmdegobaSi modis bavSvis konstituciiT dacul interesebTan. imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba gansxvavebul wesebs udgens samauwyeblo (tele- da radiomauwyebloba) mediasa da presas. samauwyeblo medias gacilebiT meti regulacia da valdebulebebi aqvs, misi zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare.1 bavSvTa uflebebis dacvas mediaSi iTvaliswinebda kanoni `mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~. 2004 wlis 23 dekembris cvlilebebis Tanaxmad 1 ra Tqma unda, regulaciebi marto gavlenis SesaZlebelobebidan ar aris ganpirobebuli. mnSvnelovania amowurvadi resursebiT sargblobac, Tumca gansaxilvel SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania swored es sakiTxi, ris gamoc moxda masze aqcentireba.
  • 31. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 29 aRniSnuli funqcia srulad gadavida komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis regulirebis sferoSi da mas daevala `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsis miReba~, romliTac dadgindeboda bavSvTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis savaldebulo wesebi. swored is faqti, rom arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dacva mediaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod da mxolod `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsSi~, ganapirobebs mis savaldebuloobas mauwyeblebis da ara presis mimarT. presis mimarT vrceldeba is zogadi kriteriumebi da moTxovnebi, rac dadgenilia konstituciiTa da kanoniT `sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~. magaliTad, yalbi faqtebis, Seuracxmyofeli masalebis gavrcelebiT, sxva pirovnuli uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi dainteresebul pirs SesaZlebloba aqvs, dava awarmoos sasamarTloSi media saSualebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli imas gulisxmobs, rom presas SeuZlia imoqmedos sakuTari eTikuri standartebis Sesabamisad, winaswar kanoniT dadgenili wesebis gareSe, xolo dainteresebul pirs2 aqvs post-faqtum reagirebis ufleba. gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSia samauwyeblo media. Jurnalistebis mier arasrulwlovanTa sakiTxebis gaSuqebisaTvis savaldebulo wesebs adgens saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis 2009 wlis 12 martis dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli `mauwyebelTa qcevis kodeqsis~ me-11 Tavi. qcevis kodeqsi adgens im winaswar kriteriumebs, rac savaldebulod unda gaiTvaliswinos mauwyebelma. magaliTad, sabavSvo gadacemebis gaSveba gansazRvrul dros, savaraudo auditoriis winaswar gansazRvra. arasrulwlovnebze mavne zegavlenis Tavidan acilebis mizniT filmebze gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi specialuri SemzRudavi niSani. gansakuTrebulad SezRudulia uxamsi da Zaladobis amsaxveli masalebis gaSveba eTerSi im dros, rodesac, savaraudod, didia arasrulwlovanTa auditoria. aseve akrZalulia maTTvis gankuTvnil gadacemebSi Seuracxmyofeli leqsikis gamoyeneba. arasrulwlovanTa interesebis dacvis TavlsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba akisria sazogadoebriv mauwyebels, romelic `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis3 Tanaxmad valdebulia, programebSi asaxos asakobrivi mravalferovneba da, aseve, bavSvTa da mozardTa interesebis Sesabamisi proporciiT ganaTavsos sabavSvo programebi. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis sameurveo sabWos mier datkicebul 2010 wlis samoqmedo gegmaSi gansakuTrebulad aris gamoyofili bavSvTa interesebis gaTvaliswineba. sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis erT-erTi prioritetia `sabavSvo da axalgazrduli programebi yvela asakobrivi (skolamdeli, umcrosi saskolo, ufrosi saskolo, studentebi) jgufisaTvis~.4 2 am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba bavSvi da misi kanonieri warmomadgeneli. 3 ix. saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb~ muxli 16. 4 www.gpb.ge
  • 32. 30 3. bavSvis uflebebi da media ZiriTadi saswavlo Temebi  mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze  bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi  mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia  bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi  mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi `oslos gamowveva~ 1999 wlis noemberSi mediaproeqtebSi Cabmuli axalgazrdebi, mediis profesionalebi da bavSvis uflebaTa eqspertebi Seikribnen norvegiis dedaqalaq osloSi, raTa ganexilaT, Tu ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia medias bavSvis uflebebis ganviTarebaSi msoflio masStabiT. msjeloba moicavda xuT Temas:  bavSvis ufleba, xeli miuwvdebodes mediaze, maT Soris axal mediaze;  bavSvis ufleba, miiRos codna da Seiqmnas warmodgena mediasTan dakavSirebiT;  bavSvis ufleba, monawileoba miiRos mediaSi;  bavSvis ufleba, daculi iyos mediiT miyenebuli zianisgan da ekranze arsebuli Zaladobisgan;  mediis roli bavSvis uflebebis dacvasa da xelSewyobaSi. am ganxilvebis safuZvelze gaCnda `oslos gamowveva~, romelic aRiarebda, rom `bavSvebsa da medias Soris urTierToba aris kari bavSvebis da maTi uflebebis did da mravalsaxovan samyaroSi – ganaTlebis, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis, TamaSis, identobis, janmrTelobis, Rirsebis da sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis, dacvis samyaroSi – da rom media garkveul rols TamaSobs bavSvis uflebebis yvela aspeqtSi, bavSvis cxovrebis yovel elementSi~. `oslos gamowveva~ moqmedebisken mowodebaa. igi yvelas miswvda, vinc bavSvebisa da mediis rTuli urTierTobis kvleviT, ganviTarebiT da monitoringiT aris dakavebuli da monawileobs amaSi: mTavrobebi, organizaciebi da kerZo pirebi, romlebic bavSvebis sakiTxebze muSaoben, mediis profesionalebi yvela doneze da yvela media saSualebaSi, kerZo seqtori, maT Soris mediis mflobelebi, bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi, mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da mkvlevrebi (`iunisefis~ vebgverdi www.unicef.org/magic am mowodebaze gamoxmaurebaa – aq mocemulia mTeli msoflios bavSvebis mier bavSvebisTvis da bavSvebis monawileobiT Seqmnili mediaproeqtebi, sxva bmulebTan da informaciasTan erTad). gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis ramdenime ZiriTadi muxli exeba mediisa da bavSvebis sakiTxebs. bavSvis uflebaTa komitetma sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi gamoyo gansaxilvelad:
  • 33. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 31  mediis saSualebebiT bavSvis warmoCenis gaumjobeseba;  bavSvebis waxaliseba, rom aqtiurad miiRon mediaSi monawileoba;  bavSvebis dacva mediis mavne zemoqmedebisgan. konvenciis me-17 muxli ganmartavs mediis mniSvnelovan rols informaciis gavrcelebaSi da ganusazRvravs monawile saxelmwifoebs konkretul amocanebs, rac farTo gagebiT xels uwyobs bavSvis keTildReobas. igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifoebi `aRiareben masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa mniSvnelovan rols~ da `uzrunvelyofen bavSvisaTvis sxvadasxva erovnuli da saerTaSoriso wyaroebiT gavrcelebuli informaciisa da masalebis xelmisawvdomobas, gansakuTrebiT iseTi informaciis da masalebisa, romlebic mimarTulia bavSvis socialuri, sulieri da moraluri keTildReobisaken, agreTve jansaRi fizikuri da fsiqikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobisaken.~ konvenciis me-12 muxli aRiarebs bavSvis uflebas, gamoxatos Tavisi Sexedulebebi nebismier sakiTxze, romelic mas exeba. me-13 muxli amkvidrebs gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas: `es ufleba moicavs Tavisuflebas, miuxedavad sazRvrebisa, moiZios, miiRos an gaavrcelos nebismieri saxis informacia an mosazrebebi zepirad, werilobiT an beWdviTi formiT, xelovnebis saxiT an nebismieri sxva saSualebiT sakuTari arCevanisamebr.~ es muxlebi emsaxureba ara marto kargad informirebuli moqalaqis Camoyalibebas, aramed imasac, rom axalgazrdebis xma ufro xSirad ismodes masobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT. igi iZleva mkafio gzavnils, rom bavSvebi unda iyvnen saainformacio revoluciis rogorc monawileebi, ise beneficiarebi. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, masobrivi informaciis axali saSualebebisa da internetis gavrcelebis Semdeg, bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis mediis sakiTxma globaluri mniSvneloba SeiZina. zogierTma dainteresebulma mxarem daiwyo bavSvis uflebebis realizeba mediis saSualebiT – magaliTad, imis uzrunvelyofiT, rom axalgazrduli auditoriisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos maRalxarisxovani Sinaarsis media, gaismodes axalgazrdebis xma da bavSvebis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi eTikurad Suqdebodes. mediis gavlena axalgazrdebze mravali kvlevaa Catarebuli bavSvebze mediis _ maT Soris mediaSi Zaladobis asaxvis _ zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb. rogorc zogierTi eqsperti, magaliTad, miCiganis universitetis profesori l. rouel hiusmani (2000) amtkicebs, 50-wliani dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom `Zaladoba mediaSi zrdis bavSvebis agresiulobas da es wlebis Semdeg iCens Tavs, rodesac isini zrdasrul asaks aRweven.~ Tumca sxvebi, maT Soris jonaTan fridmani torontos universitetidan, amtkiceben, rom `samecniero monacemebi ar adasturebs, rom Zaladobis naxva Zaladobas warmoSobs an mis mimarT ugrZnobs xdis adamians.~ mediis gavrceleba da globalizacia Tanamedrove axalgazrduli kulturis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. bevr qveyanaSi axalgazrdebs gacilebiT
  • 34. 32 metad miuwvdebaT xeli multimediis saSualebebze, vidre adre – es aris tradiciuli, satelituri da sakabelo televiziis arxebi; radiosadgurebi; gazeTebi da Jurnalebi; interneti, kompiuteri da videoTamaSebi. dRes ucxouri programebi da media bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomia. msoflios bevr qveyanaSi naklebia oficialuri cenzura da kontroli. informaciis, eleqtronuli fostis da fotoebis gacvla msoflioSi dRes ufro swrafad da Tavisuflad xdeba, vidre odesme. amitom ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc bavSvebis mediaSi monawileobis, ise mavne zegavlenisagan maTi dacvis sakiTxebi. bavSvebis asaxva mediaSi mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva did gavlenas axdens bavSvebisa da bavSvobis mimarT damokidebulebaze da mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs bavSvebis mimarT mozrdilTa qcevaze. mediis saSualebiT mowodebuli aRwera misabaZ magaliTad iqceva axalgazrdebisTvis da zemoqmedebas axdens maT poziciasa da molodinze. is, Tu rogor xdeba bavSvebis warmodgena mediis mier, an sulac maTi ignorireba, gavlenas axdens bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze da sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilis damokidebulebaze maT mimarT. media xSirad bavSvebs ise aRwers, rogorc pasiur, utyv `msxverplebs.~ bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis SesaZleblobis micemiT, Tavad ilaparakon TavianT imedebze, SiSebsa Tu miRwevebze, aseve maT cxovrebaze ufrosebis qcevis zemoqmedebaze, mediis profesionalebs SeuZliaT Seaxsenon sazogadoebas, rom bavSvebi iseve imsaxureben pativiscemas, rogorc yvela adamiani. Jurnalistebis saerTaSoriso federaciis informaciiT, mediis mier bavSvebis asaxva amkvidrebs mTel rig miTebs:  ganviTarebadi qveynebis ojaxebi, Rataki bavSvebi, agreTve omisa da sxvadasxva ubedurebis msxverplebi kargaven individualobas da humanurobas. maT xSirad aCveneben rogorc umweo tanjulebs, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT moqmedeba, fiqri an laparaki;  bavSvebis problemebis gaSuqebisas arsebobs tendencia, rom fokusireba moxdes sensaciur ambebze, xolo mravalricxovani problemebi, romlebic bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSia gansazRvruli, uyuradRebod rCeba;  xSirad mediaSi erTjeradi reportaJebia bavSvebis Sesaxeb, rasac ar mohyveba analizi da Semdgomi moqmedeba;  konfidencialurobas bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis ar uweven angariSs;  axal ambebSi bavSvebs xSirad stereotipulad warmoaCenen, magaliTad: `afrikeli moSimSile bavSvebi~ da `upasuxismgeblo Tineijerebi.~ dominirebs ambebi bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobaze, arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveobaze, quCis bavSvebze, maSin, rodesac bavSvis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli sxva problemebi, rogoricaa TamaSis, dasvenebisa da sportis ufleba, ar aris miCneuli axali ambebisTvis saintereso siuJetad. amis Sedegad iqmneba daubalansebeli STabeWdileba, rom bavSvebi an `msxverplebi~
  • 35. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 33 arian, an saxifaTo `SfoTisTavebi.~ 1998 wels britanuli organizacia `Cildrenz eqspresi~ romelic saSualebas aZlevs bavSvebs da axalgazrdebs, monawileoba miiRon mediis saqmianobaSi, Tavad weron da redaqtireba gaukeTon reportaJebs, monitorings uwevda erovnuli gazeTebis Sinaarss erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi. mkvlevrebma `Svidi momakvdinebeli stereotipi~ aRmoaCines. sixSiris mixedviT esenia:  `msxverpli bavSvebi~: 31,5%  `sayvareli bavSvebi~ (gaumarTlebeli, mizanTan Seusabamo foto/ gamosaxuleba): 26,7%  `patara eSmakebi~ (bavSvebis `demonizeba~/anu maTTvis aTasnairi codvis miwera): 10,8%  `bavSvebi SesaniSnavebi arian~ (gansakuTrebuli bavSvebi): 9,7%  `bavSvebi, rogorc aqsesuarebi~ (anu mSoblebis sakuTreba): 8,4%  `dRevandeli bavSvebi~ (mozrdilebis nostalgia warsulis mimarT): 7,5%  `patara angelozebi~ (visac cudis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia): 5,4% stereotipebisken midrekilebas mowmobs kvleva, romelic organizacia `MORI~-m (bazrisa da sazogadoebrivi azris saerTaSoriso kvleva - Market and Opinion Research International) Caatara 2004 wels britanuli JurnalisTvis `Young People Now~ (`dRevandeli axalgazrdoba~). masSi naTqvamia: [axalgazrdebis] es jgufebi xedaven presaSi damkvidrebul negatiur stereotips da grZnoben, rom es moqmedebs maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze, imaze, Tu rogor eqcevian maT ufrosebi, rodesac sajaro TavSeyris adgilebSi arian megobrebTan erTad. amasTan, isini Tvlian, rom Jurnalistebi naCqarevad ikaveben moraluri upiratesobis pozicias, rodesac axalgazrdebis qcevas afaseben~. isini amas farisevlur pozad aRiqvamen, radgan Tvlian, rom Jurnalistebs axasiaTebT gazviadeba imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gayidon gazeTebi da fuli iSovon: `nebismier rames miagneben da moipoveben, Tu dasaweri SemoakldebaT. sul ar adardebT, vinmes reputacias Tu Crdili miadgeba.~ es `MORI~-s adrindel (2003) gamokvlevas exmaureba, romelic cxadyofs, rom 11-18 wlis 914 axalgazrdidan orma mesamedma (64%) ganacxada, rom ar endoba Jurnalistebs. ase rom, marTalia, media mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs bavSvTa uflebebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informirebulobis amaRlebaSi, magram, amave dros, is SeiZleba saeWvo partnioric aRmoCndes. mediis mier bavSvebis eqspluatacia erTi mxriv, sainformacio media aSuqebs Zaladobis msxverplebs an mogviTxrobs ambebs moZaladeebis Sesaxeb reportaJebis, fotoebis, dokumenturi filmebisa da sxva saSualebebiT. meore mxriv, igi Tavad SeiZleba gaxdes eqspluatatori, rodesac axal ambebSi an reklamaSi bavSvebis seqsualurad provokaciul saxeebs qmnis. mediis profesionalebi kargad arian momzadebulni saimisod, rom bavSvis uflebebi stabilurad SeinarCunon sainformacio formatSi, am uflebebis
  • 36. 34 dasacavad seriozuli Zalisxmeva gamoiyenon da moiTxovon bavSvis uflebebis dacva imaTgan, vinc amas ar akeTebs. magram komerciulma mosazrebebma SeiZleba aiZulos media, rom Tavidan airidos es pasuxismgebloba. interesTa uxerxuli wonasworoba prevalirebs iq, sadac eTikuri standartebi SeiZleba msxverplad Seewiros komerciul moTxovnebs. bavSvebis monawileoba mediaSi axalgazrdebis mediaSi monawileobis magaliTebi adasturebs maT interess gare samyaros mimarT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maT Sansi eZlevaT, rom TavianTi Tavi gamoxaton im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic maT exeba. interesTa jgufebis da mediis organizaciebis mzardi raodenoba uamrav SesaZleblobas qmnis axalgazrdebisaTvis, rom mediaSi miiRon monawileoba. mediaproeqtebis magaliTebi warmatebuli mediaproeqtebisa da programebis magaliTebi bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebisTvis da maTi monawileobiT: `ANDI~ – bavSvis uflebaTa braziliuri axali ambebis saagento monitorings uwevs mediis mier bavSvebisa da axalgazrdobis gaSuqebas, treningebs utarebs da muSaobs JurnalistebTan, romlebic weren bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis sakiTxebze. `ANDI“-s ZalisxmeviT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da gaumjobesda bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis sakiTxebis gaSuqeba braziliur mediaSi. es modeli axla laTinuri amerikis rva qveyanaSi inergeba. `TROC“ - albaneTis axalgazrda reportiorebi. aTeulobiT axalgazrda 13- dan 18 wlamde qveynis yvela kuTxidan gadis trenings am yovelkvireuli teleJurnalis saSualebiT. studentebi swavloben video axali ambebis warmoebis yvela aspeqts da pasuxismgebelni arian programebis dagegmvasa da gamoSvebaze ufrosebis mciredi daxmarebiT. es programa Zalze popularulia axalgazrda mayureblebs Soris albaneTsa da mezobel qveynebSi. isini afaseben `TROC“-s rogorc pirvel satelevizio Sous, romelic saTanadod aSuqebs socialur problemebs mTeli qveynis masStabiT. `mukTo xobor~ (Mukto Khobor) – (Tavisufali axali ambebi) – es aris yovelkvireuli axali ambebis 25-wuTiani gamoSveba da mimdinare ambebis programa bangladeSSi, romelsac 11-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebi da axalgazrdebi qmnian. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs bavSvebsa da maT uflebebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. igi uzrunvelyofs forums axalgazrdebisTvis, rom maT SeZlon TavianTi Sexedulebebis gamoxatva, uviTarebs axalgazrda Jurnalistebs specialur unar-Cvevebs, STaagonebs axalgazrda mayureblebs, romlebic xedaven TavianTi Tanatolebis warmatebul muSaobas mediaSi da uCvenebs, rom axalgazrdebs SeuZliaT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanon arsebul problemebTan brZolaSi.
  • 37. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 35 afrikis bavSvTa da mauwyeblobis fondi (`CBFA“). es fondi 1995 wels Seiqmna. misi mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo bavSvebisa da mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb afrikis wesdebis ganxorcielebisTvis, agreTve miepyro mauwyeblebisa da prodiuserebis yuradReba maRalxarisxovani sabavSvo televiziis Seqmnis aucileblobisken. `CBFA“-s miznobriv jgufSi Sedian 9-dan 16 wlamde axalgazrdebi, mediis profesionalebi da mauwyeblebi. fondi marTavs seminarebs, kinoCvenebebsa da Sexvedrebs, romelTa ganxilvis sagani afrikeli bavSvebis problemebi da uflebebia. egviptis video da Temis ocnebebis proeqti avrcelebs ganviTarebis da mosaxleobis saqmianobis centr `axali horizontebis~ programis codnasa da gamocdilebas da aZlierebs axalgazrda qalebisa da gogonebis xmas egviptur sazogadoebaSi. qalTa jgufebi sxvadasxva egvipturi Temidan euflebian video da saprodiusero unar-Cvevebs da swavloben problemur an delikatur sakiTxebze muSaobas. jgufis wevrebi cnobadi xdebian, rogorc spikerebi da liderebi da xels uwyoben stereotipebis damsxvrevas. am jgufebis mier Seqmnili videomasalebi xSirad aRZravs diskusiebs da xels uwyobs problemis mogvarebis adgilobrivi gzebis Ziebas TiToeul TemSi. mediaSi monawileoba SesaniSnav Sedegebs aZlevs axalgazrdebs, rac Sejamebulia `iuneskos~ sainformacio samsaxuris 2001 wlis yovelwliur gamocemaSi `mosazrebebi bavSvebisa da mediis Sesaxeb.~ es Sedegebia:  siamayis, siZlierisa da sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis grZnobis gaZliereba, rodesac axalgazrdebi grZnoben, rom maTi xma yuradRebis Rirsi gaxda, isini sazogadoebis nawils warmoadgenen, maT gauges sxvebs da sakuTar kulturas;  maTi yoveldRiuri ocnebebis da sakuTari adgilobrivi, socialuri da eTnikuri kulturisa da sinamdvilis asaxva mediaSi;  unar-Cvevebisa da cnobismoyvareobis gaZliereba da mediis sakiTxebSi kompetenturobis amaRleba (magaliTad, mediis kritikuli gaazreba);  audio-vizualuri mediis warmoebaSi monawileobis meSveobiT socialuri samarTlianobis gazrdili SegrZneba im axalgazrdebSi, romlebic kargad ar swavloben tradiciul, beWdviT masalebze dafuZnebul skolebSi;  meti interesi da monawileoba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, sakuTari pirobebiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, gadaizrdeba moqmedebaSi, romelic miznad daisaxavs mediasa da TemebSi axalgazrdebis problemebis ganxilvis gaumjobesebas. mediis mxridan bavSvze zemoqmedebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi bavSvebi da mozardebi masmediis yuradRebis centrSi, rogorc wesi, raime negatiuri, dramatuli movlenebisa da incidentebis Sedegad xvdebian: omi,
  • 38. 36 SimSili, bunebrivi katastrofebi, mkvleloba da Zaladoba – ai is konteqsti, romlis mTavari gmirebi xSirad bavSvebi arian. Sesabamisad, iqmneba STabeWdileba bavSvebze, rogorc msxverplsa an moZaladeze. mozardebTan dakavSirebuli problemuri situaciebis gaSuqeba gavlenas axdens, rogorc Tavad incidentSi CarTul mozardze, aseve masmediis mravalaTasian auditoriaze, gansakuTrebiT ki bavSvebze. Jurnalistebs xSirad aqvT saqme ama Tu im xarisxis matravmirebel movlenasa da dazaralebul, travmirebul adamianTan. masmedia, romlis movaleobaa gaaSuqos es incidentebi, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs (zogjer negatiurs) Zaladobis, incidentebis, travmirebulobis xarisxis gansazRvraSi. informaciis Segrovebis dros, dazaralebulis interviurebis procesSi Jurnalisti cdilobs aRweros rac SeiZleba `mZime~ da `saSineli~ istoria, moagrovos e.w. `sensaciuri masala~. es amZimebs matravmirebeli incidentis xarisxs, aiZulebs dazaralebuls, kidev erTxel ganicados is tkivili, damcireba, SiSi da Seuracxyofa, romelic mas Tavs gadaxda. Jurnalisti ar aris fsiqoTerapevti da, bunebrivia, is ver gauadvilebs dazaralebuls mdgomareobas _ is Tavisda uneburad tovebs respondents pirispir sakuTar gancdebTan. masmediis matravmirebeli zegavlenis kidev erTi aspeqtia is, Tu rogor interpretacias aZlevs Jurnalisti matravmirebel (Zaladobis) incidents. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba movlenis dramatizeba, kidev ufro damZimeba. Jurnalisti aseve cdilobs, moiZios mizezebi da ipovos damnaSaveebi, xdeba warsulze fiqsireba, iqmneba gamouvalobis STabeWdileba, ramac mkiTxvel auditoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios ususurobis gancda, SiSisa da SfoTvis momateba, agresiuli impulsebis gaaqtiureba, rac sabolood sazogadoebaSi arasasurveli fsiqoemociuri fonis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. rac Seexeba masmediis gavlenas bavSvebisa da mozardebis fsiqikur janmrTe- lobaze, winamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi weria: `bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: eTikuri saxelmZRvanelo principebi bavSvebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxe- bis gaSuqebisaTvis: nu miayenebT raime zians bavSvs; moerideT iseT kiTxvebs an komentarebs, romlebic SeiZleba sadavo aRmoCndes kulturuli TvalsazrisiT da romlebic bavSvs Seuqmnis safrTxes, daucvels gaxdis Seuracxyofisgan an gaaRviZebs masSi tkivilsa da wuxils, gamowveuls travmuli movlenebiT” zianSi, `tkivilsa da wuxilSi” igulisxmeba bavSvis fsiqoemociuri mdgomareoba da qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi kargad Cans, ramdenad seriozuli SeiZleba gaxdes es `ziani~. SemTxveva 1 arasrulwlovanma k.g.-m, quCaSi urTierTSelaparakebis dros, civi iaraRiT msubuqi Wriloba miayena moqalaqe r.d.-s. incidentis Semdeg is mSobelTan
  • 39. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 37 erTad gamocxadda policiaSi, sadac daakaves. amis Semdgom mozardi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi masmediis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda, ZiriTadad SemTxvevis gaSuqebisas xdeboda faqtis dramatizeba, Sefaseba, ojaxisa da mozardis dadanaSauleba. nawili sazogadoebisa iziarebda aseT damokidebulebas, nawili cdilobda, mozardi `gmirad~ warmoeCina da mis dauyonebliv ganTavisuflebas iTxovda. yuradRebis centrSi yofna, sazogadoebrivi damokidebulebis aseTi polarizeba zemoqmedebs mozardis jer kidev Camouyalibebel fsiqikaze. orive pozicia momxdari faqtis Seusabamoa. moyvanil magaliTSi moxda mozardze orazrovani `iarliyis~ – msxverplisa da moZaladis – mikvra. msgavsi viTareba zemoqmedebs mozardis fsiqoemociur mdgomareobaze, vinaidan orive pozicia araadekvaturia, xels uSlis mozards, gaacnobieros sakuTari pasuxismgebloba da Camouyalibdes kongruentuli, Sesatyvisi damokidebuleba momxdari incidentis mimarT. amgvari aJiotaJi, zewola arTulebs mozardTa adaptaciis isedac rTul process arasrulwlovanTa aRmzrdelobiT dawesebulebaSi. aq moyvanil SemTxvevaSi mozard k.-s aReniSneboda Zilis problemebi, Ramis koSmarebi, brazis Semotevebi, autoagresia _ suicidis ramdenime mcdeloba. SemTxveva 2 arasrulwlovani gogona n.k. seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli gaxda. es SemTxveva gaSuqda erT-erTi gazeTis furclebze, sadac moZaladis saxeli da gvari anonimuri iyo, xolo gogonas Sesaxeb gazeTi srul informacias gvawvdida. Sedegad momxdaris Sesaxeb gaiges mezoblebma, skolam da gogona Temis mxridan zewolis msxverpli gaxda, masTan urTierToba Sewyvites megobrebma (ZiriTadad mSoblebis moTxovniT), mezoblebma. gogonam jer uari Tqva skolaSi siarulze, mere gareT gamosvla Sewyvita, Semdeg sakuTari oTaxidan ar gamodioda, Camouyalibda depresiuli simptomatika, Zlieri braleulobis gancda, dabali TviTSefaseba, uimedoba, uperspeqtivoba da a.S. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es gogona erovnebiT rusi iyo da es faqtoric (Cvens sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli stigma) mis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenes. gogonasTan fsiqologiuri muSaobis Semdeg misi mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, Tumca ojaxma mainc miiRo gadawyvetileba daetovebinaT saqarTvelo da sacxovreblad sxva qveyanaSi gadasuliyvnen, rasac am incidentamde ar apirebdnen. orive SemTxveva naTlad gviCvenebs, rom amgvar situaciaSi irRveva ara marto mozardis uflebebi, aramed ziandeba misi fsiqikuri janmrTelobac, rom mediis amgvarma muSaobam SeiZleba negatiuri gavlena moaxdinos bavSvisa Tu mozardis cxovrebaze. mediis mier bavSvebsa da mozardebTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis asaxva gansazRvravs sazogadoebis pozicias maT mimarT, damokidebulebasa da qcevas, gavlenas axdens saxelmwifo instituciebis mxridan mozardebTan dakavSirebiT miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.
  • 40. 38 Sefaseba SearCieT mediis informacia bavSvebis Sesaxeb da ganixileT bavSvis uflebaTa konteqstSi. damatebiTi literatura da resursebi `msoflios bavSvebi, axalgazrdebi da media: tendenciebisa da problemebis mimoxilva~, siuzen gigli, `iunisefis~ masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis kompleqsis kvleviTi instituti, 2004 wlis aprili: http://www.intermedia.org/ bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis Semswavleli centri: http://www.childrenyouthandmediacentre.co.uk/ `bavSvTa uflebebi da media – wyaro JurnalistebisTvis~: http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF publications soulbuddiez.pdf `iunisefi~ - vebgverdi Magic: http://www.unicef.org/magic/briefing/about.html `iunisefi~ - axalgazrdebis xma: http://www.unicef.org/voy. am gverdebze axalgazrdebi TavianTi sityvebiT gamoxataven azrebs mediis Sesaxeb sakuTar qveynebSi. `iuneskos~ bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis saerTaSoriso sainformacio samsaxuri: http://www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse.php. informaciis kargi wyaroa msoflios bavSvebTan, axalgazrdebTan da mediasTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli proeqtebis da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. sainformacio samsaxuri miznad isaxavs, aamaRlos bavSvebis, axalgazrdebisa da mediis Sesaxeb informirebulobisa da codnis done, safuZvels qmnis saTanado politikis formulirebisTvis, xels uwyobs konstruqciul sazogadoebriv debatebs, aZlierebs bavSvebisa da axalgazrdebis gaTviTcnobierebas da kompetenturobas mediis sakiTxebSi. bavSvis uflebaTa sainformacio qseli: media http://www.crin.com/themes/ViewTheme.asp?id=12 mediaSi asaxuli Zaladobis gavlena axalgazrdobaze (Psychological Science, marti 2004) http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf `saxelmwifo jandacvis midgoma mediis Zaladobrivi Sinaarsis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb kvlevis Sedegebis mimarT~: The Lancet, tomi 356, gamocema 9460 (2005 wlis Tebervali, gv. 702-710) l. rouel hiusmani (2000) `kolumbiis olqis kvleva~, miCiganis universiteti: http://www.rcgd.isr. umich.edu/aggr/Projects/CCLS/description.html
  • 41. bavSvTa uflebebi da Jurnalistika - saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis 39 4. winaaRmdegobebi bavSvTa uflebebis ganxorcielebis gzaze ZiriTadi Sesaswavli Temebi  adamianis uflebaTa dacva  bavSvTa uflebebis mxardaWera  problemebi bavSvTa uflebebis realizebaSi  bavSvTa uflebebTan dakavSirebul problemebze reagireba adamianis uflebaTa dacva arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi saerTaSoriso, regionul da saxelmwifo doneze. saxelmwifo doneze politikosebs da kanonmdeblebs SeswevT Zala, rom TavianTi konstituciebis meSveobiT uzrunvelyon bavSvTa uflebebis damkvidrebis xelSewyoba. zogadad, konstitucia karnaxobs im wesebs, romlebic `uwesebs movaleobebs, uflebebs da funqciebs sxvadasxva samTavrobo instituts~. adamianis uflebaTa ganxorcielebis yvelaze efeqtiani xelSewyoba aRniSnul wesebs maSin SeuZlia, rodesac isini konkretuli terminebiT gansazRvravs am uflebebs da rodesac mTavrobaSi xdeba uflebamosilebis ganawileba. bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis TiTqmis sayovelTao ratificireba asaxavs im valdebulebas, rac globalurad arsebobs bavSvis uflebebis principebTan dakavSirebiT. konvenciis ratificirebiT sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebi acxadeben TavianTi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, rom es valdebuleba praqtikulad ganaxorcielon. wevri qveynebi valdebuli arian, Seasworon da Seqmnan kanonebi da politika, raTa srulfasovnad ganaxorcielon konvencia; maT unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom yvela qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes bavSvis interesebidan gamomdinare. konvenciis me-4 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom monawile saxelmwifoebi `Rebuloben yvela aucilebel sakanonmdeblo, administraciul da sxvagvar zomas winamde- bare konvenciiT aRiarebul uflebaTa gansaxorcieleblad~, xolo 42-e muxlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoebi `iReben valdebulebas, saTanado da qmediTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT farTo informacia miawodon rogorc mozrdilebs, aseve bavSvebs konvenciis principebisa da debulebebis Taobaze~. qveynis konstitucia yovelTvis ar uzrunvelyofs absolutur dacvas bavSvis uflebaTa darRvevis winaaRmdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT koleqtiurad mosTxovon mTavrobas, ganmartos Tavisi moqmedebebi da angariSi Caabaros amasTan dakavSirebiT. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac moqalaqeebi organizebulad sTxoven pasuxs xelisuflebas. organizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gulisxmobs arasamTavrobo