The document summarizes a lecture on stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hypothermia for cardiac arrest. It provides quick facts about stroke in the US, including prevalence, mortality rates, and costs. It defines stroke and outlines risk factors for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. It also discusses evaluation and management of acute stroke, including use of the NIH Stroke Scale and eligibility criteria for thrombolysis with t-PA within 3 hours of symptom onset.
Jackie, a 54-year-old woman with a history of seizure disorder, presents with recurrent syncope. She has experienced 3 episodes in the past 8 months where she loses consciousness for about 5 minutes upon waking. Tests show sinus bradycardia on ECG and pauses of up to 2.7 seconds on Holter monitor, suggesting possible sick sinus syndrome. Based on risk factors including abnormal ECG, she has a 1% risk of mortality within one year. Further monitoring is needed to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
STROKE is also known as CVA. (cerebrovascular accident). it is a medical emergency. damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply .early action can reduce brain damage and other complication.
signs and symptoms slur words or difficulty understanding speech.
1. The document discusses the differences and similarities between heart attacks and strokes, highlighting that while they both require urgent treatment, strokes can be more difficult to diagnose due to varied symptoms.
2. It provides details on warning signs of stroke and emphasizes the importance of calling 911 immediately if any signs appear in order to receive rapid treatment.
3. Prevention of both heart attacks and strokes is more effective than procedures, and controlling risk factors is key to reducing one's risk.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new hypothesis for studying sudden heart pathology. The authors suggest developing a new diagnostic test that can stress the heart's metabolic processes under normal and abnormal conditions locally within the heart tissue, rather than examining blood plasma. This could help prevent events like heart attacks, arrhythmias, and transplant failure by better understanding the heart's metabolic response under stress. Currently about 20% of sudden cardiac deaths are not explained by autopsy findings, so new testing of the heart's metabolic response directly may provide more insights into these cases. The authors believe translating diagnostic approaches from other medical fields could offer a novel perspective on phenomena in cardiology.
transient ischemic attacks- advances in diagnosis & mxdrwaque
This document discusses advances in the diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the emergency department. Some key points:
- The definition of a TIA has evolved to be "transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction."
- MRI is more sensitive than CT for detecting early signs of infarction and should be used within 24 hours. Up to 30% of previous TIAs may have actually caused small brain infarcts.
- Risk of stroke is highest in the first 90 days after a TIA, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are important. Treatment involves antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants for atrial fib
This document defines syncope as a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It accounts for 1-3% of emergency room visits. Causes include reflex syncope, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac issues like arrhythmias, and neurological or psychiatric conditions. Evaluation involves identifying life-threatening causes through history, physical exam, EKG and cardiac monitoring. Scoring systems can predict adverse outcomes at 1 year but have limited specificity.
800,000 Americans have a stroke each year, making it the fifth leading cause of death. Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). AJ, a 52-year-old man with risk factors of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, arrived at the emergency room after his speech became slurred and he lost function in his right side, symptoms of an ischemic stroke. A CT scan confirmed he had an acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident affecting the left side of his brain. He received tPA treatment within 3 hours and was admitted for further rehabilitation and management of risk factors to prevent future strokes.
Jackie, a 54-year-old woman with a history of seizure disorder, presents with recurrent syncope. She has experienced 3 episodes in the past 8 months where she loses consciousness for about 5 minutes upon waking. Tests show sinus bradycardia on ECG and pauses of up to 2.7 seconds on Holter monitor, suggesting possible sick sinus syndrome. Based on risk factors including abnormal ECG, she has a 1% risk of mortality within one year. Further monitoring is needed to determine the cause and appropriate treatment.
STROKE is also known as CVA. (cerebrovascular accident). it is a medical emergency. damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply .early action can reduce brain damage and other complication.
signs and symptoms slur words or difficulty understanding speech.
1. The document discusses the differences and similarities between heart attacks and strokes, highlighting that while they both require urgent treatment, strokes can be more difficult to diagnose due to varied symptoms.
2. It provides details on warning signs of stroke and emphasizes the importance of calling 911 immediately if any signs appear in order to receive rapid treatment.
3. Prevention of both heart attacks and strokes is more effective than procedures, and controlling risk factors is key to reducing one's risk.
This document summarizes a research article that proposes a new hypothesis for studying sudden heart pathology. The authors suggest developing a new diagnostic test that can stress the heart's metabolic processes under normal and abnormal conditions locally within the heart tissue, rather than examining blood plasma. This could help prevent events like heart attacks, arrhythmias, and transplant failure by better understanding the heart's metabolic response under stress. Currently about 20% of sudden cardiac deaths are not explained by autopsy findings, so new testing of the heart's metabolic response directly may provide more insights into these cases. The authors believe translating diagnostic approaches from other medical fields could offer a novel perspective on phenomena in cardiology.
transient ischemic attacks- advances in diagnosis & mxdrwaque
This document discusses advances in the diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the emergency department. Some key points:
- The definition of a TIA has evolved to be "transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction."
- MRI is more sensitive than CT for detecting early signs of infarction and should be used within 24 hours. Up to 30% of previous TIAs may have actually caused small brain infarcts.
- Risk of stroke is highest in the first 90 days after a TIA, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are important. Treatment involves antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants for atrial fib
This document defines syncope as a transient loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain. It accounts for 1-3% of emergency room visits. Causes include reflex syncope, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac issues like arrhythmias, and neurological or psychiatric conditions. Evaluation involves identifying life-threatening causes through history, physical exam, EKG and cardiac monitoring. Scoring systems can predict adverse outcomes at 1 year but have limited specificity.
800,000 Americans have a stroke each year, making it the fifth leading cause of death. Strokes occur when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). AJ, a 52-year-old man with risk factors of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, arrived at the emergency room after his speech became slurred and he lost function in his right side, symptoms of an ischemic stroke. A CT scan confirmed he had an acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident affecting the left side of his brain. He received tPA treatment within 3 hours and was admitted for further rehabilitation and management of risk factors to prevent future strokes.
This document outlines a presentation on stroke. It begins with an introduction and classification of stroke, followed by sections on risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and approach to patients. It discusses that stroke is caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain and defines different types of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic. Risk factors highlighted include age, hypertension, cardiac issues, and genetic factors. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location and type of stroke.
The document proposes a new research hypothesis to better understand sudden heart pathology through innovative diagnostic methods. It suggests testing the heart's biochemical-metabolic status or pharmacological profile under normal and stressed conditions locally in the heart tissue, rather than just plasma, to help prevent unexpected cardiac events. While many diagnostic strategies currently exist, about 20% of sudden cardiac deaths still lack an identified abnormality. The authors believe new tests analyzing the heart's local performance under varying physiological stresses could provide more useful information to clarify pathological causes, especially in young patients where atherosclerosis is less common. This approach may help explain cases of sudden cardiac arrest in untrained individuals during vigorous exertion.
Stroke is a medical emergency caused by interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain. The main types are ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and may include paralysis, confusion, and speech problems. Diagnosis involves brain imaging and blood tests. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and preventing complications and recurrence through medication and lifestyle changes. Outcomes vary depending on the severity and location of brain damage.
Stroke, also known as a brain attack, can be either ischemic due to a blockage of blood supply or hemorrhagic due to a ruptured blood vessel. Risk factors include modifiable factors like smoking, diet, exercise, and hypertension as well as non-modifiable factors like age, genetics, and previous health conditions. Symptoms of a stroke can include facial drooping, weakness, visual issues, altered consciousness, nausea, and neurological deficits. Treatment involves monitoring vitals, administering tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of onset for ischemic strokes to restore blood flow, and educating patients and families on risk factors and post-stroke care.
Syncope, or fainting, is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to the brain. It accounts for around 2% of emergency department visits. The most common causes of syncope are cardiac issues, neurological problems, medication side effects, and reflex or orthostatic causes. A thorough history, physical exam, and electrocardiogram can help emergency physicians evaluate patients and determine if further testing or hospital admission is needed to diagnose potentially life-threatening underlying conditions.
The document discusses ischemic stroke, including its epidemiology, classification, risk factors, and etiopathogenesis. Some key points:
- Stroke occurs every 5 seconds worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Incidence and prevalence varies significantly between countries and regions.
- Strokes are classified based on their underlying cause (ischemic vs hemorrhagic) and further subtyped based on etiology (large vessel atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, etc).
- Major risk factors for ischemic stroke include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, and a family history of stroke.
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
This document provides an overview of the management of acute stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and discusses the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of stroke. The management involves resuscitation, reperfusion therapies like thrombolysis and thrombectomy, treating complications, secondary prevention including blood pressure and diabetes control, and rehabilitation. The document emphasizes the importance of specialized stroke units and timely management to improve outcomes for patients with acute stroke.
This document provides an overview of the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with definitions of hypertensive urgency and emergency. It then covers etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. The goals of management are to lower blood pressure gradually in hypertensive urgencies, and more rapidly in emergencies to prevent end organ damage, while avoiding too rapid a drop in pressure. Drugs discussed for acute treatment include sodium nitroprusside, nicardipine, clevidipine, labetalol, and esmolol. Special scenarios like myocardial ischemia and aortic dissection are also addressed.
The document provides information on the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with outlines of topics covered which include introduction, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. It then goes into further detail on these topics. The key points are:
1) Hypertensive crisis is defined as a sudden rise in blood pressure that causes end organ damage and is classified as either a hypertensive urgency or emergency.
2) Common causes include poorly controlled essential hypertension and renal disease.
3) Rapid evaluation is needed to identify end organ damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, or vasculature.
4) Treatment involves slowing lowering blood pressure, usually over hours
This document provides an overview of carotid artery stenosis. It discusses the anatomy of the carotid arteries and how stenosis can increase the risk of stroke by reducing blood flow to the brain. Symptoms of stenosis range from transient ischemic attacks to full strokes, depending on the location and severity of the blockage. Imaging plays a key role in detecting and evaluating carotid artery stenosis. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or carotid endarterectomy surgery to remove plaque buildup.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It provides classifications and descriptions of different types of strokes including transient ischemic attacks, hemorrhagic strokes, and thrombotic vs. embolic ischemic strokes. It also summarizes the clinical assessment and presentation of strokes, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, and general risk factors.
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease (IHD). It is a leading cause of death worldwide. IHD occurs when there is an imbalance between the supply of oxygen and demand of the heart muscle, leading to ischemia. The main causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or reduced blood flow. Biomarkers like troponin and CK are important for diagnosing acute coronary syndromes. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis and IHD. Atherothrombosis, characterized by sudden plaque rupture and thrombus formation, is the underlying pathological process.
Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases that affect the myocardium of the heart. They can be classified into different types including dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a familial condition characterized by unexplained thickening of the left ventricular wall and septum without an identifiable cause. It is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death.
This document outlines objectives and content for a unit on problems related to cardiac output and tissue perfusion. It discusses topics like cardiac anatomy and physiology, factors influencing cardiac output, pathophysiology of conditions like heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, and shock. It also addresses nursing implications and interventions for these various cardiac disorders.
1. The document discusses emergency treatment options for stroke, including thrombolytic therapy and endovascular procedures administered within narrow time windows from symptom onset.
2. Thrombolytic drugs like rtPA, streptokinase, and urokinase were administered intravenously or intra-arterially to selected patients within 3 to 6 hours of stroke onset to reperfuse occluded arteries.
3. Outcomes were better for patients who received intra-arterial thrombolysis, had minor or posterior circulation strokes, and had normal CT scans prior to treatment. Hemorrhagic complications were related to drug dose.
Acs0601 Stroke And Transient Ischemic Attackmedbookonline
This document discusses stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). It begins by defining stroke as damage to the central nervous system caused by interrupted blood supply, with ischemic strokes resulting from failed oxygen and nutrient delivery. TIAs are transient neurological deficits lasting less than 24 hours. The document then covers incidence and risk factors for stroke, clinical evaluation, distinguishing ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke, evaluation and management of different stroke types, and investigative studies like imaging.
The document provides information about strokes, including:
1) Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and TIA.
2) Risk factors for stroke include hypertension, heart disease, high cholesterol, smoking, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, overweight/obesity, blood disorders, excessive alcohol, and certain medications. Symptoms appear suddenly and include confusion, weakness, vision problems, and trouble walking or talking.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, CT/MRI scans, and other specialized tests. Treatment
This document outlines a presentation on stroke. It begins with an introduction and classification of stroke, followed by sections on risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, differential diagnosis, and approach to patients. It discusses that stroke is caused by a lack of blood flow to the brain and defines different types of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic. Risk factors highlighted include age, hypertension, cardiac issues, and genetic factors. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the location and type of stroke.
The document proposes a new research hypothesis to better understand sudden heart pathology through innovative diagnostic methods. It suggests testing the heart's biochemical-metabolic status or pharmacological profile under normal and stressed conditions locally in the heart tissue, rather than just plasma, to help prevent unexpected cardiac events. While many diagnostic strategies currently exist, about 20% of sudden cardiac deaths still lack an identified abnormality. The authors believe new tests analyzing the heart's local performance under varying physiological stresses could provide more useful information to clarify pathological causes, especially in young patients where atherosclerosis is less common. This approach may help explain cases of sudden cardiac arrest in untrained individuals during vigorous exertion.
Stroke is a medical emergency caused by interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain. The main types are ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and may include paralysis, confusion, and speech problems. Diagnosis involves brain imaging and blood tests. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and preventing complications and recurrence through medication and lifestyle changes. Outcomes vary depending on the severity and location of brain damage.
Stroke, also known as a brain attack, can be either ischemic due to a blockage of blood supply or hemorrhagic due to a ruptured blood vessel. Risk factors include modifiable factors like smoking, diet, exercise, and hypertension as well as non-modifiable factors like age, genetics, and previous health conditions. Symptoms of a stroke can include facial drooping, weakness, visual issues, altered consciousness, nausea, and neurological deficits. Treatment involves monitoring vitals, administering tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of onset for ischemic strokes to restore blood flow, and educating patients and families on risk factors and post-stroke care.
Syncope, or fainting, is a brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to the brain. It accounts for around 2% of emergency department visits. The most common causes of syncope are cardiac issues, neurological problems, medication side effects, and reflex or orthostatic causes. A thorough history, physical exam, and electrocardiogram can help emergency physicians evaluate patients and determine if further testing or hospital admission is needed to diagnose potentially life-threatening underlying conditions.
The document discusses ischemic stroke, including its epidemiology, classification, risk factors, and etiopathogenesis. Some key points:
- Stroke occurs every 5 seconds worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability globally. Incidence and prevalence varies significantly between countries and regions.
- Strokes are classified based on their underlying cause (ischemic vs hemorrhagic) and further subtyped based on etiology (large vessel atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, etc).
- Major risk factors for ischemic stroke include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, and a family history of stroke.
This document discusses hypertensive diseases and their complications. It begins by outlining various hypertensive diseases that can affect the cerebrovascular system, eyes, heart and kidneys. It then defines hypertension and hypertensive emergencies/urgencies. The remainder of the document provides more details on specific hypertensive diseases and complications, including hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebrovascular accidents, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, benign and malignant nephrosclerosis. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and management of various hypertensive conditions.
This document provides an overview of the management of acute stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and discusses the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of stroke. The management involves resuscitation, reperfusion therapies like thrombolysis and thrombectomy, treating complications, secondary prevention including blood pressure and diabetes control, and rehabilitation. The document emphasizes the importance of specialized stroke units and timely management to improve outcomes for patients with acute stroke.
This document provides an overview of the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with definitions of hypertensive urgency and emergency. It then covers etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. The goals of management are to lower blood pressure gradually in hypertensive urgencies, and more rapidly in emergencies to prevent end organ damage, while avoiding too rapid a drop in pressure. Drugs discussed for acute treatment include sodium nitroprusside, nicardipine, clevidipine, labetalol, and esmolol. Special scenarios like myocardial ischemia and aortic dissection are also addressed.
The document provides information on the management of hypertensive crisis. It begins with outlines of topics covered which include introduction, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, workup, and management. It then goes into further detail on these topics. The key points are:
1) Hypertensive crisis is defined as a sudden rise in blood pressure that causes end organ damage and is classified as either a hypertensive urgency or emergency.
2) Common causes include poorly controlled essential hypertension and renal disease.
3) Rapid evaluation is needed to identify end organ damage to the heart, kidneys, brain, or vasculature.
4) Treatment involves slowing lowering blood pressure, usually over hours
This document provides an overview of carotid artery stenosis. It discusses the anatomy of the carotid arteries and how stenosis can increase the risk of stroke by reducing blood flow to the brain. Symptoms of stenosis range from transient ischemic attacks to full strokes, depending on the location and severity of the blockage. Imaging plays a key role in detecting and evaluating carotid artery stenosis. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, or carotid endarterectomy surgery to remove plaque buildup.
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It provides classifications and descriptions of different types of strokes including transient ischemic attacks, hemorrhagic strokes, and thrombotic vs. embolic ischemic strokes. It also summarizes the clinical assessment and presentation of strokes, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology of cerebral infarction, and general risk factors.
The document discusses ischaemic heart disease (IHD). It is a leading cause of death worldwide. IHD occurs when there is an imbalance between the supply of oxygen and demand of the heart muscle, leading to ischemia. The main causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or reduced blood flow. Biomarkers like troponin and CK are important for diagnosing acute coronary syndromes. Endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis and IHD. Atherothrombosis, characterized by sudden plaque rupture and thrombus formation, is the underlying pathological process.
Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases that affect the myocardium of the heart. They can be classified into different types including dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a familial condition characterized by unexplained thickening of the left ventricular wall and septum without an identifiable cause. It is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death.
This document outlines objectives and content for a unit on problems related to cardiac output and tissue perfusion. It discusses topics like cardiac anatomy and physiology, factors influencing cardiac output, pathophysiology of conditions like heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis, and shock. It also addresses nursing implications and interventions for these various cardiac disorders.
1. The document discusses emergency treatment options for stroke, including thrombolytic therapy and endovascular procedures administered within narrow time windows from symptom onset.
2. Thrombolytic drugs like rtPA, streptokinase, and urokinase were administered intravenously or intra-arterially to selected patients within 3 to 6 hours of stroke onset to reperfuse occluded arteries.
3. Outcomes were better for patients who received intra-arterial thrombolysis, had minor or posterior circulation strokes, and had normal CT scans prior to treatment. Hemorrhagic complications were related to drug dose.
Acs0601 Stroke And Transient Ischemic Attackmedbookonline
This document discusses stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). It begins by defining stroke as damage to the central nervous system caused by interrupted blood supply, with ischemic strokes resulting from failed oxygen and nutrient delivery. TIAs are transient neurological deficits lasting less than 24 hours. The document then covers incidence and risk factors for stroke, clinical evaluation, distinguishing ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke, evaluation and management of different stroke types, and investigative studies like imaging.
The document provides information about strokes, including:
1) Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die from lack of oxygen and nutrients. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and TIA.
2) Risk factors for stroke include hypertension, heart disease, high cholesterol, smoking, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, overweight/obesity, blood disorders, excessive alcohol, and certain medications. Symptoms appear suddenly and include confusion, weakness, vision problems, and trouble walking or talking.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, CT/MRI scans, and other specialized tests. Treatment
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Stroke, acute ischemic stroke management
1. Dallas Presbyterian Hospital
Internal Medicine Resident Lecture
August 28, 2008
Samir Shah, MD
Neurology Consultants of Dallas
STROKE, SUBARACHNOID
HEMORRHAGE AND HYPOTHERMIA
FOR CARDIAC ARREST
-Andy Rekito
2. Quick Stroke Facts - 2008
FACT: About 780,000 Americans suffer a new or recurrent
stroke each year. That means, on average, a stroke occurs every
40 seconds.
FACT: Stroke kills nearly 150,000 people each year. That’s
about 1 of every 16 deaths. It remains the #3 cause of death
behind heart disease and cancer. An American dies of a stroke
every 3 minutes.
FACT: Americans will pay about $63 billion in 2007 for stroke
related medical costs and disability.
American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2008
Update. Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association; 2008.
3. Prevalence of Stroke by Age and Sex
NHANES: 1999-2002
Source: CDC/NCHS and NHLBI.
1.1
3.1
6.6
11.5
0.4
1.2
12.0
0.3 0.8
2.1
3.0
6.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
20-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Ages
Percent
of
Population
Men Women
`
FACT: Prevalence of stroke in the US is 5.7 million people
(2004). 15-30% of stroke victims are permanently disabled.
4. Definitions – So We’re All on the
Same Page
An established and universally accepted definition for stroke by the
World Health Organization is "acute neurologic dysfunction of
vascular origin . . . with symptoms and signs corresponding to the
involvement of focal areas of the brain."
Stroke. 1989 Oct;20(10):1407-31.
5. BEFORE
Stroke has also been described as the rapid onset of neurological
deficits that persist for at least 24 hours and are caused either by
intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage or by partial or complete
blockage of a blood vessel supplying or draining a part of the brain,
leading to the infarction of brain tissue. A stroke is distinguished
from a transient ischemic attack (TIA) by the fact that neurological
deficits in TIAs clear spontaneously within 24 hours.
6. NOW
Clinical, experimental, and imaging data have shown that the
24-hour criterion is inaccurate in suggesting an absence of brain
injury and often results in uncertainty — on the part of patients
and practitioners alike — about what to do when a TIA occurs.
In short, the 24-hour definition of TIA is outdated, confusing,
and potentially misleading…
7. NEW DEFINITION
a TIA is a brief episode
of neurologic
dysfunction caused by
focal brain or retinal
ischemia, with clinical
symptoms typically
lasting less than one
hour, and without
evidence of acute
infarction.The
corollary is that
persistent clinical signs
or characteristic imaging
abnormalities define
infarction — that is,
stroke (N Engl J Med
2002;347:1713-1716).
8. THEREFORE
The development of symptoms of acute brain ischemia
constitutes a medical emergency and transient symptoms do not
exclude the possibility of associated brain infarction.
TIME=BRAIN
Now, let’s talk about how we evaluate and manage stroke.
We will focus on ischemic stroke…
9. Consult for a 68 year-old man
that has new right-sided
weakness and is “talking
funny.” It started a few hours
ago.
10. What Else Could It Be?
Stroke Mimics
Abcess
Subdural and Epidural Hematomas
Tumors
Giant aneurysms
Vascular malformations (AVMs)
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Encephalitis/cerebritis
Seizure/Todd’s paralysis
Migraine
Metabolic-
Hypoglycemia/Hyperglycemia
Cerebral venous thrombosis
Psychogenic
Deficit from previous stroke made
worse by general medical condition
11. When presented with acute onset neurological
dysfunction, stroke should always be on your
differential and one of the first goals in the
evaluation is differentiating hemorrhagic stroke
from ischemic stroke
All patients, with few exceptions should undergo
STAT cranial imaging. In other words, GET A
NON-CONTRAST HEAD CT (MRI if available
STAT).
Quickly Narrow the Differential
With Imaging
12. What Else to Ask for Over the
Phone?
ALL stroke patients should get immediate
CBC with platelets
Bedside glucose
PTT, PT (INR)
Chem 7 (Chem 10)
EKG, continuous cardiac monitoring
IV access, 0.9% NS (no glucose)
NPO
?Troponin
13. What’s the Cardiac Workup for?
Not infrequently, patients with acute cerebral ischemia have
concomitant acute myocardial ischemia
In addition cardiac evaluation helps determine etiology of the
cerebral event
Several small studies have shown that patients with TIA and
stroke have a high prevalence of asymptomatic CHD. These
studies suggest that 20% to 40% of stroke patients may have
abnormal tests for silent cardiac ischemia.
2% to 5% of patients with acute ischemic stroke have fatal
cardiac-related events in the short term after stroke.
Circulation. 2003;108:1278.
14. Other Acute Studies
Urine pregnancy test
Urine toxicology
Hypercoagulable screen
CXR
Type and Screen
16. Risk Factors for
Ischemic Stroke
Risks that can be controlled or
treated
High Blood Pressure
Smoking
Diabetes Mellitus
Prior TIA
Atrial Fibrillation
Other Heart Disease
Carotid Artery Disease or
atherosclerosis in another arterial bed
Certain blood disorders
Sickle Cell Disease
Hypercholesteremia
Physical Inactivity, Obesity
Excessive alcohol
Illicit drugs
HRT
Risks that cannot change
Age
Prior stroke or MI
Gender
Heredity/Ethnicity
17. 2.6
4.0
5.4
8.4
1.1 2.0
19.1
22.4
14.8
27.0
6.3
3.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
A B C D E F
Estimated
10-Year
Rate
(%)
Men Women
Estimated 10-Year Stroke Risk in 55-
Year-Old Adults According to Levels of
Various Risk Factors - Framingham
Heart Study
A B C D E F
Systolic BP 95-105 130-148 130-148 130-148 130-148 130-148
Diabetes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cigarettes No No No Yes Yes Yes
Prior Atrial Fib. No No No No Yes Yes
Prior CVD No No No No No Yes
Source: Stroke 1991;22:312-318.
18. General elderly male population 0.6 -------
Asymptomatic carotid disease 1.3 3.4
Transient monocular blindness 2.2 3.5
Transient ischemic attack 3.7 2.3
Minor stroke 6.1 3.2
Major stroke 9.0 3.5
Symptomatic carotid stenosis >70% 15 2.0
Annual Probability(%)
Stroke Vascular Death
Cerebrovascular Features
Estimates of Vascular Event Rates for Persons With
Various Features of Atherothrombotic Cerebrovascular
Disease
Stroke. 1997;28:1507-1517.
19. Risk Factors for
Intracerebral and
Subarachnoid
Hemorrhage
++ indicates strong evidence; +,
moderate positive evidence; ?,
equivocal evidence; –, moderate
inverse evidence; and 0, no relation.
Age ++ +
Women - +
Race/ethnicity + +
Hypertension ++ +
Cigarette smoking ? ++
Heavy use of alcohol ++ ?
Anticoagulation ++ ?
Amyloid angiopathy ++ 0
Hypocholesterolemia ? 0
Oral Contraceptives 0 ?
ICH SAH
Stroke. 1997;28:1507-1517.
20. What Else Will You Ask?
Exact time of onset or last time the patient was last seen at
baseline
History of seizures? Any seizure activity prior to onset of
symptoms
Migraine headaches
Trauma or neck injury in the preceding days
Recent illnesses
Vomiting, change in level of consciousness
Allergies
Medications
Associated symptoms (?chest pain)
21. What to Do on Exam?
ABCs first
Vital Signs: especially notice BP and don’t
forget weight
Cardiac, vascular, extremity examination
Directed and focused exam based on history -
NIHSS
22. NIH Stroke Scale – focuses on 5 major areas
Level of consciousness
Visual function
Motor function
Sensation and neglect
Cerebellar function
NIHSS is easily performed, reliable and valid. It is
strongly associated with outcome with and without
thrombolytics, and can predict those patients likely
to develop hemorrhagic complications from
thrombolytic use.
24. Goal of History and Physical Is
to Localize Lesion and Its
Vascular Supply
Knowing the location of the lesion and its vascular
supply allow you to begin to speculate on the
underlying pathophysiology as different stroke
mechanisms characteristically affect certain cerebral
vessels.
25. Blood Supply of the Brain
Anterior Circulation: Two ICAs which divide into ACA
and MCA. Each ICA supplies roughly two fifths of the
brain by volume.
Posterior Circulation: Two Vertebrals which join to form
the Basilar which then forms PCAs. The posterior
circulation supplies roughly one fifth of the brain.
36. You are done thinking of stroke
mechanisms and you are almost at the ER
when you get paged by the doctor that
the patient has a blood pressure that is
“sky high” at 182/102 and that he is
going to give him some oral clonidine to
take care of it.
What should you tell her?
38. The patient’s daughter is at the bedside. She tells you that her dad
had some right sided weakness yesterday that resolved in 25
minutes and that’s why she brought him in. She says his new
symptoms on the right started in the hospital just 45 minutes ago.
She says he has some kind of heart problem but hasn’t been taking
any of his medications. She’s not sure what he was taking and is
worried about his talking.
The Patient Encounter
39. You examine the patient and with your excellent neurological
skills quickly realize that his “talking funny” is actually an
expressive aphasia and that he has a right facial droop, a left
gaze preference, 2/5 right arm weakness and 4/5 right leg
weakness.
All the labs you wanted are unrevealing, and the EKG shows
evidence of LVH, but otherwise ok. The nurse tells you that
the monitor went off a little while ago for a rapid, irregular
heart rate.
You are astute enough to realize that this guy is in the usual 3
hour window for acute stroke therapy and decide to go look at
the CT scan.
44. The Use of IV t-PA
Eligibility
Age 18 or older
Clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke causing a measurable neurological
deficit
Time of symptom onset well established to be less than 180 minutes
before treatment would begin
45. Contraindications
Evidence of intracranial hemorrhage on pretreatment CT
Clinical presentation suggestive of SAH, even with normal CT
Active internal bleeding
Known bleeding diathesis, including but not limited to:
Platelet count < 100,000/mm3
Patient has received heparin within 48 hours and has an elevated aTT
(greater than upper limit of normal for laboratory)
Current use of oral anticoagulants or recent use with an elevated
prothrombin time > 15 seconds
Within 3 months any intracranial surgery, serious head trauma, or previous
stroke
On repeated measurements, systolic blood pressure greater than 185 mmHg
or diastolic blood pressure greater than 110 mmHg at the time treatment is to
begin, and the patient requires aggressive treatment to reduce blood pressure to
within these limits
History of intracranial hemorrhage
Known AVM or aneurysm
46. Warnings
Only minor or rapidly improving stroke symptoms
History of GI or Urinary tract hemorrhage within 21 days
Recent arterial puncture at a noncompressible site
Recent lumbar puncture
Abnormal blood glucose (<50 or >400 mg/dL)
Post myocardial infarction pericarditis
Patient was observed to have a seizure at the same time the
onset of stroke symptoms were observed
47. Other relative contraindications (not NINDS)
Bacterial endocarditis or CNS lesion likely to hemorrhage after t-PA
Significant trauma within 3 months
CPR with chest compressions within past 10 days
Major surgery within past 14 days, minor surgery within past 10 days
Pregnant (up to 10 days postpartum) or nursing woman
Life expectancy < 1 year from other causes
Peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis
48. What to Tell the Family
After you determine your patient’s eligibility based on
NINDS criteria, you go and talk with the daughter
about the risks and benefits
What are the risks?
Bleeding and its complications (6% vs <1%) and
allergic reaction (1 to 2%)
She asks what is the benefit?
Patient’s treated with t-PA were at least 30% more
likely to have minimal or no disability at three months
despite increased risk of hemorrhage. ARR=16%,
NNT=6 (Similar to CEA for symptomatic carotid
stenosis)
50. You write to administer t-PA at 0.9mg/kg (max 90mg) infused
over 60 minutes with 10% of the dose administered as a bolus
over 1 minute. You ensure that BPs have been consistently less
than 185/110 prior to administration. You also make sure that no
other antithrombotics or anticoagulants will be given in the next
24 hours and write for a Head CT in 24 hours. You also write
orders for ICU admission as you know the patient will need close
BP monitoring over the next 24 hours per NINDS protocol to
maintain BP<180/105.
51. Let’s Get Serious
Only a small fraction of ischemic strokes (likely 1-3%) are treated
with IV t-PA, mostly because patients arrive to medical attention
after the 3 hour time window. At places without 24 hour
neurointerventional capability, what do we do for a stroke acutely
when the patient is not eligible for IV t-PA?
52. This CT has a clear
hypodensity. This patient
is not eligible for IV-tPA
given days duration of
symptoms. In patients
that do not receive
thrombolysis: In the
acute period, all
ischemic stroke patients
should receive 160-
325mg of ASA within
48hours of onset. (some
may advocate acute
anticoagulation for certain
stroke subtypes).
Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: The
Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy
54. All stroke patients should be admitted to the hospital for
observation, diagnostic evaluation, and determination of
treatment for secondary stroke prevention. All patients should
be admitted to a stroke unit or when not available to a cardiac
monitored bed with staffing to perform frequent neurological
checks.
As already discussed, thrombolysis patients need ICU care.
Admit the Patient
57. Let’s say the patient’s
symptoms resolved by the
time you got there and he now
feels fine and wants to go
home
58. TIAs carry a substantial short term risk of stroke,
hospitalization for cardiovascular events, and death. Of
1,707 TIA patients evaluated in an emergency
department of a large health care plan, 180 patients or
10 percent developed stroke within 90 days. 91 patients
or 5 percent did so within 2 days. Predictors of stroke:
more than 60 years of age, DM, focal symptoms of
weakness or speech impairment, and TIA lasting longer
than 10 minutes (JAMA 2000;284:2901-6).
PATIENT IS AT HIGH RISK AND NEEDS TO BE ADMITTED
59. Evaluation During Admission
1. Labs: LFTs, fasting lipid profile and glucose, QID bedside glucose
and SSI. Consider Hypercoagulable workup, ESR, ANA, hsCRP,
HbA1c, homocysteine, LP
2. Imaging: All patients should have MRI imaging of brain and vascular
imaging of head and neck. Consider TCD, PET, SPECT or other
study based on clinical findings
3. Echocardiogram: all patient should have echo – TTE when h/o of
CAD or abnormal EKG or lacunar event. All others TEE (more
sensitive and cost effective in evaluation of stroke. Ann Intern Med.
1997 Nov 1;127(9):775-87.)
4. Rehabilitation evaluation
5. Bedside or formal swallow evaluation
6. Medications: Home medications except BP meds. Restart or add
after patient stable for >48hrs. Again, in general do not treat BP unless
>220/120 in the acute phase
7. DVT and GI prophylaxis if indicated
60. Hospital Initiation of Secondary
Prevention
All patients receive statin with goal LDL<100. Established evidence
in patients with CAD and atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.
Atorvastatin 80mg qd SPARCL
All patients given BP meds with goal <140/90 or <130/80 with DM
or renal disease. Prefer ACEI or ARB and thiazide diuretic
PROGRESS (B-blocker if CAD)
Smoking Cessation
Diet and Exersice Regimen
Stroke Education
61. Antithrombotic / Anticoagulant
Therapy
In patients who have experienced a noncardioembolic stroke or
TIA, we recommend treatment with an anti-platelet agent. Aspirin at
a dose of 50 to 325mg qd; the combination of aspirin, 25mg and
extended-release dipyridamole, 200mg bid; or clopidogrel, 75mg qd,
are all acceptable options for initial therapy
No good evidence on what to do if patient already on therapy
In patients with Afib who have suffered a recent stroke or TIA, we
recommend long-term oral anticoagulation, INR range 2-3
?Best treatment in cryptogenic stroke, PFO, aortic disease, post-MI
?Use of IV Heparin in certain situations—brain goal PTT of 45-65
Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke:
The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic
Therapy
62. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Kidwell, C. S. et al. JAMA 2004;292:1823-1830.
Acute Intraparenchymal Hematoma Imaged With Computed Tomography and With Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
72. IA t-PA within 6 hours of stroke onset in anterior circulation and
24+ hours in posterior circulation
Mechanical Clot removal within 8+ hours of ischemic stroke
(MERCI) Stroke. 2005;36:1432.
80. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Treatment:
Blood Pressure
Low before aneurysm secured
High after aneurysm secured
Treat hyperglycemia and hyperthermia
DVT prophylaxis (Heparin after aneurysm secured)
Nimodipine 60mg PO q 4 hours X 21 days
Secure aneurysm
Neurosurgical Clipping
Endovascular Coiling (favored in ISAT)
81. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Complications:
Rebleeding (7%)
Vasospasm (46%) Highest incidence 3-12 days after SAH
Screen with TCD
Treat with Hypervolemia and Induced Hypertension
Angiography
Hydrocephalus (20%)
EVD
Permanent Shunt
Seizures (30%)
Antiepileptics for 1 week to 1 month
82. Unconscious adult patients with spontaneouscirculation
after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should be cooled to 32°C
to 34°C for 12 to 24 hours when the initial rhythm was
ventricularfibrillation (VF).
HYPOTHERMIA
Such cooling may also be beneficial for other
rhythms or in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Circulation. 2003;108:118