Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It is a leading cause of death and disability. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic (80%), caused by blockage of a blood vessel, and hemorrhagic (20%), caused by bleeding. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medications, and rehabilitation to prevent complications and help recovery.
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
Hemiparesis is unilateral paresis, that is, weakness of the entire left or right side of the body (hemi- means "half"). Hemiplegia is, in its most severe form, complete paralysis of half of the body. Hemiparesis and hemiplegia can be caused by different medical conditions, including congenital causes, trauma, tumors, or stroke
Hypenension: Commonest cause of intracerebral haemorrhage.
Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, angioma or A-V malformation: commonest cause of subarachnoid haemorrhage.
Haemorrhagic blood diseases: purpura, haemophilia.
Anticoagulants.
Trauma to the head: commonest of subdural haematoma.
II. Infective: ;
Encephalitis
Meningitis – Brain abscess.
III. Neoplastic: e.g. Meningioma.
IV. Demyelination: multiple sclerosis may present with hemiplegia.
V. Traumatic: e.g. Cerebral laceration and subdural haematoma.
VI. Hysterical: patient suffering from paralysis in the absence of organic lesion.
This presentation contains in brief about various Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and International interventions to combat NCDs. It also contains recent updates on current problem statement of common NCDs and updates on National Programme for Prevention and Control of non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCDs).
“Child health is a state of physical, mental, intellectual, social and emotional well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.
Children represent the future, and ensuring their healthy growth and development ought to be a prime concern of all societies. Newborns are particularly vulnerable and children are vulnerable to malnutrition and infectious diseases, many of which can be effectively prevented or treated.
Decreasing childhood death and infant mortality rate.
Promote and protect health of child.
Nutritious diet to children.
Monitoring child growth and development
Toward health level of children
Neonatal care
The first week of the life in most crucial period in infancy
Objectives:
Establish and maintenance of cardio respiratory function
Maintenance of body temperature.
Avoidance of infection.
Establishing of breast feeding
Early detection and treatment of any congenital and disorder.
Human resource management & Committee and teamshawraz Faris
Human resource management & Committee and teams
Human Resource (HR): refers to all the people who work in an organization called personnel.
Human Resource Management(HRM): refers to the organizational function which includes practices that help the organization to deal effectively with its people during the various phases of the employment cycle.
HRM is management function concerned with hiring, motivating, and maintaining people in an organization. It focuses on people in the organization.
Human Resource Management (HRM): is a management function that deals with recruiting, selecting, training and developing human resource in an organization.
It is concerned with the “people” dimension in management.
It includes activities focusing on the effective use of human resources in an organization.
It is concerned with the development of a highly motivated and smooth functioning workforce.
It also includes planning, acquiring, developing, utilizing and maintaining ‘human resources’ in the achievement of organizational goals
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent.
When a committee is formed, a chairman (or "chair" or "chairperson") is designated for the committee.
Sometimes a vice-chairman (or similar name) is also appointed.
A committee is a group of people who meet to make decisions or plans for a larger group or organization that they represent
A team is a group of individuals working together to achieve a goal.
Conflict management in health care organizationhawraz Faris
Conflict is defined as an interactive process manifested in incompatibility, disagreement, or dissonance within or between social entities (i.e., individual, group, organization, etc.).
Friction, disagreement, or discord arising within a group when the beliefs or actions of one of more members of the group are either resisted by or unacceptable to one or more members of another group
family planning program
Definition
important of family planning
Human right principles guide family planning services
type of family planning
Combined Oral Contraceptives.
Progestin-Only Pills
Emergency Contraceptive Pills
Progestin-Only Injectable
Monthly Injectable
Combined Patch
Combined Vaginal Ring
Progesterone-Releasing Vaginal Ring
Copper-Bearing Intrauterine Device
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device
Female Sterilization
Vasectomy
Male Condoms
Female Condoms
Cervical Caps
Lactational Amenorrhea Method
Nutrition during pregnancy
Nutrition before pregnancy
unhealthy eating trends
Nutrition during pregnancy
important of good Nutrition during pregnancy
Key Nutrition during pregnancy
Optimal weight gain during pregnancy
1st trimester
2nd trimester
3rd trimester
Nutrition during lactation
protein
Sources of vitamins
Health administration
health care planing
health care management and planning
Objective of health planning
element of health planning
health planing cycle
MANAGMENT and health management
its element and important
health administration and management
how to be good leader
how to be good manager
all information about manager
and important of them
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Introduction
Neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that
persists beyond 24 hours or is interrupted by death
within 24 hours.
Stroke is the third most common cause of death and
the second most common cause of neurologic
disability after Alzheimer's disease.
4. Ischemic stroke
In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the
brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the
brain tissue in that area, its about 80% of stroke
There are four reasons:
1) Thrombosis
2) Embolism
3) Systemic hypoperfusion
4) cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
11/9/2017 4
5. Ischemic stroke Cont.
Stroke without previous reasons is termed
"cryptogenic" (of unknown origin), this
constitutes 30-40% of all ischemic strokes
11/9/2017 5
6. Hemorrhagic stroke
Is a bleeding into brain tissue or meningeal spaces
, its about 20% of strokes.
There are two main types of hemorrhagic stroke:
1) Cerebral hemorrhage
2) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
11/9/2017 6
7. Types of hemorrhagic stroke
1) Cerebral hemorrhage (also known as intracerebral
hemorrhage), which is basically bleeding within the
brain itself (when an artery in the brain bursts,
flooding the surrounding tissue with blood).
2) Subarachnoid hemorrhage which is basically bleeding
that occurs outside of the brain tissue but still within
the skull, and precisely between the arachnoid mater
and pia mater.
11/9/2017 7
8. Signs and symptoms
Stroke symptoms typically start suddenly, over
seconds to minutes, and in most cases do not
progress further. The symptoms depend on the
area of the brain affected. The more extensive
the area of the brain affected, the more functions
that are likely to be lost.
11/9/2017 8
10. 1. Early recognition
Various systems have been proposed to increase
recognition of stroke.
Different findings are able to predict the presence or
absence of stroke to different degrees.
Sudden-onset face weakness, arm drift and abnormal
speech are the findings most likely to lead to the correct
identification of a case.
11/9/2017 10
11. 2. Subtypes
If the area of the brain affected contains one of the three
prominent central nervous system pathways—the
spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, and dorsal column
symptoms may include:
a) hemiplegia and muscle weakness of the face
b) numbness
c) reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation
d) initial flaccidity
11/9/2017 11
12. 2. Subtypes Cont.
If the cerebral cortex is involved, can produce the following
symptoms:
a) aphasia (difficulty with verbal expression, auditory
comprehension, reading and writing)
b) dysarthria (motor speech disorder resulting from
neurological injury)
c) apraxia (altered voluntary movements)
d) visual field defect
e) memory deficits (involvement of temporal lobe)
11/9/2017 12
13. 3. Associated symptoms
a) Loss of consciousness
b) Headache
c) vomiting usually occur more often in hemorrhagic stroke
than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial
pressure from the leaking blood compressing the brain.
d) If symptoms are maximal at onset, the cause is more
likely to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an embolic
stroke
11/9/2017 13
17. A. Risk factor screening
Goal: Adults should know the levels and significance of risk
factors as routinely assessed by their primary care provider.
Recommendations :
1) Risk factor assessment in adults should begin at age 20 y.
2) Family history of CHD should be regularly updated.
3) Smoking status, diet, alcohol intake, and physical activity
should be assessed at every routine evaluation.
11/9/2017 17
18. A. Risk factor screening Cont.
4) Blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, and
pulse ,should be recorded at each visit (at least every 2 y).
5) Fasting serum lipoprotein profile (or total and HDL
cholesterol if fasting is unavailable) and fasting blood
glucose should be measured according to patient’s risk for
hyperlipidemia and diabetes, respectively (at least every 5
y; if risk factors are present, every 2 y).
11/9/2017 18
19. B. Global risk estimation
All adults 40 y of age should know their absolute risk of
developing CHD.
Goal: As low risk as possible.
Recommendations :
1) Every 5 y (or more frequently if risk factors change),
adults, especially those >40 y of age or those with >2 risk
factors, should have their 10-y risk of CHD assessed
with a multiple risk score
11/9/2017 19
20. B. Global risk estimation Cont.
2) Risk factors used in global risk assessment include age, sex,
smoking status, systolic (and sometimes diastolic) blood
pressure, total (and sometimes LDL) cholesterol, HDL
cholesterol, and in some risk scores, diabetes.
3) Persons with diabetes or 10-y risk > 20% can be considered
at a level of risk similar to a patient with established
cardiovascular disease (CHD risk equivalent). Equations for
calculation of 10-y stroke risk are also available.
11/9/2017 20
22. A. SMOKING
Goal:
Complete cessation. No exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke.
Recommendations :
1) Ask about tobacco use status at every visit.
2) In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, advise every
tobacco user to quit.
11/9/2017 22
23. A. SMOKING Cont.
3) Assess the tobacco user’s willingness to quit. Assist by
counseling and developing a plan for quitting.
4) Arrange follow-up, referral to special programs, or
pharmacotherapy.
5) Urge avoidance of exposure to secondhand smoke at work
or home
11/9/2017 23
24. B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
Goal:
I. <140/90 mm Hg
II. <130/85 mm Hg if renal insufficiency or heart failure is
present
III. <130/80 mm Hg if diabetes is present
11/9/2017 24
25. B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL Cont.
Recommendations :
1) Promote healthy lifestyle modification. Advocate weight
reduction; reduction of sodium intake; consumption of
fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products; moderation
of alcohol intake; and physical activity in persons with BP
of >130 mm Hg systolic or 80 mm Hg diastolic.
2) For persons with renal insufficiency or heart failure,
initiate drug therapy if BP is > 130 mm Hg systolic or 85 mm
Hg diastolic (>80 mm Hg diastolic for patients with
diabetes).
11/9/2017 25
26. B. BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL Cont.
3) Initiate drug therapy for those with BP >140/90 mm Hg if 6
to 12 months of lifestyle modification is not effective,
depending on the number of risk factors present. Add BP
medications, individualized to other patient requirements
and characteristics (e.g, age, race, need for drugs with
specific benefits).
11/9/2017 26
27. C. DIETARY INTAKE
Goal: An overall healthy eating pattern.
Recommendations :
1) Advocate consumption of a variety of fruits, vegetables,
grains, low-fat or nonfat dairy products, fish, legumes,
poultry, and lean meats.
2) Match energy intake with energy needs and make
appropriate changes to achieve weight loss when indicated.
11/9/2017 27
28. C. DIETARY INTAKE Cont.
3) Modify food choices to reduce saturated fats (< 10% of
calories), cholesterol (< 300 mg/d), and trans-fatty acids b
substituting grains and unsaturated fatty acids from fish,
vegetables, legumes, and nuts.
4) Limit salt intake to < 6 g/d.
5) Limit alcohol intake (<2 drinks/d in men, <1 drink/d in
women) among those who drink.
11/9/2017 28
29. D. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Goal: At least 30 min of moderate-intensity physical activity on
most days of the week.
Recommendations :
1) If cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, orthopedic, or
neurological disorders are suspected, or if patient is
middle-aged or older and is sedentary, consult physician
before initiating vigorous exercise program..
11/9/2017 29
30. D. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Cont.
2) Moderate-intensity activities are equivalent to a brisk walk
(15–20 min per mile).
3) Additional benefits are gained from vigorous-intensity
activity for 20–40 min on 3–5 d/wk.
4) Recommend resistance training with 8–10 different
exercises, 1–2 sets per exercise, and 10–15 repetitions at
moderate intensity > 2 d/wk.
5) Flexibility training and an increase in daily lifestyle
activities should complement this regimen.
11/9/2017 30
31. E. WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
Goal:
Achieve and maintain desirable weight (body mass index 18.5–
24.9 kg/m2). When body mass index is >25 kg/m2, waist
circumference at iliac crest level < 40 inches in men, < 35
inches in women.
11/9/2017 31
32. E. WEIGHT MANAGEMENT Cont.
Recommendations :
Initiate weight-management program through caloric
restriction and increased caloric expenditure as appropriate.
For overweight/obese persons, reduce body weight by 10% in
first year of therapy.
11/9/2017 32
33. F. DIABETES MANAGEMENT
Goal: Normal fasting plasma glucose (< 110 mg/dL) and near
normal HbA1c (< 7%).
Recommendations :
1) Initiate appropriate hypoglycemic therapy to achieve near-
normal fasting plasma glucose or as indicated by near-
normal HbA1c.
2) First step is diet and exercise.
3) Second-step therapy is usually oral hypoglycemic drugs.
4) Third-step therapy is insulin.
11/9/2017 33
34. Secondary prevention
1) Secondary prevention must be seen as a continuation of
primordial prevention and primary prevention, It forms
an important part of an overall strategy.
2) The aim of secondary prevention is to prevent the
recurrence and progression of Stroke.
3) Despite advances in treatment
11/9/2017 34
35. Tertiary prevention
1. To prevent complication
2. Rehabilitations
a) Motor-skill exercises. These exercises can
help improve your muscle strength and
coordination. You might have therapy to
strengthen your swallowing
11/9/2017 35
36. Tertiary prevention Cont.
b) Mobility training :You might learn to use
mobility aids, such as a walker, canes,
wheelchair or ankle brace
c) Constraint-induced therapy. An unaffected
limb is restrained while you practice moving
the affected limb to help improve its
function.
11/9/2017 36
37. Tertiary prevention Cont.
d) Range-of-motion therapy. Certain exercises
and treatments can ease muscle tension
(spasticity) and help you regain range of
motion.
e) Functional electrical stimulation. Electricity
is applied to weakened muscles, causing them
to contract.
11/9/2017 37
38. Tertiary prevention Cont.
f) Robotic technology. Robotic devices can
assist impaired limbs with performing
repetitive motions,
g) Therapy for cognitive disorders.
Occupational therapy and speech therapy can
help you with lost cognitive abilities, such as
memory, processing, problem-solving, social
skills, judgment and safety awareness.
11/9/2017 38
39. Tertiary prevention Cont.
h) Therapy for communication disorders.
Speech therapy can help you regain lost
abilities in speaking, listening, writing and
comprehension.
i) Alternative medicine. Treatments such as
massage, herbal therapy, acupuncture and
oxygen therapy are being
11/9/2017 39
40. References
1. Nicki R., Brian R., Stuart H., (2010) Davidson’s Principles and Practice of
Medicine.
2. Park K. (2015) Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine.
3. http://professional.heart.org/professional/index.jsp
4. http://www.strokesocietyphil.org/files/chapter-3.pdf
5. http://www.stroke.org/understand-stroke/what-stroke
6. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/in-depth/stroke-
rehabilitation/art-20045172