SEO-Optimized Guide to Growing Strawberries
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This document provides information on strawberry cultivation. It begins with the botanical details of strawberries, including their origin in Europe and nutrient content. It then covers various aspects of strawberry cultivation such as varieties, propagation, climate needs, soil requirements, planting methods, irrigation, nutrition, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling. The document provides detailed information on botany, cultivation practices and integrated pest management of strawberries.
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SEO-Optimized Guide to Growing Strawberries
- 1. Shiva Dhakal Msc.Ag(Horticulture) Agriculture and Forestry University , Nepal STRAWBERRY 06/11/2018
- 2. Introduction Botanical name : Fragaria ananassa Family :Rosaceae Origin : Europe F. ananassa is natural hybrid Fragaria chiloensis × Fragaria virginiana Flavour is due to Ethyle butanoate and Ethyle hexanoate Strawberry can be used differently like fruit, jam, juice and wine, chocolates , flavouring etc In Nepal, strawberry is grown on a very limited scale in scattered pockets, concentrated in Kakani (Nuwakot) and periphery 06/11/2018
- 3. Intro contd… Monoecious, short day, low perennial herb and quick growing fruit plant Rich in vit.- c and iron Flowers are borne in small cluster and white in colour Type of inflorescence : Dichotomic raceme Type of fruit : Etaerio of achenes Major pollinator : Honey bee Edible portion : Succulent receptacle Chromosome no.(2n) = 56 (8x) 06/11/2018
- 4. The nutritive value of a serving (147 g) strawberriesEnergy 45 cal Vitamin A 45 IU Protein 1.0 g Vitamin C 94 mg Fat 0.0 g Niacin (Vitamin B3) 540 mcg Carbohydrate 11 g Folate 29.38 mcg Dietary fiber 2.0 g Manganese 540 mcg Calcium 23.2 mg Iron 0.6 mg Magnesium 16.6 mg Selenium 1.16 mg Potassium 170 mg Zinc 0.2 mg Phosphorous 31.5 mg Sodium 0 mg 06/11/2018
- 5. Why to consume strawberries Contains high amount of folic acid so, good for artherosclerosis , vascular disease decline in cognitive function patients Reduce heart attack risk , ( 3 + strawberries daily) High amount of vit c Contains anthocyanins which is powerful antioxidant ( sun) Strawberry also contains significant levels of ellagic acid, which is thought to be an anticarcinogenic 06/11/2018
- 7. Crown Thickened stem Growing point at upper end Roots at base New leaves and flower clusters emerge from “fleshy buds” in the crown in the early spring Crown growth and development occur when temperatures are above 500 F Maintain 3-4 crowns per plant 06/11/2018
- 8. Leaves Borne along crown on petioles Spiral arrangement Compound leaf trifoliate Individual leaf live for 1-3 month The number of leaves and total plant leaf area in the late fall/early winter can be correlated with fruit production the following spring 06/11/2018
- 9. Roots usually 20 to 35 primary roots and thousands of small rootlets Most rapidly when the soil is about 550 F Secondary roots are replaced weekly Storage sites for starch reservesduring winter Roots of the strawberry grow chiefly downward in well-drained sandy soils In clay soils they spread more horizontally 06/11/2018
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- 11. Flowers and Fruit Numerous pistils are borne on a roundish or conic-shaled flower-supporting stem called the “receptacle.” At maturity, the receptacle becomes the enlarged, juicy “berry.” Fruits Botanically, the red fruit we call the “berry” is an enlarged flower stem(receptacle) Actually, what looks like seeds really are the “true fruits,” properly referred to as achenes Primary berries are first to ripen and largest Followed by secondary and tertiary berries Quaternary berries are the smallest(generally unmarketable) and ripen last Development of the fruit from open blossom to ripeness takes 20 to 30 days, depending on weather condition 06/11/2018
- 12. Varieties Three types of strawberries are available: June bearers which fruit once each season Day neutrals that fruit several times each season Ever bearers that despite their name, fruit twice each season 06/11/2018
- 13. Varieties cultivated in Nepal Previously, Nyoho onho variety were widely cultivated recently, Ankhime and Eyeberry varieties are also introduced Scattered varieties in Nepal Pusa early dwarf, kings seedling , Canbridge vigour, Chandler I am conducting research on Sweet sensation, Florida Beauty, Fortuna, Emco 32, Emco 33 06/11/2018
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- 15. Propagation Runners – Most common Use those formed after blooming Early formed runners are vigorous, productive and have better root establishment Runners are hard to find in semi arid regions Stem cutting also done Propagation by seed done for varietal improvement Important to buy diseasefree plants from reliable nursery 06/11/2018
- 16. CLimate grows well under temperate climate. They flower and set strawberries whenever the temperature is 20C to 290C (350F to 850F) With availability of new cultivars , it can be cultivated in tropical and subtropical conditions Daylight period of 12 hrs or less and but differs with cultivars Minimum of 6 hours of sunlight 06/11/2018
- 17. Planting time Sep- oct is ideal time for planting They give quality fruits in spring Planting material Plugged saplings Bare rooted saplings Prefer growing sapling from runner in hills Or, Store runners in 00 C during summer and plant in October 06/11/2018
- 18. SOil Well-drained High in organic matter. Sandy loam to loamy soil Slightly acidic for root formation - 5.7 to 6.5 pH. Strawberry plants are highly sensitive to salt. Too much salt n your soil can cause “leaf scorch,” 06/11/2018
- 19. Soil preparation Start 1 month before planting. Use as much organic matter as possible. Create beds - hill or matted rows, or raised for better drainage. Apply fertilizer a few days before planting Soil sterilization Wet the beds with irrigation water upto 75% water holding capacity of soil In pH neutral irrigation water, mix 30 ml ACUROSIL NANO+ in 1 ltr of water Apply this solution @ 1 litre / m2 Leave this field undisturbed for 12 hours For effective application, only apply on the raised bed where plantation is to be done. 06/11/2018
- 20. Planting considerations Dig up holes enough to accommodate roots While planting confirm that midpoint of the crown is level with the soil surface If the plant is set too deep, the plant may die as the “growing point” (at the tip of the crown) may have been covered in soil. If the plant is set too shallow, the root system of a bare-root fresh dug plant will be exposed Overhead irrigation are needed for fresh dug bare-root plants 06/11/2018
- 21. Planting /Training systems Matted row The runners are usually planted at 90-110 cm X 45-60 cm spacing After the initial growth of the first year, runners are allowed to cover the whole space It gives appearance like mat so called as matted row 06/11/2018
- 22. Spaced row: Moderate to weak in producing runners. Similar to Matted row but The daughter plants are spaced at definite distances by covering the selected tips of runners with soil which become plants This is done till the desired number of daughter plants are obtained for each mother plant The runners formed later on are removed. 06/11/2018
- 23. Hill system Principle : Achieving large fruit size and excellent quality on a regular basis can only be achieved with first-year plants This system is followed for the cultivars developing a few runners All runners are removed from the mother plant. The individual plants become large and bear more than those in matted row. The plants are planted 25-35cm × 25-35 cm apart in twin rows Single row is also practiced 06/11/2018
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- 25. Mulching Mulching is an important operation in strawberry cultivation Be done just after planting (before start their growth) for checking weed growth and conserving moisture in the soil Fruit rotting is also reduced by inorganic mulch. It is two types: 1. Inorganic mulch – Black plastic film (widely used) and silver plastic film 2. Organic mulch – leaves, wheat and paddy straw, news paper and dry grasses etc. 06/11/2018
- 26. Plastic film Silver or black plastic film is used control weed and conserve moisture Silver plastic are used in hot areas, to distract insects Black plastic help increase soil temperature With black plastic scalding of berries take place in hot days In this system berries are kept clean and reduced the rot and mold. The plants bloom earlier 06/11/2018
- 27. Irrigation Strawberry being a shallow rooted Plant requires more frequent but less amount of water in each irrigation First two months - Twice per week without rain Third month - Weekly Fourth and fifth months -Every two weeks Fruiting begins – Increase again for larger fruits With drip irrigation apply water @200 ml/ plant/day 06/11/2018
- 28. Nutrition A fertilizer dose of 25-50 tonnes farmyard manure 75-100: 80-120:40-80 kg NPK/ha Note: FYM are mix the soil at preparation of planting bed Half dose of K2O and full dose of P2O5 are placed in the planting rows at 15-20 cm depth Half N is should be broadcast in inter-row spaces one month after planting Remaining N and K2O should be sidedressed at the time of flowering Foliar spraying of N @ 0.5%, P2O5 @ 0.2% and K2O @ 0.5% during crop establishment is advisable 06/11/2018
- 29. Fertigation Strawberry plant require 200 ml water per day Apply through drip considering soil condition and class Early growth - 1st fruit set - 3 :1:4 NPK 1st fruit set - end harvest - 2 :1 :4 Post Harvest - 2 :2 :3 All at 3 - 4 kg/ha/wk N 06/11/2018
- 30. Growth regultors Application of GA3 ( 50 ppm ) After 4 days of flowering and MH (0.1-0.3%) after flowering increases yield by 31-41% Morphaction (50 ppm) inproves fruit size 06/11/2018
- 31. Aftercare Flower stem should be removed as they appear on plant after planting If not removed, flowers create a drain on the plant, reducing their vitality, number and size of daughter plant In Hill system, runners should be cut as and when they appear. With matted row system surplus plant should be removed Keep the crop weed-free during first season by cultivating, applying herbicides or plastic mulch It should be ensured that soil remains around the crown without covering them Make sure the fruits don’t touch soil or fruit may rot 06/11/2018
- 32. Harvesting Fruiting happens after 3 to 4months Slightly soft darkening seeds Harvest daily, early morning, dry conditions Non- climacteric, harvest when fully ripe Pinch between thumb and forefinger, pull with twisting motion, leave stem on fruit. Storage Strawberry is highly perishable commodity so this can store for maximum 7-10 days At 00 C and 90-95 RH. 06/11/2018
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- 35. Excess water VS Low water 06/11/2018
- 36. Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea Post harvest Bloom then maturing fruits Broad spectrum fungicide weekly Iprodine during peak bloom 06/11/2018
- 37. Anthracnose Colletotrichum acutatum Favored by warm temperatures & rainfall Use minimal amounts of Nitrogen Captan or Thiram Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae Angular, water soaked leaf spots Copper containing bactericides 06/11/2018
- 38. Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca macularis Cool High humidity White, web-like growth Sulfur based fungicide 06/11/2018
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- 40. Spider mite Tetranychus urticae Warm, spring weather Blooms and developing fruit Underside of leaves Miticides 06/11/2018
- 41. Flower thrips Frankliniella cephalica Wind-borne Mistaken for powdery mildew, spray burn damage 06/11/2018
- 42. Sap beetles Lobiopa Insularis Warm weather These are also known as “picnic” beetles Do not allow your berries to get over-ripe Army Worm Spodoptera eridania Larvae feed on fruit & leaves Prefer young, developing leaves Nocturnal 06/11/2018
- 43. Insecticide used Methyl bromide Methomyl (Lannate) Armyworm 65-80% acreage 3-5.2 times/season Fenbutatin-oxide Vendex Mite 31-61% acreage 1.7-4.8 times/season Abamectin (Agri-Mek) Mite 68-83% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season Diazinon Armyworm 24-35% of acreage 2.5-3.4 times/season Naled (Dibrom) 15% acreage 2.2-3.1 times/seas 06/11/2018