1. The document discusses the origins and historical development of the concept of strategy from ancient Greece to modern times. 2. Strategy originally referred to military leadership but has expanded to include political, economic, and other fields. Various thinkers and leaders contributed new dimensions and definitions to the concept over time. 3. Modern conceptions of strategy encompass comprehensive national strategies that utilize all aspects of a state's power to achieve objectives in a changing global environment.

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4. 2. The word strategy and strategic ( adjective ),
they are used widely by the researchers and
thinkers in variety of sciences without clear
specification to its meaning, or a definition of
dimensions and limitations of the concept, which
cause sometimes obscurity and confusion
intellectual wise .
3. It might be described a site or a part of a
state is strategic (Hurmoz straits) also a political
or economic decision might be described as
strategic …….etc.
1. Strategy is considered as a concept that passes
around in different fields of sciences ( politics,
economic, military, social ….. etc. )
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1. The origin of strategic concept .
2. The military concept of strategic
terminology.
3. The historical development of strategic
concept.
4. Schools of strategic thought .
5. Strategic concept in business field .
Lecture’s contents.
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1. Strategy concept was derived from Greek lexical
(strategos), which was derived from two compound
words (stratos) and it means (army) , and (agein)
it means (leadership) .
2. The use of the compound in ancient Greek
language (strategos) was meant a military
commander .
3. From the lexical (strategos) was derived from the
word (strategee) which means “ the General
science “.
4. the word “General” at that historical era , was
described as a character of three dimensions .
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The dimensions of the “ General’s” charter :
1. The first dimension.
a. The General is a person who behaves steadfast because
one of his tasks to select the appropriate way to achieve
competitive advantage of some type .
b. The meaning of victory and loss in a battle is related to
the General who conducts the battle , takes right or
wrong decisions, through operating the suitable quantity
and quality of materials and resources in the battle .
c. Therefore, to link between the objective and the General
strategic capability in decision making process .
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a. The general is a person who acts and
know there is another power in
warfare theatre , that effects and be
effected in the way in dealing with
things and decisions making, therefore,
that power makes pressures upon
results which the general are looking to
achievement .
2. The second dimension
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(2) How to address the upper echelons to provide
hem with troops and materials.
(3) How to deal with subordinates to accomplish
the mission.
(4) How to do military maneuvers according to the
theater environment.
(5) How to maneuver to attract others to join in
alliance to affect the battle course for his
benefits.
(6) How to negotiate to accomplish the most suitable
conditions to achieve peace.
b. the General should perform a certain roles to achieve
his Objectives, and these roles exemplify in the following:
(1) How to exercise his role to motivate his troops in
battle field to form a harmonized men (team
work)
fighting fiercely ( insistence ) .
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3 . The third dimension.
The General is a person who is
highly sensitive towards time,
studies his plans and strategic
movements deeply; in order to
be carried out (executed) in a
suitable time .
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The conclusion of strategic origin concept :
1. The ancient Greeks had understood the strategy
as thinking broadly and acting insightly .
2. The ancient Greeks had defined the strategy as
“ a set of important decisions , derived from
administrative process that top-level organized
, for making decisions at administrative
upper echelons (Top Management Level) in the
organization ”
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1. It is noticeable that the variety of the contemporary usage
of the word strategy to include many fields.
2. As it mentioned before: it might be described a site or
apart of a country is strategic.
3. Also a political or economic decisions might be described as
strategic, if it is affect politics or economy in the country.
4. The description strategy may use to call some weapons of
decisive impact in a battle, such as Strategic Arms
Limitation Treaty (SALT).
5. Moreover, a way of thinking or professional studies may
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* Due to what is formerly said, it is (clear that)
strategy is used in variety of fields.
* Thus , an importance of accurate
limitation to this concept is needed.
* The essential of limitation to this concept
comes from the (increasing sense) for the
importance of the strategy and its role to
reach the (charted objectives) .
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* The strategy concept is of military origins,
and from (historical perspective) it is linked
to the conduct of war (War Administration)
. when the science of warfare appeared, war
strategy become as branch of it.
* The earnest efforts to register the Science of
War started with Nigola Mikavilly who
wrote a book under title of “ Art of War ” .
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* The study of strategy dated back to the
18th century ,when the British Henery Loid
wrote - in the introduction of his book about
the history of seven wars - a number of
military theories , in addition to that he
established war strategy, and pointed out
that strategy in the military field means (the
use of armed power by the state to achieve
it’s objectives)
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18. * General Gominy: the strategy is to map out war, and
know operations theaters and mark out (determine)
activities.
* General Karl von klawzevids: 18th century the use of
engagement as a means to reach the war aim .
* General Moltika: 19th century conduct the
adequateness process (at the disposal of) the commander , to
a achieve objectives .
* The British Military Theorist Liddle Hart: at the
beginning of the 20th century it is an art of distribution
and utilization of military instruments (means ) to achieve
the political objectives .
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* To conclude with the following :
2. Strategic concept is limited to the
military field .
3. Strategy moved outside from military
field to other fields . Thus , the military
strategy related with politics .
1. Strategy is become of a multiple
definitions in different fields.
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* After we know the variety in strategy
definitions and concepts in the past and the
present , and we observed that strategy was
limited in its beginnings in the military
field, then it moved gradually to cover the
other fields.
* This is to confirm the meaning of strategic
concept pass over developmentary levels
through historical extent.
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To define strategic concept (Before Christ ) , it is important to
divide that period into tow parts :
a . primitive societies .They lacked of strategies .
Their objectives never gone beyond the personal
needs, fighting and primitive weapons, even the
fighting manners were very limited to individual.
b. Ancient eras . At that period of time appeared
empires that had the political and military
leadership, in addition, they had their own
objectives and distinguished manners in fighting
which the military history is no longer preserve
their thoughts and sciences .
1. Strategy in slavery era.
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a. It was distinguished of its clearness and
accuracy, this was because of the unity
of aims, objectives, principles and
beliefs which depended on planning and
execution of different levels .
b. Strategic instruments, manners and
thoughts at that period were varies, that
confirmed by the Islamic conquests.
2. Strategy in Islamic era .
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24. 3. Strategy in the medieval eras .
a. At the beginning , the level of the strategic
thought was decreased in contrast with the
former ones .
b. Complete absence of clear objectives and
strategies
c.Objectives were limited to the individual,
religious exercises , and to preserve/ protect
the feudalities security .
d. Activities and fighting styles concentrated
on the complete dependence on knights and
their sons .
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25. 4. Strategy from 15th
century to 18th
century .
* Strategic science and intellectual at that period ,
undergone many changes and decisive development in the
history of strategy .They can be shown on the following :
a. The warfare objectives should be national and
political , not a personal or feudality .
* 15th
century – Mikavilly . Italian philosopher . His
strategic intellectuals were considered as a turning
point in strategic concept . His important views as
following : ( P. 5 )
b. He set the concept of preparing the state for war
to achieve national objectives .
c. Link the state strategy with military strategy to
achieve national strategy .
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* 16th
century – Gostaf Adolf king of
Swede, he improved the strategic
military science and thought; one of
his important views are follows:
a. Formed the regular army .
b. Improved tactics and
fighting manners .
c. Improved training and
educational systems.
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* 17th
century – Fredrik the Great
The king of Prussia, he had a big
role in the improvement of
fighting and strategic systems in
the battle field, moreover army
organization .
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* 18th
century – Napoleon
* Emperor of France . He had a big role in improvement of
strategic science and thought .
* His important views as follow :
a. Specify the national objectives .
b. Prepare the state for war .
c. Set up the recruitment system .
d. Set up the divisions formation .
e. Implementation (Apply) operational maneuvers to achieve
a strategic objectives .
f. Improve the fighting system in the battle fields .
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5. Strategy in 19th
century
a. Impacts of the industrial
revaluation upon strategic thought
b. Development of weapons which were
varied and increased their effects,
range and heaviness .
c. Armies gain high capacity in maneuver
d. Improvement of the fighting manners
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6. Strategy in the world war I
a. Strategy at that time was very clear,
whereas appeared the prominent /clearance
strategic objectives , such as colonialism and
ethnicity purposes, and expansionist policy.
b. Improvement and variety of armies
form and size, specially land (army) , navy and
air forces .
c. Emergence of alliance phenomenon .
d. Applied all fighting techniques in different
levels .
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7. Strategy in the world war II.
a. Advance extension to the former idea .
(Last period) .
b. Emergence of mass warfare idea .
c. Emergence of national objectives .
d. Apply all level and types of strategy .
e. Advancement of military organization ,
capacity (capability), tools and profession .
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8.` strategy in nuclear era.
a. The use of atomic bomb at the end of
world war II had an impact in changing
the balance of science and thought of
strategy .
b. Emergence of the new strategic concepts
(nuclear deterrence and arms race
) .
c. Nuclear power – India, Pakistan, Iran
….. etc.
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. the outer space added another
strategic dimension, because the
utilization of space is an important
factor in the present (current) time
strategies .
9. Strategy in space era
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Western school
* It has not a single concept – but, it might be
collected some of concepts that came out
from this school; the context includes the
most essential and inclusive ones .
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Western school
1. Klawzevids . It is the use of engagement for the
sake of warfare objectives.
2. Moltika . A group of instruments use to a
accomplish a certain aim .
3. British joint training manual 1902. It is a planning
art and direction for a campaign . And it is the
style which the commander running after to bring
about his enemy to the battle .
4. Liddle Hart . Is the art , distribution and usage of
different military instruments for political goals .
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Western school
5. Andaria Bover . It is the art of utilizing power
to reach the political objectives.
6. American concept 1959. It is the art and science
to employ the armed forces for the goals of
public polices of the state through putting into
action power or threat .
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1. Lenin. An ideal strategy which guarantees
operation delay that allow the moral break down of
enemy for an easiest deathblow .
Eastern school
2. Mau Tis Tung . It is the study of law of the whole
warfare situation
3. kozolv. It is certain of military instruments of
making policy to gain it’s objectives.
4. General concept. It is the scientific knowledge
system about warfare rules as an armed conflict
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* As general, strategy view researches on the following :
Eastern school
1. Study warfare experiments .
2. Both situations; policy and military .
3. Economic and moral capability of the state .
4. Types of up-to-date instruments conflict .
5. Future perspective of the enemy .
6. Conditions and nature of the prospective warfare;
and the ways of preparation and engagement .
7. Build the armed forces and establish a strategic
usage in addition to its fundamentals of security,
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Results
3. It is no longer that the strategy concept is limited to
the military field, but it is expanded to include the
other fields such as: politics, economics and social
affairs .
1. It is to be noticed that all schools of concepts are
related strategy to war and battles, therefore, it
seems to be war is the only way that attained the
strategic aim .
2. All these concepts regard military strategy, as the
first concept of strategy .
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* Today is appeared what is known by
the contemporary concept of strategy
i.e. the comprehensive national strategy
(( it is the science and art of
improvement and optimum utilization
of political, economic , military, social ,
technological and administrational
power for the state , to attain national
aims & objectives of the state ))
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* The essence of contemporary
strategy is an art of selection from
different theories and available
methods , that convenient
(suitable) to situations face the
responsible authorities, thus, to
reach the programmed and desired
objectives to become true .
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* Contemporary strategy ranking
in belief, politics and doctrine a
position of a appendix, i.e. the
doctrine which specify the general
and fundamental situation
whereas the items related to
strategy that work nature is
derived from.
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Elements of the comprehensive national
strategy concept :
1. Connection of strategy with the community
and state security .
2. Mobilization of the community resources and
its arrangement / organization and direction .
3. Avoid inactivity i.e. expressing and
advancement by changing circumstances,
resources, and available options.
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* Tregoe and Zimmerman 1980 the
strategy is an ideation of the Org. for
what to be in future, but not how the Org.
comes to this situation . The strategy is
the guide frame for the choices that
determine nature of the Org. and its
direction, and relation of these choices by
field of the productions or services, the
markets, the capabilities , the growth ,
the revenues , allocate the Org. resources
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* Tommas-1988 : the strategy is plans and activities of the
Org. , set by guarantees a degree of coincide between the
Org. mission and its objectives. Between that mission and
the environment that work in active way higher equality .
* Mendez Berg 1989 : the strategy is the middle power
between the Org. and the environment and compatible
manners in collection from the Org. decisions that related
by environment, so it uses the Org. to adapt with its
environment through collection of decisions that the
management adopt them .
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48. * Gluik and Jawesh-1988 The strategy is a unified,
inclusive/comprehensive and completed plan , that links
the strategic benefits for the Org. by the environmental
challenges, and that build to confirm achieve the basic
objectives of the Org. during the suitable execution by the
Org.
* Bossman and Vatak 1989 the strategy is an
instruments to realize (achieve) goals, it's descript of the
organizational manners to realize the strategic objectives,
and it’s by that include to determine the strategic
alternatives, and evaluate that alternatives to realize
major objectives of the Org.
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* BorterBorter
1. one of the competitive strategy pioneers .
2. ((the strategy is a building and establishment
defenses against the competitive power, or
found a position in industry whereas the power
in its weakest form)).
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BorterBorter
3. Any Org. has its comprehensive competitive strategy it’s
mixing of the workable objectives by the Org. so as to be
implemented to realize these objectives .
4. factors of wording competitive strategy : .
a. the strength and weakness points of the
organization .
b. the opportunities and threats.
c. the personal values of the organization’s
managers (the managers major needs) .
d. the social expectations (what the society requires
from the Org. and impacts by the state policy
and the social sensibility).
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Opportunities
and threats
Strength
and
weakness
points
Personal
values of
managers
The social
expectations
* Borter
competitive
strategy
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* Borter
* the main factors the organization’s strategy
affected by :
1. external environment .
2. internal environment ( resources).
3. specific objectives of organization .
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*Conclusions of strategic concept .
1. strategy is just a mean to realize specific aim , also
it's the Org. mission in the society .
2. At the same time strategy is considered as an aim
uses to measure the performance of the
subordinate management level in the Org. , so any
Org. can't use strategy concept unless it's mission
is clear and accurately specified.
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3. Strategy aims to create high coincidence efficiency
between tow basic elements they as follow:
a. create a coincidence between the objectives
and aims of the Org. . because it is
unreasonable for any Org. to work to achieve
these aims when there is a contradiction
between them.
b. create a coincidence degree between
organization's mission and the environment
where it work .
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4. There are three main elements effect the strategy :
a. external environment and it’s political ,
economic , social change ….. etc .
b. Internal environment from sources and
potentials (probabilities) , the organizational
structure, leadership, strength and weakness
points and values.
c. The objectives that laid down by the Org. to
be achieved within specific period of time.
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5. the strategy clarified the mode through which
the Org. competed in business field, when it
lacks of comparative constancy of environment,
thus it must make the strategy changes to
continue the frequent coincidence process
between the organization’s mission and
environment, that required understanding,
studying and continual analysis for working
environment of the Org .
6. focus on the alternatives / choices / options
strategic.
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7. The strategy is arrangement of ideas for facing
the risks cases and unconfirmed , and determine
available opportunities for the Org. in the
environment, therefore using the special quality
to benefit from the Org. available sources .
8. The basic direction of the Org. considers to study
and analyze the relationship between the Org.
and the environment that working in. Therefore,
to face the threats that Org. exposed to, and
investment opportunities that support competitive
situation for it, in order to realize existence,
continuity, growth, and increase the Org. capacity
in managing it relationship with the environment .
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1. Strategy terminology is derived from the Greek
lexical ( stratêgos ) which means any military
leader .
2. the word “ General “ at that time was described
a character of three dimensions which
represented in characteristics, environment,
roles he does and time management .
3. Strategy development , passing over eras, and
different schools; its limitation on strategic
military concept .
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4. Development of the strategy concept , till it
reaches the comprehensive national strategy .
5. The concept transfer to business field , in
which the strategy concepts are differ between
different school .
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