2. SPECIFIC LEARNING
OUTCOMES
• By the end of the sub strand, the learner should be able to:
• identify forms of energy in nature,
• classify energy sources into either renewable or non- renewable,
• demonstrate simple energy transformations in nature,
• describe safety measures associated with energy transformation,
• appreciate the applications of energy transformation in day-to- day life.
3. FORMS OF ENERGY IN NATURE
• They include :
• Gravitational energy - energy resulting from the attraction of two masses to each other.
• Electric energy - energy from a static or moving electrical charge.
• Magnetic energy is energy from the attraction of opposite magnetic fields, repulsion of like fields,
or an associated electric field.
• Chemical energy - energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.
• Radiant energy - energy from electromagnetic waves.
• Solar energy
• Kinetic energy
• Tidal energy
4. EXPLANATION OF ENERGY
TRANSFORMATIONS IN NATURE
• Energy transformations in nature refer to the various processes through which energy
is converted from one form to another.
• Energy transformations in nature are essential for ecosystems and life on Earth. They
include converting solar energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis,
converting chemical energy into thermal energy during cellular respiration, mechanical
to electrical energy transformations in certain organisms, and converting potential
energy into kinetic energy during natural phenomena like volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes. These transformations allow for the transfer and utilization of energy
within ecosystems, enabling organisms to perform vital functions and sustain their
existence.
5. APPLIANCES WHOSE WORKING RELIES
ON ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
• Blender
• microwave
• air conditioner
• washing machine
• electric oven
6. TYPES OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
USING LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
• Energy transformation refers to converting one form of
energy into another. Locally available materials can be
utilized to facilitate various types of energy transformations.
These materials can include renewable resources such as
sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and geothermal heat, as well
as non-renewable resources like fossil fuels
7. ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
• Solar Energy Transformation: Solar energy is abundant and readily available in
many regions. It can be harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar thermal
systems.
• Hydropower Transformation: Hydropower utilizes the gravitational potential
energy stored in water bodies such as rivers, streams, or dams to generate electricity.
• Wind Energy Transformation: Wind power is another locally available resource
that can be transformed into usable energy. Wind turbines capture the kinetic
energy from the wind and convert it into mechanical energy by rotating their blades
8. SAFETY MEASURES ASSOCIATED
WITH ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
• These measures include conducting risk assessments,
implementing control measures, regular maintenance and
inspections, providing proper training and education to
workers, safely handling hazardous materials, and having
well-defined emergency response plans.
9. THE PROCESSES OF ENERGY
TRANSFORMATION IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE
• Transport heavily relies on energy transformation processes.
• Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal,
play an increasingly important role in our daily lives.
• Mechanical energy transformation is prevalent in many aspects of our
daily lives. For example, when we ride a bicycle, the chemical energy
stored in our body is converted into mechanical energy to propel the
bike forward.
10. ENERGY TRANSFORMATION IN DAY-
TO-DAY LIFE
• Chemical energy transformation occurs when chemical reactions
occur, resulting in energy release or absorption. This process is
evident in various scenarios, such as the digestion of food in our
bodies to release stored chemical energy for bodily functions and
even the fireworks explosion, where chemical reactions generate
light and sound energies.
11. HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED
FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER?
•There are several ways in which energy can be
transformed from one form to another
12. MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION
• - Generators: Mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy
through generators. Generators consist of a rotating coil within a
magnetic field, which induces an electric current in the coil.
- Batteries: Mechanical energy can also be converted into electrical energy
through batteries, where chemical reactions generate an electric current.
13. Thermal to Mechanical Energy Conversion:
• - Steam Engines: Thermal energy from burning fossil fuels or nuclear reactions can
produce steam, which drives a turbine to a generator, converting thermal energy into
mechanical and electrical energy.
- Internal Combustion Engines: In vehicles, internal combustion engines convert
thermal energy from burning fuel into mechanical energy.
14. CHEMICAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONVERSION
Batteries: Chemical reactions within batteries convert
chemical energy into electrical energy.
- Fuel Cells: Fuel cells utilize chemical reactions between
hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity.
15. ELECTRICAL TO MECHANICAL
ENERGY CONVERSION:
•Electric Motors: Electric motors can convert
electrical energy into mechanical energy. These
motors consist of coils interacting with magnetic
fields, producing rotational motion.
16. ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
CONVERSION:
•- Solar Cells: Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight
(electromagnetic radiation) directly into electrical
energy.
- Radio Antennas: Antennas capture
electromagnetic waves and convert them into
electrical signals
17. NUCLEAR ENERGY CONVERSION:
• Nuclear Power Plants: Nuclear reactions release a tremendous amount of
thermal energy to generate steam and drive turbines for electricity
production
18. QUIZ
• Identify four forms of energy in nature.
• Explain the term energy transformations in nature.
• Identify five appliances whose working relies on energy transformation.
• Discuss safety measures associated with energy transformation
• Discuss the applications of energy transformation in day-to-day life.
• Discuss how energy can be transformed from one form to another.
20. THE MEANING OF PRESSURE
•Pressure, in the context of science,
refers to the force applied per unit area
on a surface.
21. DESCRIBE PRESSURE IN SOLIDS
AND LIQUIDS
• Pressure in Solids:
In solids, pressure refers to the force applied per unit area.
When an external force is applied to a solid, it causes the atoms
or molecules within the solid to move closer together, resulting
in compression. The pressure exerted by a solid is uniform in
all directions, as the forces are transmitted through the atomic
or molecular structure.
22. PRESSURE IN SOLIDS:
• The magnitude of pressure in solids can be calculated using the formula:
P = F/A
Where:
P is the pressure
F is the applied force.
A is the area over which the force is applied.
The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa), equivalent to one Newton per square meter
(N/m²). However, other units such as atmospheres (atm) and pounds per square
inch (psi) are also commonly used.
23. PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
• In liquids, pressure refers to the force exerted by a liquid per unit
area. Unlike solids, liquids do not have a fixed shape and can flow.
The pressure in a liquid is transmitted equally in all directions due
to its ability to deform.
The magnitude of pressure in liquids can also be calculated using
the same formula as for solids:
24. PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
• P = F/A
Where:
P is the pressure
F is the force exerted by the liquid
A is the area over which the force is exerted.
The SI unit of pressure, Pascal (Pa), is also used for measuring liquid pressure.
However, other units such as atmospheres (atm) and pounds per square inch (psi) are
commonly used in certain contexts.
25. PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS
• In liquids, pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the liquid above. This
relationship is known as hydrostatic pressure. The hydrostatic pressure can be calculated
using the formula:
P = ρgh
Where:
P is the pressure.
ρ is the density of the liquid
g is the acceleration due to gravity
h is the height or depth of the liquid
26. APPLICATIONS OF PRESSURE IN
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
• Pressure can modify the properties of materials by inducing structural changes.
• In solids, pressure finds application in areas such as engineering, materials science, geology, and
biomechanics.
• Geologists also utilize pressure measurements to study the behavior of rocks and minerals
under extreme conditions.
• In biomechanics, pressure sensors measure forces exerted by objects on biological tissues or
implants. In the field of chemistry, pressure is utilized in processes like high-pressure synthesis
and catalysis.
• In environmental science, pressure measurements study fluid dynamics in oceans, rivers, and
atmospheric systems.
27. EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE PRESSURE IN SOLIDS AND
LIQUID (PRESSURE EXERTED BY OBJECTS WITH
DIFFERENT SURFACE AREAS
• One common experiment to determine pressure in solids is the compression test. A
solid sample is subjected to an external force in this test, usually applied through a
hydraulic or mechanical press. The force applied is gradually increased, and the
resulting deformation or change in the dimensions of the sample is measured. By
dividing the applied force by the surface area of the sample, the pressure exerted on
the solid can be calculated using the equation:
Pressure = Force / Surface Area
28. PRESSURE EXERTED BY OBJECTS
WITH DIFFERENT SURFACE AREAS
• The compression test can be performed on various solids, such as metals, ceramics, and
polymers. It provides valuable information about the mechanical properties of materials,
including their strength, stiffness, and elasticity.
• In liquids, pressure can be determined using various methods. One common approach is to
use a device called a manometer. A manometer consists of a U-shaped tube partially filled
with a liquid, such as mercury or water. One end of the tube is connected to the system or
container whose pressure needs to be measured, while the other is open to atmospheric
pressure. The difference in liquid levels in each arm of the U-tube indicates the pressure
difference between the system and atmospheric pressure.
29. Numerical problems involving pressure
• To solve numerical problems involving pressure, we can utilize the formulas for pressure
calculation. The two commonly used formulas are:
1. Pressure = Force/Area
2. Pressure = Liquid density x gravitational acceleration
Let's explore each formula and understand how to apply them to numerical problems.
1. Pressure = Force/Area:
This formula relates pressure to the force applied on a given area. The force is measured in
newton's (N), and the area is measured in square meters (m²). We can determine the pressure
exerted by dividing the force by the area
30. ASSESSMENT
• Classify energy sources into either renewable or nonrenewable
• Demonstrate simple energy transformations in nature
• Describe safety measures associated with energy transformation.
• Demonstrate pressure in solids, and liquids.
• Identify applications of pressure in solids and liquids
