UNIT-V:Non Conventional Energy Sources: Power Crisis, future energy demand, role of Private sectors in energy management, concepts & principals of MHD generation, Solar power plant, Wind Energy,Geothermal Energy,Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.

1. UNIT-VUNIT-V
Non Conventional Energy SourcesNon Conventional Energy Sources
• Md Irshad Ahmad
• Irshad.ahmad@jit.edu.in
• Electrical Engineering Department
• Subject: : POWER STATION PRACTICE
• (NEE /NEN–702)

2. ContentsContents
• Non Conventional Energy Sources:
• Power Crisis, future energy demand
• Role of Private sectors in energy
management,
• concepts & principals of MHD generation,
• Solar power plant,
• Wind Energy,
• Geothermal Energy,
• Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.

3. Additional DimensionsAdditional Dimensions
• Crisis of Nuclear Power
– Anti-Nuclear Power Movement
– Shut down nuclear power industry
• Crisis of Energy & Environment
– Anti-nuclear
• against nuclear waste
• against meltdown
– Anti-hydrocarbon
• against acid rain
• against strip-mining
– Pro-"Soft" Energy Paths
• renewable energy sources
• solar archictecture

4. TheoryTheory
• Question of Energy Efficiency
– Commoner: Thermodynamics
• 1st Law: Neither created nor destroyed
• 2nd Law: tendency to degrade
• Loses in inefficient energy use, technical issue
• Crisis of Human Energy
– Midnight Notes: Political Thermodynamics
• Behind crises of non-human energy
• Lies a crisis of human energy

5. Energy/Work CrisisEnergy/Work Crisis
• First Law says
– no "energy crisis" possible
– energy takes many forms
• 2nd Law says real crisis is extraction of
work from human beings, realization of
"working" class
– human energy takes many forms, not all can
be harnessed for work
– business problem: extraction, control

6. Energy
Energy is the ability to do work. The
word ‘work’ means transferring energy
from one place to another. energy is
neither destroyed nor created. It can
only be changed.

7. Types of
Energy
Mechanical Electrical
Sound
Chemical
Nuclear
ElectromagneticThermal
Radiant

8. Any object in
motion has
mechanical energy.
For example a ball
flying through the
air.

9. Energy caused
by the movement
of electrons.
Easily
transported
through power
lines and
converted into

10. •Comes from bonds between
atoms in molecules
•Chemical change = energy
released
•Examples:
–Gasoline burning in a car
–Food we eat

11. Comes from reactions
between atomic
nuclei.
Fission splits
Fusion combines
HUGE amounts

12.  Includes energy
from gamma rays,
x-rays, ultraviolet
rays, visible light,
infrared rays,
microwave and
radio bands.

13. The Thermal energy is
the internal kinetic
energy and it considers
the motion of every
constitutive particle of
the system (molecules,
atoms, electrons, etc.).

14. •Vibration of
molecules
in surrounding
medium
(usually air).

15. Flows through empty
space
Examples:
Sunlight
Radio waves
X-rays

16. Renewable Non-renewable

17. Those sources of energy which are being
produced continuously in nature and
will never be exhausted, are called
renewable sources of energy.
Renewable Energy

18. Those sources of energy which have been
produced in nature over a very, very long
time and cannot be quickly replaced
when exhausted, are called non
renewable sources of energy.
Non-renewable
Energy

19. Solar energySolar energy is the most
readily available source
of energy. It does not
belong to anybody and is,
therefore, free. It is also
the most important of the
non-conventional sources
of energy because it is
non-polluting and,
therefore, helps in
lessening the greenhouse
effect.
Renewable sources
Energy

20. Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource
derived from the carbonaceous waste of
various human and natural activities. It is
derived from numerous sources, including
the by-products from the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the
forest, major parts of household waste and
wood.

21. Hydel EnergyThe energy in the flowing water can be used
to produce electricity. Waves result from
the interaction of the wind with the surface
of the sea and represent a transfer of energy
from the wind to the sea. Energy can be
extracted from tides by creating a reservoir
or basin behind a barrage and then passing
tidal waters through turbines in the barrage
to generate electricity.

22. We live between two
great sources of energy,
the hot rocks beneath
the surface of the earth
and the sun in the sky.
Our ancestors knew the
value of geothermal
energy; they bathed and
cooked in hot springs.
Today we have
recognized that this
Geothermal
Energy

23. Wind energy is the kinetic
energy associated with the
movement of atmospheric air.
It has been used for hundreds
of years for sailing, grinding
grain, and for irrigation. Wind
energy systems convert this
kinetic energy to more useful
forms of power. Wind energy
systems for irrigation and
milling have been in use since
ancient times and since the
beginning of the 20th century
it is being used to generate
electric power. Windmills for
water pumping have been
Wind Energy

24. Non- Renewable
EnergyCoal is the most
abundant fossil fuel in
the world. During the
formation of coal,
carbonaceous matter
was first compressed
into a spongy material
called "peat," which is
about 90% water. As
the peat became more
deeply buried, the
increased pressure and
temperature turned it
Coal

25. OIL
Crude oil or liquid
petroleum, is a fossil
fuel that is refined into
many different energy
products (e.g., gasoline,
diesel fuel, jet fuel,
heating oil). Oil forms
underground in rock
such as shale, which is
rich in organic

26. In most electric power
plants, water is heated
and converted into steam,
which drives a turbine-
generator to produce
electricity. Fossil-fueled
power plants produce
heat by burning coal, oil,
or natural gas. In a
nuclear power plant, the
fission of uranium atoms
in the reactor provides
Nuclear power

27. Natural gas production is often a
by-product of oil recovery, as the
two commonly share underground
reservoirs. Natural gas is a
mixture of gases, the most
common being methane (CH4). It
also contains some ethane (C2H6),
propane (C3H8), and butane
(C4H10). Natural gas is usually
not contaminated with sulfur and
is therefore the cleanest burning
fossil fuel.
Natural gas

28. 2828
• In 1932, Michael Faraday, demonstrated the experiments
that there is an electromagnetic induction in a current
carrying conductor moving the earth magnetic field.
• In 1938, U.S scientist Bela Karlovitz is the first one
developed the Magneto hydrodynamic generator.
• In India, the MHD generator program is undergoing in
Thiruchirappalli in collaboration with Bharat heavy
electrical limited (BHEL).
1. Introduction
The Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) generator is
a device that converts thermal energy of a fuel
into electrical energy.

29. 2929
The meaning of MagnetoHydro Dynamics

30. 3030
The Lorentz force law is the basis for the
Magnetohydrodynamic generator
The lorentz force law states that the charged particle
expreinec a force when is moving in the electromagnetic
field. This force can be explained as
F= Q (v xB)
Where, F is the force acting on charged particl.
Q is the charge of the particle
V is the velocity of particle
B is the magnetic induction
2.Lorentz force law

31. 3131
3.Fraday’s law
When a charged partcile moving in a magnetic field, it
expreience the retarding foce as well as produce voltage.
This is the basis of Faraday’s law.
S
N
V
Output current
Hot gaseous
conductor

32. 3232
4. Principle, construction and working of
Magneto hydrodynamic generator (MHD)
Principle
• The principle of Magnetohydrodynamic generator is
based on Lorenz law and faraday's law.
• In this system, the hot ionized gaseous conductor
(working fluid) is passed into the high magnetic field
and thereby the current is produced. By placing
suitable electrodes (Anode and cathode) inside
the chamber, the output load is taken through the
external circuit.

33. 3333

34. 3434
Construction
S
N
combustion
Chamber
VIonized Gas
Working
fluid
Water cooler
Thermal resistance sealing
Magnet
Stream
out
Load
output
Nozzle
Electrode
Inlet

35. 3535
• MHD generator consist of a Combusion chamber and
generator chamber.
• The fliud conductor is passed into the combusion
chamber where they are ionized at very high
temperature.
• There is a nozzel through which the ionized gas pass
into the generator chamber.
• The generator chamber consist of powerful magnet
and a number of oppositely located electrode pair is
inserted in the channel to conduct the electrical current
generated to an external load.
• Both combusion chamber and generator chamber are
suurounded by a heat resistance material and water cooler

36. 3636
Working
• The gaseous (fluid) conductor is passed into the
combustion chamber through inlet.
• By using a fuel like oil (or) natural gas (or) coal, the
fluid conductor is heated to a plasma state and hence it
is ionized.
• The temperature in the combustion chamber is around
2000°K to 2400°K.
• The heat generated in the combustion chamber
removes the outermost electrons in the fluid conductor.
• Therefore, the gas particle acquires the charge

37. 3737
• The charged gas particles with high velocity enters into
the generator chamber via nozzle.
• The positive and negative charge moves to
corresponding electrodes (anode and Cathode) and
constitute the current.
• In generator chamber, based principles of Faraday’s
law, the high velocity ionized conducting gas particles
experience the magnetic filed at right angles to their
motion of direction and hence the potential (current) is
produced.
• The direction of current (Potential) is perpendicular to
both the direction of moving gas particle and to the
magnetic field.

38. 3838
90°
90°
Potential (E)
Ionized gas (Q)
Magnetic field (B)
• The diagram shows the
direction of charged
particle, magnetic field
and the current
produced
• All three field are
perpendicular to each
other

39. 3939
• The electrodes are connected to an external circuit to
get a load output.
• The current produced in the MHD generator are direct
current (DC)
• This DC current can be converted into alternative
current (AC) using an inverter attached with the
external circuit.
• In MHD generator, the seeding materials such as
potassium and cesium are used to reduce the ionization
temperature.
• These seeds are mixed with fuel material such as natural
gas and coal.

40. 4040
• The overall efficiency of MHD generators are about 50
to 60 %.
• The electrode are made generally using high
temperature ceramic materials such as carbides (SiC,
ZrC, MbC), bromides (ZrB2, TiB2, LaB2) and silicides
(WS and MOSi2 ).

41. 4141
Advantages
1. The on and off time is about second.
2. There are no moving parts, it is very reliable to use.
3. The MHD generator has high thermal efficiency
4. It is a direct conversion device.
5. They have a better fuel utilization
6. It can produce large amount of power
7. The size of the pant is small
Advantages, disadvantages and applications

42. 4242
Disadvantages
1. They need high pure superconductor.
2. Working temperature is very high as about 200°K to
2400°K.
3. The loss of power if very high
4. The components get high corrosion due to high working
temperature.

43. 4343
Application
• The MHD generators are used to power submarines
and aircrafts.
• Electrical power production for domestic applications
• They are used in a pulsed detonation rocket engine
(PDRE) for space application
• They can be used as power plants in industry and
uninterrupted power supply system

44. 4444
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