Stimuli responsive polymers
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This document discusses stimuli-responsive polymers, which are polymers that change their properties in response to external stimuli like pH, light, temperature, and others. It classifies polymers based on the number of stimuli they respond to, such as single, double, or multi-stimuli responsive. Examples of applications mentioned include controlled drug delivery, artificial muscles, biosensing, and more. The future perspective section discusses developing polymers that can respond intelligently to multiple external stimuli in a predictable way and creating more biomimetic systems with long-term stability.
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Introduction to pharmaceuitcal polymer chemistry
The document discusses various types of polymers including their structure, properties, and uses. It defines a polymer as a large molecule formed by the repeated linking of small molecules called monomers. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, molecular forces, and mode of polymerization. Common polymers discussed include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, and poly(methyl methacrylate). Their properties and applications in various industries are also summarized.
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Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
Applications of polymer
The document discusses the various applications of polymers in different areas. It describes how polymers are used in agriculture to improve soil aeration and plant growth through cross-linking polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. In medicine, polymers are used for cardiovascular applications as well as replacements for joints, fingers, and teeth. Polymers are also widely used in electronics as insulators in devices like TVs, computers, and transistors. Automobiles incorporate various polymers for parts like trim panels, impact absorbers, door panels, fog light covers, tires, and bumpers. Finally, polymers have applications in daily life for items like non-stick pans, cups, bottles, mattresses, furniture, toys, food packaging, ships, boats
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Smart polymers undergo reversible physical or chemical changes in response to small environmental variations such as temperature, pH, light, or enzymes. Temperature-responsive polymers include shape-memory materials, liquid crystalline materials, and responsive polymer solutions. Polymers like poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) undergo a phase change at a lower critical solution temperature, while some exhibit an upper critical solution temperature. Photo-responsive polymers change properties like conformation or polarity when exposed to light. Magnetically-responsive polymers contain superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and change properties in the presence of a magnetic field.
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- Properties of polymers depend on factors like the monomer type, the degree of polymerization, tacticity, and whether the polymer is crystalline or amorphous. Common polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyethylene terephthalate.
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Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
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Introduction to pharmaceuitcal polymer chemistry
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Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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The document provides a history of polymer development from 1833 to the present. It notes key events and discoveries such as:
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Rana zia ur rehman
Graduate Reseracher at KASIT (Korea Advanced of science & Technology)
My Email ID: ranazia517@gmail.com
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This document provides an overview of polymers including their classification, polymerization processes, characteristics, processing techniques, and applications. Polymers are large molecules formed by linking repeating small molecule units called monomers. They can be classified based on their source, structure, type of polymerization, or molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have properties like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. Common processing methods are blow molding, injection molding, and extrusion. Polymers have a wide range of applications in consumer goods, industry, sports, and medicine.
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8. Morphology
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- 1833 - Coining of the term "polymer" by Berzelius
- 1920 - Staudinger proposes the macromolecular theory of polymers
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- 1940s - Polymers play a key role in World War 2 and postwar applications emerge in textiles, toys, packaging
- 1950s - Synthetic fibers and plastics enter widespread domestic and commercial use
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PMMA
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This document summarizes key aspects of polymer science including polymerization, monomers, and polymerization mechanisms. It discusses that polymerization is the process that links monomer molecules into polymer chains. There are different polymerization mechanisms including chain-growth and free radical polymerization. Chain-growth polymerization proceeds through initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Free radical polymerization uses initiators to generate free radicals to start the polymerization reaction. The document provides examples of monomers and initiators and discusses how functionality of monomers affects the structure of the resulting polymer chains.
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Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking together small repeating units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed without the elimination of small molecules when monomers containing carbon-carbon double bonds polymerize via a chain reaction mechanism involving three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. Condensation polymers are formed with the elimination of small molecules like water or ammonia when bifunctional monomers react. Common examples of addition polymerization include polyethylene formed from ethylene monomers using a free radical initiator like benzoyl peroxide.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
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Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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