A detailed PowerPoint presentation on sterilization and it's history. Along with various and advanced methods used in different healthcare setups. Different agents used for disinfection and over all infection control methods to be used in day to day practise in a hospital or clinic setup.

1. Dr.I.A.Ayisha Talat

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3. WHY DO WE NEED TO STERILIZE ?
To get rid of microbes
To prevent growth of disease.

4. DECONTAMINATION CYCLE
NO TO MICROBES!

6. STERILIZATION :
The process by which an article , surface or
medium is freed of all living micro – organisms either in
vegetative or spore state
DISINFECTION :
The destruction or removal of all pathogenic
organisms or organism capable of giving rise to infection
ANTISEPSIS :
The prevention of infection ,usually by inhibiting
the growth of bacteria in wounds or tissues

7. PASTEURIZATION :
The process of heating a food, especially a liquids s
uch as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a
specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that coul
d cause disease micro-organisms by heating.
DECONTAMINATION :
The process of rendering area free of danger from
contamination including microbial,chemical,radioactive and
other hazards
SANITIZATION :
The process whereby pathogenic organisms are r
educed to safe levels on inanimate
objects, thereby reducing the likelihood of cross-infection.

8. Mummy
preserved with
ancient
knowledge of
germicides
Hippocrates advocated
irrigation of wounds with
wine or boiled water Purification by fire
during the plague
Papin’s Digester:First steam
pressure Cooker(1680)
DR.Johann Julius formed a glove
from Intestine of sheep(1758)
Louis P: Germ
theory of disease
transmission and
pasteurization
Joesph Lister
used cabolic
solution spray
as antiseptic
First pressure steam
stabilizer or
AUTOCLAVE

9. HISTORY
H

12. Inoculating loop or wire ,the tip of foreceps are held in a
bunsen flame till they become red hot.
This method is used to destory contaminated cloth, animal
carcasses and pathological materials.
•Most widely used technique .
Dry heat sterilization is used on equipment that cannot be wet and on
material that will not melt, catch fire, or change form when exposed to
high temperatures.

13. 3. Items that are sterilized in a hot air oven include:
Glassware (like petri dishes, flasks, pipettes, and test tubes)
Powders (like starch, zinc oxide, and sulfadiazine)
Materials that contain oils
Metal equipment (like scalpels, scissors, and blades)
HOT AIR OVEN STERILIZE MATERIALS AT:
a)170 degrees Celsius for30 minutes
b)160 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes
c)150 degrees Celsius for 150 minutes.
ADVANTAGES:
 Does not require water.
 Faster than autoclave.
 Rapidly reaches higher temperature.
DISADVANTAGES:
 High temperature may damage more heat sensitive items (rubber)
 Some organisms like prions may not be killed .

14. PRECAUTIONS :
Do not overload
Fitted with fan even distribution.
Materials to be sterilized must be perfectly dry.
Allow cooling for 2hr before opening door.

16. Temperature – 100ºc/20 mins on 3 successive days.
 It is not considered totally reliable—some spores may
survive and later germinate and multiply.
Used for media containing GELATIN AND SUGARS.
Tyndall's setup for preserving broths in
optically pure air.

18. Boiling water alone is
INSUFFICIENT to kill spores
and viruses.
Water boils when its vapor
pressure equals to that of
surrounding atmosphere.
Hence, when pressure increases
inside closed vessel.
Temperature at which water
boils increases.
Saturated steam has
penetrative power.
When steam comes in contact with
a cooler surface it condenses to
water and gives up latent heat to
that surface.

20. HEAT AUTOCLAVES:
Most common source for autoclaving is heating. Autoclave is
maintained at temperature of 246degree for 30min. Both dry
heat and steam heat are used. Dry heat used for moisture
sensitive surgical instruments.
GAS AUTOCLAVES:
Also known as chemicalves. Used as vapor solutions to sterilize its
contents. Formaldehyde and ethylene oxides are sterilizing agents.
Consume less heat and less time.
UV AUTOCLAVES:
Produce UV light that kills the unwanted diseases causing
organisms.

24.  the DNA double helix, preventing
replication or expression, resulting
in the ability to sterilize.
X-ray sterilization a viable
processing option for a variety of
products.
Good penetration capability
The radioisotope cobalt 60 is the
energy source for use in gamma
irradiation
A key characteristic of gamma
irradiation is the high penetration
capability.
The bombardment of a material with
high-energy electrons
 Generating free radicals.
ELECTRON BEAM
GAMMA IRRADIATION
X - RADIATION

28. INDIVIDUAL INSTRUMENTS CAN
BE STERILISED AS :
GLASS SLAB :
Swabbing with tincture of thimerosal,
followed by alcohol.
Gutta percha cones:
Kept in sterile screw caps with
alcohol.
Carbon steel instruments:
Best sterilized by dry heat and
chemiclave.
WHATEVER TOUCHED
IS CONTAMINATED!!

29. ETHYLENE OXIDE
STERILISATION:
ADVANTAGES:
Units with large chambers hold more
instruments or packs per cycle.
DISADVANTAGES:
Porous or plastic materials absorb the
gas and require aeration for 24hrs or
more before safe contact with skin.

30. Helps to remove bacteria from heat labile such as sera and
solutions of sugar or antibiotics used for preparation of
culture medias.

33. SPAULDING’S CLASSIFICATION
OF INSTRUMENTS

37. HAND WASHING
TECHNIQUE
HAND DRYING TECHNIQUE