The document discusses Arup's expertise in planning and designing major station redevelopment projects. It provides an overview of the challenges involved in redeveloping stations due to constraints of space, integration with other transport and developments, and multiple stakeholders. It then presents case studies on Kings Cross and St Pancras station redevelopment in London highlighting Arup's multi-disciplinary role. The document emphasizes Arup's experience in securing funding, integrated design solutions, and managing complex construction interfaces at operating stations.

1. Station Redevelopment A

2. Introduction
Major stations, both underground and overground, are often
large transport interchanges. As catalysts to stimulate urban
regeneration they need to deliver on integration into the urban
realm, customer satisfaction, programme, functionality and cost.
Arup has developed an extensive portfolio of station interchange
projects where planning, architecture, engineering, project
management and specialist consulting services are combined
to satisfy the unique demands of station redevelopment and
regeneration projects. This is particularly the case for inner
city developments where limited space, historic buildings and
the dense urban fabric pose particular challenges. This also
applies to associated air rights developments and the impact on
operating stations and rail infrastructure.
Stations have multiple interfaces with other transport modes,
new and existing building developments, multiple land
owners and local authorities, and public spaces. New funding
vehicles such as Public Private Partnerships are adding to this
complexity. Air rights developments, joint operator/developer
alliances and regeneration programmes with external partners
can also add opportunities for wider city improvements.
King’s Cross St Pancras Underground Station, London
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

3. Case Study
King’s Cross Station Redevelopment
King’s Cross is an area of central London that is currently being
transformed through a large rail regeneration programme. Two
major station redevelopments are taking place - King’s Cross
(both rail and underground) and St Pancras: both projects that
are ultimately funded by the UK Department for Transport.
The mainline station project is a total investment approaching
£400m. Once completed the whole King’s Cross St Pancras
interchange will be one of the major European transport
hubs with direct links to Paris and Brussels via Eurostar, new
suburban commuter routes (to the north and south east of
London), ‘Javelin’ high-speed trains linking King’s Cross to
Stratford and the 2012 Olympic Site in just 7 minutes, plus
connectivity into the entire London Underground network.
Arup is the lead consultant for the King’s Cross underground
station redevelopment and is contributing as a major design
consultant for the King’s Cross station redevelopment
programme for the mainline station. We are providing multi-
disciplinary services including tunnels and foundations,
structural, mechanical, electrical, architecture, environmental,
communications and specialist systems engineering, highways
and traffic management, construction planning, quantity
surveying, risk management and value engineering, acoustic and
heritage structures advice.
The station construction works are underway and the
regeneration plans for the surrounding area are coming to the
fore with the development of King’s Cross Central. This is a 67
acre mixed use development being led by the developer Argent.
Arup has worked for many years with Argent providing strategic
advice, planning input, transport planning, engineering and other
specialist advice about how best to approach railway lands
developments.
King’s Cross Redevelopment, London
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

4. Station Business Case
With limited availability of public spending on transport projects,
the need for major interchange schemes to achieve value for
money is a key challenge to their funding and delivery. Arup
has an enviable record of success in delivering business case
appraisals and submissions leading to grant funding and private
sector investment.
Rail stations and interchange projects deliver improved journey
times, wider passenger choice, better station facilities, enhanced
access to the transport network and broader urban realm
improvements. This can lead to increased economic activity and
the opportunity to improve the local area through renovation,
new construction and development. Arup’s experience lies
in capturing these benefits and quantifying the social and
economic impacts of a scheme by setting direct and indirect
revenues against the cost of improvements, crucial to proving
the justification for investment.
Arup has secured funding for a number of public sector
interchange projects using techniques that give confidence
and robustness to the cost/benefit appraisal. This has included
employing a rigorous approach to programme, cost and revenue
risks which is now a mainstream part of the current investment
guidance.
Arup also helps to facilitate private sector investment in
interchanges and regeneration projects, integrating business
case appraisal alongside wider engineering advice for project
delivery. Our involvement at all stages of delivering one of the
UK’s first major PPP transport schemes at Coleshill, Doncaster
Interchange led to an award winning solution delivered to time
and budget. Working with rail industry partners to deliver a new
multi-modal interchange at Coleshill has further strengthened our
knowledge of the commercial objectives and financial business
case requirements for such schemes.
Doncaster Interchange
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

5. Case Study
Sheffield Station
Arup prepared two funding bids for the improvement of Sheffield
Midland Station and the adjacent public realm to transform
the facility into a true gateway to the city and the surrounding
area. We realised over £60m in investment from a wide range
of funding partners that included a Rail Passenger Partnership
bid to the UK Strategic Rail Authority (SRA) and a major scheme
business case submission to the UK Department for Transport
(DfT).
The scheme combines quality and infrastructure improvements
for waiting and interchange with significant highway and
pedestrian works to improve links to the city centre.
Infrastructure proposals took account of the need to provide
better interchange with Sheffield Bus Interchange, including
wayfinding, signage and improved pedestrian crossing facilities
on Sheaf Street, part of Sheffield’s Inner Ring Road.
Arup prepared the evaluation of the Sheffield Station Masterplan,
and the major local highway improvement scheme adjacent
to the station, to satisfy criteria for funding. The evaluation
estimated the benefits associated with the scheme including
time, safety, quality and vehicle operating cost savings.
Importantly the scheme showed journey time improvements for
public transport passengers, pedestrians and highway users,
thereby delivering significant economic benefits.
Arup prepared the formal bid documents and liaised with SRA
and DfT as well as with the project partners: South Yorkshire
PTE; Sheffield City Council; Railtrack; Midland Mainline and
Sheffield One. SRA approved the scheme in December 2002
for approximately £13m of funding, the largest award for an
infrastructure project in this region. A separate funding award
of approximately £7m from DfT was secured for the highway
© Darren Copeley/Flickr
improvements and public realm works, all of which have been
implemented.
Sheffield Station
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

6. Interchange Planning
An integrated design strategy is crucial to achieve the optimum
solution in the design of major interchanges. Our planning
expertise lies in being able to assess the feasibility of specific
rail projects and understanding how rail can contribute to wider
multi-modal transport strategies and the impacts of existing and
planned regeneration projects in the locality.
Recent examples of our work include King’s Cross St Pancras
underground station and London Bridge station where we have
provided guidance on capacity issues in light of major new
large scale developments and the introduction of new transport
services.
The planning and layout of successful rail projects requires an
understanding of demand forecasting, passenger flows, inter-
modal splits, platform occupancy, walk times and congestion
levels, operational safety and security, passenger information
systems and revenue collection.
The plethora of stakeholders involved in rail regeneration projects
includes Government bodies, transport authorities, operators,
developers and the general public. Arup has in-depth knowledge
about the key drivers for these stakeholder groups and has
developed strategic approaches that help our clients address
their issues and achieve planning consents in a timely manner.
Arup’s planning experience is also underpinned by our detailed
knowledge of the latest planning and appraisal guidelines,
funding options, procurement practices, and operations aspects
for both heavy and light rail networks.
Barnsley Interchange
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

7. Case Study
Castleford Interchange
The aim of the Castleford Interchange was to create a new
concourse to enhance the building capacity for both rail and
bus passengers as well as providing new office, retail and car
parking facilities. The concourse building is adjacent to the
existing railway station platform and the scheme will include
new bus runways and provision for new short and long stay car
parks.
Arup assessed various renewable energy sources and identified
the solution that would be most appropriate for this scheme. An
assessment was also undertaken to analyse typical pay-back
periods for the overall project with a summary of the advantages
and disadvantages of each proposal.
A transport assessment for the scheme and agreed all transport
matters with Wakefield Metropolitan District Council. A planning
application for the project was submitted in November 2006.
Following land assembly and detailed design, the project is
planned to start on site in 2008.
Arup is also providing structural, mechanical & electrical,
geotechnical and fire engineering services for this project.
Castleford Interchange
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

8. Pedestrian Planning & Modelling
Developing innovative, efficient and economical solutions
that manage the multiple interfaces between passengers,
operators, transport nodes, access roads and the public realm
is the expertise that Arup’s pedestrian planners bring to station
redevelopment programmes.
Our Arup planning team has access to a wide variety of
analytical tools which allow us to assess the movement and
behavioural patterns of passengers in and around complex
interchanges and public realm areas. These tools range from
desktop static analysis to more complex dynamic simulation
models that allow use to demonstrate visually to our clients how
passengers may interact with the proposed layouts and areas
where congestion may occur during peak periods. Some of
the dynamic pedestrian simulation models that our teams are
experienced in include Legion and Pedroute. We also draw on
the skills of our human factors team from time to time to validate
our modelling and to assess more situations where pedestrian
behaviour is more complex.
Our recent work has included static analysis of the impact of
passenger demand growth on station crowding on Liverpool’s
Merseyrail Electrics network and dynamic analysis of certain key
London stations on the Thameslink Programme.
© Nic Teeman - LCR
Channel Tunnel Rail Link North
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

9. Integrated Station Design
The complexity of combining station and regeneration
projects requires a design team that is able to understand the
overall project aspirations from both a technical and strategic
perspective. Arup views the successful station design process
as needing to incorporate a mix of technical competence,
collaborative working and innovation in order to satisfy our
clients underlying needs.
Arup’s approach is based on highly specialised multi-disciplinary
teams made up of engineers, architects and other specialist
consultants who understand both station and building design.
We look to analyse these complex schemes through logical
reasoning and argument in order to produce design solutions
that can be delivered.
In order to deliver the right solution our experience has proven
that the inclusion of highly specialised consultants for particular
aspects of the scheme is essential. These services are outlined
as follows:
Human Factors
IT/Communications
Acoustics
4D Modelling
Realtime
Fire Strategy
Arup’s integrated approach has led us on many occasions to
reinterpret the brief in order to deliver innovative solutions that
ultimately provide significant value to our clients. An example of
this was at the King’s Cross St Pancras Underground station
redevelopment where our multi-disciplinary team suggested
the use of a disused service tunnel to divert all the main
communications and services cabling that runs underground.
This resulted in a saving of 18 months from the tunnelling
programme by minimising the complex works that would
have been necessary in order to continually reroute these vital
Hong Kong Railway Station services in a congested urban location.
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

10. Case Study
2nd Avenue Line, New York
Arup, in joint venture, has been retained by New York City
Transit to provide all conceptual and preliminary multi-disciplinary
engineering services for the new, multi-billion dollar, eight-mile
subway line along Second Avenue in New York City.
The Second Avenue Subway will be the first major new subway
development in New York City for over fifty years, and will be the
realisation of what was deemed a key element within the subway
system since the major development plans of the early 1900s
and as part of the City’s subway master plan of 1939.
Ultimately, the subway line will run the entire length of
Manhattan. It will connect with the Lexington Avenue Line and
Metro-North at a new terminal station at 125th Street in Harlem
and will run southwards, along the busy Second Avenue, to the
southern tip of Manhattan. In total, the new, twin-track line will
include sixteen new underground stations.
Three of Arup’s many responsibilities on the project are relevant
to many station redevelopment projects.
Firstly we analysed passenger flows and integrated the results
into the design of the stations to ensure that convenient access
to each station will be achieved and so that safe and convenient
flows through stations will be maintained at all times of day.
Secondly we developed and implemented a web-based
Geographical Information Systems tool for the project. New York
City Transit regards the tool developed for the Second Avenue
subway project as a model for all its data handling.
Lastly, the geology of Manhattan varies significantly along the
length of the subway. The complex interaction between the
existing infrastructure, buildings, the subway itself and the
ground conditions is a particularly challenging and demanding
element of the design of the project.
2nd Avenue Subway
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

11. Integrated Station Design - Services
Human Factors – a team of behavioural and operational
professionals who work closely with the design team to
ensure that the needs of the operators and users are properly
considered. At King’s Cross Station this included analysis of the
safety strategy, the ticket office, the escalator space proofing
and the communications room design.
IT/Communications - our communications specialists
design integrated IT and communications systems to aide
the operational effectiveness and management of station
interchanges. This includes public address systems, CCTV and
passenger help points.
Acoustics - having a clear voice alarm system is the largest
issue for station acoustics. These complex systems must link in
with fire and emergency evacuation strategies. The final system
is determined very much by the building design and finishes.
This system is often integrated with the general public address
system.
4D Modelling - provides a real time graphical simulation of
planned works that allows you to interrogate complex interfaces
and form an understanding of the impact of changes on the
overall construction programme.
Realtime – is a 3D simulation tool that brings to life surfaces,
lighting and other visual detailing. The simulation benefits
users from architects, engineers and station staff as it allows
for realistic exploration of the space that is being designed.
Through visulation design inconsistencies can be identified and
amendments made at an earlier stage in the process.
Fire Strategy - this is a complex subject that integrates fire
safety into design development including the relationship with
standards, approvals and certification. Arup’s fire team takes a
balanced risk and performance-based approach which allows
us to develop functional strategies that encompass the varying
needs of station redevelopments.
Zuidas ‘Connector’ Transport Interchange
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

12. Case Study
Wembley Park Station
London Underground needed to extend and modernise
Wembley Park Station to increase significantly its passenger
capacity to serve the new Wembley National Stadium and the
surrounding area’s large scale regeneration programme. The aim
was to deliver a station with exceptional quality and there were
also tight time and costs constraints.
Being an operational station this posed serious challenges for
the design team. Arup’s multidisciplinary team produced a high
calibre scheme that utilised modern methods of construction
including off-site prefabrication in order to maintain quality and
minimise the time needed on site. Design solutions included
the use of steel and pre-cast concrete components that could
be hoisted into place via cranes during weekend and night
time possessions. Areas of the existing station were retained
and Arup designed an elegant solution to extend the station
concourse by moving the stairs along the platform and building
a new overbridge. New lifts were inserted into the old stairwells
in order to meet tight time constraints.
The new auxiliary concourse provides modern state-of the-art
facilities for passengers using Wembley Stadium, Wembley
Arena and conference centres as well as benefiting day-to-day
commuters. The station has new platform lifts, step-free access
facilities, additional staff accommodation, an external landscape
upgrade and an extended train crew accommodation building.
Wembley Park Station
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

13. Air Rights Development
Developments above rail stations can play a significant role
in the regeneration of inner city locations, particularly where
dense urbanisation releases limited sites for new developments.
Therefore the careful management of all stakeholders’ interests
is vital for success. Each air rights project has its own unique
challenges that need to be addressed in a strategic manner in
order to secure funding and approvals.
By using the economic value of the space above stations
and rail tracks, development costs can be offset through
maximising the value of the real estate created above the
existing infrastructure. Arup’s full service capability spans from
early stage aspects including engineering feasibility studies, the
assessment of commercial viability through to full engineering
design, construction sequencing and site supervision.
Transport operators and owners have obligations to mitigate
risks on any projects that they undertake. Arup’s strong track
record in the delivery of air rights developments, both from an
operator’s and developer’s perspective, means that we are able
to provide functional, elegant and safe design solutions.
Developments over railway stations also generate particular
engineering challenges including vibration effects from trains,
programming for continual operations and logistical challenges
during construction. Arup’s experienced engineering teams are
able to interpret the impact that these issues will have on the
overall building and station development to ensure that the final
outcome meets the desired objectives.
© Thryduulf/Wikimedia Commons
Fenchurch Street Station
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

14. Case Study
Embankment Place
Charing Cross Station is one of the largest operating railway
stations in the UK. With its prime location in Central London,
there was a strong business case for a mixed use development
to be created above the station in order to maximise site value.
The challenge for Arup was to develop a design which was
robust enough to ensure that the railway operations were not
disrupted whilst also producing a high quality building that met
our client’s expectations.
A new 9 storey 40,000m2 office accompanied by a theatre,
retail unit, a car park and new station entrance was constructed
over and under the operating station which maximised the use
of space by spanning over the width of the railway lines. Arup’s
multidisciplinary was able to develop a design, which maximised
the open plan office space, was built in just 24 months.
© pnh/Flickr
Embankment Place
Station Redevelopment www.arup.com

15. A
Arup
13 Fitzroy Street
London
W1T 4BQ
T: 0207 755 2580
E: London@arup.com
www.arup.com