5
1) Throughout history, the state has served the interests of the dominant social classes, not the common good. The government and parliament are subordinated to the financial system and dominant classes.
2) Early human societies had collective ownership and no social classes or private property. Functions like defense and justice were shared by all. The development of social classes led to these functions being reserved for ruling minorities through the state.
3) Gramsci argued that the state encompasses both political society using coercion and civil society influencing ideology. True democracy and transforming capitalist states requires strengthening civil society organizations through a "war of position" rather than insurrection.
FROM THE ANCIENT STATE TO THE NECESSARY STATE OF THE FUTUREFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show the evolution of the State from Antiquity to the contemporary era and to present the new State that it would be necessary to build in the future.
This document discusses the development of socialism and Marxism in response to the problems caused by industrialization in the 19th century. It outlines the ideas of utopian socialists like Fourier and Owen, before summarizing Karl Marx's scientific socialism which argued that capitalism would inevitably lead to revolution as the proletariat grew in size and oppression. It then discusses the varieties of socialism that emerged, including reform socialists, revolutionary Marxists, anarchists and syndicalists, as well as international socialist organizations like the First and Second Internationals. In conclusion, it examines the growth of socialist parties and unions in Germany and Britain in the late 19th century.
Historical evaluation of economic systemDevika Perera
This document outlines 3 historical social and economic systems: 1) The primitive communal system characterized by collective labor, communal ownership, and no social classes. 2) The slave social economic system defined by private property ownership where slaves were treated as property. Society was managed by the state and divided into slave owners, slaves, and independent laborers. 3) The feudal social system based on feudal land ownership where forced laborers worked for the benefit of lords in exchange for use of land.
The document provides an overview of the core doctrines and history of socialism, including:
1. Socialism is based on an optimistic view of human nature and a belief that humans operate best cooperatively in social groups through collectivism and egalitarianism.
2. There are two main strands of socialism - revolutionary socialism which seeks a complete overthrow of capitalism, and evolutionary socialism which seeks gradual reform through democratic means.
3. Utopian socialists in the 19th century tried to build ideal socialist societies, while Marxism sees socialism as inevitable due to conflicts between economic classes.
This document summarizes the evolution of the concept of "civil society" and its influence on international aid policy. It discusses how civil society was originally equivalent to political society or the state, but began to take on new meanings from the 17th century onward to refer to a sphere separate from the state. By the late 20th century, aid policy promoted support for NGOs and local civil society as a way to promote democracy, but this conceptualization of civil society as opposing the state fails to consider issues like ethnicity and risks further polarizing divided societies.
A presentation on the Socialist Theory of Social Justices. Discussed in this presentation include:
Dialectic Materialism
Marxist Historical Materialism
Structure of the Human Society
The document discusses the rise of new economic and political ideas in response to capitalism and laissez-faire economics in the 18th-19th centuries. It describes laissez-faire economics and how Adam Smith's ideas influenced capitalism. As populations and inequality grew, socialists advocated public ownership and greater protections for workers. Utilitarianism aimed to maximize welfare, while Marx argued capitalism divided society into the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and would be overthrown by communism as inequality increased further. Communism entailed complete public ownership with no private property and equal sharing of goods.
Socialism originated in France during the French Revolution in 1789. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referenced scientific socialism in their 1848 work The Communist Manifesto. Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of major industries and centralized economic planning, with social ownership and distribution of profits among society rather than to private owners.
FROM THE ANCIENT STATE TO THE NECESSARY STATE OF THE FUTUREFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to show the evolution of the State from Antiquity to the contemporary era and to present the new State that it would be necessary to build in the future.
This document discusses the development of socialism and Marxism in response to the problems caused by industrialization in the 19th century. It outlines the ideas of utopian socialists like Fourier and Owen, before summarizing Karl Marx's scientific socialism which argued that capitalism would inevitably lead to revolution as the proletariat grew in size and oppression. It then discusses the varieties of socialism that emerged, including reform socialists, revolutionary Marxists, anarchists and syndicalists, as well as international socialist organizations like the First and Second Internationals. In conclusion, it examines the growth of socialist parties and unions in Germany and Britain in the late 19th century.
Historical evaluation of economic systemDevika Perera
This document outlines 3 historical social and economic systems: 1) The primitive communal system characterized by collective labor, communal ownership, and no social classes. 2) The slave social economic system defined by private property ownership where slaves were treated as property. Society was managed by the state and divided into slave owners, slaves, and independent laborers. 3) The feudal social system based on feudal land ownership where forced laborers worked for the benefit of lords in exchange for use of land.
The document provides an overview of the core doctrines and history of socialism, including:
1. Socialism is based on an optimistic view of human nature and a belief that humans operate best cooperatively in social groups through collectivism and egalitarianism.
2. There are two main strands of socialism - revolutionary socialism which seeks a complete overthrow of capitalism, and evolutionary socialism which seeks gradual reform through democratic means.
3. Utopian socialists in the 19th century tried to build ideal socialist societies, while Marxism sees socialism as inevitable due to conflicts between economic classes.
This document summarizes the evolution of the concept of "civil society" and its influence on international aid policy. It discusses how civil society was originally equivalent to political society or the state, but began to take on new meanings from the 17th century onward to refer to a sphere separate from the state. By the late 20th century, aid policy promoted support for NGOs and local civil society as a way to promote democracy, but this conceptualization of civil society as opposing the state fails to consider issues like ethnicity and risks further polarizing divided societies.
A presentation on the Socialist Theory of Social Justices. Discussed in this presentation include:
Dialectic Materialism
Marxist Historical Materialism
Structure of the Human Society
The document discusses the rise of new economic and political ideas in response to capitalism and laissez-faire economics in the 18th-19th centuries. It describes laissez-faire economics and how Adam Smith's ideas influenced capitalism. As populations and inequality grew, socialists advocated public ownership and greater protections for workers. Utilitarianism aimed to maximize welfare, while Marx argued capitalism divided society into the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and would be overthrown by communism as inequality increased further. Communism entailed complete public ownership with no private property and equal sharing of goods.
Socialism originated in France during the French Revolution in 1789. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels referenced scientific socialism in their 1848 work The Communist Manifesto. Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of major industries and centralized economic planning, with social ownership and distribution of profits among society rather than to private owners.
The document outlines the crisis of modern civilization according to three main points:
1) The rise of nationalist ideologies led to imperialism and world wars as nations prioritized their own interests over others. Totalitarian states now seek global domination through militarism and autarky.
2) Democratic systems aimed to establish equality but privileged elites resisted losing power and influence, leading to the rise of dictatorships that consolidated inequality.
3) Intellectual and scientific freedom has been stifled as new authoritarian dogmas are imposed in fields like race theory and economics to justify imperialism and autarky. Overall the document argues modern civilization has strayed from principles of freedom and equality through nationalism, inequality,
This document discusses different perspectives on socialism throughout history. It outlines examples of socialist movements from the Paris Commune of 1870 to present-day Zapatista communities in Mexico. It defines some key aspects of socialism as worker and community self-management, directly democratic structures, and the abolition of wage labor. The document raises questions about the role of trade unions and whether they can truly be "schools of socialism," or if another form of unionism is needed to advance socialist transformation.
Socialism emerged in reaction to the harsh conditions of early industrial capitalism and offered an alternative based on common ownership and cooperation. Early socialists advocated revolution, but as conditions improved, evolutionary socialism developed which sought change through parliamentary means. However, gradualism failed as socialist parties moderated their policies to gain support and power, and capitalism proved more durable than predicted. The core themes of socialism emphasize community, cooperation, equality, and common ownership over private property and individualism.
Socialism is an ideology that argues citizens are best served by policies that meet the basic needs of society rather than individuals. It originated in Western Europe in the 1800s as critics advocated for reforming the inequality of the Industrial Revolution through egalitarian wealth distribution and small communities without private property. Socialism aims to provide all citizens access to survival needs and care for those unable to participate economically. However, criticisms argue socialist economies may be inefficient and incompatible with civil liberties, and do not eliminate poverty despite redistributing some wealth.
The document summarizes key aspects of liberalism and rejections of liberalism through history. It discusses the philosophies of classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It then analyzes circumstances in Germany and Russia that made communism and fascism appealing rejections of liberalism, including economic turmoil after WWI and the Russian Revolution. Elements of liberalism present in communism and fascism are noted. Justifications for the rejections of liberalism in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia are provided due to citizens' desperation for stability. Contemporary rejections like the Taliban are also briefly discussed.
The document summarizes key aspects of liberalism and rejections of liberalism through history. It discusses the philosophies of classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It then analyzes circumstances in Germany and Russia that made communism and fascism appealing rejections of liberalism, including economic turmoil after WWI in Germany and oppression under the Tsar in Russia. The document considers elements of these rejections that could still be considered liberal and debates how justified the rejections were given the circumstances. It concludes by comparing the past rejections to the contemporary rejection of liberalism by the Taliban in Afghanistan.
The document discusses Team Resistance and their connections to declarations of independence and individual rights and freedoms from influential documents. It also discusses classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It examines rejections to liberalism like communism, fascism, and uses of secret police. It analyzes circumstances that made communism and fascism appealing in Russia and Germany. It considers elements of both systems that could be considered liberal and debates the justifications for their rejections of liberalism. Finally, it compares these historical examples to the contemporary Taliban and draws conclusions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communism including:
- Marx and Engels developed communism based on their analysis of how societies progressed through primitive communism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, to eventually communism.
- Under communism, all property is publicly owned, people work for the common good rather than individual gain, and each contribute according to their abilities and receive according to their needs.
- Communism aims to create a classless society without private property through revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie and establishment of public ownership.
The document provides an overview of communism and capitalism. It discusses the key aspects of each system, including their theoretical foundations and benefits and drawbacks. Communism is defined as a system with collective ownership and a planned economy, as outlined by Karl Marx, while capitalism is based on individual ownership and competition as described by Adam Smith. The document also outlines Marx's theory of historical stages that societies progress through, starting with primitive communism and ending with full communism.
Communism aims to establish a classless society with common ownership and no government. It is based on ideas developed by Karl Marx, who believed that capitalism exploited workers and society should be structured without social classes. Under communism, all people would share work and resources equally. Education in communist countries aimed to indoctrinate students with Marxist-Leninist ideology and train citizens according to their abilities to serve the state. The education system was highly centralized and focused on literacy, technical skills, and promoting communist values over independent thinking.
Communism and capitalism are opposing economic systems that emerged as dominant ideologies during the Cold War. Communism is defined as a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership, while capitalism is based on mostly private ownership and investment for profit. Key figures that influenced these systems include Adam Smith, who advocated for natural liberty and laissez-faire economics, and Karl Marx, who predicted that capitalism would be overthrown through proletariat revolution and communism would emerge. The Cold War was characterized by tensions between capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union, and nearly escalated to nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Criticisms of communism include that it led to over 50 million deaths and failed to account for human
The document summarizes the transition from a stratified society based on estates to a class society in 19th century Europe due to industrialization and political revolutions. It led to the rise of two main social classes - the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production, and the proletariat or working class. The working class organized and demanded better working conditions through trade unions and socialist movements. Karl Marx advocated for the socialist revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Anarchists also sought to abolish capitalism and the state through workers' control of production.
Communism and socialism differ in their economic systems and political structures. Communism calls for public ownership of the means of production and the abolition of private property, along with a totalitarian government. Socialism allows for some private property and means of production can be owned by public enterprises, cooperatives, or individuals. Socialism can coexist with different political systems including participatory or parliamentary democracy.
Communism is an ideology where all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their abilities and needs. It began developing in Russia in the late 19th century due to harsh economic inequalities under tsarist rule. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 established the world's first communist state in Russia. The USSR then sought to spread communist influence through Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam during the Cold War, prompting the US policy of containment to prevent further expansion.
This document provides an overview of socialism as an economic system. It defines socialism as collective or government ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange for use rather than profit. Key features discussed include collective ownership, central planning, equality of income distribution, and lack of private property and competition. Different forms of socialism are also outlined such as utopian socialism, Marxist communism, anarchism, social democracy, and libertarian socialism. The document compares socialism to capitalism and communism, highlighting differences in their approaches to class distinctions, ownership, and production. Potential merits and demerits of socialism are listed.
The document is an introduction to Frédéric Bastiat's essay "The Law". It provides background on Bastiat, a 19th century French economist, and his views on how the law has been perverted from its proper purpose of protecting individual rights to life, liberty, and property, into an instrument of legal plunder that is used to deprive citizens of their rights for the benefit of others, especially the state. It summarizes some of Bastiat's key arguments about the dangers of legal plunder and forecasts the negative societal effects that will result.
Social democracy is the solution for the failure of the liberalism, socialism...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to reflect about the ideologies that were the basis for development of human society from eighteenth-century, from the French Revolution held in 1789, to date. The analyzed ideologies are liberalism, socialism, social democracy and neoliberalism adopted in several countries around the world. In this article, we conclude that liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism have failed at the expense of humanity. Social democracy especially located in the Scandinavian countries proved to be a successful alternative throughout history.
Communism Vs Capitalism Debate Is A Battle Between Two Extreme Socioeconomic ...nlyczkowski11
This document compares and contrasts the ideologies of communism and capitalism. It discusses their differing views on ownership of production resources, individual freedom priorities, impacts on society, and tendencies regarding power distribution. Communism advocates common ownership and prioritizing social welfare, while capitalism promotes private ownership and individualism. Both have potential advantages but also risks of exploitation, inequality, or concentrating too much power.
This document summarizes a Marxist critique of the English III course materials. It discusses key Marxist concepts like historical materialism, the idea that economic systems and class struggles drive history. It analyzes the progression from slave societies to feudalism to capitalism, noting how the state serves ruling economic classes. It also discusses how ideas are shaped by economic conditions and how capitalism inevitably creates tensions that will lead to its destruction and replacement by socialism, as the working class gains power and abolishes private ownership and class exploitation. The summary concludes by briefly describing Dr. Seuss's book "Horton Hears a Who" as an example of literary text covered in the course.
This document summarizes and compares the Utopian social theories of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and Proudhon. Saint-Simon proposed a harmonious society led by scientists and administrators where the state would gradually become unnecessary. Fourier envisioned communities organized around human passions. Owen established self-sustaining communities for workers but his New Harmony experiment failed. Proudhon was a critic of previous Utopians and advocated for economic reforms. The document asserts that the Saint-Simonian model, which emphasized large-scale scientific planning, was the most practical of the Utopian plans.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to the state and nation. It defines the state as a politically organized society and discusses theories on the origin of states, including kinship, social contract, divine, matriarchal, and patriarchal theories. The document also examines types of states such as oriental, Greek, Roman, feudal, and nation states. It outlines key elements of the state including population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Finally, it discusses the role of the state from minimal to maximal perspectives.
Primitive communism and egalitarian societyM.A Haque
A short presentation on Primitive communism and egalitarian society
you can make a powerplay presentation on primitive communism and egalitarian society.
The document outlines the crisis of modern civilization according to three main points:
1) The rise of nationalist ideologies led to imperialism and world wars as nations prioritized their own interests over others. Totalitarian states now seek global domination through militarism and autarky.
2) Democratic systems aimed to establish equality but privileged elites resisted losing power and influence, leading to the rise of dictatorships that consolidated inequality.
3) Intellectual and scientific freedom has been stifled as new authoritarian dogmas are imposed in fields like race theory and economics to justify imperialism and autarky. Overall the document argues modern civilization has strayed from principles of freedom and equality through nationalism, inequality,
This document discusses different perspectives on socialism throughout history. It outlines examples of socialist movements from the Paris Commune of 1870 to present-day Zapatista communities in Mexico. It defines some key aspects of socialism as worker and community self-management, directly democratic structures, and the abolition of wage labor. The document raises questions about the role of trade unions and whether they can truly be "schools of socialism," or if another form of unionism is needed to advance socialist transformation.
Socialism emerged in reaction to the harsh conditions of early industrial capitalism and offered an alternative based on common ownership and cooperation. Early socialists advocated revolution, but as conditions improved, evolutionary socialism developed which sought change through parliamentary means. However, gradualism failed as socialist parties moderated their policies to gain support and power, and capitalism proved more durable than predicted. The core themes of socialism emphasize community, cooperation, equality, and common ownership over private property and individualism.
Socialism is an ideology that argues citizens are best served by policies that meet the basic needs of society rather than individuals. It originated in Western Europe in the 1800s as critics advocated for reforming the inequality of the Industrial Revolution through egalitarian wealth distribution and small communities without private property. Socialism aims to provide all citizens access to survival needs and care for those unable to participate economically. However, criticisms argue socialist economies may be inefficient and incompatible with civil liberties, and do not eliminate poverty despite redistributing some wealth.
The document summarizes key aspects of liberalism and rejections of liberalism through history. It discusses the philosophies of classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It then analyzes circumstances in Germany and Russia that made communism and fascism appealing rejections of liberalism, including economic turmoil after WWI and the Russian Revolution. Elements of liberalism present in communism and fascism are noted. Justifications for the rejections of liberalism in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia are provided due to citizens' desperation for stability. Contemporary rejections like the Taliban are also briefly discussed.
The document summarizes key aspects of liberalism and rejections of liberalism through history. It discusses the philosophies of classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It then analyzes circumstances in Germany and Russia that made communism and fascism appealing rejections of liberalism, including economic turmoil after WWI in Germany and oppression under the Tsar in Russia. The document considers elements of these rejections that could still be considered liberal and debates how justified the rejections were given the circumstances. It concludes by comparing the past rejections to the contemporary rejection of liberalism by the Taliban in Afghanistan.
The document discusses Team Resistance and their connections to declarations of independence and individual rights and freedoms from influential documents. It also discusses classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It examines rejections to liberalism like communism, fascism, and uses of secret police. It analyzes circumstances that made communism and fascism appealing in Russia and Germany. It considers elements of both systems that could be considered liberal and debates the justifications for their rejections of liberalism. Finally, it compares these historical examples to the contemporary Taliban and draws conclusions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in communism including:
- Marx and Engels developed communism based on their analysis of how societies progressed through primitive communism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, to eventually communism.
- Under communism, all property is publicly owned, people work for the common good rather than individual gain, and each contribute according to their abilities and receive according to their needs.
- Communism aims to create a classless society without private property through revolution of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie and establishment of public ownership.
The document provides an overview of communism and capitalism. It discusses the key aspects of each system, including their theoretical foundations and benefits and drawbacks. Communism is defined as a system with collective ownership and a planned economy, as outlined by Karl Marx, while capitalism is based on individual ownership and competition as described by Adam Smith. The document also outlines Marx's theory of historical stages that societies progress through, starting with primitive communism and ending with full communism.
Communism aims to establish a classless society with common ownership and no government. It is based on ideas developed by Karl Marx, who believed that capitalism exploited workers and society should be structured without social classes. Under communism, all people would share work and resources equally. Education in communist countries aimed to indoctrinate students with Marxist-Leninist ideology and train citizens according to their abilities to serve the state. The education system was highly centralized and focused on literacy, technical skills, and promoting communist values over independent thinking.
Communism and capitalism are opposing economic systems that emerged as dominant ideologies during the Cold War. Communism is defined as a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership, while capitalism is based on mostly private ownership and investment for profit. Key figures that influenced these systems include Adam Smith, who advocated for natural liberty and laissez-faire economics, and Karl Marx, who predicted that capitalism would be overthrown through proletariat revolution and communism would emerge. The Cold War was characterized by tensions between capitalist United States and communist Soviet Union, and nearly escalated to nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Criticisms of communism include that it led to over 50 million deaths and failed to account for human
The document summarizes the transition from a stratified society based on estates to a class society in 19th century Europe due to industrialization and political revolutions. It led to the rise of two main social classes - the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production, and the proletariat or working class. The working class organized and demanded better working conditions through trade unions and socialist movements. Karl Marx advocated for the socialist revolution and dictatorship of the proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Anarchists also sought to abolish capitalism and the state through workers' control of production.
Communism and socialism differ in their economic systems and political structures. Communism calls for public ownership of the means of production and the abolition of private property, along with a totalitarian government. Socialism allows for some private property and means of production can be owned by public enterprises, cooperatives, or individuals. Socialism can coexist with different political systems including participatory or parliamentary democracy.
Communism is an ideology where all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their abilities and needs. It began developing in Russia in the late 19th century due to harsh economic inequalities under tsarist rule. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 established the world's first communist state in Russia. The USSR then sought to spread communist influence through Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam during the Cold War, prompting the US policy of containment to prevent further expansion.
This document provides an overview of socialism as an economic system. It defines socialism as collective or government ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange for use rather than profit. Key features discussed include collective ownership, central planning, equality of income distribution, and lack of private property and competition. Different forms of socialism are also outlined such as utopian socialism, Marxist communism, anarchism, social democracy, and libertarian socialism. The document compares socialism to capitalism and communism, highlighting differences in their approaches to class distinctions, ownership, and production. Potential merits and demerits of socialism are listed.
The document is an introduction to Frédéric Bastiat's essay "The Law". It provides background on Bastiat, a 19th century French economist, and his views on how the law has been perverted from its proper purpose of protecting individual rights to life, liberty, and property, into an instrument of legal plunder that is used to deprive citizens of their rights for the benefit of others, especially the state. It summarizes some of Bastiat's key arguments about the dangers of legal plunder and forecasts the negative societal effects that will result.
Social democracy is the solution for the failure of the liberalism, socialism...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to reflect about the ideologies that were the basis for development of human society from eighteenth-century, from the French Revolution held in 1789, to date. The analyzed ideologies are liberalism, socialism, social democracy and neoliberalism adopted in several countries around the world. In this article, we conclude that liberalism, socialism and neoliberalism have failed at the expense of humanity. Social democracy especially located in the Scandinavian countries proved to be a successful alternative throughout history.
Communism Vs Capitalism Debate Is A Battle Between Two Extreme Socioeconomic ...nlyczkowski11
This document compares and contrasts the ideologies of communism and capitalism. It discusses their differing views on ownership of production resources, individual freedom priorities, impacts on society, and tendencies regarding power distribution. Communism advocates common ownership and prioritizing social welfare, while capitalism promotes private ownership and individualism. Both have potential advantages but also risks of exploitation, inequality, or concentrating too much power.
This document summarizes a Marxist critique of the English III course materials. It discusses key Marxist concepts like historical materialism, the idea that economic systems and class struggles drive history. It analyzes the progression from slave societies to feudalism to capitalism, noting how the state serves ruling economic classes. It also discusses how ideas are shaped by economic conditions and how capitalism inevitably creates tensions that will lead to its destruction and replacement by socialism, as the working class gains power and abolishes private ownership and class exploitation. The summary concludes by briefly describing Dr. Seuss's book "Horton Hears a Who" as an example of literary text covered in the course.
This document summarizes and compares the Utopian social theories of Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and Proudhon. Saint-Simon proposed a harmonious society led by scientists and administrators where the state would gradually become unnecessary. Fourier envisioned communities organized around human passions. Owen established self-sustaining communities for workers but his New Harmony experiment failed. Proudhon was a critic of previous Utopians and advocated for economic reforms. The document asserts that the Saint-Simonian model, which emphasized large-scale scientific planning, was the most practical of the Utopian plans.
This document provides an overview of concepts related to the state and nation. It defines the state as a politically organized society and discusses theories on the origin of states, including kinship, social contract, divine, matriarchal, and patriarchal theories. The document also examines types of states such as oriental, Greek, Roman, feudal, and nation states. It outlines key elements of the state including population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Finally, it discusses the role of the state from minimal to maximal perspectives.
Primitive communism and egalitarian societyM.A Haque
A short presentation on Primitive communism and egalitarian society
you can make a powerplay presentation on primitive communism and egalitarian society.
Enserfment in The Great Princedom of Moscow: institutional perspectivesMike Vdovin
This document discusses the development of serfdom in Russia from an institutional perspective. It presents a model showing how serfdom could arise as a social contract between the Tsar and landed gentry. This contract established serfdom as a labor monopsony that benefited both parties by increasing their profits at the expense of peasant surplus. The model indicates serfdom was more likely to emerge under conditions of abundant land, high agricultural prices, and political inequality that entrenched the ruling parties' power over institutions.
Citizenship refers to the relationship between an individual and the state to which they owe allegiance. Citizens have certain rights and responsibilities, like voting, taxation, and military service. Citizenship provides the most privileged form of nationality and legal protections. The concept of citizenship first arose in ancient Greek city-states, where citizens had rights non-citizens lacked. The Romans later used citizenship to distinguish residents of Rome from conquered peoples, though eventually extended citizenship to all free residents of the empire.
Great holiness- Great unity society doctrinethienton2008
1. The document outlines the inevitable evolution of humanity towards a communist society according to laws of the universe and human history.
2. It discusses how early human societies were essentially communist before the rise of class divisions and private property, and argues we are evolving back towards this.
3. The communist society is presented as the only system that can solve issues like inequality, poverty, war and environmental destruction, and create conditions for human dignity and self-cultivation.
1Anarchism Its Aims and PurposesAnarchism versus econ.docxaulasnilda
1
Anarchism: Its Aims and Purposes
Anarchism versus economic monopoly and state power; Forerunners of modern Anarchism; William Godwin and
his work on Political Justice; P.J. Proudhon and his ideas of political and economic decentralisation; Max Stirner's
work, The Ego and Its Own; M. Bakunin the Collectivist and founder of the Anarchist movement; P. Kropotkin the
exponent of Anarchist Communism and the philosophy of Mutual Aid; Anarchism and revolution; Anarchism a
synthesis of Socialism and Liberalism; Anarchism versus economic materialism and Dictatorship; Anarchism and
the state; Anarchism a tendency of history; Freedom and culture.
Anarchism is a definite intellectual current in the life of our times, whose adherents advocate the abolition of
economic monopolies and of all political and social coercive institutions within society. In place of the present
capitalistic economic order Anarchists would have a free association of all productive forces based upon co-
operative labour, which would have as its sole purpose the satisfying of the necessary requirements of every
member of society, and would no longer have in view the special interest of privileged minorities within the social
union. In place of the present state organisation with their lifeless machinery of political and bureaucratic
institutions Anarchists desire a federation of free communities which shall be bound to one another by their
common economic and social interest and shall arrange their affairs by mutual agreement and free contract.
Anyone who studies at all profoundly the economic and social development of the present social system will easily
recognise that these objectives do not spring from the Utopian ideas of a few imaginative innovators, but that they
are the logical outcome of a thorough examination of the present-day social maladjustments, which with every new
phase of the existing social conditions manifest themselves more plainly and more unwholesomely. Modern
onopoly, capitalism and the totalitarian state are merely the last terms in a development which could culminate in
no other results.
The portentous development of our present economic system, leading to a mighty accumulation of social wealth in
the hands of privileged minorities and to a continuous impoverishment of the great masses of the people, prepared
the way for the present political and social reaction. and befriended it in every way. It sacrificed the general interest
of human society to the private interest of individuals, and thus systematically undermined the relationship between
man and man. People forgot that industry is not an end in itself, but should only be a means to ensure to man his
material subsistence and to make accessible to him the blessings of a higher intellectual culture. Where industry is
everything and man is nothing begins the realm of a ruthless economic despotism whose workings are no less
disastrous than those of any political despotism. The two mutually augment o ...
Học thuyết đại đồng thánh đức - great holiness great unity society doctrinethienlinh2008
1. The document discusses the evolution of human society from primitive communist communes to modern capitalist societies. It argues that early societies were based on cooperation and shared resources within tribes and villages before class divisions emerged.
2. Capitalism led to overconsumption, wealth inequality, and imperialist wars to exploit markets and resources. Modern globalization has caused environmental damage and "toxic astral energy" that requires a transformation.
3. The inevitable future is a society without overconsumption that stimulates true cooperation and unity among all people as equal members, as was the case in early communist communes.
Communism had a significant political impact in the 20th century. It originated from ideas of equality in the 18th century revolutions in France and Britain. Karl Marx further developed communist theory, believing that inequality would only end through workers revolution and public ownership. Many early communist regimes like in Russia and China aimed to establish classless societies but instead created authoritarian governments with total state control. While early communist countries saw economic issues, communism appealed to ideas of equality and sharing for many. Overall, communism had widespread influence politically but also faced challenges in practice.
This document provides an overview of the course content for a law class on the Nature and History of Torts. It discusses the historical development of tort law from gentile societies through periods of slave societies, feudal societies, mercantilism, and the development of manufactories and international trade. Key developments discussed include the origins of Roman law influencing early tort concepts, the introduction of writs defining causes of action in feudal England, and the evolution of tort law to address the needs of emerging commercial societies.
The modern State is the distinctive product of a unique civilization. But
it is a product which is still in the making, and a part of the process is a
struggle between new and old principles of social order.
The document discusses different economic systems throughout history including primitive economies, slavery, feudalism, mercantilism, capitalism, communism, and mixed economies. It provides details on key aspects of each system such as dominant economic activities, production and distribution structures, and social classes. For example, it notes that primitive economies involved simple cooperativism for mutual benefit within clans/tribes and there was no exploitation or social classes. Slavery economies were based on agricultural production using exploited slave labor with social relationships founded on property rights over people.
The document discusses Team Resistance and their connections to foundational documents promoting individual rights and freedoms and the rule of law such as the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It then discusses rejections to liberalism such as one party rule, central control of organizations, and compulsory work. Circumstances that led people to find communism or fascism appealing such as economic struggles in Germany and Russia are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of liberalism and rejections of liberalism through history. It discusses the philosophies of classical liberal thinkers like John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. It then analyzes circumstances in Germany and Russia that made communism and fascism appealing rejections of liberalism, including economic turmoil after WWI and the Russian Revolution. Elements of liberalism present in communism and fascism are noted. Justifications for the rejections of liberalism in Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia are provided due to citizens' desperation for stability. Contemporary rejections like the Taliban are also briefly discussed.
In defense of a new enlightenment project to end the human calvary in the worldFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the need for a new Enlightenment project to end the calvary in which humanity is subjected throughout history that reached its highest level during the existence of capitalism in the contemporary era, striving for the construction of a new model of society that provides benefits for all human beings. Calvary means martyrdom, suffering. An observer attentive to what happens in the world realizes the calvary suffered by humanity throughout history. This calvary is characterized by the exploitation of man by man with slavery during Antiquity, serfdom during feudalism in the Middle Ages and wage labor during capitalism from the 12th century to the contemporary era that contributes to the growth of social inequalities, the increase in crime and violence among human beings, the restriction of political freedoms in many countries and the escalation of international conflicts and terrorism.
The document discusses the political, economic, and social systems in Europe prior to the Enlightenment period, known as the Ancien Régime. Under the Ancien Régime, most European kingdoms were absolute monarchies where the king had divine right to rule. Society was divided into estates and the economy was based on subsistence farming and colonial trade. The Enlightenment challenged the ideas and institutions of the Ancien Régime through philosophers who advocated for reason, tolerance, and natural rights. Some monarchs adopted Enlightenment ideals through reforms while maintaining absolute power. Inspired by Enlightenment thinking, the American colonies declared independence from Britain and established a democratic republic with a constitution protecting individual liberties
Similar to State, civil society and social changes (17)
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
O documento discute a incompetência do governo federal brasileiro no planejamento do setor elétrico nacional que levou à crise energética atual. A estiagem histórica reduziu a produção de hidrelétricas, forçando o uso de termelétricas mais caras e aumentos nas tarifas de energia. O governo sabia dos riscos da estiagem mas não tomou medidas preventivas, ameaçando racionamentos.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
13062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
1. STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND SOCIAL CHANGES
Fernando Alcoforado *
Many people naively believe that the purpose of the state is the pursuit of the common
good. This is a mistake because, since the state has emerged throughout history, its role
has been to serve the interests of the dominant social classes in their various historical
periods. The Parliament and, even more, a government, however democratic capitalist
state that appears to be, is subordinated to the interests of the dominant classes,
especially the financial system by tying strings that take the name of public debt. More
than ever, today, no government could last more than a month without knocking the
banks to pay their expenses. If banks refuse to finance the budget deficit, the
government would be led to bankruptcy. The increase in public debt results from the
fact that the government spends more than it collects, whose public deficit grows
continuously. The government obtains funds through the financial system remunerating
them at high rates, a fact that makes it highly dependent on the financial system.
The public deficit is also the result of taxes do not come daily in the public coffers,
revenues concentrating on certain periods of the year and the expenses to be continuous.
It thus appears that the short-term debt. Public debt is a difficult problem because all
modern capitalist states spend more than they receive. This is the origin of the debt to
which banks and financial institutions lend money to states with high interest. Here is a
direct and immediate connection, a daily loop, between State and High Finance. The
Brazilian government, for example, committed half of its budget with the payment of
the public debt service blocking that can meet the demands of the population and the
productive sector and their most basic needs.
Throughout human history, the state has always been at the service of the ruling classes.
The social progress made by mankind so far as, for example, the reduction of working
hours, the right to strike, universal suffrage, among others, resulted in concessions from
the dominant social classes to cool the struggles undertaken by workers in various parts
of the world. The State of Social Welfare deployed in several European countries after
World War II resulted own struggles and those also of the purpose of the ruling classes
of Western Europe to avoid the socialist revolutions in their territory after the
establishment of the socialist system in Eastern Europe. But in essence, the state has
never ceased to be an instrument in the service of the ruling classes throughout history.
People need to understand that, historically, the state has not always existed [See
MANDEL, Ernest. Teoria Marxista do Estado (Marxist Theory of the State). Lisboa:
Edições Antídoto, 1977] . The birth of the State is the product of the social division of
labor and division of society into exploiting and exploited classes. In primitive
communities, as this social division of labor was only rudimentary, all members of
society exercised all social functions. There was no rule or special state functions. One
of these functions, the exercise of arms, was taken collectively by all members of the
early community. In the primitive community, all its members (and sometimes women)
walk around armed to defend themselves against wild beasts or enemies outside the
community setting. With the advent of the State, that became, ultimately, nothing more
than a body of armed men. In a society with the presence of the state, the concept of
bearing arms constitute the sole prerogative of an institution called the army, or police,
or military agents of various types, which did not exist in primitive communities.
1
2. Another function as the practice of justice belonged to the primitive community. At this
time, there was no written code of laws. Battles were decided by households or by
individuals in group meetings that had the power to pronounce judgments. Therefore, in
primitive communities, before being divided into social classes, certain functions, such
as the arms or the administration of justice, were collectively exercised by all adult
members of the community. Only when this society develops more in the moment they
appear social classes, is that these functions are removed from the community and
reserved for a minority (ruling classes) which shall exercise them in a special way.
In primitive communities, the relations of production were based on collective
ownership of the means of production and, in the first place, the earth. And because it
was so low the level of the productive forces, which did not allow to obtain the
necessary livelihood alone. In such circumstances, the men were forced to live and work
together and work together generated the common ownership of the means of
production and the fruits of labor. What the men obtained jointly belonged to the
community. Has not had any idea of private ownership of means of production, the
exploitation of man by man, nor of social classes. Primitive Community system is a
universal stage of human history, which means that every people had to go through this
stage, that society is divided into classes not starting but that was constituted over the
ruins of the primitive Community scheme.
Marx and Engels, the founders of Marxism, pored over the early history of problems in
various works such as A Origem da Propriedade Privada e do Estado (The Origin of
the Family, Private Property and the State) published by LaFonte in Brazil, and A
Ideologia Alemã (The German Ideology) published by Boitempo Editorial in Brazil,
which report that in the early days of human society, when men lived by hunting,
fishing, agriculture and the creation of primitive cattle, was the property of the tribe, the
collective ownership that dominated. The era of primitive herd succeeds the system of
clans, whose peak is usually accompanied by matriarchy, equality between man and
woman. Finally, the development of productive forces, the birth of grazing, cultivation
of land by the plow and processing of metals (bronze, iron) mark the beginning of an
era in which the first germs of exploitation of man by man arise and property private.
Matriarchy is replaced by patriarchy and democracy clan becomes a military
democracy, which prepares the ground for the foundation of the State.
In the early era, the war, though casual, existed on a small scale. The need to obtain
agricultural products may have induced pastors tribes to impose by force on other
farming communities. The accumulation of wealth - livestock, land etc. - resulted in the
decrease of population due to wars. With the development of trade between
communities, some of them members began accumulating more wealth than others,
appropriating communal surplus or the best part of the loot obtained through the wars.
With the evolution of the relations of production, private ownership of the means of
production was extended to land and finally to the worker (slave). One of the economic
institutions of the State in Ancient Greece and Italy (in fact the basis of the production
system) was the existence of an employee - commodity: the slave.
The transformation of communal economy to slave economy was due to the
development of productive forces within the primitive community, especially when men
began to use metal tools. After the domestication of animals and the dawn of
agriculture, it has become possible employment of the workforce of prisoner of war
who could be forced to work for the community or the particular owner. The work of
2
3. these enslaved people came to support the community, together with agricultural or
pastoral activity practiced by the conquerors. In slave society, the means of production
(land, tools, slaves, etc.) were owned by the lord. At the time of slavery, relations that
existed in society were relationships of domination and subjection. A small number of
gentlemen fiercely exploited the mass of slaves deprived of all rights.
Feudalism arose between the ninth and tenth centuries in Western Europe replacing
slavery including the period of the Middle Ages from the decentralization of the Roman
Empire. Feudal institutions persisted in Europe until the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. In the feudal system there were no trade relations that were based on
exchanges of products, and all production was sent to the local livelihood. Labor
relations were between the feudal lord, master of the land, and across the serf or
peasant, who was subordinate to the feudal lord. The servant working on the lord's land
and paid a "rent" for their use, in addition to working three days a week for free for
feudal lord. The servant owes gratitude to the Lord for the work and protection, this
relationship of dependence and gratitude gives the name of vassalage. During this
period there was employed, which resulted in a social dependency between master and
servant.
The functions of arms and the administration of justice shall be done especially when
the feudal system becomes dominant in Europe. The feudal lord, and he alone, was able
to exercise throughout your domain all functions of primitive communities (weapons
and administration of justice). The feudal lord is absolute master of its territory. It is the
only one to carry the classical functions performed by the state, as we know it today.
Later, there was an evolution. While the state is moderately small, the functions of the
State are rudimentary feudal lord and nothing complicated. As the exercise of those
functions will not take away too much time to the feudal lord, he can handle the
situation and exercise them personally.
With the increase in size of territory and population, the areas of responsibility of the
feudal lord become increasingly complex, more detailed and more stressful. It is
impossible for one man to exercise all these functions. What then does the feudal lord?
Delegate part of its powers to people completely under your control: the servants, who
are part of his household staff. During the Middle Ages, political power in Europe was
controlled by the various feudal lords, which generally yielded to the Holy Roman
Emperor and the Pope. At this time, there were no centralized national states. The crisis
of feudalism led to the dissolution of the feudal system in the sixteenth century and
paved the way for the introduction of capitalism. The earth is no longer the only source
of wealth. The trade expanded bringing major economic and social transformations.
Some servants accumulated economic resources and freed - up of the feudal lords and
migrated to the cities.
The expansion of trade has contributed to disorganization of the feudal system, and the
bourgeoisie, which was linked to trade class, became increasingly wealthy and powerful
and conscious that society needed a new political organization. For the bourgeoisie keep
progressing needed stable government and an orderly society. In this sense, it would be
necessary to end the constant wars and endless conflicts between members of the old
feudal nobility which undermined trade, reduce the amount of taxes levied on goods by
the various feudal lords and reduce the large number of regional currencies, which
hindered the business. In the last phase of the medieval period, the political and military
power possessed by the feudal lords, was transferred into the hands of an absolute
3
4. monarch, King. The progressive bourgeoisie and nobility sought to strengthen the
authority of kings in order to build national monarchies able to invest in the
development of trade, the improvement of transport and communications security.
This historical process has led to the emergence of the Absolutist State, which formed in
opposition to regionalism of feuds and cities that generated the political and
administrative fragmentation and the universality of the Catholic Church (and the Holy
Roman Empire), which spread its ideological and political power over different
European regions based on Christianity. Winning medieval universalism and
regionalism, the Absolutist State was engaged in the formation of national society. The
whole concentration of power came to be termed monarchical absolutism. In turn,
resulted in the Liberal State promoted by the bourgeoisie abolished the feudal society in
Europe from the French Revolution of 1789. The Liberal Capitalist State broke with the
hierarchical order of corporations, blood ties and privileges and created a political
power structure able to maintain and expand their conquests.
An institution that today seem democratic, for example, Parliament, clearly reveals the
class nature of the Liberal Capitalist State. Thus, in most countries where
parliamentarism, only the bourgeoisie had the right to vote was established. This
situation lasted, in most western states until the late nineteenth and even early twentieth
century. Universal suffrage is a relatively recent invention in the history of capitalism.
How to explain this? In the seventeenth century, when British capitalism proclaimed:
"No taxation without our representation" was just a representation of the bourgeoisie
that he had in mind, because the idea that the people who had nothing and paid no taxes
could vote it seemed ridiculous and absurd.
Originally, the parliament was created with the purpose of controlling government
spending made with taxpayers' money. For the English bourgeois parties, parliament's
role was to oversee budgets and expenses and only those who pay taxes can supervise.
Who does not pay tax has a tendency to increase spending because it does not meet any
expenses. Later, the bourgeoisie began to face the problem in another way. With
universal suffrage emerged universal tax that increasingly taxes on the workers. It was
thus that the bourgeoisie restored "justice" inherent in the system worldwide. The
parliamentary institution is a typical example of the very direct link between the domain
of the ruling class and the exercise of state power. Today only the most naïve believe
that the executive and parliament govern in fact, they are masters of the state, based on
universal suffrage.
This process shows perfectly that the proclaimed political equality is more apparent
than real and that the citizen's right to vote is nothing more than a mere right to vote at
certain times. The law goes no further, nor (especially) reaches the actual centers where
decisions are made and power is exercised. Monopolies seizing Parliament. In fact, it
was only in the Parliament that the common denominator of the interests of the
bourgeoisie could determine. The capitalist groups could only join in an orderly fashion
in Parliament. It is the Parliament that a line can be drawn to express the interests of the
capitalist class as a whole.
The question that arises for the vast majority of the population today in the world is how
to implode the current process that makes the executive and parliament to act as
instruments of the ruling classes to transform, in truly democratic organizations acting
on benefit of the entire population. There is only one way to transform the state of the
capitalist class in State of the whole people which is the strengthening of civil society
4
5. organizations. Objective reality shows that the election of people's representatives to the
executive and parliament is not enough to change the character of the governments that
will always remain in the service of the ruling classes.
Gramsci developed the expanded state theory, establishing the concepts of political
society, like all state apparatus of coercion (the mechanisms by which the ruling class
imposes its domination, achieved a monopoly of force, such as the executive and
bureaucratic apparatus forces police and military) and repression of civil society,
formed by private apparatus of hegemony (those responsible for the formulation and
circulation of different ideologies such as political parties, trade unions, the church, the
schools, the media of social organisms mass, etc.) [See GRAMSCI, Antonio.
Maquiavel, a Política e o Estado Moderno (Machiavelli, Politics and the Modern
State). Rio de Janeiro: Editora Civilização Brasileira, 1991].
For Gramsci , the state is "the entire complex of practical and theoretical activities with
which the ruling class not only justifies and maintains its dominance, but manages to
win the active consent of the governed". Political domination is not seen only as vertical
coercion by the apparatus of power, a one-way street, but how widespread the whole of
civil society relationship, whereby the dominated not appear as mere passive agents
because, at various times assume as its dominant ideology or, conversely, organize
resistance and opposition to it. Thus, private apparatus of hegemony cannot be
identified only as breeders dominant discourse because it gives them-even though on a
reduced scale, the same ideological struggle that rages throughout society.
As a fundamental consequence of these considerations is the realization that the struggle
for power requires hard work and persuasion to convince the broad popular strata by the
social group that aims to conquer it. In this sense, Gramsci developed a theory that
enables creation of methodical and systematic occupation by workers of existing
strategic spaces, in an expansion of the sphere of civil society to political society
organized around the state, enabling the conquest of political power process. According
to him, in Western societies, the proposed fight for radical transformation of the
capitalist system and the conquest of state power by the workers would not take over
exclusively by insurrectionary means in the strict sense, ie the seizure of power as a
sharp and explosive war of movement (taking over power) as occurred in Russia of the
Tsars in 1917.
All countries that have adopted the war of movement with the power to assault launched
by the Socialist Revolution of 1917 in Russia failed in building socialism. The
alternative proposed by Gramsci pointing out that it would take a prolonged war of
position in which the revolutionary party would seek to exercise hegemony between
social sectors for which the structural change of society is needed. According to
Gramsci, hegemony would be the ability of a social group to unify around their broader
political project not homogeneous block. The group or class that leads this block is
hegemonic because it can go beyond their immediate economic interests, to keep
articulated heterogeneous forces, an essentially political action, preventing the eruption
of the contrasts between them. Hegemony is something you earn through political
leadership and consensus and not by coercion. The path proposed by Gramsci is what
would enable the realization of social change in every country in the world which can
only be achieved to the extent that civil society in each country is strong enough to take
the state and turn it democratically for the benefit of all the people.
5
6. *
Alcoforado, Fernando, engineer and doctor of Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the
University of Barcelona, a university professor and consultant in strategic planning, business planning,
regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo,
1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do
desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,
http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel,
São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era
Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora,
Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011) and Os Fatores Condicionantes do
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), among others.
6