2. 1. By a man senior in status or age to a person
junior to him, or by a father to his child.
しごと
しろ!
しごと
しろ!
しゅくだいを
わすれるな!
しゅくだいを
わすれるな!
3. 2. Between men who are friends or couples. In
this case, the particle よ is often attached at
the end of the sentence to soften the tone.
そんなに
おこるなよ
。
そんなに
おこるなよ
。
元気、だせ
よ。
元気、だせ
よ。
4. 3. When there is not enough time to be very polite, e.g.
when giving instructions to a large number of people in a
factory or during an emergency etc. Even in this case, they
may be used only by men senior in status or age.
待て!待て!
はしるな!はしるな!
5. 4. When a command is required during training
many people or making students take exercise at
schools and sports clubs.
はしれ!はしれ!
6. 5. When cheering at sporting events. In this
case the expressions below are sometimes used
by women as well.
7. 6. When a strong impact or brevity is required,
as in a traffic sign or in a slogan.
8. *Imperative and prohibitive forms are used when you
force a person to do something
*Prohibitive forms are used to command a person
not to do something
*Both forms have strong coercive connotations so
much, so that the use of these forms alone or at
the end of an imperative sentence is very limited.
*In colloquial expressions, the use of either form is,
in most cases, limited to male speakers
9. *Group 1 verbs
*Take ます off
*Change the last letter to ‘e’ sound
*書きます→書き→書け
*Group 2 verbs
*Take ます off
*Add ろ
*見ます→見→見ろ
*Group 3 verbs – Learn them!
*します→しろ
*来ます→来(こ)い
10. *All verbs, change to the dictionary form and
add な , EASY!!!
*およぎます→およぐ→およぐな
*ねます→ねる→ねるな
*します→する→するな
*来ます→くる→来るな
11. 例:行きます 4. 止めます
1. 急ぎます 5. 忘れます
2. 立ちます 6. 来ます
3. 出します 7. 運転します
行け 行くな
急げ 急ぐな
立て 立つな
出せ 出すな
止めろ 止めるな
忘れろ 忘れるな
来い 来るな
運転しろ 運転するな
Note: Verb stem + なさい is another imperative style. This is used by
parents to their children or by teachers. This is a little gentler than the
imperative form. So women use this style more instead of the
imperative. However, DON’T use this when you are speaking to a
senior.
ちゃんと勉強しなさい。
しっかりしなさい。
質問に英語で答えなさい。
18. *Used in a same way as と言います or と思います .
*あの漢字は何と読むんですか。
*How do you read that kanji?
*あそこに「とまれ」と書いてあります。
*‘Tomare’ is written over there.
19. *This is used to define the meaning of the word.
という is coming from と言います . When
asking, use the interrogative どういう
*このマークはどういう意味ですか。
*What does this sign mean?
*洗濯機で洗えるという意味です。
*It means machine washable.
*Note: you could use こと as well for this use
*これはどういうことですか。
*What does this mean? (can also mean What
happened? – expecting an explanation)
*ここに入れないということです。
*It means that you can’t enter here.
24. *と言いました is used when you quote a third person’s words, while と言
っていました is used when conveying a third person’s message.
*と伝えていただけませんか is used when you ask someone to pass the
message to a third person politely.
*田中さんは「あした休みます」と言っていました。
* Mr Tanaka said, “I will take a day off work tomorrow.”
*田中さんはあした休むと言っていました。
*Mr Tanaka said that he would take a day off work tomorrow.
*ワンさんに「後で電話をください」と伝えていただけませんか。
*Could you please tell Mr Wang to give me a call later?
*すみませんが、渡辺さんにあしたのパーティーは 6 時からだと伝えてい
ただけませんか。
*Could you please tell Ms Watanabe that the party tomorrow will be from
6?