7. Plain past/plain negative past + ‘ら’
• This is used for spoken situation.
• This conditional form is more closer meaning to
English.
• It is often translated as ‘if’, ‘when’, ‘once’ or ‘after’
• It is used when the first action/condition has
completed/met, then 2nd action may happen. In other
words, if the first action hasn’t happened, then 2nd
action will never happen.
• たら CAN take volitional expressions.
• たら expresses more of an action happens once
rather than repetitive action
• When it is used in the past tense, it expresses
‘discover’ or ‘coincidence’.
• Some of sentence using と can be re-written in たら
(meaning is the same)
spoken
Focus on
completion of
first action
Can take
volitional
Happens
ONCE
discover
coincidence
Triggers next
action
8. Plain past/plain negative past + ‘ら’
• 午後になったら、買い物に行きましょう。
• Let’s go shopping when it becomes in the afternoon. (1st
condition has met, completion)
• 明日、雨が降らなかったら、ドライブしましょう。
• If it didn’t rain tomorrow, let’s drive. (supposition)
• もし、ロッタリーがあたったら、城(しろ)を買います。
• If I won the lottery, I would buy a castle. (supposition)
• 病気だったら、学校に来ないでください。
• If you are ill, please do not come to school. (supposition)
Supposition – you don’t know if it
happens or not, but if it happens….
9. Plain past/plain negative past + ‘ら’
• もしうるさかったら、言ってください。
• If it was noisy, please tell me. (condition)
• 夏休みになったら、フランスに行きませんか。
• When it becomes a summer holiday, would you like to go
to France? (1st condition happens, completion)
• きれいだったら、それを使います。
• If it is clean, I will use it. (condition)
18. たら with useful expressions
• たらいいです = it would be nice if, I hope, I wish, you should
• 暖かいですから、春に日本に行ったらいいです。
– It is warm, therefore, it would be nice if you go to Japan in spring.
• 何/どう/いつ/どこ/どうやって… たらいいですか。 = what/how/when/where/how should I,
would be good/nice to…
• いつ日本に行ったらいいですか。
– When should I/When would be nice to go to Japan?
• パーティーに何を着たらいいですか・でしょうか。
– What should I wear for the party?
• たらどうですか/たらどうでしょうか = how about if, what if (recommendation)
• 日本に行ったらどうですか。
– How about if you go to Japan?
19. たら with useful expressions
• たらいいと思います = I think it is good if you …
– いつ、日本に行ったらいいと思いますか。
– 春、日本に行ったらいいと思います。
– I think it is good if you go to Japan in Spring.
• たらどうしますか = What will you do if…
• じしんがきたら、どうしますか。
– What will you do if the earthquake comes?
• みたらどうですか/みたらどうでしょうか = how about if you try and do
(recommendation)
• 日本食を食べてみたらどうですか。
– How about if you try and eat Japanese food to see what it is like.
• みたらいいと思います = I think it’s good if you try…
– この本を読んでみたらいいと思います。
– I think it is good if you try and read this book.
29. ても・でも
• This expression presents a reverse condition.
• Whatever the situation is, you will carry on with your plan.
• Whatever the condition might be, the result is not
something you expect.
• You can add interrogative to emphasise whatever the
condition might be, the result will be the same.
30. ても・でも
• 雨が降っても、僕は毎日ジョギングに行きます。
• I go jogging everyday, even if it rains.
• 火曜日だから、よやくしなくてもだいじょうぶでしょう。
• Because it is Tuesday, it will probably be alright even if we don’t
make a booking
• このコップは、落としても、ぶつけても割れません。
• This glass doesn’t break even if you drop it or bang it.
• 待っても待っても、私の猫は帰ってきません。
• Even if I waited and waited, my cat doesn’t come back.
• 朝ごはんを食べても食べなくても、料金は同じです。
• Even if you eat the breakfast or you don’t, the fee is the same.
Unexpected
result
Carry on
Reversed
result
Reversed
result
Reversed
result
32. ても・でも
• 彼は頭がよくても、性格が悪い。
• Even though he is clever, he is not very nice (a bad personality)
• 眠くなくても、明日は早いから、もう寝ましょう。
• Even though you are not sleepy, let’s go to bed now because it is
early (to get up) tomorrow.
• みつおくんは、ハンサムでも、あまり女の子に人気がない。
• Although Mitsuo is good looking, he is not that popular with girls.
• たけしと僕はいとこでも、あまりにていません。
• Although Takeshi and I are cousins, we do not look very alike.
Reversed
result
Carry on
Reversed
result
Reversed
result
33. ても・でも advanced
• いくら考えても、わかりません。
• No matter how much I think, I can’t understand this.
• いくら高くても、買います。
• No matter how expensive it is, I will buy it.
• 何度あやまっても、母はゆるしてくれませんでした。
• No matter how many times I apologised, mother didn’t forgive me.
• どんなに説明しても、彼はわかってくれません。
• No matter how much I explain, he didn’t understand me.
• だれが首相になっても、同じことだ。
• No matter who becomes a prime minister, it is the same thing.
• 何を食べても、おいしくありません。
• No matter what I eat, it is not tasty.
• どこを探しても、めがねが見つかりませんでした。
• No matter where I look for, I couldn’t find my glasses.
Still the same
result
34. れ
ん
し
ゅ
う
し
ま
し
ょ
う
来なく て
も
子供でも
言わなくて
も
見なく て
も
好きじゃな
くても
しても
上手じゃな
くても
きらい で
も
待っても 聞いても
食べなくて
も
なくても
食べても 降っても よくても
悪くなくて
も
しなくても
つまらなく
ても
日本人 で
も
小さく て
も
Even if it is small
Even if you are
Japanese
Even if it is
boring
Even if you don’t
do
Even if it isn’t
bad
Even if it is good
Even if it (rain)
falls
Even if you eat
Even if you don’t
have/there isn’t
Even if you don’t
eat
Even if you
listen
Even if you wait
Even if you
dislike
Even if you are
not good at
Even if you do
Even if you don’t
like
Even if you don’t
look
Even if you don’t
say
Even if you are a
child
Even if you don’t
come
35. Subject of a subordinate clause
がis used when marking the subject in subordinate clause
with ~たら and ~ても in the same way as ~てから、~
とき、~と、~まえに
(私は)友達が来る前に、部屋を掃除します。
(私は)妻が病気のとき、会社を休みます。
(妹は)学校が終わると、すぐにピアノの練習に行きます。
(あなたは)友達が約束の時間に来なかったら、どうします
か。
(私は)雨が降っても、洗濯します。
41. たろう:What will you do when you graduate the university?
くみこ:Well… I will study in England.
たまこ:I think I will get a job. But, no matter how (いくら) enjoyable job it is, I think I
will have a hard time if the salary was cheap.
たろう:That’s right. I want to do a job too, but if there is not much holidays, I
wouldn’t like (いや) it.
くみこ:Me too, I understand both (二人の)opinions well. Therefore, I will study
abroad because I think I will find good job if I can speak English.
たまこ:I see. That is a good idea. I want to study abroad too if I had money.
たろう:If I had money, I will make own company. No one says anything no
matter how much I take time off.
くみこ:Yes, I guess…. But if you don’t work, you will run out of your money.
たまこ:That’s right. No one wants to work. IF you don’t have to work, what
would you do?
たろう:Well…. I want to travel around the world. If I go to various countries, I
will find something interesting.
くみこ:I will go to my favourite cake shop and eat cakes as much as I want (好きなだけ)
たまこ:You will be fat if you eat cake everyday. I want to help a nursery or (か)
a kindergarten because I like children.
たろう:Well, how about if you become a kindergarten teacher? Kumiko, how about
if you become pâtissier (パティシエ)?
くみこ:Well, let me see… But no matter how much I like cakes, I don’t want to do a
job which makes them every day.
たまこ:Me too, I think I will be tired to do the job which play with children everyday
so I want to help only when I want to play with children.
たろう:Both of you (二人とも) are selfish….くみこ&たまこ: fu fu fu