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Cohesion: Connectors
Introduction
  Connectors:

• join one idea or statement to another
• indicate to the reader how or why statements
  are connected (that is, they signal which
  function is being used)
Introduction
    Connectors are used for:

•   adding relevant points
•   comparing and contrasting
•   conditions
•   giving reasons
•   highlighting
Adding relevant points
We use some connectors to make additional
points (to introduce an idea or statement that
adds to something that has already been
written).
Adding relevant points

This year, we expect             we shall recruit
to recruit thirty                another twenty
graduates with       In          graduates with
degrees in medicine. addition,   engineering degrees.
Adding relevant points

The                                        in markets
                      in its
company                                    throughout
            not only, home      but also
has                                        Europe and
                      market,
expanded,                                  Asia.
Adding relevant points


          providing our          we also offer an
As well   customers with quality excellent returns
as,       sales service,         policy.
Adding relevant points


We are planning to                 we may consider
set up agencies in   furthermore   going into China at a
Japan and            ,             later stage.
Comparisons/contrasts
    Connectors can be used to compare or
    contrast two things or ideas as follows:


• comparing or contrasting relative size, rate
    or amount
•    contrasting between positive and negative
    qualities (e.g. advantages and
    disadvantages)
•    contrasting between two different situations
Comparing or contrasting
relative size, rate or amount

The cost of a first              an economy
class ticket to                  class ticket
                      whereas,
Madrid would be                  would cost just
$2000,                           $700.
Comparing or contrasting
relative size, rate or amount
When we conducted
                               others were more
the market research,
some people             while, interested in the
                               speed of the
emphasized the
                               service.
importance of quality
Comparing or contrasting
relative size, rate or amount

          Sandersons   they are not as reliable
Although,
          are cheap,   as our current suppliers.
Comparing or contrasting
relative size, rate or amount

 This year’s           in
 prices are very   comparison last year’s.
 high                 with
Contrasting between positive
   and negative qualities

            the quality of their   the service is
Although,
            products is good,      extremely poor.
Contrasting between positive
   and negative qualities

 Our freight will
                                it is very
 provide very fast   however/bu
                                expensive.
 delivery,               t
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities

The rapport has not   despite the we asked for it
yet been received,     fact that  three weeks ago.
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities

I believe that the
                               the competition
new product will be    even
                               is strong.
successful,           though
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities

We were unable to
                                 our staff working
complete the work     in spite
                                 overtime.
on time last month,      of
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities
                                 you could use the
You could relocate               site of the former
to the North of    Alternatively plant, situated
England.                 ,       near the docks.
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities

   Sales were              there was an
   below budget    However improvement
   in September.      ,    during October.
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities
Note:
‘In spite of’ and ‘despite’ can be followed
   either by a verb in the ‘...ing’ form or by ‘the
   fact that’.
Contrasting between two
situations, ideas or possibilities
In spite of/ Despite employing extra staff, we
found it difficult to complete the job on time.

In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact
that we employed extra staff, we found it difficult
to complete the job on time.
Connectors in conditional
          sentences
Connectors can be used in sentences which
state conditions.

 If the recommended
 changes in structure         the company will
                        then, experience further
 are not implemented
 immediately,                 financial loss.
Connectors in conditional
         sentences

The suppliers may
                               we shall have to
decide not to follow   In that
                               consider using an
our advice on this      case,
                               alternative company.
matter.
Connectors for giving reasons
We can use connectors to give reasons for:


• situations or actions
• courses of action that you are recommending
Connectors for giving reasons
Reasons for situations or actions
 Borrowing is more          interest rates have
 expensive than it   since, risen in all the major
 was a year ago             currencies.
Connectors for giving reasons


                          I shall telephone you early
     I am on holiday in
As                        in September to arrange a
     August,
                          meeting.
Connectors for giving reasons
Reasons for recommended courses of action

 I recommend that            his communication
 John Green should   because
                             skills are excellent.
 be appointed
Connectors for giving reasons


We advise you not   as/becau their standard of
to use Masons as    se/since service has
contractors                  declined recently.
Connectors for highlighting
Connectors are used to highlight examples.

 All our brands, the       in     have performed
 cutting machine       particular well this year.
                            ,
Connectors for highlighting

We should like to
                                   to the
express our gratitude
                        especially Production
to all the staff
                            ,      Department.
concerned and,
Connectors for highlighting

The company
                             financial ones,
experienced great
                      mainly because we had
difficulties in the
                             very little backing.
early years,
Connectors for highlighting


We are planning to extend
                            chiefly in Japan.
our operations in Asia,

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Connectors: Joining Ideas and Signaling Relationships

  • 2. Introduction Connectors: • join one idea or statement to another • indicate to the reader how or why statements are connected (that is, they signal which function is being used)
  • 3. Introduction Connectors are used for: • adding relevant points • comparing and contrasting • conditions • giving reasons • highlighting
  • 4. Adding relevant points We use some connectors to make additional points (to introduce an idea or statement that adds to something that has already been written).
  • 5. Adding relevant points This year, we expect we shall recruit to recruit thirty another twenty graduates with In graduates with degrees in medicine. addition, engineering degrees.
  • 6. Adding relevant points The in markets in its company throughout not only, home but also has Europe and market, expanded, Asia.
  • 7. Adding relevant points providing our we also offer an As well customers with quality excellent returns as, sales service, policy.
  • 8. Adding relevant points We are planning to we may consider set up agencies in furthermore going into China at a Japan and , later stage.
  • 9. Comparisons/contrasts Connectors can be used to compare or contrast two things or ideas as follows: • comparing or contrasting relative size, rate or amount • contrasting between positive and negative qualities (e.g. advantages and disadvantages) • contrasting between two different situations
  • 10. Comparing or contrasting relative size, rate or amount The cost of a first an economy class ticket to class ticket whereas, Madrid would be would cost just $2000, $700.
  • 11. Comparing or contrasting relative size, rate or amount When we conducted others were more the market research, some people while, interested in the speed of the emphasized the service. importance of quality
  • 12. Comparing or contrasting relative size, rate or amount Sandersons they are not as reliable Although, are cheap, as our current suppliers.
  • 13. Comparing or contrasting relative size, rate or amount This year’s in prices are very comparison last year’s. high with
  • 14. Contrasting between positive and negative qualities the quality of their the service is Although, products is good, extremely poor.
  • 15. Contrasting between positive and negative qualities Our freight will it is very provide very fast however/bu expensive. delivery, t
  • 16. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities The rapport has not despite the we asked for it yet been received, fact that three weeks ago.
  • 17. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities I believe that the the competition new product will be even is strong. successful, though
  • 18. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities We were unable to our staff working complete the work in spite overtime. on time last month, of
  • 19. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities you could use the You could relocate site of the former to the North of Alternatively plant, situated England. , near the docks.
  • 20. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities Sales were there was an below budget However improvement in September. , during October.
  • 21. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities Note: ‘In spite of’ and ‘despite’ can be followed either by a verb in the ‘...ing’ form or by ‘the fact that’.
  • 22. Contrasting between two situations, ideas or possibilities In spite of/ Despite employing extra staff, we found it difficult to complete the job on time. In spite of the fact that/Despite the fact that we employed extra staff, we found it difficult to complete the job on time.
  • 23. Connectors in conditional sentences Connectors can be used in sentences which state conditions. If the recommended changes in structure the company will then, experience further are not implemented immediately, financial loss.
  • 24. Connectors in conditional sentences The suppliers may we shall have to decide not to follow In that consider using an our advice on this case, alternative company. matter.
  • 25. Connectors for giving reasons We can use connectors to give reasons for: • situations or actions • courses of action that you are recommending
  • 26. Connectors for giving reasons Reasons for situations or actions Borrowing is more interest rates have expensive than it since, risen in all the major was a year ago currencies.
  • 27. Connectors for giving reasons I shall telephone you early I am on holiday in As in September to arrange a August, meeting.
  • 28. Connectors for giving reasons Reasons for recommended courses of action I recommend that his communication John Green should because skills are excellent. be appointed
  • 29. Connectors for giving reasons We advise you not as/becau their standard of to use Masons as se/since service has contractors declined recently.
  • 30. Connectors for highlighting Connectors are used to highlight examples. All our brands, the in have performed cutting machine particular well this year. ,
  • 31. Connectors for highlighting We should like to to the express our gratitude especially Production to all the staff , Department. concerned and,
  • 32. Connectors for highlighting The company financial ones, experienced great mainly because we had difficulties in the very little backing. early years,
  • 33. Connectors for highlighting We are planning to extend chiefly in Japan. our operations in Asia,