This document provides information about network topologies. It discusses the following topologies: point-to-point, bus, star, mesh, tree, and ring. Each topology describes the layout and flow of information between network components differently. For example, a point-to-point topology connects only two nodes directly, while a star topology connects all devices to a central hub or switch. The document aims to explain the basic types of network topologies and their characteristics.

1. CLASS -VIII
SEC- G
ROLL NO- 09
ADMN NO- 258-2018/19
Subject- computer
Name-Aditya raj
School- DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL GAYA

2. Network topology refers to layout which various components of a network, like nodes , links peripherals etc.
Topology can either be physical or logical . physical topology is the physical layout of nodes, workstation , and
cables in the network, whereas logical topology is the way how the information flows between different
components .
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:
POINT-TO-POINT
Point-to-point topology is the simplest form of network structure in which two nodes
are directly connected with each other. This type of network is suitable for small areas
where computer is close to each other. this topology provides us faster and reliable
connection.

3. BUS TOPOLOGY
This topology is for single communication line or one main
cable to which all nodes are directly connected. The main cable
acts as a backbone for the network.it transmits data in only one
direction. In this type of network topology one of the
computers in the network acts as the computer server, that
provides data to all the clients. This topology is used in small
network where cable requirement is relatively small.
Star Topology: A star topology consists of a central node, such
as a hub or a switch, to which all devices are directly
connected. Each device has its own connection to the central
node, forming a star-like structure. It offers easy
troubleshooting and scalability, as adding or removing devices
does not affect the rest of the network. However, if the central
node fails, the network becomes inoperable.

4. Mesh Topology: In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device, creating a
fully interconnected network. Mesh topologies can be either full mesh (every device connected to
every other device) or partial mesh (only selected devices have direct connections). Mesh
topologies offer high redundancy and fault tolerance, but they can be complex to implement and
require a large number of connections.
Tree Topology: Also known as a hierarchical topology, the
tree topology combines multiple star topologies in a
hierarchical structure. Devices are arranged in levels, with
a central node connecting to multiple intermediate nodes,
which further connect to end devices. It offers scalability
and allows for easy expansion, but if the central or
intermediate nodes fail, the connected devices become
inaccessible.

5. Ring Topology: In a ring topology, devices are connected in a
closed loop, where each device is connected to exactly two
neighboring devices. Data travels in one direction around the
ring, and each device regenerates and passes on the signal.
It is a simple design, but a single device or cable failure can
disrupt the entire network.