ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΟΡΓΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΩΝ

1. CH≡CH
CH2=CH2
H2/Ni
CH3CH3
H2/Ni
CH2Br-CH2Br
Br2/CCl4
HCN
CH3-CH2-CN
H2O
CH3-CH2-COOH
CH3CH2Cl
HCl
KCN
NaOH
θ, αλκ.
NaOH
θ, αλκ.
CH3CH2CH2NH2H2/Ni
CH3CH2OH
H2O
170°C
H2SO4
SOCl2
NaOH(aq)
H2O
HgSO4/H2SO4
CH3CH=O
H2/Ni
Cu,Ni,θ
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
CHX=CH2
HXHX
CHX2CH3
NaOH
θ, αλκ.
CH3CH2NH2NH3
CH3CH2ORRONa
RC≡CCH2CH3
RH≡CNa
RCOONa
RCOOCH2CH3
RCOOH/H+
H2O/H+
NaOH,θ
RCOOΝa+CH3CH2ΟΗ
HCN
CH3-CH-CN
|
OH
H2O/H+
CH3-CH-COOH
|
OH
RMgX
CH3-CH-R
|
OMgX
H2O
CH3-CH-R
|
OH
CH3COOH
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
NaOH
Na
NaHCO3
Na2CO3
CH3COONa
Fehling
HX
Tollens
CH3COONH4
I2/NaOH
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
CH3-CO-R
I2/NaOH
I2/NaOH
HCOONa
I2/NaOH
HCOOH
HX CO2
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
CH3CH2ONa
Na
CH≡CNa
Na
CH≡CCu
CuCl,NH3
πολυμερισμός
(-CHX-CH2-)ν
Br2/CCl4
CHBr=CHBr
Br2/CCl4
CHBr2CHBr2
πολυμερισμός
(-CH2-CH2-)ν
Cl2,hv CH3CH2Cl
NH3
HCOONH4
RNH2
HCOORNH3
CH3CH2MgCl
Mg
αιθέρας
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
COOH
|
COOH
KMnO4/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
CH2=CA-CH=CH2
πολυμερισμός
(-CH2-CA=CH-CH2-)v
C6H5OH
C6H5ONa
Na
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2. CH≡CH CH2=CH2
+H2/Ni
CH3CH3
+H2/Ni
CH2Br-CH2Br
+Br2/CCl4
+HCN
CH3-CH2-CN
CH3CH2Cl
+HCl
CH3CH2OH
+H-ΟΗ+H2O
HgSO4 / H2SO4
CH3CH=O
+H2/Ni
CHX=CH2
+HX+HXΧ
>CH–CH3
Χ
+HCN
CH3-CH-CN
|
OH
+2H2O/H+ -ΝΗ3
CH3-CH-COOH
|
OH
+RMgX
R
CH3-CH<
OMgX
+H2O -Μg(ΟΗ)Χ
CH3-CH-R
|
OH
+Br2/CCl4
CHBr=CHBr
+Br2/CCl4
CHBr2CHBr2
+Mg
αιθέρας
CH3CH2MgCl
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗΣ
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+2H2/Ni
CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2

3. CH3C≡CH CH3CH=CH2
+H2/Ni
CH3CH2CH3
+H2/Ni
CH3–CH-CH2
| |
Br Br
+Br2/CCl4
+HCN
CH3–CH–CN
|
CH3
CH3–CH–CH3
|
Cl
+HCl
CH3–CH–CH3
|
OH
+H-ΟΗ+H2O
HgSO4 / H2SO4
CH3–C–CH3
||
O
+H2/Ni
CH3CX=CH2
+HX+HX
X
|
CH3–C–CH3
|
X
+HCN
CH3
|
CH3–C–CN
|
OH
+2H2O/H+ -ΝΗ3
CH3
|
CH3–C–CN
|
OH
+RMgX
CH3 R
>C<
CH3 OMgX
+H2O -Μg(ΟΗ)Χ
CH3 R
>C<
CH3 OH
+Br2/CCl4
CH3–CBr=CHBr
+Br2/CCl4
CH3–CBr2CHBr2
+Mg
αιθέρας
CH3–CH–MgCl
|
CH3
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗΣ
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+2H2/Ni
CH3–CH–CH2-NH2
|
CH3
Κανόνας του Μarkovnikov

4. ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΑΠΟΣΠΑΣΗΣ
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CH≡CH
CH2=CH2
CH2X–CH2X ή CHX2–CH3
CH3CH2Cl
+NaOH -NaCl-H2O
θ, αλκ.
2NaOH (θ, αλκ.)
-2NaX-2H2O
CH3CH2OH
170°C, H2SO4
-Η2Ο
CH3CH=O
Cu,Ni,θ
-Η2
CH3–C≡C–CH3
CH3–CH=CH–CH3
Cl
|
CH3–CH–CH–CH3 ή CH3–CH–C–CH3
| | |
Cl Cl Cl
CH3–CH2–CH–CH3
|
Cl
+NaOH -NaCl-H2O
θ, αλκ.
2NaOH (θ, αλκ.)
-2NaCl-2H2O
CH3–CH2–CH–CH3
|
OH
170°C, H2SO4
-Η2Ο
CH3–CH2–C–CH3
||
O
Cu,Ni,θ
-Η2
Κανόνας του Saytzeff

5. ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΟΛΥΜΕΡΙΣΜΟΥ
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v CH2=C-CH=CH2
|
A
πολυμερισμός (–CH2–C=CH-CH2–)v
|
A
v CH2=CH
|
A
πολυμερισμός
(–CH2–CH–)v
|
A

6. CH3–ClCH3–OH
+NaOH(aq)
–NaCl–H2O
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΥΠΟΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΣΗΣ
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+SOCl2
–HCl↑–H2O↑
+KCN –KCl
CH3–CN
+NH3
–HCl CH3–NH2
+NH3 CH3–NH3
+Cl– +NaOH
–NaCl–H2O
+R–ONa
–NaCl CH3–O–R
+RCOONa
–NaCl RCOO–CH3
+R–C≡CNa –NaCl
R–C≡C–CH3
R–COOH
+R’-OH/H+
R–COO-R΄ + Η2Ο
CΗ4
+Cl2 (hv)
-HCl
CΗ3Cl
+Cl2 (hv)
-HCl
CΗ2Cl2
+Cl2 (hv)
-HCl
CΗCl3
+Cl2 (hv)
-HCl
CCl4

7. R–CH2–OH
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΞΕΙΔΩΣΗΣ
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+ KMnO4 + H2SO4 R–COOH + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 5
–1 +3
4
44 26 11
R–CH=O + KMnO4 + H2SO4 R–COOH + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 5
+1 +3
2
22 3 3
R–CH–R’
|
OH
+ KMnO4 + H2SO4
R–C–R’
||
O
+ K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 5
2
22 3 8
0 +2
HCOOH + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 5
+2 +4
2
22 3 8
(COOH)2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 10
+3 +4
4
22 3 8

8. CH3–OH
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+ KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 5
–2 +4
6
66 36 19
HCOONa + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Na2SO4
+7 +2
5x2=10
10 10
+2 +4
2x2=4
44 11 162 5
HCOOK + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5x2=10
10 10
+2 +4
2x2=4
44 11 167
(COOK)2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
+7 +2
5
5 10
+3 +4
2
22 8 86
(COONa)2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Na2SO4
+7 +2
5
5 10
+3 +4
2
22 8 8 5
COONa
|
COOH
+ KMnO4 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O + Na2SO4
+7 +2
5x2=10
10 20
+3
+4
1x2=2
44 11 162 5

9. R–CH2–OH
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΞΕΙΔΩΣΗΣ
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+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 R–CH=O + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
3 5
–1 +1
2
4 7
R–CH–R’
|
OH
+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
R–C–R’
||
O
+ K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
3 3
2
4 7
0 +2
(COOH)2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
5 10
+3 +4
4
4
8
R–CH=O + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 R–COOH + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
3 5
+1 +3
2
4 4
HCOOH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
3 5
+2 +4
2
4 7
7

10. CH3–OH
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+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
–2 +4
6
4 6
HCOONa + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + Na2SO4
+6 +3
3x2=6
6 6
+2 +4
2x2=4
22 11 142 3
HCOOK + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3x2=6
6 10
+2 +4
2x2=4
22 11 145
(COOK)2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
+6 +3
3
3 6
+3 +4
2
7 74
(COONa)2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + Na2SO4
+6 +3
3
3 6
+3 +4
2
7 7 3
COONa
|
COOH
+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 CO2 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + Na2SO4
+6 +3
3x2=6
6 12
+3
+4
1x2=2
22 11 142 3

11. kostasctheos@icloud.com
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΞΕΙΔΩΣΗΣ
Ήπια οξειδωτικά
Fehling (CuSO4+NaOH)
R–CH=O + CuSO4 + NaOH R–COONa + Na2SO4 + Cu2O ↓ + H2O
+2 +1
1
+1 +3
2
22 5 3
Tollens (AgNO3+NH3+H2O
R–CH=O + AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O R–COONH4 + NH4NO3 + Ag ↓
+2 +1
1
+1 +3
2
22 3 2

12. kostasctheos@icloud.com
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΟΞΕΩΝ
R–COOH
+Na
–1/2 H2
R–COOΝa
+NaOH
–H2O R–COOΝa
+NH3
R–COOΝH4
+NaHCO3
-CO2–H2O
R–COOΝa
2 R–COOH
+Ca
– H2
(R–COO)2Ca
+Ca(OH)2
–2H2O (R–COO)2Ca
2 R–COOΝa
+Na2CO3
-CO2–H2O
C6H5–OH
+Na
–1/2 H2
C6H5–ONa
+NaOH
–H2O C6H5–ONa
R–OH
+Na
–1/2 H2
R–OΝa
R-C≡CH
+Na
–1/2 H2
R-C≡CNa
+CuCl+NH3
–NH4Cl
R-C≡CCu

13. kostasctheos@icloud.com
ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΕΙΣ ΒΑΣΕΩΝ
R–COOΝa
+HCl
–NaOH R–COOH
C6H5–ONa
R–ONa
+H2O
–NaOH
R–OH
R-C≡CNa
+HCl
–NaOH
C6H5-OH
+H2O
–NaOH R-C≡CH
R-MgX
+H2O
Mg(OH)X R–H
R-NH2 +HCl R–NH3Cl
R
>NH
R’
+HCl
R
>NH2Cl
R’
R
|
R’–N
|
R”
+HCl
R
|
R’–NHCl
|
R”

14. kostasctheos@icloud.com
ΑΛΟΓΟΝΟΦΟΡΜΙΚΗ ΑΝΤΙΔΡΑΣΗ
CH3–CH–CH3
|
OH
+ Ι2 + NaOH
CH3–C–CH3
||
O
+ NaI + H2O2 2 2
CH3–C–CH3
||
O
+ Ι2 + NaOH
CH3–C–CI3
||
O
+ NaI + H2O3 3 33
CH3–C–CI3
||
O
+ NaOH CH3COONa + CHI3↓
CH3–CH–CH3
|
OH
+ 4 Ι2 + 6NaOH CH3COONa + CHI3↓ + 5 NaI + 5 H2O
CH3–C–CI3
||
O
+ 3 Ι2 + 4NaOH CH3COONa + CHI3↓ + 3 NaI + 3H2O