This article is connected with Solapur district rivers and their environment. It is open appeal to all populations - to keep the rivers flowing perennially with clean, potable water and greenery surrounding its bank, right from its origin to the tail end. Prevent the diversions, encroachments, sand and clay mining from the natural bed path of the river.
The Kailasa Temple was built in the 8th century in Aurangabad, India. It was carved out of a single rock cliff and took over 400,000 tons of rock to complete. The temple complex consists of four parts - the body of the temple, an entrance gateway, an intermediate Nandi shrine, and cloisters surrounding a courtyard. It is considered one of the largest monolithic structures in the world and was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983.
BRIHADEESWARAR TEMPLE - An Ancient Architectural marvelTheerumalai Ga
One Architectural marvel that has stood a millennium with violent natural disturbances and more violent human disturbances. One ancient TAMIL - DRAVIDIAN architecture with all it's structural intricacies and the SCIENCE which makes the modern day scientist to baffle. A SCIENTIFIC place than a SPIRITUAL place. One challenging structure analysed from the point of view of engineering details.
The document provides information about the Vedic civilization in India. It states that the Vedic civilization flourished between 1500-1000 BC based on early research, but more recent research dates it back to around 9000 BC. The Vedic people lived in small, agrarian villages in harmony with nature. Sages observed life, the human body and mind. Astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and yoga developed. Society was divided into four classes or varnas. The Vedas, considered the oldest Hindu texts, were orally transmitted and later compiled. The foundations of Hinduism were established during the Vedic period.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
In plumbing, a trap is a device which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. this will helps you to find info. about traps.
Pattadakal is a group of Hindu and Jain temples from the 7th-8th centuries located in northern Karnataka. There are nine major Hindu temples and one Jain temple clustered together, demonstrating a harmonious blend of northern and southern Indian architectural styles. The temples are a UNESCO World Heritage site and illustrate the height of eclectic art during the rule of the Chalukya dynasty, with carvings depicting stories from Hindu texts. The temples are significant for expressing 8th century Hindu and Jain religion, society, and culture in the Deccan region through their architecture, art, and relative positioning.
The document presents a site planning and landscape design assignment for the Mughal garden Shalimar Bagh located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Key details include that the 31 acre garden follows the Mughal garden style with three terraces and is connected to Dal Lake via a 1.6 km canal. The document describes the geology, hydrology, climate, topography, buildings, walkways, and varieties of trees planted in the garden, including almond, apple, apricot, and numerous odoriferous and fruit-giving plants.
The Kailasa Temple was built in the 8th century in Aurangabad, India. It was carved out of a single rock cliff and took over 400,000 tons of rock to complete. The temple complex consists of four parts - the body of the temple, an entrance gateway, an intermediate Nandi shrine, and cloisters surrounding a courtyard. It is considered one of the largest monolithic structures in the world and was awarded UNESCO World Heritage status in 1983.
BRIHADEESWARAR TEMPLE - An Ancient Architectural marvelTheerumalai Ga
One Architectural marvel that has stood a millennium with violent natural disturbances and more violent human disturbances. One ancient TAMIL - DRAVIDIAN architecture with all it's structural intricacies and the SCIENCE which makes the modern day scientist to baffle. A SCIENTIFIC place than a SPIRITUAL place. One challenging structure analysed from the point of view of engineering details.
The document provides information about the Vedic civilization in India. It states that the Vedic civilization flourished between 1500-1000 BC based on early research, but more recent research dates it back to around 9000 BC. The Vedic people lived in small, agrarian villages in harmony with nature. Sages observed life, the human body and mind. Astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and yoga developed. Society was divided into four classes or varnas. The Vedas, considered the oldest Hindu texts, were orally transmitted and later compiled. The foundations of Hinduism were established during the Vedic period.
The Buddhist architecture developed in South Asia in the 3rd century BCE and included three main structure types - monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (chaitya grihas). Stupas began as structures to house Buddhist relics and later became incorporated into chaitya-grihas or temple halls. Pagodas evolved from stupas and spread across Asia, incorporating regional architectural details. Distinctive Buddhist structures like stupas, pagodas, viharas, and cave temples quietly illustrate the development of Buddhism over different eras.
In plumbing, a trap is a device which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. this will helps you to find info. about traps.
Pattadakal is a group of Hindu and Jain temples from the 7th-8th centuries located in northern Karnataka. There are nine major Hindu temples and one Jain temple clustered together, demonstrating a harmonious blend of northern and southern Indian architectural styles. The temples are a UNESCO World Heritage site and illustrate the height of eclectic art during the rule of the Chalukya dynasty, with carvings depicting stories from Hindu texts. The temples are significant for expressing 8th century Hindu and Jain religion, society, and culture in the Deccan region through their architecture, art, and relative positioning.
The document presents a site planning and landscape design assignment for the Mughal garden Shalimar Bagh located in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Key details include that the 31 acre garden follows the Mughal garden style with three terraces and is connected to Dal Lake via a 1.6 km canal. The document describes the geology, hydrology, climate, topography, buildings, walkways, and varieties of trees planted in the garden, including almond, apple, apricot, and numerous odoriferous and fruit-giving plants.
Edwin Lutyens was a British architect known for his work in England and India in the early 20th century. Some of his notable works include country houses in England using vernacular styles, as well as large secular and civic buildings. However, his most famous work is the Viceroy's House (now called Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi, built from 1913-1930. It combines elements of Mughal, European, and Indian architectural styles into a massive 340 room structure that remains the largest residence of a head of state in the world.
The document summarizes key information about the Durga Temple located in Aihole, Karnataka. Some key points:
- Aihole is considered the "cradle of Indian architecture" and contains over 125 temples from the 6th-12th century, including the Durga Temple.
- The Durga Temple was built in the 7th-8th century AD and has an apsidal shape that imitates earlier Buddhist structures.
- Architectural features include an elevated plinth, pillared gallery around the sanctuary, and intricate carvings on the ceiling, walls and columns depicting figures like Shiva, Vishnu, Durga and Narasimha.
- The
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
This document discusses steel portal frames, which are low-rise structures used for industrial and warehouse buildings. They consist of columns connected by horizontal or pitched beams via moment-resisting connections. This allows the frame to act as a single structural unit and reduces bending moments in the beams. Pin joints are introduced to overcome rotational stresses from the beams to the columns. The document then discusses loads on portal frames, proper joint and foundation design, and bracing requirements. It provides specifications for typical steel sections used in portal frames and dimensions. Finally, it summarizes the steel portal frame roof design of the Turbhe Railway Station in India, which features an 84-meter long semi-circular ribbed arch roof.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
Ancient Architecture in India and (Case Study: Spatial Planning of Taj Mahal)Peshang hama karim
The document summarizes ancient architecture in India from 3300 BCE to present day. It describes the advanced sewer systems of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Buddhist-inspired architecture under Emperor Ashoka including the pillars bearing his edicts, and temples built from the 6th-12th centuries CE such as the Kailasa temple carved from a single rock face. It then provides extensive details about the construction and design of the Taj Mahal, considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, before concluding with a brief overview of British colonial architecture in India and post-independence works such as the Statue of Unity.
France has diverse landscapes ranging from snowy mountains to sunny coasts. The document discusses France's geography, climate, culture, and history. It then provides details on French gardens, which were inspired by Italian Renaissance styles. Key aspects of French gardens include symmetry, parterres, allees, topiary, and the use of the residence as the focal point. The Gardens of Versailles are given as an example, with their elaborate fountains, allees, and 200,000 trees that were carefully designed and planted.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
MUGHAL GARDENS ARE THE GROUP OF GARDENS BUILT BY THE MUGHALS
IN THE ISLAMIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE.
TYPICAL FEATURES-
POOLS
FOUNTAINS
CANALS INSIDE THE GARDENS
RIVER FRONT GARDENS THAN FORTRESS GARDENS
MUGHAL GARDENS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS-
RECTANGULAR PEAL GARDEN
LONG BUTTERFLY GARDEN
CIRCULAR GARDENS
TERRACED GARDEN
Vellodrome Stadium ,London : Long span StructureDanishPathan7
this presentation we have studied long span structre roofing system of Velodrome ,London . We had explains its structure through Plan section and Elevation
"Three major elements of a Chinese garden traditionally include: 1. Water – representing living, constantly changing nature
2. Stones – indicating stability and strength
3. Plants – which provide beauty, texture and meaning Architecture such as pavilions and teahouses provide a place for reflection, conversation and refreshments."
- gardeningknowhow.com
a settelment study of the community living in the center of aihole the cradle of temple architecture. this is about the basic house form of the community staying there as well its influence on the temples which are now a protected heritage site.
The Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India that was originally constructed as a brick fort in the 11th century. It was captured by the Mughals in 1526 who significantly expanded and strengthened it between 1565 and 1573 under Akbar. While some structures were built by Akbar, many extant buildings including the Jahangir Mahal and Diwan-i-Khas were built by Shah Jahan in the early 1600s. The fort has strong walls with battlements and bastions that create an impregnable structure combining military strength with Mughal architectural beauty.
Decoding the nature of Harappan urbanity through the fortifications and hydraulic managements: A case study of Dholavira. Dholavira is known for its large fortifications and hydraulic managements. Dholavira is one of the finest example of hydraulic management in Harappan civilization, we found huge reservoirs, tanks, wells, huge drains including storm water drains etc. In this ppt i will focus on how hydraulic management and large fortifications speak of the idea of urbanity of Dholavira.
#dholavira #harappa #ancienthistory #indusvalleycivilization #gujrat #sauratharappan #fortification #imon
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
Build Your Career with best Architecture Entrance Exam Preparation. At Silica, we provide you comprehensive guidance and assistance for preparation of CAT / NATA / JEE Entrance Exams. Start your career from top architecture colleges. Visit www.silica.co.in to Buy NATA + CET Test Series + Study Material. Start your Architecture Entrance Exam Preparation Right Away!
The document discusses the extent and scope of Shilpa-shastra, the ancient Indian science of engineering and architecture. Shilpa-shastra encompasses construction, machines, innovations, metals, and other means of creation. It is divided into three volumes by Sage Bhrugu, with three Shilpa-shastras in each volume, covering topics like architecture, sculpture, mechanics, and more. There are 32 vidyas or techniques and 64 kalas or arts that fall under the broad field of Shilpa-shastra. The true meaning of Shilpa-shastra refers to the engineering philosophy of ancient India, as the principles of science can change over time but philosophy remains
dravidian architecture with examplesHist teamworkgatti Teja
Dravidian architecture emerged in southern India and consists primarily of pyramid shaped temple towers constructed of stone. Major Dravidian temples are located in southern Indian states and were built during the rule of various kingdoms between 600-1000 AD. Dravidian architecture is divided into five styles based on the ruling dynasties, with notable examples including the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram built by the Pallavas and the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur commissioned by the Chola king Rajaraja I.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses approaches for water sustainability in India. It notes that while India has a large population, it only has 4% of the world's renewable water resources. The document outlines challenges around uneven rainfall distribution and frequent floods and droughts. It recommends adopting integrated water resource management and a holistic approach that focuses on water conservation techniques like watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The goal is to balance water supply and demand in a sustainable manner that supports ecosystems and human needs over the long term.
Water has played an important role in the architectural heritage of western India from the earliest times. One of the most characteristic features of the early Harappan towns (3000 BC) was the presence of a sophisticated system of drains, wells and tanks. The practice of making wells into an art form was begun by the Hindus but it developed under Muslim rule.
Most of the old temples in south India and palaces in parts of Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Northern Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh built centuries ago have large tanks in their premises. These tanks are either fed by harvested rain water or by tapping underground springs.
About thousand year’s old and still standing India’s forgotten structures step wells are the fascinating medieval structures. Richard Cox describes their use, “During their heyday, they were a place of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villages of all but the lowest castes. Men gained respite from the heat in the covered pavilions, while the women had a rare chance to chat amongst themselves while drawing water for their families.”
Have been neglected for centuries, efforts are now being made to restore and rejuvenate many of the ruined or drywells.
However author has attempted to focus on scientific and natural facts about the relation between geological setting and imposing environments.
Edwin Lutyens was a British architect known for his work in England and India in the early 20th century. Some of his notable works include country houses in England using vernacular styles, as well as large secular and civic buildings. However, his most famous work is the Viceroy's House (now called Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi, built from 1913-1930. It combines elements of Mughal, European, and Indian architectural styles into a massive 340 room structure that remains the largest residence of a head of state in the world.
The document summarizes key information about the Durga Temple located in Aihole, Karnataka. Some key points:
- Aihole is considered the "cradle of Indian architecture" and contains over 125 temples from the 6th-12th century, including the Durga Temple.
- The Durga Temple was built in the 7th-8th century AD and has an apsidal shape that imitates earlier Buddhist structures.
- Architectural features include an elevated plinth, pillared gallery around the sanctuary, and intricate carvings on the ceiling, walls and columns depicting figures like Shiva, Vishnu, Durga and Narasimha.
- The
It is also called as Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture (600AD-100AD) is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the India
It consists primarily of Hindu temples where the dominating feature is the high gopura or gatehouse
Majority of the existing structures are located in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
A temple consisted of -- Vimanas, Gopurams, Mantapams and Chaultries.
Vimana It is the structure over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum in the Hindu temples of South India and Odisha in East India
A vast gateway, which led to different parts of the temple with pillars the length of its path, was known as the Mandapam-the porch.
A Gopuram or gopura is a monumental entrance tower, usually ornate, at the entrance.
A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground-level wooden doors, often richly decorated, providing access.
Choultry is a resting place for travelers, visitors to a site, typically linked to Buddhist, Jain and Hindu temples.
In Southern India five kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times.
This document discusses steel portal frames, which are low-rise structures used for industrial and warehouse buildings. They consist of columns connected by horizontal or pitched beams via moment-resisting connections. This allows the frame to act as a single structural unit and reduces bending moments in the beams. Pin joints are introduced to overcome rotational stresses from the beams to the columns. The document then discusses loads on portal frames, proper joint and foundation design, and bracing requirements. It provides specifications for typical steel sections used in portal frames and dimensions. Finally, it summarizes the steel portal frame roof design of the Turbhe Railway Station in India, which features an 84-meter long semi-circular ribbed arch roof.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
Ancient Architecture in India and (Case Study: Spatial Planning of Taj Mahal)Peshang hama karim
The document summarizes ancient architecture in India from 3300 BCE to present day. It describes the advanced sewer systems of the Indus Valley Civilization, the Buddhist-inspired architecture under Emperor Ashoka including the pillars bearing his edicts, and temples built from the 6th-12th centuries CE such as the Kailasa temple carved from a single rock face. It then provides extensive details about the construction and design of the Taj Mahal, considered the finest example of Mughal architecture, before concluding with a brief overview of British colonial architecture in India and post-independence works such as the Statue of Unity.
France has diverse landscapes ranging from snowy mountains to sunny coasts. The document discusses France's geography, climate, culture, and history. It then provides details on French gardens, which were inspired by Italian Renaissance styles. Key aspects of French gardens include symmetry, parterres, allees, topiary, and the use of the residence as the focal point. The Gardens of Versailles are given as an example, with their elaborate fountains, allees, and 200,000 trees that were carefully designed and planted.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of Hindu temple architecture during the Gupta period in India. Key developments include the emergence of the first free-standing stone temples, with a central sanctum and pillared porch. Early temples had flat roofs, while later brick and stone temples developed curved towers known as shikharas. Decorative elements like arched doorways and amalaka disks atop towers became characteristic of the Gupta style. By this period, the basic elements of the modern Hindu temple were established.
MUGHAL GARDENS ARE THE GROUP OF GARDENS BUILT BY THE MUGHALS
IN THE ISLAMIC STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE.
TYPICAL FEATURES-
POOLS
FOUNTAINS
CANALS INSIDE THE GARDENS
RIVER FRONT GARDENS THAN FORTRESS GARDENS
MUGHAL GARDENS ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS-
RECTANGULAR PEAL GARDEN
LONG BUTTERFLY GARDEN
CIRCULAR GARDENS
TERRACED GARDEN
Vellodrome Stadium ,London : Long span StructureDanishPathan7
this presentation we have studied long span structre roofing system of Velodrome ,London . We had explains its structure through Plan section and Elevation
"Three major elements of a Chinese garden traditionally include: 1. Water – representing living, constantly changing nature
2. Stones – indicating stability and strength
3. Plants – which provide beauty, texture and meaning Architecture such as pavilions and teahouses provide a place for reflection, conversation and refreshments."
- gardeningknowhow.com
a settelment study of the community living in the center of aihole the cradle of temple architecture. this is about the basic house form of the community staying there as well its influence on the temples which are now a protected heritage site.
The Agra Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Agra, India that was originally constructed as a brick fort in the 11th century. It was captured by the Mughals in 1526 who significantly expanded and strengthened it between 1565 and 1573 under Akbar. While some structures were built by Akbar, many extant buildings including the Jahangir Mahal and Diwan-i-Khas were built by Shah Jahan in the early 1600s. The fort has strong walls with battlements and bastions that create an impregnable structure combining military strength with Mughal architectural beauty.
Decoding the nature of Harappan urbanity through the fortifications and hydraulic managements: A case study of Dholavira. Dholavira is known for its large fortifications and hydraulic managements. Dholavira is one of the finest example of hydraulic management in Harappan civilization, we found huge reservoirs, tanks, wells, huge drains including storm water drains etc. In this ppt i will focus on how hydraulic management and large fortifications speak of the idea of urbanity of Dholavira.
#dholavira #harappa #ancienthistory #indusvalleycivilization #gujrat #sauratharappan #fortification #imon
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
Build Your Career with best Architecture Entrance Exam Preparation. At Silica, we provide you comprehensive guidance and assistance for preparation of CAT / NATA / JEE Entrance Exams. Start your career from top architecture colleges. Visit www.silica.co.in to Buy NATA + CET Test Series + Study Material. Start your Architecture Entrance Exam Preparation Right Away!
The document discusses the extent and scope of Shilpa-shastra, the ancient Indian science of engineering and architecture. Shilpa-shastra encompasses construction, machines, innovations, metals, and other means of creation. It is divided into three volumes by Sage Bhrugu, with three Shilpa-shastras in each volume, covering topics like architecture, sculpture, mechanics, and more. There are 32 vidyas or techniques and 64 kalas or arts that fall under the broad field of Shilpa-shastra. The true meaning of Shilpa-shastra refers to the engineering philosophy of ancient India, as the principles of science can change over time but philosophy remains
dravidian architecture with examplesHist teamworkgatti Teja
Dravidian architecture emerged in southern India and consists primarily of pyramid shaped temple towers constructed of stone. Major Dravidian temples are located in southern Indian states and were built during the rule of various kingdoms between 600-1000 AD. Dravidian architecture is divided into five styles based on the ruling dynasties, with notable examples including the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram built by the Pallavas and the Brihadeeswara Temple at Thanjavur commissioned by the Chola king Rajaraja I.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses approaches for water sustainability in India. It notes that while India has a large population, it only has 4% of the world's renewable water resources. The document outlines challenges around uneven rainfall distribution and frequent floods and droughts. It recommends adopting integrated water resource management and a holistic approach that focuses on water conservation techniques like watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. The goal is to balance water supply and demand in a sustainable manner that supports ecosystems and human needs over the long term.
Water has played an important role in the architectural heritage of western India from the earliest times. One of the most characteristic features of the early Harappan towns (3000 BC) was the presence of a sophisticated system of drains, wells and tanks. The practice of making wells into an art form was begun by the Hindus but it developed under Muslim rule.
Most of the old temples in south India and palaces in parts of Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Northern Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh built centuries ago have large tanks in their premises. These tanks are either fed by harvested rain water or by tapping underground springs.
About thousand year’s old and still standing India’s forgotten structures step wells are the fascinating medieval structures. Richard Cox describes their use, “During their heyday, they were a place of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villages of all but the lowest castes. Men gained respite from the heat in the covered pavilions, while the women had a rare chance to chat amongst themselves while drawing water for their families.”
Have been neglected for centuries, efforts are now being made to restore and rejuvenate many of the ruined or drywells.
However author has attempted to focus on scientific and natural facts about the relation between geological setting and imposing environments.
Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur townSHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Attempts are made to take a total review of various water supply schemes implemented for Solapur citizens since last 125 years. Based on data the present status is discussed and accordingly suggestions are given for better management in future.
The document discusses the importance of geology in Indian rock monuments. It notes that various rock types were used for construction based on their availability, strength, and resistance to weathering. Over time, materials progressed from clay to wood to softer stones to harder stones as construction techniques advanced. The mineral composition and properties of the rock determined its resistance to physical and chemical weathering. Combined with climate and topography, weathering has destroyed or left many monuments in ruins over centuries. Understanding the geology is essential for conservation and using compatible stones for repairs.
Groundwater Quality from Basaltic Aquifers, Dr. S. K. Vadagbalkar, Associat...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
This document discusses groundwater quality from basaltic aquifers in Maharashtra, India. It provides background on the geological and hydrological properties of basaltic aquifers, noting they provide good storage of groundwater. However, it warns that groundwater contamination is a serious problem, as surface water pollution can infiltrate into groundwater. Both natural processes and human activities are contaminating groundwater resources. Proper monitoring and analysis of groundwater quality is needed to understand and address the threats to this essential water source.
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES FOR SOLAPUR TOWN DEVELOPMENT, PROBLEMS & FUTUR...SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR
Attempts are made to take a total review of various water supply schemes implemented for Solapur citizens since last 125 years. Detail studies are carried out to give the management practices and plans for growing population in future.
Need for Integrated and Holistic Development of Water Resources in Drought Prone Region
BY
DR. VADAGBALKAR S.K.
Head, Geology Department,
Dayanand Institutions, Solapur- 413002
Maharashtra State, INDIA
Dr. Vadagbalkar S.K.- Geologist and consultant has designed and successfully recharged the low yielding bore well in hard rock - basaltic terrain of Deccan traps.
Low yielding bore well in the basaltic rock is recharged by roof water collection in DAV institute, Solapur city, Maharashtra State, INDIA - to enhance its yield.
Rain Water Harvesting- case study in DAV institution, Solapur
नदी वाचवा सोलापूर जिल्हा
1. नदी वाचवा-प्रदूषण टाळा - सोलापूर जिल्हा
प्रा.डॉ. वडगबाळकर एस. के . Page 1
नदी वाचवा - प्रदूषण टाळा – सोलापूर जिल्हा
नदी ही व्यापक अर्ाांची संज्ञा आहे. ओहोळ, ननर्झर, ओढा, उपनदी, नदी, नद ही
जलप्रवाहांच्या वाढत्या आकारमानानुसार त्यांना ददलेली नावे आहेत काही उपनद्या मुख्य
नदीएवढ्या ककंवा नतच्याहून मोठ्याही असतात नदी ही सवझ प्राणी मात्ांची माता आहे.
एकववसाव्या शतकाकडे प्रगतीच्या वाटचालीच्या ददशेने घोडदौड करण्याच्या वेगात या नदी
माता - जल देवते वर अन्याय तर होत नाही ना ? नतचं स्वातंत्र्य आपण धोक्यात तर
आणत नाही ना ? याची पडताळणी करण्याची आ ण जनमानसात या धोक्याची जाणीव
ननमाझण करण्याची गरज आता भासु लागली आहे. नदीचं प्रदुषण हा फार चचंतेचा ववषय आहे
आ ण त्याला अनेक घटक कारणीभूत आहेत, प्रत्येकजण. अगदी आपण सुध्दा. कचरा आ ण
ववनाउपयोगी सामुग्री, (धार्मझक कृ त्ये व सामानासह) नदीत टाकणं हा सवझत् स्र्ायीभाव र्ाला
आहे. त्यावर कोणाचे बंधन रादहलेले ददसत नाही. नदीत टाकलेल्या कच-यामुळे नदीची वहन
क्षमता कमी होउन पुर पातळी वाढते. प्रकिया न करता नदीत पाणी सोडल्याने. नदीचे आरोग्य
धोक्यात येते. शेतातील वाढता रासायननक खतांचा वापर आ ण घरांतुन/ गावांतून / शहरांतून
ननमाझण होणारे सांडपाणी – मलमूत्, औद्योचगक घटक पदार्झ, रसायने इ० प्रकिया न करता
नदीत सोडणे असे प्रकार घडताना सवझत् ददसत आहेत.
2. नदी वाचवा-प्रदूषण टाळा - सोलापूर जिल्हा
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महाराष्ट्रातील अवषझणप्रवण जजल्हयांमध्ये सोलापूर जजल्हयाचा समावेश होतो. सोलापूर
जजल्हयाचे क्षेत्फळ १४,८९५ चौ. ककमी. असून ते महाराष्ट्राच्या एकू ण क्षेत्फळाच्या ४. ८४ %
आहे. जजल्हयात करमाळा , बाशी, माढा, माळर्शरस, पंढरपूर, मोहोळ, उत्तर सोलापूर, दक्षक्षण
सोलापूर, सांगोला, मंगळवेढा, अक्कलकोट असे अकरा तालुके आहेत . क्षेत्फळाच्या दृष्ट्टीने
माळर्शरस हा सवाांत मोठा, तर उत्तर सोलापूर हा सवाांत लहान तालुका आहे. सोलापूर शहर
हे जजल्हयाचे मुख्य दठकाण आहे.
हवामानाच्या दृष्ट्टीने संपूणझ जजल्हा पजझन्यछायेच्या प्रदेशात मोडतो. वावषझक सरासरी
पजझन्यमान ५५० र्ममी. आहे.
भीमा, सीना, नीरा व माण या जजल्हयातून वाहणाऱ्या प्रमुख नद्या आहेत. कृ ष्ट्णा
नदीची प्रमुख उपनदी असलेली भीमा ही जजल्हयातील सवाांत महत्त्वाची नदी असून ती
करमाळा, माढा, माळर्शरस, पंढरपूर, मंगळवेढा, मोहोळ व दक्षक्षण सोलापूर या तालुक्यांतून,
त्यांच्या सरहद्ींवरून वाहते. करमाळा तालुक्यातील जजंती येर्ून ती जजल्हयात प्रवेश करते, तर
अक्कलकोट तालुक्यातील दहळळी येर्ून जजल्हयातून कनाझटकातील ववजापूरकडे वहात जाते.
नतचा जजल्हयातील प्रवाहमागझ २८९ ककमी. असून त्यापैकी सुरुवातीचे ११० ककमी. अंतर ती
पुणे-सोलापूर जजल्हयांच्या सरहद्ीवरून वाहते. पंढरपूर हे तीर्झक्षेत् या नदीतीरावर आहे. भीमेला
उजवीकडून नीरा व माण तर डावीकडून सीना या उपनद्या येऊन र्मळतात. माळर्शरस व
इंदापूर (पुणे जजल्हा) तालुक्यांच्या सरहद्ीवरून वाहत येणारी नीरा नदी माळर्शरसमधील संगम
गावाजवळ भीमा नदीला र्मळते. जजल्हयाच्या नैर्झ त्य भागाचे जलवाहन करणारी व
ईशान्यवादहनी माण नदी पंढरपूरच्या आग्नेयीस १७ ककमी.वरील सरकोली गावाजवळ भीमा
नदीला र्मळते. या नदीचा जजल्हयातील प्रवाहमागझ ८० ककमी. आहे. सीना ही जजल्हयातील
दुसरी प्रमुख नदी आहे. ती अहमदनगर जजल्हयाकडून वाहत येते. काही अंतर ती सोलापूर-
उस्मानाबाद जजल्हयांच्या सरहद्ीवरून वाहते. जजल्हयातून सामान्यपणे आग्नेयीस वाहत
गेल्यानंतर याच्या दक्षक्षण सीमेवर कु डल गावाजवळ भीमा नदीस र्मळते. भोगावती ही नतची
प्रमुख उपनदी मोहोळच्या उत्तरेस ७ ककमी.वर नतला र्मळते. जजल्हयातील बहुतांश नद्या
उन्हाळ्यात कोरड्या पडलेल्या असतात.
जजल्हयात वायव्येकडून आग्नेयेकडे वाहणारी भीमा जजल्हयाचे दोन भाग करते.
जजल्हयात डोंगराळ भाग जवळजवळ नाही. परंतु महादेवाच्या डोंगराचा काही भाग माळर्शरस
व सांगोला तालुक्याच्या दक्षक्षण पजचचम सीमेवर आढळून येतो . तसेच बालाघाटच्या डोंगराचा
काही भाग करमाळा , माढा ,बाशी व अक्कलकोट तालुक्यांच्या उत्तर पूवझ सीमेवर ददसून
येतो. सोलापूर जजल्हयाच्या साधारण मध्यभागातून- उजनी धरणापासून ते दक्षक्षण सोलापूर
तालुका सीमेपयांत- यातील काही उंचवट्याच्या उत्तर पजचचम ते दक्षक्षण पूवझ असण्यामुळे भीमा
व सीना नद्यांचे खोरें अलगपणे ववलग र्ालेली आहेत. यानंतर या दोन्ही नद्यांचा हत्तरसंग
कु डल यादठकाणी संगम होऊन भीमा नदी कनाझटकात र्शरते. अशा भौगोर्लक पररजस्र्तीत
सोलापूर जजल्हयाचा उत्तर भाग (करमाळा ,माढा , बाशी , अक्कलकोट, मोहोळ दक्षक्षण
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सोलापूर व उत्तर सोलापूर तालुक्यांचा भाग ) हा सीना खोरे ववभाग दशझवतो जो भीमा नदी
खोऱ्याचाच एक भाग आहे.सोलापूर जजल्हयाचा दक्षक्षण भाग (सांगोला, माळर्शरस , मंगळवेढा
व पंढरपूर तालुक्यांचा भाग) हा नीरा व माण नदी खोरे ववभागात असून हा उपभागही
भीमा नदी खोऱ्याचाच भाग आहे.यातील भीमा आ ण नीरा नदीचा उगम हा पुणे जजल्हयातील
सहयाद्री पवझत रांगामध्ये होतो तर माण नदी ही सातारा जजल्हयातील सहयाद्री पवझत रांगामध्ये
उगम पावते. सीना नदीचा उगम हा अहमदनगर जजल्हयातील सहयाद्री पवझत रांगामध्ये होतो.
भोगावती नदीचा उगम हा बाशी तालुक्यातील बालाघाटाच्या रामर्लंग डोंगरामध्ये आहे.
जजल्हयातील या मोठया नद्यांसह इतर लहान नद्या व नाले ओढे र्मळून सोलापूरचे
एकत्रत्त पाणलोट क्षेत् ननमाझण र्ालेले आहे. या सवझ नद्या या पावसाळी असून त्या बारमाही
वाहत नाहीत त्यामुळे कृ वष , वापराचे व वपण्याचे पाणी यांच्या वापरावर बंधने येत
असल्यामुळे पाणीटंचाईचा आपणास सामना करावा लागतो ही खरी आपली शोकांनतका आहे.
माढा तालुक्यातील उजनी येर्े भीमा नदीवर उजनी धरण बांधण्यात आले आहे
(१९८०). जजल्हयातील हा एकमेव मोठा प्रकल्प आहे. अवषझण प्रवण जजल्हयाच्या दृष्ट्टीने या
प्रकल्पाला ववशेष महत्त्व आहे. पुणे-सातारा जजल्हयांच्या सरहद्ीवर भीमा नदीवर बांधण्यात
आलेल्या वीर धरणातील पाण्याचा फायदा सोलापूर जजल्हयातील माळर्शरस तालुक्याला र्ाला
आहे. जजल्हयात दहंगणी, जवळगाव, वपंपळगाव (बाशी), बोरी (अक्कलकोट), एकरूख (उत्तर
सोलापूर), बुद्धीहाळ (सांगोला), नतसंगी (पंढरपूर) व मांगी (करमाळा) हे आठ मध्यम पाटबंधारे
प्रकल्प आहेत.यांर्शवाय लघु-पाटबंधारे प्रकल्प, पार्र तलाव व कोल्हापूर पद्धतीचे बंधारे
आहेत. एक मोठा बोगदा खोदून त्याद्वारे भीमा-सीना जोड कालव्याची ननर्मझती करण्यात
आली आहे. या बोगद्याद्वारे उजनी धरणातील पाणी प्रवाही पद्धतीने सीना नदीत सोडून उपसा
र्संचन पद्धतीने ते पाणी बाशी, माढा, मोहोळ या तालुक्यांना पुरववण्याची योजना आहे.
सोलापूर जजल्हयातील नद्या हया पावसाळी हंगामी असल्यामुळे उन्हाळ्यात कोरडया
पडतात. त्यांना र्मळणारे ओढे, नाले हेही कोरडेच असतात. त्यामुळे या ओढे / नाले,
नदीपात्ातील वाळू उपसा, माती, दगड, मुरूम उपसा, त्यांच्या काठांवर अनतिमणे, नदीपात्ात
बदल करणे, प्रातःववझधी, कचरा (जैववक, अजैववक, रासायननक, प्लाजस्टक, ई -कचरा इ०) ,
घाण, गटारीचे पाणी इ० साठी सराझस वापर के ला जातो. पावसाळ्याच्या ददवसात ही सवझ घाण
आ ण शेतीतील ववद्राव्य खते, माती , पालापाचोळा नाले/नदी यांच्या प्रवाहात र्मसळते आ ण
पाणी दूवषत आ ण गढूळ होते. आ ण अशा प्रदूवषत पाण्याचा नाईलाजास्तव सावझजननक वापर
के ला जातो. दुदैवाची गोष्ट्ट म्हणजे, जजल्हयातील कोणत्याही गावात, शहरात (सोलापूर
शहरासह); सांडपाणी / ड्रेनेज पाणी स्वच्छ करण्याची यंत्णा नाही; तसेच बहुसंख्य गावांतून;
वपण्याचे पाणी शुद्ध करण्याचीही यंत्णा नाही. अशा प्रदूवषत पाण्याच्या वापराचा पररणाम
म्हणून ववववध पोटाचे, त्वचेचे , संसगझजन्य जीवघेणे आजार वाढत्या संख्येने फै लावतांना
ददसतात. दूधदुभत्या व पाळीव जनावरांना सुद्धा ववववध रोगांची लागण र्ालेली आढळते.
नैसचगझक साखळीतील ककती जीवजंतू , कीटक, प्राणी, पक्षी व वनस्पती यांना हानी पोहचते
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याचा तर अभ्यास सुद्धा दुर्मझळ आहे. यातील अवैध आ ण बेसुमार वाळू उपसा - त्यामुळे
तयार होणारे अपघाती खड्डे आ ण प्रदूषण हा फार मोठ्या चचंतेचा ववषय आहे. दुष्ट्काळी -
कमी पावसाचा जजल्हा असून सुद्धा दरवषी वाढत जाणारे उसाचे लागवड क्षेत् व त्यासाठी
ननमाझण होणाऱ्या साखर कारखान्यांची संख्या पाहता पाण्याची एकप्रकारे नासाडीच होताना
ददसते. कारखान्यांचे दूवषत रासायननक व मळी र्मचित पाणी प्रदूषणात, शेतातील रासायननक
खतांचा वापर वाढल्यामुळे पाण्यात रासायननक द्रव्ये जास्त प्रमाणात आढळतात. नदीच्या
प्रदूवषत पाण्यामुळे ववदहरी, बोअर मधील भूजल ही काही प्रमाणात प्रदूवषत र्ालेले आहे. अशा
पाण्याच्या वापरामुळे जर्मनीचा पोत त्रबघडत चालला असून ती नापीक तसेच क्षारपड होत
आहे. घेतलेल्या वपकांची उत्पादन क्षमता सुद्धा कमी होताना ददसते. नदीतील मासेमारी ही
स्वप्नवत वाटणारी गोष्ट्ट ठरते आहे. उजनी धरण पाणलोट व कालवा क्षेत्ात एखाद्या डोहात,
तलावात सुद्धा मासे असणे आ ण त्यांचे जगणे प्रदूषणामुळे दुरापास्तच आहे. अशा माशांना /
जलचरांना खाल्यानंतर होणारे रोग, नपुसंकपणा, शारीररक कमजोरी, दठसूळ हाडे इ० ही सवझ
उजनी धरणाचे पाणी वापरणाऱ्या शेतकऱ्यांची करुण पण सत्य कहाणी आहे. पुणे जजल्हयातून
भीमा नदीला येऊन र्मळणाऱ्या सवझ नद्यांचे नागरी व औद्योचगक प्रदूषण उजनी जलाशयात
साठते. उजनी धरणातील अचल साठा हा जास्त असल्याने गाळ व प्रदूषके मोठ्या प्रमाणावर
साठतात. याचा एकत्रत्त पररणाम हा पाण्याचे दूवषतपण वाढवतो आहे. अशा पाण्यातून ववषारी
वायूंचे ननमाझण होणे ही आढळते. हे पाणी शुद्ध के ल्यार्शवाय वापरू नये असा दंडकही महाराष्ट्र
प्रदूषण मंडळाने घातलेला आहे. तरीसुद्धा पाण्याचा वापर के ला जातो आहे आ ण प्रदूषणात वाढ
होतेच आहे. आ ण आपणांसह सवझ सरकारी यंत्णाही ननधाझस्त आहेत.हयापेक्षा कोणती मोठी
शोकांनतका असू शके ल? र्मत्ांनो जागे व्हा.
अर्शक्षक्षतपणा, बेकारी , गररबी, दाररद्र्य , शहरी र्ोपडपट्ट्यातील बकालपणा, मुजोरी,
उद्ामपणा ,दंडेलशाही इत्यादी वैर्शष्ट्ट्यांसह शहरीकरणाच्या आ ण ववकासाच्या नावाखाली
एकवटलेली मानवी कृ त्ये ही ननसगझननयमनांना हरताळ फासत आहेत. या कृ त्यात माणूस
आपली संस्कृ ती. संस्कार - माणूसपण, ननसगाझप्रती आदर, सन्मान इत्यादद सवझ ववसरला आहे
. जल हे जीवन आहे हे म्हणण्यापुरते आहे. माणूस जजतका ववकर्सत र्ाला म्हणले जाते
नततका तो ननसगाझपासून दूरच र्ाला आहे ककंबहुना आत्मकें दद्रत बनून ववनाशाकडेच चालला
आहे आ ण हीच योग्य वेळ आहे कक अजून त्याला शहाणे होऊन ननसगाझशी संधान साधून
शाचवत ववकासातून आपले तसेच सवझ सजीवांचे जीवन सुखी करता येईल, अन्यर्ा वेळ
ननघुन गेलेली असेल. आपण तंत्ज्ञान आधाररत शजक्तमान असल्याचा ककतीही आव
आणलातरी ननसगाझच्या एका फटक्यात होत्याचे नव्हते होते हे मान्यच करावे लागेल. त्यामुळे
नैसचगझक पयाझवरणाला कें द्रत्रबंदू मानूनच जगण्यात मानव जातीचे दहत आहे हया
त्रत्कालाबाचधत सत्याचे आकलन व्यजक्तगत आपणा सवाांना होईल तो सुददन असेल.
ननयोजनामध्ये तसेच व्यवस्र्ापनेमध्ये आमूलाग्र बदल होणे अत्यंत जरुरीचे आहे त्यासाठी
लोकसहभाग, लोकर्शक्षण आ ण जलसाक्षर समाजाची जडण घडण व्हावयास हवी. या सवाांचा
5. नदी वाचवा-प्रदूषण टाळा - सोलापूर जिल्हा
प्रा.डॉ. वडगबाळकर एस. के . Page 5
अभ्यास आ ण मानव कल्याणाचा ववचार करून प्रदूषण कमीतकमी होईल ककंवा होणारच
नाही याकडे लक्ष देणे जरुरीचे आहे. नदीला पुनजीववत करून ननमझळपणे अखंड वाहती करावी
हे अंनतम ध्येय असावे.
आपण हा संकल्प करू व शपथ घेऊ यात की ,
१) नाले, ओढे, तलाव, नदी मध्ये कोणतीही वस्तू, कचरा, ननमााल्य, मृत प्राणी
व त्याज्य सामान टाकणार नाही.
२) नदी, ओढयांमध्ये अंघोळी, भांडी, वाहने, िनावरे धुणे, प्रातःर्वाधी इ० करणार
नाही.
३) नदीपात्रात ककं वा नदीककनारी बांधकामे करणार नाही, राडारोडा टाकणार नाही,
वाळू- माती उपसा करणार नाही. करणाऱ्यास लोकशाहीच्या मार्ााने प्रनतबंध
करेन.
४) र्ावातील, शहरातील, उद्योर्ातील सांडपाणी, घटकपदाथा, रसायने नदीच्या
पाण्यात ममसळणार नाहीत आणण नदी बारमाही ककं वा िास्तीत िास्त काळ
वाहती राहून शुद्ध पाण्याचा पुरवठा सवाांना होऊ शके ल: अशी व्यवस्था सरकारी
वा सावािननक यंत्रणेमार्ा त होईल आणण त्यात बबघाड होणार नाही आणण
झाल्यास तो तातडीने दुरुस्त होईल याबद्दल दक्ष राहीन.
५) लोकिार्र, लोकमशक्षण आणण लोकसहभार्ातून शेतकऱ्यांच्या - िमीन
मालकांच्या सहकायााने नदीककनारी हररत पट्टा आणण वनांचे संरक्षक्षत कडे ननमााण
करण्यासाठी प्रयत्नशील राहीन.
६) नदीच्या पाण्याचे र्पण्यासाठी, वापरासाठी , शेतीसाठी, उद्योर्ासाठी या
क्रमाने, वार्षाक पज्यान्य, पाण्याची उपलब्धता व नदीवर अवलंबून असलेला सवा
पयाावरणीय घटक - समाि यांना लार्णाऱ्या कमीतकमी पाण्याचे मापन लक्षात
घेऊन न्यानयक व सवासमावेशक दृष्टीतून पाणी वाटप होईल यासाठी आग्रही
राहीन.
७) समािसेवी, अधधकारी, सिर् नार्ररक, पंचायत सदस्य, नर्रसेवक, महहला
यांचा कृ नतशील र्ट- दबावर्ट ननमााण करून नदी प्रणालीमध्ये (माथा ते
पायथा) कोणतेही अडथळे व कोणत्याही प्रकारचे प्रदूषण होणार नाही याबद्दल
सिर् राहीन.
८) पाण्याचा वापर काटकसरीने आणण योग्य प्रकारे स्वतः करेन व इतरांचेही
प्रबोधन करून िलसाक्षर समाि ननममातीमध्ये संपूणा आत्मीयतेने योर्दान देईन.