關於測試，我說的其實是......

關於測試
我說的其實是......
Hugo
@AgileCommunity.tw

先調查⼀一下
• 誰會寫 Python 程式
• 誰玩過 BDD (Behavior-driven Development)
• 誰玩過 TDD (Test-driven Development)
• 誰玩過 CI (Continuous Integration)

故事是這樣的...
有⼀一天，PM有個想法
I have a DREAM!

網站上提供
計算機的服務

功能 (Feature)
網路計算機
(Web Calculator)

1+1=2
雲端技術
⼯工程計算機要跟⼿手機
App結合
可以產⽣生
⼤大數據匯率轉換
⼀一個功能，
各⾃自表述。

使⽤用者故事 (User Story)
As a student of primary school
In order to ﬁnish my homework
I want to do arithmetic operations

使⽤用者故事
提供問題的脈絡1+1=2

規格書
• 滿⾜足四則運算

規格書 part2
• 運算⼦子優先順序
• 交換律
• 結合律
• 分配律

規格書 part 3
• 運算⼦子優先順序: 先括號，再× ÷，後 + −
• 交換律: x∗y = y∗x ∀ x,y ∈ S
• 結合律:(x∗y)∗z = (x∗y)∗z ∀ x,y,z ∈ S
• 分配律: x∗(y+z) = (x∗y)+(x∗z) ∀ x,y,z ∈ S

圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/sKZQGX

關於⾏行為驅動開發
(Behave Driven Development, BDD)

場景 (Scenario)
Scenario Outline: do simple operations
Given I enter <expression>
When I press "=" button
Then I get the answer <answer>
Examples:
| expression | answer |
| 3 + 2 | 5 |
| 3 - 2 | 1 |
| 3 * 2 | 6 |
| 3 / 2 | 1.5 |
| 3 +-*/ 2 | Invalid Input |
| hello world | Invalid Input |

加法/乘法交換律
Scenario Outline: satisfy commutative property
When I enter <expression1> first
And I enter <expression2> again
Then I get the same answer
Examples:
| expression1 | expression2 |
| 3 + 4 | 4 + 3 |
| 2 * 5 | 5 * 2 |

加法/乘法結合律
Scenario Outline: satisfy associative property
Examples:
| (2 + 3) + 4 | 2 + (3 + 4) |
| 2 * (3 * 4) | (2 * 3) * 4 |

乘法左/右分配律
Scenario Outline: satisfy distributive property
Examples:
| 2 * (1 + 3) | (2*1) + (2*3) |
| (1 + 3) * 2 | (1*2) + (3*2) |

RD: 為什麼不測試這個?
Scenario Outline: parse an expression
Given I enter <expression>
Then I get an <array>
Examples:
| expression | array |
| 1+2 | ['1','+','2'] |
| 1*2 | ['1','*','2'] |

關於測試
“Because designing the technical
solution is not the purpose of the
speciﬁcation, you should focus
only on writing scenarios that
relate to the business rules.”
- Executable Speciﬁcation with Scrum

QA:  
驗收測試，讓專業的來

執⾏行測試
$ python manage.py behave --dry-run
…(略)
You can implement step definitions for undefined steps with these
snippets:
@given(u'I enter "3+2"')
def step_impl(context):
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: Given I enter "3+2"')
@when(u'I press "=" button')
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: When I press "=" button')
@then(u'I get the answer "5"')
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: Then I get the answer "5"')

重構步驟
@given(u'I enter {expr}')
def step_impl(context, expr):
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: Given I enter {expr}')
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: When I press "="
button')
@then(u'I get the answer {answer}')
def step_impl(context, answer):
raise NotImplementedError(u'STEP: Then I get the answer
{answer}')
…(略)
複製貼上，修修改改

執⾏行測試
$ python manage.py behave
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
Feature: Web calculator # features/calc.feature:3
As a student
In order to finish my homework
I want to do arithmatical operations
Scenario Outline: do simple operations -- @1.1
Given I enter 3 + 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
...(略)
NotImplementedError: STEP: Given I enter {expr}
Then I get the answer 5
溫馨提⽰示：還沒拿掉 NotImplementError

重構步驟
from calc.calculator import Calculator
@given(u'I enter {expr}')
def step_impl(context, expr):
context.expr = expr
calc = Calculator()
context.answer = calc.evalString(context.expr)
@then(u'I get the answer {answer}')
def step_impl(context, answer):
assert context.answer == answer
假裝類別存在
假裝有個⽅方法

執⾏行測試
Exception ImportError: No module named 'calc.calculator';
'calc' is not a package
...(略)
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/demo/features/steps/
calc.py", line 1, in <module>
ImportError: No module named 'calc.calculator'; 'calc' is not
a package
溫馨提⽰示：還沒實作 calc.calculator

拉出介⾯面
#file: calc/calculator.py
class Calculator:
def evalString(self, string):
return 0
回傳的預設值

執⾏行測試
As a student
Given I enter 3 + 2
...(略)
File "features/steps/calc.py", line 19, in step_impl
assert context.answer == answer
AssertionError
QA: 接下來就是 RD 的事了

關於測試
通過場景轉換成驗收測試，
規格變成⼀一份可執⾏行的活⽂文件。
Acceptance TestScenario
User Story
Requirement
Specification
confirmsillustrates
executes

有些⼈人熱愛中華⽂文化

圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/BQkP82

說中⽂文也⾏行
場景⼤大綱: 做簡單的運算
假設< 我輸⼊入<expression>
當< 我按下等號按鈕
那麼< 我得到的答案是<answer>
例⼦子:
| expression | answer |
| 3 + 2 | 5 |
| 3 - 2 | 1 |
| 3 * 2 | 6 |
| 3 / 2 | 1.5 |
| 3 +-*/ 2 | Invalid Input |
| hello world | Invalid Input |

執⾏行測試
$ python manage.py behave --dry-run --include
zh_calc
功能: 網⾴頁計算機 # features/zh_calc.feature:2
⾝身為⼀一個學⽣生
為了完成家庭作業
我想要做算術運算
場景⼤大綱: 做簡單的運算 -- @1.1
假設 < 我輸⼊入3 + 2
當 < 我按下等號按鈕
那麼 < 我得到的答案是5
…(略)

關於測試
BDD 不只是測試框架，
更是溝通需求的哲學。

關於測試驅動開發
(Test Driven Development, TDD)

單元測試 (Unit Test)
from django.test import TestCase
# Create your tests here.
class TestCalculator(TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.calc = Calculator()
def test_evalString(self):
evalString = self.calc.evalString
self.assertEqual(evalString('0'), 0)

執⾏行測試
$ python manage.py test -v2
test_evalString (calc.tests.TestCalculator) ... ok
--------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.002s
OK
該提交程式碼與測試了

記得版本控制
$ git init
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "init project"

再多⼀一點點測試
def setUp(self):
Baby step，每次前進⼀一⼩小步

執⾏行測試
...（略)
test_evalString (calc.tests.TestCalculator) ... FAIL
==============================================================
FAIL: test_evalString (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/demo/calc/tests.py", line
13, in test_evalString
AssertionError: 0 != 1
溫馨提⽰示：接著完善 evalString()

關於測試
測試先⾏行，
它會告訴你下⼀一步該怎麼⾛走。

待辦清單
• 數字求值
• 錯誤處理
• 處理簡單數學運算
• 處理先乘除後加減
• 處理括號運算
• 交換律、結合律、分配律
• 確認驗收測試通過

3 + 2 − 1 = (3 + 2) − 1
[[‘3’, ‘2’, ‘+’], ‘1’, ‘−’]
[‘3’, ‘2’, ‘+’, ‘1’, ‘−’]
3 + 2 × 1 = 3 + (2 × 1)
[‘3’, [‘2’, ‘1’, ‘×’], ‘+’]
[‘3’, ‘2’, ‘1’, ‘×’, ‘+’]
解析⼆二元運算
3 2 1
+
×
3 2 1
+
-

待辦清單
• 數字求值：解析字串、解析 exprStack
• 錯誤處理
• 處理簡單數學運算

增加測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
def test_parseString(self):
parseString = self.calc.parseString
self.assertEqual(parseString('0'), ['0'])
新增解析字串測試

執⾏行測試
...（略)
==============================================================
ERROR: test_parseString (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
11, in test_parseString
AttributeError: 'Calculator' object has no attribute
'parseString'
溫馨提⽰示：接著實作解析字串的⽅方法

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
self.exprStack = []
integer = Word(nums)
self.expr = integer + StringEnd()
def parseString(self, string):
self.exprStack = []
return self.expr.parseString(string).asList()
…(略)
integer :: '0'...'9'*
expr :: integer

執⾏行測試
...(略)
test_parseString (calc.tests.TestCalculator) ... ok

增加測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
def test_evalStack(self):
evalStack = self.calc.evalStack
self.assertEqual(evalStack(['0']), 0)
self.assertEqual(evalStack(['1']), 1)
新增從 stack 求值的測試

執⾏行測試
$ python manage.py test
...(略)
==============================================================
ERROR: test_evalStack (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
16, in test_evalStack
evalStack = self.calc.evalStack
AttributeError: 'Calculator' object has no attribute
'evalStack'
溫馨提⽰示：接著實作從 stack 求值的⽅方法

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
self.exprStack = []
def pushStack(s, l, t):
self.exprStack.append(t[0])
integer = Word(nums).addParseAction(pushStack)
self.expr = integer + StringEnd()
def evalStack(self, stack):
op = stack.pop()
return float(op)
…(略)
從 stack 取值後回傳

執⾏行測試
...(略)
test_evalStack (calc.tests.TestCalculator) ... ok

沿⽤用測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
沿⽤用先前字串求值的測試

執⾏行測試
...（略)
==============================================================
FAIL: test_evalString (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
13, in test_evalString
AssertionError: 0 != 1
溫馨提⽰示：接著完善 evalString⽅方法

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
...(略)
...(略)
...(略)
self.parseString(string)
return self.evalStack(self.exprStack)
介⾯面不做複雜的⼯工作

執⾏行測試
...(略)
--------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.010s
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "test evalStack, evalString, parseString: ok"

關於測試
單元測試也是程式碼的⼀一部分。

增加測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
def test_invalid_input(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('hello world'), 'Invalid
Input')
你無法避免使⽤用者出怪招

執⾏行測試
==============================================================
ERROR: test_invalid_input (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
...(略)
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/venv/lib/python3.5/site-
packages/pyparsing.py", line 1936, in parseImpl
raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
pyparsing.ParseException: Expected W:(0123...) (at char 0),
(line:1, col:1)
溫馨提⽰示：⺫⽬目前有看不懂的表⽰示式

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
...(略)
try:
self.parseString(string)
return self.evalStack(self.exprStack)
except ParseException:
return 'Invalid Input'
針對無法解析的字串，預設回覆值

執⾏行測試
....
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "handle ParseException"

關於測試
Test
Code Refactor
Start

待辦清單
• 錯誤處理
• 處理簡單數學運算：解析字串、字串求值

增加測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
def test_parseString(self):
self.assertEqual(parseString('3+2'), ['3', '2', '+'])
Baby step，再前進⼀一⼩小步

執⾏行測試
==============================================================
ERROR: test_parseString (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
14, in test_parseString
self.assertEqual(parseString('3+2'), ['3', '2', '+'])
...(略)
raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
pyparsing.ParseException: Expected end of text (at char 1),
(line:1, col:2)
溫馨提⽰示：⺫⽬目前有看不懂的表⽰示式

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
self.exprStack = []
op = Literal('+') | Literal('-') | Literal('*') | Literal('/')
expr = integer + ZeroOrMore((op + integer).addParseAction(pushStack))
self.expr = expr + StringEnd()
self.exprStack = []
self.expr.parseString(string)
return self.exprStack
integer :: '0'...'9'*
op :: '+' | '-' | '*' | '/'
expr :: integer [op integer]*

執⾏行測試
...(略)
test_invalid_input (calc.tests.TestCalculator) ... ok
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "parseString of '3+2': ok"

增加測試
def setUp(self):
…(略)
def test_num_op_num(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('3+2'), 5)
self.assertEqual(evalString('3-2'), 1)
self.assertEqual(evalString('3*2'), 6)
self.assertEqual(evalString('3/2'), 1.5)
測試由算數表⽰示式求值

執⾏行測試
==============================================================
ERROR: test_num_op_num (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
…(略)
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/demo/calc/calculator.py",
line 29, in evalStack
return float(op)
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '+'
溫馨提⽰示：無法處理加號

進⾏行實作
from calc.scalc import SimpleCalculator
class Calculator:
def __init__(self):
…(略)
calc = SimpleCalculator()
self.opfun = {
'+' : (lambda a, b: calc.add(a,b)),
'-' : (lambda a, b: calc.sub(a,b)),
'*' : (lambda a, b: calc.mul(a,b)),
'/' : (lambda a, b: calc.div(a,b)) }
op = stack.pop()
if op in '+-*/':
op2 = self.evalStack(stack)
op1 = self.evalStack(stack)
return self.opfun[op](op1, op2)
else:
return float(op)
使⽤用另⼀一個團隊開發的模組
呼叫處理符號的⽅方法
對應符號與處理⽅方法

執⾏行測試
==============================================================
ERROR: test_num_op_num (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
...(略)
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/demo/calc/calculator.py",
line 25, in <lambda>
File "/home/vagrant/myWorkspace/demo/calc/scalc.py", line 6,
in add
raise NotImplementedError
NotImplementedError
溫馨提⽰示：SimpleCalculator.add ⽅方法尚未實作

相依元件尚未完成
#file: calc/scalc.py
class SimpleCalculator:
def add(self, a, b):
def sub(self, a, b):
def mul(self, a, b):
def div(self, a, b):
圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/ciEspm

都是 they 的錯 It’s time to
Facebook
⼩小兵 idol…
⾏行不⾏行啊
⾛走！買飲料沒事做，
趕快裝忙
等

使⽤用測試替⾝身 (Test Double)
圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/71wmBt

整合測試
SUT: System Under Test
DOC: Depended-on Component
Setup
Exercise
Verify
Teardown
SUT DOC

單元測試
SUT Test Double
Setup
Exercise
Verify
Teardown

測試替⾝身
• 種類
• Test spy, Test stub, Mock object, Fack object,
Dummy object
• ⺫⽬目的
• 不依賴其他元件，做到真正的單元測試
• 可控制的測試環境

待辦清單
• 錯誤處理
Mock object

依賴注⼊入
(Dependency Injection, DI)
Builder Calculator
SimpleCalculator
interface
add(), sub(),
mul(), div()
3. use
1. create
2. inject independence

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
def __init__(self, calc):
…(略)
calc = SimpleCalculator()
self.opfun = {
'-' : (lambda a, b: calc.sub(a,b)),
'*' : (lambda a, b: calc.mul(a,b)),
'/' : (lambda a, b: calc.div(a,b)) }
依賴注⼊入

修改測試
def setUp(self):
add_dict = {(3,2) : 5}
sub_dict = {(3,2) : 1}
mul_dict = {(3,2) : 6}
div_dict = {(3,2) : 1.5}
def add(*args): return add_dict[args]
def sub(*args): return sub_dict[args]
def mul(*args): return mul_dict[args]
def div(*args): return div_dict[args]
scalc = SimpleCalculator()
scalc.add = MagicMock(side_effect = add)
scalc.sub = MagicMock(side_effect = sub)
scalc.mul = MagicMock(side_effect = mul)
scalc.div = MagicMock(side_effect = div)
self.calc = Calculator(scalc)
...(略)
測試替⾝身
依賴注⼊入
只會回答 3+2, 3-2, 3*2, 3/2 的問題

執⾏行測試
.....
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "DI and mock of SimpleCalculator"

實作細節講太多
讓⼈人昏昏欲睡

接下來稍微加速⼀一下
圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/IpX6lw

增加測試
def setUp(self):
add_dict = {…}
sub_dict = {…}
mul_dict = {…}
div_dict = {…}
…(略)
def test_order_of_operations(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('4+3*2'), 10)
self.assertEqual(evalString('9-3*2+2/1'), 5)
增加偽造的範圍
測試先乘除、後加減

執⾏行測試
...(略)
==============================================================
FAIL: test_order_of_operations (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
62, in test_order_of_operations
self.assertEqual(evalString('4+3*2'), 10)
AssertionError: 14.0 != 10
溫馨提⽰示: 還沒處理“先乘除、後加減”

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
self.exprStack = []
addop = Literal('+') | Literal('-')
mulop = Literal('*') | Literal('/')
atom = integer
term = atom + ZeroOrMore((mulop + atom).addParseAction(pushStack))
expr = term + ZeroOrMore((addop + term).addParseAction(pushStack))
...(略)
integer :: '0'...'9'*
addop :: '+' | '-'
mulop :: '*' | '/'
atom :: integer
term :: atom [mulop atom]*
expr :: term [addop term]*

執⾏行測試
......
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "evalString can handle the order of
operations"

增加測試
def setUp(self):
add_dict = {…}
sub_dict = {…}
mul_dict = {…}
div_dict = {…}
…(略)
def test_parentheses(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('(4+3)*2'), 14)
self.assertEqual(evalString('(9-3)*(2+2)/1'), 24)
增加偽造的範圍
測試括號運算

執⾏行測試
...(略)
==============================================================
FAIL: test_parentheses (calc.tests.TestCalculator)
--------------------------------------------------------------
67, in test_parentheses
self.assertEqual(evalString('(4+3)*2'), 14)
AssertionError: 'Invalid Input' != 14
溫馨提⽰示: 還沒處理括號運算

進⾏行實作
class Calculator:
...(略)
addop = Literal('+') | Literal('-')
mulop = Literal('*') | Literal('/')
lpar = Literal('(')
rpar = Literal(')')
expr = Forward()
atom = integer | lpar + expr + rpar
term = atom + ZeroOrMore((mulop + atom).addParseAction(pushStack))
expr << term + ZeroOrMore((addop + term).addParseAction(pushStack))
...(略)
integer :: '0'...'9'*
addop :: '+' | '-'
mulop :: '*' | '/'
atom :: integer | '(' + expr + ')'
term :: atom [mulop atom]*
expr :: term [addop term]*

執⾏行測試
.......
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "evalString can handle parentheses"

好消息!
SimpleCalculator 完成

相依元件已經完成
#file: calc/scalc.py
class SimpleCalculator:
def add(self, a, b):
return a+b
def sub(self, a, b):
return a-b
def mul(self, a, b):
return a*b
def div(self, a, b):
return a/b

待辦清單
• 錯誤處理
Mock object
換上 SimpleCalculator

修改測試
def setUp(self):
"""
add_dict = {…}
sub_dict = {…}
mul_dict = {…}
div_dict = {…}
def add(*args): return add_dict[args]
def sub(*args): return sub_dict[args]
def mul(*args): return mul_dict[args]
def div(*args): return div_dict[args]
scalc = SimpleCalculator()
scalc.add = MagicMock(side_effect = add)
scalc.sub = MagicMock(side_effect = sub)
scalc.mul = MagicMock(side_effect = mul)
scalc.div = MagicMock(side_effect = div)
"""
...(略)
註解程式碼
不傳 mock object 進去

修改實作
from calc.scalc import SimpleCalculator
...(略)
class Calculator:
def __init__(self, calc = SimpleCalculator()):
self.exprStack = []
…(略)
預設使⽤用 SimpleCalculator

執⾏行測試
.......
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "use SimpleCalculator instead of mock object"

增加測試
…(略)
def test_commutative_property(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('3+4'), evalString('4+3'))
self.assertEqual(evalString('2*5'), evalString('5*2'))
def test_associative_property(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('(5+2) + 1'), evalString('5 + (2+1)'))
self.assertEqual(evalString('(5*2) * 3'), evalString('5 * (2*3)'))
def test_distributive_property(self):
self.assertEqual(evalString('2 * (1+3)'), evalString('(2*1) + (2*3)'))
self.assertEqual(evalString('(1+3) * 2'), evalString('(1*2) + (3*2)'))
分配律測試
結合律測試
交換律測試

執⾏行測試
..........
--------------------------------------------------------------
OK
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "satisfy commutative, associative,
distributive properties"

關於測試
“I get paid for code that works, not
for tests, so my philosophy is to
test as little as possible to reach a
given level of conﬁdence.”
- Kent Beck’s answer to How deep are your unit tests?

執⾏行測試
As a student
Given I enter 3 + 2
…(略)
1 feature passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped
12 scenarios passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped
36 steps passed, 0 failed, 0 skipped, 0 undefined

關於測試
各層測試的⺫⽬目不⼀一樣
User Story
Design Unit Tests
Acceptance
Tests
make sure you
do things right
make sure you
do right things

測試覆蓋率
測試成功趨勢
靜態檢查結果
專案健康狀態

關於測試
讓⾃自動化測試
成為⼀一張開發的安全網

圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/yMDEQd

Templates
Views
Browser
Models
Database
URLs
Django MTV

Template
<form ation="." method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<input id="expr" type="text" name="expr" value="{{ value }}">
<input type="submit" value="=">
</form>

View
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .calculator import Calculator
# Create your views here.
def calc(request):
value = ''
if request.method == 'POST':
calc = Calculator()
expr = request.POST['expr']
value = calc.evalString(expr)
return render(request, 'calculator.html', {'value': value})
這層越薄越好

URL
urlpatterns = [
...(略)
url(r'^$', calc_views.calc),
]

關於測試
圖⽚片來源 http://goo.gl/Jgmgjy
透過 Demo
測試、回饋、學習

提交版本
$ git add .
$ git commit -m "add template/view/URL of web calculator"

Automated
Functional Acceptance
Tests
Manual
Showcases
Usability Testing
Exploratory Testing
Unit Tests
Component Tests
System Tests
Automated
Nonfunctional
Acceptance Tests
(Capacity, Security,
Availability…)
Manual/Automated
Testing quadrant diagram
Supportingprogramming
Critiqueproject
Business facing
Technology facing

探索式測試
(Exploratory Testing)
• “所謂探索式測試, 就是同時進⾏行分析系統, 學習系
統, 設計測試, 執⾏行測試等動作. 因為⼀一開始對受測
系統不太懂, 無法開始就設計到位, 需要先執⾏行⼀一
下系統, 了解他是什麼, 同時也思考要如何規劃設
計. 因此, 這幾個動作是交錯在⼀一起進⾏行的. 這就像
敏捷開發⼀一樣, 設計, 開發和測試會同時發⽣生, 不應
該分成不同階段.” - David Ko
• 除以零會爆炸、不⽀支援⼩小數點、不⽀支援負數…

關於測試
唯有⾃自動化才能把⼈人⼒力
從瑣碎的⼿手動測試解放出來，
去做有價值的⼯工作。

DOC
Recap
User Stories
As a …, I want …, So that …
Scenarios
Given … When … Then …
Steps
@given(…)
def step_impl(context, …):
…
@when(…)
…
@then(…)
…
Interface
between the delegated tasks
and the domain model
Domain Models
Production code here…
Database Filesystem
Network
3rd party
library
Unit Tests
Test code here…
Test Double
Spy, Stub, Mock…
PM
PM
QA
RD
QA RD
Hardware
Remote
service

關於測試
只要有⼼心，
⼈人⼈人都可以玩測試。

學習筆記放在
https://github.com/hugolu/learn-test
Any question,
please send me pull requests :)

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