النقد المعماري ودوره في تطوير العمران المعاصر الحالة المصرية والعربية د.علي عبد الرؤوف منتديات معماري قسم : المكتبة المعمارية [كتب | مجلات | ابحاث | دراسات]

2. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
2
‫ادلؼاصر‬ ‫اهؼمران‬ ‫تطىير‬ ‫يف‬ ‫وزوري‬ ‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫اهىقس‬
‫واهؼربيت‬ ‫ادلصريت‬ ‫احلاهت‬
‫المعاصر‬ ‫العمران‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫في‬ ‫ودوره‬ ‫المعماري‬ ‫النقد‬CommonsCreativeis licensed under aAlraoufA.Aliby
.LicenseInternational4.0Attribution
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available
.http://analchemyofarchitecture.blogspot.com/at
2014©Ali A. Alraouf
An Alchemy of Architecture, People and Places.
‫محفوظة‬ ‫الحقوق‬ ‫بعض‬
‫انًؼبصط‬ ٌ‫انؼًطا‬ ‫رطٕٚط‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ِ‫ٔزٔض‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬-.‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُلخُش‬
ً‫اإلبداع‬ ‫المشاع‬ ‫برخصة‬ ‫منشور‬
http://creativecommons.org

3. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
3
‫اهساء‬
‫اىل‬‫وشاط‬ ‫هى‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫بان‬ ‫يؤمه‬ ‫مه‬ ‫كن‬‫ابساػي‬،‫هى‬ ‫االبساع‬ ‫وان‬
‫زال‬ ‫هما‬ ‫واالبساع‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫وان‬ ‫وقسي‬ ‫وشاط‬‫بلن‬ ‫احلريت‬ ‫ػو‬ ‫الث‬
.‫مستىياتها‬
‫ػوي‬‫اهرءوف‬ ‫ػبس‬

4. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
4
‫احملتىياث‬
‫اْساء‬3
‫يمسيخ‬8
‫انُظطٚخ‬ ‫انسضاؼخ‬ :‫أال‬
.‫ٔانزٕعٓبد‬ ‫انًساضغ‬ :َٙ‫ٔانؼًطا‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬
.٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫ٔربضٚد‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫يبْٛخ‬ :‫األٔل‬ ‫انجبة‬13
‫نهُمس‬ ٙ‫انزبضٚر‬ ‫ٔانزطٕض‬ ‫انزؼطٚف‬ :‫رًٓٛس‬
1/1: ‫انُمس‬ ‫يبْٛخ‬
1/1/1.١ٞ‫حُِـ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬
1/1/2.‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝٝظ٤لش‬ ‫كِٔلش‬
1/1/3.‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬
1/1/4:ٚ‫ٌٝٓحٛز‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬
‫أ‬–‫حالؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬
/‫أ‬1.ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫أ‬2.ٞ‫أٍٓط‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫د‬-.٢ٌ٤ٓ‫حٌُال‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ؽ‬-:٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬1.٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬2.٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬3.٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ى‬-.‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
1/2‫انًؼ‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫ربضٚد‬:٘‫ًبض‬
1/2/1.١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬
1/2/2:‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫ُظط‬ ١ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍ‫حُٔٔخ‬
‫أ‬-‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬19:
/‫أ‬1. ٌَ٘٣ ٖٗٞ‫ك‬ ٍٍ‫ًخ‬
/‫أ‬2. ٙٞ٘٣َ‫ؿ‬ ٙٞ٘٣ٍٞٛ
‫د‬-‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬19:
/‫د‬1. ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬

5. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
5
/‫د‬2‫ُٞىٍى‬ ٚ٤ُٞ٤‫ك‬
/‫د‬3. ٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ .ٍ
‫ؿـ‬-ُ٘‫ح‬‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫ٜق‬20:
1‫/ؿـ‬. ٙ‫كِي‬ ٟ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ َٟ٘ٛ
2‫/ؿـ‬. ُّٞ ‫أىُٝق‬
‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫َمس‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انطئٛؽٛخ‬ ‫اإلشكبنٛبد‬ :َٙ‫انضب‬ ‫انجبة‬42
‫رًٓٛس‬
2/1: ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫ثبنُشبط‬ ‫ٔػاللزٓب‬ ‫اإلزضان‬ ‫ػًهٛخ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
2/1/1: ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔلَٔس‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬
‫أ‬-. ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬
‫د‬-‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬. ‫حُظؼخِٓ٤ش‬
‫ؿـ‬-. ‫حُظز٤ئ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬
2/1/2. ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظ٘ظخؿخص‬
2/2: ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫ٔانُشبط‬ ‫انغًبنٛبد‬
2/2/1. ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظٜ٘٤لخص‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬
1-. ‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
2-. ‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
3-٣َُِٓ‫ح‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬. ‫ش‬
2/2/2: ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬
‫أ‬-. ١َُِٓ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬
‫د‬-. ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬
2/2/3: ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬
ّ1-‫؟‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؿٞحٗز‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ َٛ
ّ2-‫؟‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ُٔؼخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ً٤ق‬
ّ3-‫؟‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ُِظ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬
‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫االرغبْبد‬ :‫انضبنش‬ ‫انجبة‬74
‫رًٓٛس‬
3/1٘‫انًؼٛبض‬ ‫انُمس‬Normative Criticism:

6. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
6
3/1/1٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Doctrinal Criticism.
3/1/2٠ٓٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Systematic Criticism.
3/1/3‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ٢‫ًُ٘ٔٞؿ‬Typal Criticism.
3/1/4٢ٓ‫حُو٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Measured Criticism.
3/2٘‫انزفؽٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Interpretive Criticism:
3/2/1)‫(حُٔئ٣ي‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Advocatory Criticism.
3/2/2٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Evocative Criticism.
3/2/3٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Impressionistic Criticism.
3/3ٙ‫انٕصف‬ ‫انُمس‬Descriptive Criticism:
3/3/1١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Depictive Criticism.
3/3/2١َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Biographical Criticism.
3/3/3٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Contextual Criticism
:‫انزحهٛهٛخ‬ ‫انسضاؼخ‬ :‫صبَٛب‬
‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫ٔرطٕض‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬
ٝ: ٖ٤٤ُ‫حُظخ‬ ٖ٤‫حُزخر‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ٠٣
. ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ : ‫حَُحرـغ‬ ‫حُزخد‬
. ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ : ْٓ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُزخد‬
‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُبخ‬ :‫انطاثغ‬ ‫انجبة‬112
‫رًٓٛس‬
4/1( ٗ‫األٔن‬ ‫انفزطح‬1990–1950‫صٕضح‬ : )1919. ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫ٔانٕطُٛخ‬
4/1/1. ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬
4/1/2. ٚٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ٚ‫ٝػٔخٍط‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬
4/1/3. ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬
4/2( ‫انضبَٛخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1952–1970:)ٞ٣‫ًب٣ي‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ٚ‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حالٗطالهش‬.١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ُٞؿ٤ش‬
4/3( ‫انضبنضخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1973–1980:).‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬
4/4( ‫انطاثؼخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1980–1990:)‫حُظَحػ٤ش‬ ‫روٞحُزٜخ‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬,.‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫رظٞؿٜخطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬
4/5( ‫انربيؽخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1990–2005:)‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ط٤خٍحص‬.
4/6( ‫انؽبزؼخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬2005–2012:).ُْٞ‫ٝحُٔظؼ‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬
‫(ػٍٞس‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ط٤خٍحص‬25‫ٝهخَٛس‬50)
‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انطئٛؽٛخ‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انمضبٚب‬ :‫انربيػ‬ ‫انجبة‬154
‫رًٓٛس‬

7. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
7
5/1‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫نهحطكخ‬ ‫انحبكًخ‬ ‫انفكطٚخ‬ ‫انطكٛعح‬ ‫لضٛخ‬:
5/1/1. ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬
5/1/2. ٢ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍٝس‬
5/1/3. ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُٔٞهق‬
5/1/4.‫ٝحُظلٞالص‬ ‫حُظ٘خرٌخص‬ :‫ٝحُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
5/2:ٙ‫انزطجٛم‬ ‫انٕالغ‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انمضبٚب‬
5/2/1.ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬
5/2/2َ‫حُل‬.ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حؽ‬
‫رٕصٛبد‬‫ذزبيٛخ‬ ‫ٔاططٔحبد‬
.ٌ‫ٔانؼًطا‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫نُمس‬ ‫يزكبيال‬ ‫يُٓغٛب‬ ‫اطبضا‬ ٕ‫َح‬184
‫ا‬‫ططٔحبد‬.‫ذزبيٛخ‬197
.‫انًرزبضح‬ ‫ٔانمطاءاد‬ ‫انًطاعغ‬200

8. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
8
‫مقسمت‬
‫حٌُظخد‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رُ٘ٔٞ٤ش‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬
٢‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ ،٢ٗ‫ٝحٌُٔخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُِٓخ‬ ٍ‫حال١خ‬ ‫ٝحٛٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬
‫ططِؼخص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٘لٜال‬ ‫هخُٜخ‬ ‫ٓـَىح‬ ‫ك٘خ‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫كخُؼٔخٍس‬ .‫حُٜٔخكذ‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬
‫حكظ٤خؿخ‬ ‫طِز٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٠‫طٔؼ‬ ‫ٝحٗٔخ‬ ،ْٜ‫ٝطلخػالط‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬‫حريحػخ‬ ‫طٜ٤ؾ‬ ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ،‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ْٜ‫ط‬
ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫ُل٠خٍس‬ ‫َٓأس‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ .‫ٝحُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ه٤ٔظ‬ ُٚ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خ‬
ْٛ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٖ٤‫ٗظز‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٖٓٝ .‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٝحِٓٞد‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬ ٟ‫ٝحَُإ‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬
‫حُل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔلخ‬‫حُؼوٞى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُىحىص‬ ‫كوي‬ .‫ي٣غ‬
،ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣خ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َح‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حالٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٝحٛزلض‬ ،‫حاله٤َس‬
ٍ‫ٝكؼخ‬ َ‫ٓئػ‬ ١‫ً٘٘خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٝرٍٜٞس‬ .‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٔ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ٍ‫حال١خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝح٣٠خ‬
٣ٝ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ َُ‫٣ز‬ ،‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٝحٗظوخالص‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫طٜ٘ي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫ظؼخظ‬
ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رؤُٓش‬ َ‫ٗ٘ؼ‬ ‫ٝػ٘يٓخ‬ .‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝحُلخًٔش‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓئػَس‬
،‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖ٤٘‫ُالػ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ُإلٗٔخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٌُِٔخ‬ ٞ‫ٍحك‬ ‫حٓخ‬ ‫ٝػَٔحٕ؛‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓظخَٛٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫ك٘ظٔخء‬ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬‫حٛزلض‬ ‫ًٝ٤ق‬ ،‫حُٔ٘ظٔ٤ش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ،‫حُـخٓيس‬ ‫حُزخٍىس‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٌٙٛ
‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُلخؿش‬ ‫ٝطِىحى‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛ؟‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗ٤ٞػخ‬ َ‫حالًؼ‬
‫ٜٗلق‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ،‫ٝط٘ظـٜخ‬ ‫طلَُٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحالهظالالص‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔخٍٓخص‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٝ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ِٚ٤ٌ٘‫ٝط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫كٌَٗخ‬.‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ُٞحهغ‬ ِّٞٔ
‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫ٝحالريحػ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُٜؼ٤ي‬ َٓ‫طؤ‬ َ٤٘٣٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗٔز٤خ‬ ‫ٗ٘طش‬ ‫كًَش‬
‫كًَش‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ،‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ٝ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حالىر٤ش‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحَُٔٔك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤٘ٔخث٤ش‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ‫ٗوي‬
ٜٗ‫رخ‬ ‫طِوذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓٞؿٜش‬ ‫كخػِش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫حكظٞحء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُويٍطٜخ‬ )ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ّ‫(ح‬ ‫خ‬
٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٗظـخِٜٛخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٝال‬ ،‫ك٤خط٘خ‬ ‫طـِق‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫ح‬ .َ٣ٜٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ًخُ٘لض‬ َٟ‫حاله‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٖٓ
ٚ٤‫ٝحُظَك‬ ُِٜٞ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫حُؼزخىس‬ ًٖ‫ٝحٓخ‬ ‫حػٔخُ٘خ‬ ٍ‫ٝٓوخ‬ ‫ٓٔخً٘٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٛٞد‬ ‫كيد‬ ًَ ٖٓ ‫ر٘خ‬ ٢٤‫طل‬
ِ‫ٝحُظؼ‬ ‫ٝحُؼالؽ‬ ‫ٝحُظٔٞم‬ ‫حَُ٘حء‬ ًٖ‫ٝحٓخ‬‫حُؼي٣يس‬ ‫ٝٓظطِزخطٜخ‬ ‫حالٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ًَٝ ،ْ
َٝ‫ٗؼ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كزخإلٌٓخ‬ ،َٟ‫حاله‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ١‫حٗٔخ‬ ًَ ُٝ‫٣ظـخ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫حُـٔؼ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ .‫حًَُٔزش‬
‫ٌٛح‬

9. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
9
ًٕ‫ح‬ .َ٤‫حُٔٔظل‬ ٖٓ ‫َٟد‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫طـ٘ذ‬ ٌُٖ ،‫َٓٔك٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ،‫ٍٝح٣ش‬ ،ِْ٤‫ك‬ ،‫حؿ٘٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٛ‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حُـٜي‬ ًَ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫طٔظلن‬ ‫رخُوطغ‬َٟ‫رخألك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ؿ٤خد‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ .‫ح٣ـخر٤خ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ـ٤خ‬ ‫ٗويح‬ ‫خ‬
،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫كخٌُظخرش‬ ،‫ظخَٛس‬ ‫حٛزلض‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓليٝى٣ش‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼيٝٓش‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٟج٤ِش‬ ،‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ َ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬ َ٤ٛ‫ُظؤ‬ ‫ٍَٟٝطٜخ‬ ٝ ‫حٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫رٔزذ‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ٍٞ٠‫ك‬ ٕ‫ح‬ .‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ‫ؿ٤خد‬
‫ٝطظ٘زؤ‬ ‫ٓٔ٤َطٜخ‬ ‫ٝطَٛي‬ ‫ٝطلِِٜخ‬ ‫طظزؼٜخ‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫الٓظؼخٍس‬ ٢‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ١َٗ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ٚ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓظ‬ ٚ‫ٛ٤خؿظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ .ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َ‫رٔٔظوز‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫رخالػظزخٍحص‬ ٚ‫حؿِز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓليى‬ٌُٖٝ .‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘خٓن‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬
‫حُٔ٘خًٍش‬ ‫حال١َحف‬ ًَ ‫ٝططِؼخص‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫٣ـط‬ ‫ال‬ ،‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫ٝرخٓظؼ٘خءحص‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬
.ٍ‫ٝحُِٝح‬ ‫ٝحُٔالى‬ ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٞٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫ٓٞػوخ‬ ،ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫ُِ٘٘خ‬ ‫حٓظؼَحٟخ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ّ‫٣وي‬‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬ ‫ٝٓز٤٘خ‬ ،ٚ
‫حُ٘وي‬ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫طٍٜٞح‬ ّ‫٣وي‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،َٟ‫حاله‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٙ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحالٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛؾ‬
َُ‫ٝ٣ز‬ .‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ َ٣ٞ‫ُظط‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬
٣‫ٝه٠خ‬ ٚ‫حٌٗخُ٤خط‬ ُٚ َ‫ٓٔظو‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ١‫ً٘٘خ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٙ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٙ‫خ‬
ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٜيف‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ .َٟ‫حاله‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُوٞحُذ‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤‫ؿ‬
:‫حالٛيحف‬
١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظٌخ‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ١‫ً٘٘خ‬ ٚٔ٣‫ٝطوي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝهٞحػي‬ ْٓ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬
٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ ‫طؤً٤ي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حالريحػ‬‫ٝحُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ
.١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫رخُٔ٤خم‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ٚ‫ٝىٝحكؼ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ٌٍٙٝ‫ٝؿ‬ ،١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ْٜ‫ك‬
.٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬
‫ٓ٘خٛـٜخ‬ ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ،‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظؼيىس‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٝرٍِٞس‬ ‫ٍٛي‬
.‫ٝطزخ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ‫طؼيىٛخ‬ ‫حٓزخد‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤ؼخد‬
ُِ ٢‫ٜٓ٘ـ‬ ٍ‫ح١خ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ٖٓ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫٘وي‬
‫ٝحُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ‫ُِظلخػ‬ ‫ً٘ظ٤ـش‬ َٙ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ُٚ‫هال‬
‫ٝكخػِش‬ ‫ٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ .ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬

10. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
11
ٞٛ ٢‫ٝحُؼَر‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُلًَخص‬ ٝ‫حٜٗخ‬ ‫حىٝحص‬ ْٛ‫ح‬
ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٢ٗ‫طؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٔز٤خص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫ٝح٣٠خ‬ ،‫ٝحالهِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬
‫حُلًَش‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ُظٜل٤ق‬ ١َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ٞٛ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ .‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬
.‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٞحٗزٜخ‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ٝط‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
ٕ‫ح‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫كَٟ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼظٔي‬١‫ٗوي‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ِِّ‫٣ٔظ‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ًَ
٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ .١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ‫ٝحٓظٌ٘خف‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝطل‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓٔج‬ ُ‫ٓٞح‬
٢‫ك‬ ٝ .‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ١‫أل‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬
ٖ٤‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ٍِٞ‫طظز‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫٣ظز٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ح١خ‬‫٣ظ٠ٜٔ٘خ‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٢ٛ ٠ُٝ‫حال‬ ‫حٓخٓ٤ظ٤ٖ؛‬
ٚ‫ٝٓ٘خٛـ‬ ٚ‫ٝطخٍ٣و‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ْ٠‫ٝط‬ ،‫حٌُظخد‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُـِء‬
‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫ُظل‬ ٚ‫ٍَٟٝٝط‬ َٟ‫حاله‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حالٗ٘طش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫حٓظوالُ٤ظ‬ ‫ٝحٛٔ٤ش‬
‫حُظل‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ْ٠٤‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُٜٝٔخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٖ٤ِٜ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طوغ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ِ٤ِ٤ش‬
‫ٝحٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍُِٞٛٞ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُٔحؿؼش‬
.َ٤‫حاله‬ َٜ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٍِٞطٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓئػَس‬
‫ٝك‬ ٚ‫حؿِحث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ،‫ٌُِظخد‬ ‫حُزلؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٘٤ش‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫طلٜ٤ال‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ‫ٝرٍٜٞس‬‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ،‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ُٜٚٞ
:٢ِ٣
‫انُظطٚخ‬ ‫انسضاؼخ‬ :‫االٔل‬ ‫انغعء‬
."‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ٝحُو٠خ٣خ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ :٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫"حُ٘وي‬
:‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫ػالع‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬
1-:ٚ‫ٝطخٍ٣و‬ ٚ‫ٝكِٔلظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ ‫طظزغ‬٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١
.٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٚ‫ػٔو‬ ‫ٍٝٛي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬
2-:ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالٌٗخُ٤خص‬
‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حالٗ٘طش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫حُٔـخ٣َس‬ ‫ُِطز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫ر٤خ‬
،‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫ٝحالكٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حىٍحى‬ ‫ً٤ل٤ش‬ ‫حٜٛٔخ‬ ‫حٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ٖٓ ِٙ٤ٔ٣ ‫ُٔخ‬ َٟ‫حاله‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬

11. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
11
ُ‫ٝح‬ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫حٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ .‫ٝكٔ٤خ‬ ‫ٝٗلٔ٤خ‬ ‫رَٜ٣خ‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُظي‬ ‫حُٔلَٔس‬ ‫٘ظَ٣خص‬
.ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬
3-:‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬
ٝ ،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٖ‫ط٘خه‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫ٝحٓزخد‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ًَ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬
.ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٍٝ‫ري‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٟ‫حَُإ‬ ‫طؼيى‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُٔؼز‬ ٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ ‫حُظؼيى‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
‫انزحهٛهٛخ‬ ‫انسضاؼخ‬ :َٙ‫انضب‬ ‫انغعء‬
"‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫"حُ٘وي‬
:ٖ٤٤ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ ٖ٤ُ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬
1-‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬:‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬
١‫ٗوي‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫حٓظوَحء‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫٣ظ‬
َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫ػٞىس‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫رزيح٣خص‬ ‫ُِيٍحٓش‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُؼٔن‬ ٢‫ٝ٣َطز‬ .٢ِ٤ِ‫طل‬
‫طو‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ .ٖ١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ّ‫ي‬
‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ‫حكيحع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؼض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫كٜٔخ‬
.‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػٔ٤وخ‬ ‫حػَح‬ ‫ٝطًَض‬ ‫حؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬
2-:‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫حٓؼِش‬ ٙ‫حٓظوال‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حُوَحءس‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ‫رٍِٞس‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝٝحهغ‬ ‫ُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫حُؼٔ٤وش‬ ‫٣ش‬
‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤خص‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬
ٖٓ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗٔخًؽ‬ ‫ُظـٔ٤ي‬ ‫حُٔوظَكش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬
ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫طٜل٤ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬‫حػَحء‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ،َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬
.‫رٜخ‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ َ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬
‫هخػيس‬ ٌَ٘٣ ٕ‫ح‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫ٓظٌخٓال‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ـ٤خ‬ ٍ‫ح١خ‬ ‫رٜ٤خؿش‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ْ‫ٝ٣وظظ‬
٢‫ٝحُٔظِو‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬ ‫ٗوِش‬ ‫٣لون‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خِٓش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِٔٔخٍٓش‬
ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫رخألػٔخ‬.‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬

12. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
12
‫األوم‬ ‫اجلزء‬
‫اهىظريت‬ ‫اهسراست‬
.‫وادلىاهج‬ ‫واهقضايا‬ ‫ادلفاهيم‬ ،‫اهتاريد‬ :‫واهؼمراوي‬ ‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫اهىقس‬

13. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
13
1
‫األوم‬ ‫اهباب‬:‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫وتاريد‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫ماهيت‬

14. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
14
‫األوم‬ ‫اهباب‬:‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫وتاريد‬ ‫اهىقس‬ ‫ماهيت‬
‫نهُمس‬ ٙ‫انزبضٚر‬ ‫ٔانزطٕض‬ ‫انزؼطٚف‬ :‫رًٓٛس‬
1/1: ‫انُمس‬ ‫يبْٛخ‬
1/1/1. ١ٞ‫حُِـ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬
1/1/2. ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝٝظ٤لش‬ ‫كِٔلش‬
1/1/3. ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬
1/1/4: ٚ‫ٌٝٓحٛز‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬
‫أ‬-‫ح‬. ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬
‫د‬-. ٞ‫أٍٓط‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ؿـ‬-. ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫حٌُال‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ى‬-: ٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬1. ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬2. ٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
/‫ى‬3. ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ٛـ‬-. ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
1/2: ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫ربضٚد‬
1/2/1.٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬
1/2/2١ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍ‫حُٔٔخ‬:ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫ُظط‬
‫أ‬-‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬19:
/‫أ‬1ٕٞ‫ك‬ ٍٍ‫ًخ‬. ٌَ٘٤ٗ
/‫أ‬2. ٙٞ٘٣َ‫ؿ‬ ٙٞ٘٣ٍٞٛ
‫د‬-‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬19:
/‫د‬1. ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬
/‫د‬2‫ُٞىٍى‬ ٚ٤ُٞ٤‫ك‬
/‫د‬3. ٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ ٍ
‫ؿـ‬-‫حُـ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬20:
1‫/ؿـ‬. ٙ‫كِي‬ ٟ‫ى‬ ‫كخص‬ َٟ٘ٛ
2/‫ؿـ‬.ُّٞ ‫أىُٝق‬

15. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
15
‫رًٓٛس‬
١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓٞحُحس‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ‫ٌُِظخد‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُلَٟ٤ش‬
‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫إلػَحء‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬‫حُل٘٤ش‬
... َ‫ٗؼ‬ ،َ٣ٜٞ‫ط‬ ،٠‫ٓٞٓ٤و‬ ،‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظؼز٤َ٣ش‬
‫حُزخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ .‫حُن‬‫رخُٔ٘خه٘ش‬ ‫حُلَٟ٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٍٝ‫ٓ٤ظ٘خ‬ ‫د‬
ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ،‫ٝحالريحع‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٍَٟٝٝس‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُظٟٞ٤ق‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝحُظل‬
ٖٓ ‫ػيى‬ ‫رطَف‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٌُٜٙ ١ٞ‫حُِـ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظؤ‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ .‫ٓظيحهِش‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ‫ػالع‬
ً‫ح‬‫حػظٔخى‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝكِٔلش‬ ‫ٝظ٤لش‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ،‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬
‫َٓط‬ ‫ىٍحٓخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٍ‫حالىٝح‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢ِ٣ .٢٘‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ ‫رخُ٘وي‬ ‫زطش‬
‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كًَخص‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىكؼض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ،‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫٣ئى٣ٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ّ‫ٝحُٜٔخ‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ‫ٝحه٤َح‬ .‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫أػَحء‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫طٔزز‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحألىر٤ش‬
‫حألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ِّٞ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٝكِٔلخص‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ٚ‫ططَك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬َ‫حُظلخػ‬ ‫ُظٟٞ٤ق‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٍ‫ٝاظٜخ‬ ،‫حُٔزيع‬ ٕ‫ٝحُل٘خ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔظزخىُش‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهش‬
َ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ُٚٞ٤ٓٝ ٚ‫ٝػوخكظ‬ ٚ‫ٝر٤جظ‬ ١َ‫حُلط‬ ُٙ‫ٝحٗل٤خ‬ ٢‫حُلِٔل‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬
.ٚ‫آٍحث‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ ‫ًُي‬
‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٔ٠‫٣ظ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ٍٝ‫طظ٘خ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍٞ‫رخُظط‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُلِٔلخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ِّٞ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬
٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫رخُٔ٤خم‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬
ُ‫ح‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼٞح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢ِ٣ .٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬٢‫ظ‬
ٖٓ‫حُؼخ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣خص‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٙ‫طٞحؿي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫أىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظَٝف‬ ٚ‫حٓظوالُ٤ظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫أىص‬
‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٍٜٞ‫رظ‬ ‫ٓٔق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُِٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خم‬ َ٘‫ػ‬
‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ْ‫ػ‬ .ٍٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخٛٔض‬ ‫أكيحع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحًزٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫ُظط‬ ١ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫ٗظخرغ‬‫ؿٜٞى‬ ‫ٓظخرؼش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫ٔؼٔخ‬
‫حُـٜٞى‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬ ٍ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ ْٜ‫ُٔٞحهؼ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٝٗوخىٛخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ٍ‫ًزخ‬
٢ٜ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬ .ْٜ٘ٓ ًَ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ٍ‫رخألكٌخ‬
‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ‫حٓخ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬
ٝ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬َٜ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ْ‫ك٤ظ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬
.‫ٝٓ٘خٛـٜخ‬ ‫ٝٗ٘ؤطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼخُغ‬
‫ططَف‬

16. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
16
1/1: ‫انُمس‬ ‫يبْٛخ‬
1/1/1. ٕ٘‫انهغ‬ ‫انزؼطٚف‬
٣ُِ‫ح‬ ‫ٝاهَحؽ‬ ْٛ‫حُيٍح‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٞٛ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ١ٞ‫حُِـ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫حُؼَد‬ ٕ‫ُٔخ‬ ْ‫ٓؼـ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬‫ق‬
،ٜٚ‫ٝكل‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٗظ‬ ١‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٗوي‬ ‫حُ٘٢ء‬ َ‫حَُؿ‬ ‫ٝٗوي‬ ‫هز٠ٜخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫كخٗظويٛخ‬ ٙ‫أػطخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٗوي‬ ‫ا٣خٛخ‬ ٙ‫ٝٗوي‬ ،‫ٜٓ٘خ‬
‫أظَٜٝح‬ ١‫أ‬ "‫ٗويٝى‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫ٗويص‬ ٕ‫"أ‬ ‫حَُ٘٣ق‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ .‫حُؼ٤ٞد‬ ٍ‫اظٜخ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ٝط‬
‫ػ٤ٞري‬1
‫ٟ٤ق‬ ٢‫ٗٞه‬ .‫ى‬ ‫ك٤ؼَف‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٓخ‬ .2
،‫حألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُوطغ‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
ٝ‫أٓخ‬ ،٢ٓ‫حُؼزخ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫اال‬ ٢‫حالٛطالك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ ٌ‫طؤه‬ ُْٝ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٖٓ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ َ٣‫طوي‬
ٖٓ ‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜ٤خٍكش‬ ‫حٓظويٜٓخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ٕ‫ٝحالٓظٜـخ‬ ٌُّ‫ح‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ّ‫طٔظوي‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬ ‫ًُي‬ َ‫هز‬
‫٣ٔظط٤ؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُ٤يُٞح‬ ٕٞ‫حُزخكؼ‬ ‫حٓظؼخٍٛخ‬ ْٜ٘ٓٝ َ٤ٗ‫ٝحُيٗخ‬ ْٛ‫حُيٍح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِحثق‬‫رٜخ‬ ٕٞ
.ّ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ‫ٝآٍحء‬ ‫ٓالكظخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ ٌٙٛ ٚ‫ط٘ظـ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،‫ٝحُوز٤ق‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝحُـ‬ ‫ٝحَُى١ء‬ ‫حُـ٤ي‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬‫حٓخ‬
ٖ٤ٔ‫ك‬ ٚ١ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حالىد‬ ‫ُؼٔ٤ي‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ٞٛٝ ُِٚ٘ ٚ٤‫رلؼ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ػزخٍس‬ ٙ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫كخُ٘وي‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ،‫ٓـَى‬ ٢‫كِٔل‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬‫حُٔطِٞد‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ َ‫٣ٔظوز‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫ٗ٢ء‬ ًَ ٖٓ ‫٣ظـَى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫الري‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ٙ‫ٗوي‬
‫ٓٔخ‬ ٌُٖٛ‫ح‬ ٢ُ‫هخ‬ ٞٛٝٝ ‫حُي٣خٗش‬ ٖٓ ٝ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ٢ِ‫٣و‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ، َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٓٔؼ‬
ُٙ‫حٗل٤خ‬ ٖٓ.ٚ٘٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫١خثلش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ٘٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ُـش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ًٝٛذ‬ٕ‫ُ٣يح‬ ٢‫ؿٍٞؿ‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ،‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٙٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ط‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ) ‫حٗظوخى‬ ( ‫ًِٔش‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُٔٞحء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝحُ٘و‬ ٕ‫حالٓظلٔخ‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ُ‫ارَح‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫حالٗظوخى‬٢٘‫ؼ‬
.‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ‫حُؼ٤ٞد‬ ‫اكٜخء‬
( ‫حُالط٤٘٤ش‬ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ َٛ‫ٝح‬Criticism( ٢ٗ‫حُ٤ٞٗخ‬ ‫حُِلع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓ٘ظن‬ )Kritikosٌ٘ٓ ‫ٛ٤ؾ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ )
ٚ‫ىالالط‬ ‫حُِلع‬ ٌ‫أه‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٗخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُل٠خٍس‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ،‫حُٔ٤الى‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫حَُحرغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ش‬
‫ٝحألىر‬ ‫حُ٘ؼَ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫رظو‬ ْ‫طٜظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ًٜٔطِق‬‫٤ش‬3
‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ًٕ‫ا‬ .
ٍ‫ٝاظٜخ‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫رخُظ‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫طٜق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ػخٓش‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ‫ٝحإل٣ـخر٤خص‬ ‫حُِٔز٤خص‬ٖٓ‫ٌٓخ‬ ًًَٝ‫حُو‬‫ٞس‬‫حُ٠ؼق‬ ٖٓ‫ٌٝٓخ‬
1
‫حُؼَد‬ ٕ‫ُٔخ‬–ٙ ّ‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حُـِء‬4517.
2
‫ٟ٤ق‬ ٢‫ٗٞه‬ .‫ى‬–" ‫حُ٘وي‬ "–ٙ8‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬1980.
3
Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia, LEXICON Publications. N. Y 1988 .

17. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
17
.‫ؿي٣يس‬ ٟ‫ٍٝإ‬ ‫ٝطٞؿٜخص‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬ ‫حٓظَ٘حف‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬‫ٌٛح‬،‫حألىد‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍّ‫ٝ٣ٔخ‬
‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ .‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ،َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫ٝحَُٔٔف‬ ،‫ٝحُٔ٤٘ٔخ‬ ،‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓش‬
ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢‫كو‬ َ٤٘‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كبٜٗخ‬ ،َٕٝ‫حُو‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٌُِٔش‬ ‫حُٔظَحًٔش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗؼٞى‬٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ر‬ ،‫ػيس‬ ْ٤
‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُؼ‬ ٖٓ ،‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طزخػخ‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢ٛٝ .‫ُِظطز٤ن‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫ػيس‬
َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٜٗ ‫ٗوي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٌُِٔش‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ٢٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ٚ‫كو‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ،َ٘‫ػ‬ ٖٓ‫حُؼخ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ ،‫ٝحُٞػخثن‬ ٍ‫حُٜٔخى‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓش‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ .ُِٜٙٞ٘‫حإلٗظخؿخص‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢
ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫حىٍحى‬ ٢ٛ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالُىٝحؿ٤ش‬ ،‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ًِٔش‬ ٢ٗ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .ٖ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ٝحألىد‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬
‫٣ـذ‬ ٖ٤٤ً‫حالىٍح‬ ٖ٣ٌٛٝ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫حالٗظخؽ‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫حُلِٔل‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
.‫ٝ٣ظيحهال‬ ‫٣ظَحرطخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬
1/1/2: ‫انُمس‬ ‫ٔٔظٛفخ‬ ‫فهؽفخ‬
‫حُ٘وي‬‫٣لظَٟٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝٓزخىة‬ ،ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٝحُ٘و‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٖ١‫ٓٞح‬ ٕ‫ُز٤خ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٞٛ
ِ‫حًَُخث‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫طٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٝكِٔلش‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طَؿغ‬ ‫اٗٔخ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ٌٚٔ‫ك‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬
٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ١‫ًؤ‬ ‫هالم‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٚٓ‫أٓخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ .‫ُِـش‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫حُوٞحػـي‬ ‫رؤٛٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫أٗز‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ٝ‫أ‬ ٢
ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ُظِي‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٚ‫حُٞؿ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ً٠ٍَٝس‬ ٠‫طؤط‬ ‫ٍَٟٝٝس‬ ٢‫أىر‬
ٚ‫٣وظ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ .ٍٜٞ‫حُٔـ‬ ‫ٝحٓظٌ٘خف‬ َ٤٘‫ٝحُظز‬ ‫حُيػٞس‬ ّ‫رٜٔخ‬ ْ‫حُوخث‬ ٞٛٝ ،‫ٝ٣لَٔٛخ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼِن‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝحُظلٔض‬ ‫ُِل٤خس‬ ‫هَؿض‬ ‫اريحػخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُظؼِ٤ن‬ َ٤ٔ‫رظل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ،‫حإلريحع‬ ‫رؼِٔ٤ش‬ّ‫حُ٘خ‬
.‫أٓخطظٜخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كـزٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬٢‫حُـخٍك‬ ّ‫حألٓخ‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َُ‫ٝ٣ي‬4
ُ‫حإلػـخ‬ َ٤ُ‫ى‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ػِش‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫الٓظلٔخٗي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫طٔظـ٤ي‬ ‫ُٝلع‬ ٚ٘ٔ‫طٔظل‬ ّ‫ًال‬ ٌَُ ‫"الري‬ ُٚٞ‫رو‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫حىػ٤٘خ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٛلش‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼزخٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ، ‫ٓؼوُٞش‬."َ٤ُ‫ى‬‫ٝحإلٗظخؽ‬
َٔ‫ك‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ُل٤خطٜخ‬ ‫ٛخىهش‬ ‫ٍٛٞس‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬ َْٓ٣ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫ٝط‬ ٠‫ٝٓٞٓ٤و‬ ‫أىد‬ ٖٓ ‫أٓش‬ ١‫أل‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬
١‫ٝٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝ٣ِؼذ‬ ،ً‫خ‬‫ٛل٤ل‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤ٔ‫طل‬
. ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫أٍؿخء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُِـٔخػش‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُٔطِذ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫٣ظالء‬ ٢١‫ى٣ٔوَح‬
4
ٙ " ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ٠ًُ .‫ى‬38‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٍ‫ىح‬1983.

18. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
18
‫حُ٘وي‬ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٣ٜٞ‫ط‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ّ‫رخُلٞح‬ ‫حُظٌٝم‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٞٛ
َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫رخإلىٍحى‬ ‫طزيأ‬ ‫ٓظظخرؼش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ُ٤ؼِن‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫٣ـت‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗـٔش‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ًٕ‫رخإل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،ً‫خ‬‫ٗلظ‬
‫ال‬ ‫ًٝه٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠‫٣٘ل‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُظٌٝم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٌَ‫ُِل‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬
َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫طٌٝم‬ ‫رال‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٞٛ ٍ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،‫ٗوي‬ ‫رال‬ ‫طٌٝم‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔوز‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ .٢ِ‫حُؼو‬
٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫أرؼخى‬ َِ‫ٝ٣ؼ‬ ‫ٝ٣َ٘ف‬5
.‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أؿَح‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ُ ‫ٝطٞػ٤ن‬ ‫ٝطيه٤ن‬ ْ٣ٞ‫ٝطو‬ ٚ‫ٝأٛيحك‬ ٙ‫ٝكيٝى‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أرؼخى‬ ٖ٤٤‫طؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حإلريحػ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬ ‫ٔوظِق‬
‫اػَحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٝ‫ري‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٕ‫ٝا٣ٔخ‬ ١ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ‫رؤٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ا٣ٔخ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫٣ٜلذ‬
‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬ ‫ًُي‬6
.
1/1/3: ‫انُبلس‬ ‫زٔض‬
٢‫ك‬ َ‫طيه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ً‫ا‬ ،‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫رؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬
‫ٝطؤػ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫٣٘وي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫طًَ٤ذ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رخُِٔذ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫طٌٝم‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ٘‫حُؼ‬ ٌٙٛ َ٤
‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫ح‬َ‫أػ‬ ‫أكيػض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔزز٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫٣ظٔخء‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫كالري‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٢‫ٓظِو‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٞٛ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ .‫حإل٣ـخد‬
‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُٝه٤ش‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ َ٤ِ‫ُظؼ‬ ‫ػوالٗ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬ ٞٛٝ ،ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬ ٚ‫طٌٝه‬
.‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ُ٘‫ح‬ ًٕ‫ا‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫٣٘٘ؤ‬ ‫اٗٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣٘ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍَ‫٣و‬ ‫خهي‬
‫ٓخ‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ‫ىحهِ٘خ‬ ‫طزؼغ‬ ‫ًخٓ٘ش‬ ٙ‫ٝهٞح‬ ‫ٛلخص‬ ٠ٛٝ َ‫حألػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٓٔخص‬ ‫ُٞؿٞى‬
،ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ،‫"حُز٘خء‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝطؼز٤َحص‬ ‫ٜٓطِلخص‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ .‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝٛلٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣
.. "‫حُؼٔن‬ ،‫حُٞكيس‬ ،ُٕ‫حُظٞح‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ًخٓ٘ش‬ ‫كو٤و٤ش‬ ‫ٓيُٞالص‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫إلػزخص‬ ‫ٓلخٝالص‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُن‬
.‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬
ِٚ٠‫طل‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٜٞس‬ ‫ُظؼٔ٤ن‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ‫أطخكض‬ ‫هي‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظَٔس‬ ‫حُِ٣خىس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٌٙٛٝ .َ‫آه‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٜلٞس‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼوق‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ِٚ‫٣وز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٖٓ ‫حألؿِز٤ش‬
ٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٔ‫طل‬َ‫حالًؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحَُٜحع‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حٌُٝم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌْ‫طظل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالُ٤خص‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ًز‬ ‫ٔجُٞ٤ش‬
َ‫٣لظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ْ٤‫ُِو‬ ٍ‫حٜٗ٤خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ر٘خ‬ َٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حَُٜحع‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٛ‫ٝطـخ‬ .‫ٝحُٜلٞس‬ ‫حالؿِز٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ َ‫ٝحاله‬
5
ٙ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حَُٔؿغ‬39.
6
‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ " ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ‫حُل‬ " ٢‫حُـزخهـ‬ ٢‫ٛيه‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬1983.

19. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
19
،‫ٝحَُى١ء‬ ‫حُـ٤ي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫حُظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ًٝ ١‫حَُأ‬ ١ِٝ٘٣ ‫ٝك٤غ‬ ،‫حُٜيحٍس‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حٌُٝم‬
‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُوطٍٞس‬.‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫رخألػٔخ‬ ‫حُؼوش‬ َ‫كظوِو‬ ‫حألُٓش‬ ‫كي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ُظ‬ ‫طظٜخػي‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رٞحٓطظٜخ‬ ‫٣ٔظط٤غ‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓظٔخٌٓش‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫ر٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ظِٔق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٍَٟٝ ‫أٛزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ْٜ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رلخؿش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحٌُٝم‬ ‫حَُٔػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حٗوطغ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ َٜ٣
‫ك‬‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ .‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫ُِل‬ ‫ٓئِٛش‬ ‫ُظٜزق‬ ٚ‫ًحط‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ٢‫و٤و‬
َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٟٞء‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ ٠‫٣ِو‬ ‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ُؼِٔش‬ ٖ٤ٜ‫ٝؿ‬ ‫ٛٔخ‬ ‫حُـ٤ي؟‬ ٞٛ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُلٖ؟‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬ :ٖ٤ُ‫حُظٔخإ‬
.َٔ‫ٌٓظ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ًٚ‫ٝاىٍح‬ ٜٚٔ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٔخػي‬
‫حُوخث‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٝطؼَ٣ل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ُٜلش‬ ‫حُظلي٣ي‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝٔ٣ي‬ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٜٞٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫ك٘خ‬ ‫حُٔزيع‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حالطٜخ‬ ‫رلِوش‬ ْ
‫ٝأرؼخىٛخ‬ ‫ٜٓخىٍٛخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٟٞق‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٍٜٞٔ‫حُـ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ،ً‫خ‬٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٓٞٓ٤و‬
‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ػذء‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ َّ‫ٝ٣ـ‬
َُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وطش‬ .٢‫ٝحإلريحػ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫رخُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٍٝرطٜخ‬‫حَُٟٞم‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ظـ٘ذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُـَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ث٤ٔ٤ش‬
َٙ٣َ‫ٝطز‬ ٚ٣‫ٍأ‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ُٚ ٌٕٞ‫ٝط‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ألٛٞحء‬
ٞٛٝ ٚ‫حُٔٞؿ‬ ٞٛ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ . ‫حألٗ٤خء‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫٣٘ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ٚ٣‫ُي‬ ‫ٝطٜزق‬
‫ٝرخُز٤جش‬ ٚ‫رٔـظٔؼ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ّ‫حُظِح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬‫٣ؼخ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحألٍٟ٤ش‬ .َٜ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝه٠خ٣خ‬ ًَ‫ٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓظخرؼش‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ُِح‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬
‫أ١َحف‬ ‫أٍرؼش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ‫ٓٞهل‬ ٍَ‫ٝ٣ز‬ َ‫ُ٤ؼز‬7:
-.ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ُٚٞ٤ٓٝ ٚ‫ٝكخُظ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬
-.‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬
-ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔزيع‬.َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أهَؽ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬
-.َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫إلٗظخؽ‬ ‫حُٜٔخكزش‬ ‫ٝحٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُِٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ط٘٘ؤ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ُ‫حٍطٌخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫حأل١َحف‬ ‫طِي‬ ٖٓ ١‫أل‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬
.‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظؼيىس‬ ٍّ‫ٝحُٔيح‬
7
، ‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ، " ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ٠ًُ .‫ى‬1983‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫طِي‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُخطذ‬ َ٤٘٣
.َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ِٚ٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٔؿؼ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حأل١َحف‬

20. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
21
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬ ‫طظؼيى‬ ‫ٓؼال‬ ٢‫حالىر‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫كل‬‫حأل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ُ‫٣ٔظخ‬ٙ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ٝطؼيى‬ ُٚ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫رٔؼش‬ ٢‫ىر‬
‫حُل٘٤ش‬ َٛ‫ٝحُؼ٘خ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظًَ٤زش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٠‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ :٢٘‫حُل‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٝط٘ٞػٜخ‬
.‫رٜخ‬ ٖ٤‫٣ٔظؼ‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ‫ٓـَى‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ َٛ‫ًخُؼ٘خ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ٝ٣ـؼ‬ ُِٚ٘
‫حُـٔئػَح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٍّ‫٣ي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ٞٛ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٙ‫ٝحالطـخ‬ٌٙٛ ٖٓٝ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أػَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ص‬
‫حألى٣ذ‬ ‫ػخٜٗخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظَٝف‬ ٚ‫ٝر٤جظ‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٛخكذ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫حُٔئػَحص‬
،‫حُٔ٘وٞى‬ ُٚ٘‫ٝح‬ ‫حألىد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ‫ريٍحٓش‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ٜظ‬ ٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ .ٚ‫أىر‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ُ‫ٝارَح‬ ‫حألى٣ذ‬ ‫ر٘لٔ٤ش‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ َُ‫ٝ٣ز‬‫ٗلٔ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ُٚ‫ٝا٣ٜخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ؼ‬
‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ـٔغ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ٢ِٓ‫حُظٌخ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٝحه٤َح‬ .‫حُوخٍة‬ ‫ٗلٔ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حألى٣ذ‬
‫ٌٛح‬ ُ‫ٝ٣ٔظخ‬ .َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طـِذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظَس‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬
‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫ٝ٣ل‬ ٌَُ٘‫ٝح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ُٚٗ‫رظٞح‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫رٔويح‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬
‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٝظَٝك‬ َٜٙ‫ػ‬ ‫ٟٞء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ٚٗٞٔ٠ٓ
.٢‫حألىر‬ َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ُٚ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٛخكذ‬ ‫ظَٝف‬ ‫ٟٞء‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬
1/1/4:‫انًرزهفخ‬ ّ‫ٔيصاْج‬ ‫نهُمس‬ ٙ‫انزبضٚر‬ ‫انزطٕض‬
‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُوٞحُذ‬ ‫ططٍٞص‬‫حُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ َٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓظزخ٣٘ش‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٛؾ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫ٝحهظِق‬ .‫ٓخ‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬
ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٚ‫ٗ٘ؤط‬ ‫ظَٝف‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ‫طؤً٤ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ًٛذ‬ ٞ‫كخُزؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ْٜ‫ٛ٤خؿظ‬
‫حُؼ‬ َ‫أػ‬ َ‫آه‬ ‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫أٗظـ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫ٝحُؼ‬‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬ ُٚ ‫حُٔظٌٝم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ
ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ٚ‫حُوٜخث‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ػخُغ‬8
‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ َ٤٣‫ٝٓؼخ‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٌٙٛ ًَ ٠‫ٝك‬ ،
‫طٔٞى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫٣ؼظ٘وٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُلِٔلش‬ َ‫حُظؤػ‬ ًَ َ‫٣ظؤػ‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٌُٜٙ ٙ‫طلي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٞٛٝ ،‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬
٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٗت‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣زلغ‬ ِٚ‫طـؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َٜٙ‫ػ‬َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ‫آالف‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫٣ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ِٚ
‫ٝحطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٌٓحٛذ‬ ‫طظؼيى‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬ ،‫ٓخرن‬ ّٜٞ‫رٔل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رلٌَس‬ ً‫ح‬َ‫ٓظؤػ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬
ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حألىر٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬ٜ‫ٓٞؿ‬ ‫ريأ‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ٗوي‬
٣ٌَ‫ك‬ ‫ًلًَش‬ ٍِٞ‫ٝطز‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔخرغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝريح٣خص‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ّ‫حُٔخى‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٌ٘ٓ ُْ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫ش‬
8
ٙ " ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓويٓش‬ " َ‫ٓط‬ ٢ِٔ‫ك‬ ‫أٓ٤َس‬ .‫ى‬107، ‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1972.

21. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
21
ٍّ‫ٝٛٞح‬ ٞ‫ٝأٍٓط‬ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ٍ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ‫آٍحء‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٗخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلِٔلخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٝٓؼظٔي‬
َ‫َٓحك‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿِحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫ٝٓ٘لخ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫١ٍٞٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُؼٔخى‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬
.ٍٙٞ‫طط‬
‫أ‬-‫ػ‬ ‫انُمس‬:ٌٕ‫أفالط‬ ‫ُس‬
‫طِظٜن‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ُِطز٤ؼش‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُوٞحُذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫طظِو‬
ُْ‫ُِؼخ‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ‫ٓـَى‬ ٝ‫٣ؼي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬‫حٗطاله‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ٜٚٓٞ‫رٔل‬ ً‫ال‬ٓ‫ًخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫حُظٜخه‬ ٚ‫ٗظَ٣ظ‬
ٝ ٢‫حُلو٤و‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٞٛ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫ٌٌٝٛح‬ .٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬.‫ُِظوِ٤ي‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬
‫ُِ٘٢ء‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٍٙٝ‫ري‬ ٞٛ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ًُِ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٙ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫َٓط‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬
.٢‫حُٞحهؼ‬٢ِ٣ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫طليى‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬9
:
1-.‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٞٛٝ .... ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬
2-.‫حُلو٤وش‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُٔخىس‬
3-ٝ ٖ‫حُل‬.‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٞٛ
: ٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ٍ‫رخُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٕ‫ٝرخإلٌٓخ‬٢ٌَُٓ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ً‫خ‬٤ًَٓ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍْٓ ‫ُٞكش‬ ‫طؤِٓ٘خ‬ ‫اًح‬
: ٢‫ًخ٥ط‬ ‫طلٔ٤َٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼَك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ُٞكش‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫أ‬-:ٙ‫انًضبن‬ ٙ‫انكطؼ‬‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞى‬‫ُلو٤وش‬ ‫حُٔـَىس‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ١‫أ‬ ... ٍ‫ٝحألكٌخ‬
. ٢ٌَُٓ‫ح‬
‫ة‬-:‫انُغبض‬ ٙ‫كطؼ‬‫كٌَس‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫حُ٘ـخ‬ ٚ‫ٛ٘ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٗحٛخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ًُي‬
٢ٌَُٓ‫ح‬.٢ٌَُٓ‫ح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫َُِٔس‬ ً‫ح‬‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٢ٌَُٓ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫عـ‬-:ٌ‫انفُب‬ ٙ‫كطؼ‬ٝ ٍ‫حُ٘ـخ‬ ٢ًَٓ ٖٓ ‫ٗٔوش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٖٞٛٝ٤‫هطٞط‬ ‫ٓٔخكش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣وق‬ ٞٛ
. ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٖٓ
9
Atia, Adel and Sarhan. Mohamed. Milestones of Literary Criticism. King Abd El-
Aziz Univ (1989) .

22. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
22
: ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ "‫"حُـٍٜٔٞ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬ ٍٝ‫ط٘خ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
-.)َٛٞ‫ٝحُـ‬ ٍ‫ٝحألٌٗخ‬ ٍ‫(حألكٌخ‬ َ‫حُٔؼ‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
-ٞ‫هط‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫٣وق‬ ‫ٝرٌٜح‬ ٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ُْ‫ُِؼخ‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬.‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖٓ ‫س‬
-.‫حُلو٤وش‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫ىٍؿظ‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ،‫حُٔخىس‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫٣وِي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬
-:‫رٔزذ‬ ‫ُِٔؼَكش‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫حػظٔخى‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬
‫أ‬-.‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫ىٍؿظ‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬
‫د‬-.٢‫كو‬ ٖ٤‫حػ٘ظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ُحٝ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ٍٜٙٞ٣ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٙٞ٘٣ ٚٗ‫أ‬
-ٗ‫حإل‬ ‫حَُٝف‬ ٖٓ ٠ٗ‫حألى‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫٣وخ١ذ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬َ٤‫ٝرظـ‬ ‫ٝحُؼخ١لش‬ َ‫حُؼو‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫طظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٔخٗ٤ش‬
.ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٟخ‬ ً‫خ‬١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫حُالػوالٗ٤ش‬ َ‫ٝحُٔ٘خػ‬ ‫حُؼٞح١ق‬
‫ة‬-: ٕ‫أضؼط‬ ‫ػُس‬ ‫انُمس‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِظؼَف‬ ٠‫ٝحُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫حُ٘ؼَحء‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٞ‫أٍٓط‬ ‫حٓظطخع‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍ‫رخػظزخ‬ ‫ٝٓليىس‬ ‫ٓو٤يس‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٖٓ ٌٍ‫ٝك‬ ،٢٘‫حُل‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ظـَرش‬
‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫ر٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٞ‫أٍٓط‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ‫ٓٔ٤ض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .َٓ‫ٗخ‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓطِق‬Theory of Imitationٞٛٝ ،
‫حُلو٤وش‬ َٛٞ‫ُـ‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ال‬Essence of Reality١َٜ٘‫ُؼ‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬
‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَُ٘‫ٝح‬ ‫حُظٞحكن‬Harmony and Form." َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ " ٞ‫أٍٓط‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ْٛ‫أ‬
َ٤ٔ‫حُـ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝٝظ٤لش‬ ‫ٝر٘خء‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٖ‫٣٘خه‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫حإلؿَ٣و‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٖٓ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫ٝػ٤وش‬
Fine Art‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ػالع‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٖ‫ٝ٣٘خه‬10
:
1-‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫أىحس‬Medium of Imitation. ‫ٝحُِـش‬ ‫ٝحُٜٞص‬ ُِٕٞ‫ٝح‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٞٛٝ
2-‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫ٛيف‬Object of Imitationٓ .. ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٞٛٝ. ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُليع‬ ‫ٟٞٞع‬
3-‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫أِٓٞد‬Manner of Imitation‫حَُٔى‬ ٞٛٝNarration٢‫حُـ٘خث‬ َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ٍ‫ٝحُلٞح‬ ‫حُوٜ٤َس‬ ‫ٝحُوٜش‬ ‫ٝحَُٝح٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُِٔلٔش‬ ٜٚ‫ٝحُو‬Dialogue‫رلَٝػٜخ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫حُٔؤٓخس‬Tragedy‫حُِٜٔخس‬Comedy‫حُُِٜ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔٔك٤ش‬Farce.
10
‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حَُٔؿغ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬

23. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
23
‫عـ‬-ٙ‫انكالؼٛك‬ ‫انُمس‬:‫ػشط‬ ‫انؽبثغ‬ ٌ‫انمط‬ ‫يُزصف‬CriticismClassical
ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٢‫كل‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤ق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحػظٔي‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٗخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫هخػيط‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫حٌُال‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حٓظٔي‬
‫حُيٍحٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٞكيحص‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حػظٔي‬ ‫حَُٔٔف‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ، ٢ٓ‫ٝحُيٍح‬ ٢ٔ‫ٝحُِٔل‬ ٢‫حُـ٘خث‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ٝكيس‬ ،ٕ‫حُِٓخ‬ ‫ٝكيس‬ ‫حُؼالع‬ِّ‫طِظ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫حٌُالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُو‬ .‫حُليع‬ ،
٢‫حَُٔٔك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ ‫حإلٗظخؽ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ططز٤وٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ‫روٞحػي‬
ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حَُٔٔف‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ططز٤وٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫حٌُال‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔٔظٔيس‬
‫حُٜ٤خؿ‬ ٕ‫أل‬ َ٤‫ٌُ٘ٔز‬ ‫ٝحَُٝحث٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼَ٣ش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔيص‬ ٕ‫حُ٤ٞٗخ‬ ‫حُلالٓلش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫ش‬
ٜٞ‫ك‬ ،‫ؿ٤ي‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٌَ٘٤ُ ٠‫٣ٌل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رخُوٞحػي‬ ‫حُظٔٔي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ، ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٗخٗ٤ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬
‫رلٔذ‬ ‫َٓٗش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫الري‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫كيٝى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓل٤ي‬
‫رخُٔـ‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬.َٜ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫ظٔغ‬
‫ز‬-ٙ‫انؽٛبل‬ ‫انُمس‬:‫ػشط‬ ٍ‫انضبي‬ ٌ‫انمط‬ ‫يُزصف‬Contextual Criticism
‫رٞحٓطش‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝريح٣خص‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ٖٓ‫حُؼخ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣خص‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫ٝحألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ه٤ٔض‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخثيس‬ ‫ٝحؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫أهاله٤ش‬ ْ‫ٗظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظٔيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬.
‫ٝأٛزق‬٢‫ك‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أهَؿض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٝحكغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزٞحػغ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٞٛ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬
٢‫حإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ١ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،‫حُٔظٌٝم‬Ideological Criticismٖ‫حُل‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ٓٞهل‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ْ٤‫ٝ٣و‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬‫ُِظَٝف‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحإلريحع‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ، َٜٙ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُيحث‬ ٢ٓ‫خ‬
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫أهَد‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝحأل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌ‫٣ئه‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ،‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔخى٣ش‬
‫رخُٔ٤خم‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ .ٚ‫ًحط‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝطخٍ٣ن‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬
٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬:‫أرَُٛخ‬ ٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞٛ ‫طؼيىص‬ ١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ٢‫ٝحُلِٔل‬
/‫ز‬1: ًٙ‫انؼه‬ ‫انُمس‬
ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحٓظيص‬ ‫أٍٝرخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓخىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُِِ٘ػش‬ ‫حٓظـخد‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُ٘خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝهخى‬ ‫ٝحألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼِٔخء‬ ‫ٓٞحهق‬ ً‫حطوـخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫كلخُٝٞح‬‫ي‬

24. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
24
ٖ٤‫ط‬ ‫"ح٣زُٞ٤ض‬ ٢َٔٗ‫حُل‬–1838–1893ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٚ‫هٜخث‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ػَف‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ "
‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُخث٘خص‬ َ‫رٔخث‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٚ‫ٝٗز‬ ،‫ظٍٜٞٛخ‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطؼ‬ ‫أٓزخرٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُزلغ‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حألىر٤ش‬
َ٣‫ُظوي‬ ٢‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ّ‫ُٔو٤خ‬ َٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫ٝكخ‬ ‫حُ٘زخص‬ ِْ‫ٝػ‬ ٕ‫حُل٤ٞح‬ ِْ‫ًؼ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ِّٞ‫رخُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ‫ٝٗز‬
‫حإل‬‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼخىحص‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حُِ٘ٝحص‬ ‫ٓ٤طَس‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫ريحػخص‬11
."ٖ٤‫"ط‬ ‫ٗظَس‬ ‫ًخٗض‬
‫ػَٔس‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِْ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓش‬ ‫ًخُلِٔلش‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ َ‫ٓخث‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ً٘ظَط‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫حُؼالع‬ ‫حُٔئػَحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٛٞ‫ٝط‬ ً‫خ‬٤ِٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔليىس‬ ‫حُِٔٔٞٓش‬ ‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼٞح‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ُِز٤جش‬
‫ح‬: ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫َُث٤ٔ٤ش‬
-.‫ٝحُـَأس‬ ‫حًٌُخء‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حٍُٞحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤٘٣ :ْ٘‫حُـ‬
-.ٚ‫ٝطؤػ٤َحط‬ ٢‫حُــَحك‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ٠٘‫ٝطؼ‬ :‫حُز٤جش‬
-ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ َٙٛ‫ٝػخ‬ ٚ٘٣‫ػخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ٞٛ :َٜ‫حُؼ‬.
/‫ز‬2: ٙ‫انُفؽ‬ ‫انُمس‬
‫كَٝ٣ي‬ ‫ٓ٤ـٔٞٗي‬ ‫ًظخرخص‬ ٍٜٞ‫رظ‬‫ُإلريحع‬ َٙ٤ٔ‫ٝطل‬‫ُٝيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُلظٔ٤ش‬ ‫طزٍِٞص‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼٞح‬ ‫حألى٣ذ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حَُؿٞع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼظٔيس‬ ٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬
‫طلو٤ن‬ ‫٣ٔظط٤غ‬ ‫ال‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫كَٝ٣ي‬ ٟ‫ٍأ‬ .َٙ٣‫ٝطوي‬ ٚٔ٤‫ٝطو‬ ٚ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ال‬ٞٛٝ ٚ‫ك٤خط‬
َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ك٤ِـؤ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٍؿزخط‬َ‫طـؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُيالالص‬ َُُٞٓ‫ح‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬
ٚ‫ٓـظٔؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٚ٘٤‫ر‬ ً‫خ‬ًَ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ٚ‫ه٤خالط‬ ٖٓ12
.‫طـٔ٤ي‬ ٞٛ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
‫ًخث٘خص‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫ٝرظـٔ٤يٛخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ِ‫ىحه‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫٣٘ؼ‬ ٚ٘١‫رخ‬ ‫ًخث٘خص‬ ‫طـٔ٤يٛخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ َ‫ُٔ٘ـخػ‬
ٝ ‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٓث٤ش‬٢ٛ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝٓخىحٓض‬ ٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٔٔٞػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُلخالص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيالالص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫٣زلغ‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚٓ‫طؼخ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػو٤يس‬
.َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫هِن‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ىكؼض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼٍٞ٣ش‬
/‫ز‬3ٙ‫االَطجبػ‬ ٘‫انزأصٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Impressionistic Criticism
11
ٙ ، " ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ‫حألىد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫ك‬ " ْٛ‫أى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬142، ‫ٌُِظخد‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤جش‬ ،1979.
12
‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ِٞ‫حألٗـ‬ .ُ‫ٍ٣ظ٘خٍى‬ .‫أ.أ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٢ٔ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍ‫حٌٓ٘ي‬ ِ٣‫كخ‬ .‫ى‬1964

25. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
25
ٗ ٢‫ك‬١‫حإلكَح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫ٝحٌُال‬ ٢ٔ‫ٝحُ٘ل‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫طَحؿؼض‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜخ٣خص‬
‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ٍ‫حألكؼخ‬ ‫ٍىٝى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٝظَٜص‬ ‫حٌُٔٛز٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜحٓش‬ ّ‫ٝحُظِح‬ ،٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حألِٓٞد‬ َٟ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫طِي‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ْ‫حٛظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ُٚ‫ٝحٓظوال‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحُيػٞس‬ ٖ‫ُِل‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫ط٤خ‬
‫حُٔيح‬" ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ١َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫هخى‬ .ٚ‫ًحط‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ُْٜ‫اٛٔخ‬ ‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍّ
‫ٛخُُ٤ض‬ ّ‫ٝ٣ِ٤خ‬–William Hazliti‫ٓو٤ي‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ١‫ٗخى‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ "
‫حُوٞحػي‬ ‫ٝحٓظزؼيص‬ ٙ‫ٝحٓظؼيحى‬ ٚ‫١ز٤ؼظ‬ ‫كٔذ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫اٗٔخ‬ ًَ ْٜ‫٣ل‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٚ‫ر٘وٜ٤ظ‬
َُ‫ٝح‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؤػ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلـًَش‬ ‫ٝحٍطٌِص‬ " ‫حُٟٔٞٞػ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿزش‬
" ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٚ‫ٓٞحؿٜظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حالٗلؼخالص‬13١َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .َٜٙ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ْٜ‫ك٤ظ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫هخ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ َٙ‫ٗظ‬ ٠‫٣ٔظَػ‬ ‫هي‬
٢َٔٗ‫حُل‬ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫ٝٛق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫هيٍط‬ ٖٓ ‫٣٘زغ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛيهش‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ١َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ " ِ٘ٔ٤ُ َ٤‫ؿ‬ "
‫ٜٓي‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫كي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫كوي‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٌُٜٙ ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬ .‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٚ‫طٞحؿ‬ ‫ك٤٘ٔخ‬
٣‫رخُظـي‬ ‫ٝطؼِن‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝحُوٞح‬ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٖٓ ِٚ‫حُظو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ .‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كًَش‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ي‬
ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حألػ‬ ٟٞ‫أه‬ "ٚ٘‫"ٗ٤ظ‬ ‫ُلِٔلش‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫حُؼخثَس‬ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٝا٣ؼخ‬
‫ٝحُلوخثن‬ ‫حألٗ٤خء‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ َٟ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓزخف‬14.
‫ْـ‬-:‫انحسٚش‬ ‫انُمس‬New Criticism:
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔظ٘ٞػش‬ ‫حُٜخثِش‬ ‫حُظٞٓؼخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِؼي٣ي‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ‫ًخٗض‬،٢٘‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حألىر‬
‫حُٞال٣خص‬ ‫ُؼزض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طزٍِٞص‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُؼي٣ي‬
‫ٍٝٓ٤خ‬ ٢‫كل‬ ‫حُظٞٓؼخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫أىٝح‬ ٜٙٞ‫حُو‬ ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝا٣طخُ٤خ‬ ‫ٍٝٝٓ٤خ‬ ‫حُٔظليس‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُ٘خِٓش‬ ‫ػٍٞطٜخ‬ ّ‫ٝرو٤خ‬1917‫حُٔي‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ،‫حَُ٘ه٤ش‬ ‫أٍٝرخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َحطٜخ‬‫حُز٘٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٍّ‫ح‬
Structuralism‫حُٞؿٞى٣ش‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ ٖٓ ‫أٜٓٔخ‬ ‫حٓظٔيص‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ‫ططٍٞص‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
Existentialism‫ح٣ِ٤ٞص‬ .ّ. ‫(ص‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ‫حأل‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ ‫حٌُخطذ‬ َُْٛ‫أر‬ ٖٓٝ ،T.S.ELIOT
13
، " ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ٠ًُ .‫ى‬، ‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٍ‫ىح‬1983.
14
ٙ ، " ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ‫حألىد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫ك‬ " ْٛ‫أى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬146، ‫ٌُِظخد‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤جش‬ ،1979.

26. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
26
1888–1965)15‫حُـي٣ي‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔيص‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٌٙٛ ًَ .
‫ُِ٘و‬١‫رؤ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ٝال‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ َ‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫ٓـَى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٚ‫حُوٜخث‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ،ُٚ ‫ٓوخُلش‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬
‫هخٍؽ‬ ‫٣وغ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ًَ ‫ٝ٣ٔظزؼي‬ ‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫٣ظـ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ .ٚ‫ًحط‬
‫ح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ٚ‫ًحط‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طَٜ٘ف‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫أٗٞحع‬ ًَ ٕٞ٠‫٣َك‬ ٚ‫أطزخػ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ ٢٘‫ُل‬
َٓ‫ٝػٞح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ٕٝ‫٣ٔظزؼي‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ٓ٤ٌُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طزلغ‬ ٢ٌُ
ٙ‫ٝٓـِح‬ ٚ‫ؿخ٣ظ‬ ٕٝ‫ٝ٣ٔظزؼي‬ ٚ‫ٗ٘ؤط‬16.
٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫٣٘ل‬ ‫ال‬ ،ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ذ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬
، ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ٢‫هخٍؿ‬ َٓ‫ُؼخ‬ َ‫طيه‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ َٙٛ‫ٝػ٘خ‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬
‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حألهاله٤ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤١‫حألٓخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫كٞحىع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٙ‫ٝٓ٘خػ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ْ‫ً٘ل‬
‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬ ‫أ١ِن‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫أ‬ .‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٌُٔحٛذ‬The New Criticismٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٞٛ
( ّٞٔٗ‫ٍح‬Ransom, John Crowe 1888 – 1974َ٘ٗ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ " ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ " ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ )
ّ‫ػخ‬1941٢ٔ٣ٞ‫طو‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ْ٤ُٝ ٢ِ٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٞ‫٣َك‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٟٝق‬ ،
‫أٓخ‬ ،٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ٚ‫رخُوٜخث‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٚ‫ؿخ٣ظ‬‫ك٤َؿغ‬ ‫رخُوٞحػي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ . ‫ٝأٗٞحع‬ ‫أٛ٘خف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫حُلَى‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬Criticism As Pure Speculationَٔ‫ك‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝٓ٤طَط‬ َٙ٤‫طؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ً‫خ‬٘٤‫ٓز‬ ً‫ال‬ِ‫ٓل‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٓ‫طؤ‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٜٓٔش‬
ٍ‫ٝٓؼ٤خ‬ َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٞٛ َ‫حُ٘ــؼ‬ ٍ‫كٔؼ٤خ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼ٤خ‬ ٞٛ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٚ‫أىٝحط‬ٞٛ ٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬
ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٚ‫٣وخ١ز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ٍ‫٣وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬ .َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٞٛ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ٝٓؼ٤خ‬ ٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬
‫أٟٝق‬ .‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ّ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘ي‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٙ‫ٝهٞحػي‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ‫أٗٞحع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗٞع‬ ًَ ‫طوخُ٤ي‬ ‫ٝطٜزق‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫حَٜٗحف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٕ‫ػخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫رٔؼَكش‬ ‫ًخُؼ٘خ٣ش‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ٢٤‫طل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫ال‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ .ٚ‫ر‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ْ٤ُٝ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤ‬
‫ٓطخُذ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ، ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ٢‫٣ٌظل‬ٚٗ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ،ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ٤ٔ‫رظل‬
15
Lexicon Universal Enc. Lexicon Publications, Inc N.Y 1988.
16
ٙ ، " ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ٠ًً .‫ى‬3، ‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1983.

27. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
27
٢ُ‫ؿٔخ‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٞٛ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ُٚ ‫طظ٤ق‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫رلِٔلش‬ ‫ٓطخُذ‬
ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ّ‫رخُٔوخ‬Aesthetic Critic17.
1/2‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫ربضٚد‬١
1/2/1٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫َشأح‬
ٍٞ‫ه‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٗٔز‬ ً‫خ‬‫كي٣ؼ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ٌٍٙٝ‫ؿ‬ ‫طٔظي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢٘‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حألىر‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫رظخٍ٣ن‬ ٕ
ْٜ‫ٓويٓظ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلالٓلش‬ ْ‫حٛظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫حإلٗخٍس‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ريٍحٓش‬ ‫ٍٝرطٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُظـخٍد‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓش‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫رؤٛٔ٤ش‬ ٞ‫ٝأٍٓط‬ ٕٞ١‫أكال‬
ِٔ‫حُل‬ ْٜ‫ىٍحٓخط‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬‫ل٤ش‬18
‫ٜٗخ٣خص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫ٝطَؿغ‬ .
ٌَ‫حُل‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫حُؼو‬ َٜ‫رؼ‬ ٠ٔٓ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٞٛٝ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬The Age of Reason
ٌَٕٝ‫حُٔل‬ ٢٘ٗٝ ‫حألٗ٤خء‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘طن‬ َ‫حُؼو‬ ٍ‫ٝٛخ‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ٢٘ٗ ‫ك٤غ‬
. ٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ‫حَُؿ‬ ٞٛ ٌَ‫حُٔل‬ َ‫حُؼخه‬ َ‫حَُؿ‬ ٍ‫ٝٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُلالٓلش‬
‫ٓخٛٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ٢‫حُلظ‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُِٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓش‬
‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤خص‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢ٔ٣‫حألًخى‬ ‫حُٜؼ٤ي‬ ٢ِ‫كؼ‬ .‫حُ٘خٗجش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طِي‬ َ‫ٛو‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫طؤٓٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رزخ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝأٜٛٔخ‬ ،‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬1671٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝحٟل‬ ،
‫ػ‬‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٍٞس‬ ‫حُـَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ‫حُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ، ٍٞ‫طط‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َٜ‫ٝك‬ ٍِ
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُظطٍٞحص‬ ‫ٝٓٔخ٣َس‬ ٢‫ٝحُٜ٘خػ‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ‫ٓـخٍحس‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤خص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫طٔظطغ‬ ِْ‫ك‬
‫ٝٓٔخٍٓظٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ِْ‫ُظؼ‬ ‫ٍٓٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ْ٤ُ‫طؼخ‬ ٖ٤٘‫طو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َٛ‫هخ‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬
‫ٝح‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حُلَٗٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ‫ٛلخد‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ . ً‫ح‬‫ٝكٔخى‬ ً‫خ‬‫حٗلَحك‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫حُوَٝؽ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫ُظ‬1789‫طؼي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫كوٞم‬ ٕ‫ٝاػال‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ٖٓ‫حُؼخ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ْٛ‫أ‬
‫حُـٔ٤ِش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٗظخثـٜخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬–ٍ‫حُزُٞح‬–(Ecole des Beaus
Arts‫ٓ٘ش‬ )1797ُْٝ ٢ٔ٣‫حألًخى‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫حالٗلٜخ‬ ‫طٔظطغ‬ ُْ ‫حُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ .
٢ٓ‫طوي‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ١‫أ‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ُْ َ‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ، ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓظٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٢‫َُر‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫طؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫أٛيحف‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٖ٣
17
" َ‫ٓط‬ ٢ِٔ‫ك‬ ‫أٓ٤َس‬ .‫ى‬ٙ ، " ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كِٔلش‬27، ‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1981
18
.٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٞػخثن‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٞ‫ألٍٓط‬ " َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ " ٝ ٕٞ١‫ألكال‬ " ‫حُـٍٜٔٞ٣ش‬ " ‫ًظخد‬ ‫٣ؼي‬

28. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
28
َ‫حُط‬ ْ٣ٍ‫طي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٗلَٜص‬ ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ٍٞٛ‫ٝأ‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ُٚ ‫ٟٝؼض‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬ُ
َُ‫طز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٓزَح١ٍٞ٣ش‬ ُ‫ٝ١َح‬ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ُ‫ًطَح‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬
‫حألٍٝر٤ش‬ ‫حالٍٓظوَح١٤ش‬19
.
٢ٛ ‫حَُٝٓخٗظ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوالٗ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ٠٘‫ًٔ٘ل‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُظخٍ٣ن‬ َ‫ٗظ‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫حُٜ٘خ‬ ‫ُِؼٍٞس‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ًَى‬ ٢ٌ٤‫حَُٝٓخٗظ‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٓخىٛخ‬ ‫كظَس‬َُ‫ُِط‬ ‫اك٤خء‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝٗ٘طض‬ ‫ػ٤ش‬
ُ‫ٝحُطَح‬ ‫ٝكَ٣ش‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ٢‫حإلؿَ٣و‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ .‫ٝحُوٞ١٤ش‬ ‫ًخإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬
ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٍٝٓخٗظ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫ٝحُٜ٘خٓش‬ ‫حُلَٝٓ٤ش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ٢١ٞ‫حُو‬
‫ح‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ٢‫حإلؿَ٣و‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٖٓ ًٖ‫ُٔٔخ‬
‫ٌٛح‬ .ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫أؿِحء‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خرؼش‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ َٔ٘‫ُظ‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ط٘ٞػض‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٢١ٞ‫حُو‬
‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ًٟٝ ٖٓ ٖ٣ٌَ‫ٝحُٔل‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿزٜش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٍِٞ‫ر‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ َ٤ٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٙ‫رؤرؼخى‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬
ٞ‫ٝط٘خه‬ ‫ٝحهظزخٜٓخ‬ ‫هي٣ٔش‬ َُ١ ‫اك٤خء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼٞىس‬ َ‫رلو‬ ‫أكٔٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬‫حُـي٣يس‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ًُي‬
‫آٌخٗ٤خص‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ ٖٓ ْٜ‫ٓٞحهل‬ ‫ٝطؼيىص‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖ‫ٝػ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ًظؼز‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬
. ‫حإلٛالف‬
1/2/2: ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫نزطٕض‬ ٘‫ٔانفكط‬ ٙ‫انزبضٚر‬ ‫انًؽبض‬
ٖٓ ْٜ‫ُٔٞهؼ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٝٗوخىٛخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ‫ؿٜٞى‬ ‫ٓظخرؼش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬
‫ح‬٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍ‫ُٔٔخ‬،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٍٞ‫ُظط‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ٍ‫رخألكٌخ‬ ‫حُـٜٞى‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬
ْٜ٘ٓ ًَ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬.‫حألكيحع‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫ٛئالء‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٢‫طَر‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ْٛ‫ُـٜٞى‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ًٝ٤ق‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـَٞٛ٣ش‬ُْٜ‫ٝأػٔخ‬
‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔزخَٗس‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔجُٞ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬
ٌْ‫طظل‬ ‫ًخٗض‬‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ٢‫ك‬‫طَط٤ذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٜٞى‬ ‫طِي‬ ْٛ‫ال‬ َٝ‫حٓظؼ‬ ٢ِ٣ ‫ٝك٤ٔخ‬ .
‫حُٔظ٘ٞػش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٍّ‫ُِٔيح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫ٝحُظط‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ٝح‬ ‫رخُ٘٘ؤس‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٢ُ٘ٓ‫ر‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ،َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ‫يح٣ش‬
.‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُِلظش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝٝٛٞال‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬
19
‫ؽ‬ .ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ .٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ػَكخ‬1ٙ ،89( ‫هخٛش‬ ‫١زؼش‬ ،1959. )

29. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
29
‫أ‬-: ‫ػشط‬ ‫انزبؼغ‬ ٌ‫انمط‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫األٔل‬ ‫انُصف‬
/‫أ‬1‫ف‬ ‫كبضل‬‫طٚسضٚش‬‫شُٛكم‬1781–1841(K. F. Schinkle: )
‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ُظ‬ ٖ٣‫حُٔـظٜي‬ ‫ٛيحٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَ٘٤ٗ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫٣ؤط‬،٢ٗ‫أُٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ٞٛٝ
‫حإل‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ‫اك٤خء‬ ‫كظَس‬ َٛ‫ػخ‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫حُٜٔ٘ش‬ ‫ِٓحُٝش‬ ‫ٝريأ‬ ّ‫حالهظزخ‬ ‫ٝكظَس‬ ‫ؿَ٣و٤ش‬181520
.٠ُ‫ٝح‬
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٖ٤َُ‫ر‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫َٓٔف‬ ‫حٜٛٔخ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ُٚ‫حػٔخ‬ ‫طؼيى‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬
‫كوي‬ ،‫ٝحُي٣٘٤ش‬‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ٚ‫ًظخرخط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَ٘٤ٗ ٍٝ‫كخ‬
‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫ُٔليىحطٜخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُ٘ٞػ٤خص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬
.‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُٔالثٔش‬ ‫حُٞك٤يس‬ ْٓ‫حأل‬ ٢ٛ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُالٓظـ٤َس‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝأٟٝق‬
ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٍ‫أػخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُلو٤و‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫حُٔ٘٤ي‬ ٢٘‫حُٔز‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؼز‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٞح٣خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حالٗلٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٌٍ‫ٝك‬ ‫ٔـٔي‬
‫ُِٔٞحى‬ ‫حَُٜ٣ق‬ ٍ‫ٝحالٓظؼٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٜٚ‫ٝك‬ ٍٙ‫ٝاظٜخ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫رظؤً٤ي‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ق‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ .‫ُٜخ‬
ٌٙٛ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ،ً‫خ‬٤‫١ز٤ؼ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝحٟل‬ ‫ٗ٢ء‬ ًَ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٝرؤ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍَٟٝ٣ش‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫حألؿِحء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُزؼي‬
‫اٗـ‬ ‫طؼي‬ ‫حٌُظخرخص‬‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُالطـخٛخص‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬ ٞ‫ط٘خه‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫طل‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬ُ‫خ‬21
.
ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗـق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٚ‫ٝٓ٘خٍ٣ؼ‬ ُٚ‫أػٔخ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌَ٘٤ٗ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ َ‫طؼظز‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٕٞ٤ِ‫ٗخر‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َُٜ٘‫ح‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُؼٌَٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُوٞس‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ًخُٔؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ٍ‫ٝحألكٌخ‬1815،
‫ا٣ـخى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝهيٍط‬َ‫أٝحث‬ ٖٓ َ‫طـؼ‬ ،ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼزَس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ‫حُظؼز٤َحص‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُٔلخٝالص‬22
.‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ٌَ٘٤ٗ ٍ‫حػٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ًٌَُ‫رخ‬ َ٣‫حُـي‬
،‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ُلًَش‬ ٖ٣ٍُ‫حُزخ‬ ٖ٤ٔٓ‫حُٔئ‬ ‫حكي‬ ٢ٗ‫حالُٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ْ‫حػظ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٝحٌُٔظٞرش‬
ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٍٓ‫ى‬.ٍٙ‫ٓخىص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓطِغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ٌَ‫ك‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
،‫آٌٗحى‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ُْ‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٛخؿض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬
‫ٝطِي‬ ‫حألؿٞحء‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ .ٖ٤‫حُؼخُٔ٤ظ‬ ٖ٤‫حُلَر‬ ‫طِض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫حُٔظٔخٍػش‬ ‫حُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬
20
K.F. Schinkle Collected Architectural Designs Academy Editions London 1987
21
. ‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حَُٔؿغ‬
22
Kenneth Frampton Modern architecture. Thames Hudson London 1985 ..

30. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
31
ٓٝ‫حأل‬‫ُِظلخػالص‬ ‫طٔظـ٤ذ‬ ‫كي٣ؼش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫٣ٜٞؽ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ َُ‫ر‬ ١‫خ‬
‫حُٔٔظـيس‬ ‫ٝحُٔظـ٤َحص‬.
‫ك‬ ٍٍ‫ًخ‬ٖ٣ٍ‫َ٣ي‬ٖ٤َُ‫ر‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫َٓٔف‬ ْٜٔٓ ٌَ٘٤ٗ1825.
/‫أ‬2( ُِٕٚ‫عط‬ ِٕ‫ْٕضٚش‬1805–1852: )Horatio Greenough
‫ا٣طخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٍك‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٛخٍكخٍى‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍّ‫ٝى‬ ‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٝي‬‫ٗلخص‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ؼظز‬ ‫رخُ٘لض‬ َٔ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ُ٤خ‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٚ‫رٞؿ‬ ‫رخُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طويٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ُٚ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ‫حأل‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓؼظٔي‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ‫ٜٓ٘ـ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حُظويٓ٤ش‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ . ٙ‫هخ‬ ٚ‫رٞؿ‬ ‫رخُٔـظٔغ‬
‫حُظؼخٍ٣ق‬ ٌٙٛٝ ، َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ َٔ‫طل‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫طؼخٍ٣ق‬‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣خص‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُؼ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ‫ًخُٞظ٤لش‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خٟـش‬ ‫حُلًَخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ٌُؼ‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫حُزيح٣ش‬
. ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ًخُ٤لٍٞٗ٤خ‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫َٝٗ٘ص‬ ٚ‫ٓوخالط‬ ‫ؿٔؼض‬ ‫ٝهي‬1947ٕ‫ػ٘ٞح‬ ‫طلض‬
" ‫ٝحُٞظ٤لش‬ ٌَُ٘‫"ح‬23
ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫٣٘وي‬ ُْ ٚ‫ًظخرخط‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ .ٖ‫ك‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫اٗٔخ‬
‫أهالم‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼزَس‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ػَكٜخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ .ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬ ٝ‫ٝحألؿَح‬ ‫حُؼخىحص‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫حؿظٔخػ‬
،َُ‫حُط‬ َ‫ٗو‬ ٠ُ‫ٝا‬ ‫حُٜخٍٓش‬ ‫رظوخُ٤يٛخ‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٙ‫ؿٜي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٚ‫ٝٝؿ‬ ،‫حُ٘ؼٞد‬
ٝ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ َ‫٣وز‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ٝهخ‬‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫رظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ػالهظ٘خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
23
Greengh, H. Form & Function. California press 1947.

31. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
31
‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍحص‬ ‫حٗظٔض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ٝٗؼز٘خ‬ ‫ٝػَٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝهظ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٔ‫ٗ٘ظ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ : ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔئح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫َُِى‬
!‫؟‬ َ‫حُٔٔظو‬ ‫ٝر٘خثٜخ‬ ‫١زخػٜخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫كٌخ‬
‫ٟٝغ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ً‫ح‬ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٜٓ٘ـ‬ ٙٞ٘٣َ‫ؿ‬ ٙٞ٘٣ٍٞٛ
ٛ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬" ‫ٝحُٔالثٔش‬ ‫حُظٌ٤ق‬ ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬ ‫ٜٔخ‬Law of Adaptionًَ ‫ٝ٣ظ٘خٓذ‬ ّ‫٣ظالء‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٞٛٝ "
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُظٔخٓي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓ٘طن‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٝظَٝف‬ ‫ٝحُٞظ٤لش‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌَُ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬
. ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حٌُٔٞٗش‬ ‫حًَُٔزش‬ ‫حألؿِحء‬َٜٙ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ " ٙٞ٘٣َ‫ؿ‬ " ‫ٝحٗظوي‬
‫ال‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝٗوي‬١‫ٝٗخى‬ ‫ٝحكي‬ ٌَٗ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫٣ٌيٜٓٞٗخ‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٕٞ‫٣ٔظ٘ظـ‬
" َ‫هز‬ ‫رخ٥الص‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝٝٛق‬ ،ٌْ‫حُؼ‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ٖٓ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ر٠ٍَٝس‬
٢ُ‫رلٞح‬ " ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬80ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬24
"Building may be called machines"" ‫ٝطٞؽ‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ُِظ‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ‫رخُظؼَ٣ق‬ ٙ‫ؿٜي‬ " ٙٞ٘٣َ‫ؿ‬:
، ‫ٝحُٔٞهغ‬ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ ْ‫ُظالث‬ ٍ‫ٝحألٌٗخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُظَط٤ذ‬ ٞٛ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫"ا‬
ٕ‫أُٞح‬ ٍ‫ٝحهظ٤خ‬ ، ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ألٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٝطيٍ٣ـٜخ‬ ‫ُٔظخَٛٛخ‬ ‫ٝطؤً٤ي‬
، ‫ٝحٟق‬ ‫ٓزذ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٍ‫هَح‬ ٌَُ ، ‫ىه٤وش‬ ‫ػ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ُوٞح‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫طَطذ‬ ‫ُٝهخٍف‬
"‫ٝٓظٌِق‬ ‫ٓظٜ٘غ‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ًَ ٖٓ ّ‫حُظخ‬ ِٚ‫ٝحُظو‬25
.
‫ة‬-: ‫ػشط‬ ‫انزبؼغ‬ ٌ‫انمط‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫األذٛط‬ ‫انُصف‬
/‫ة‬1( ٍ‫ضاؼك‬ ٌٕ‫ع‬ .1819–1900: )John Ruskin
‫حٓظـِٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٞٛٝ ،ً‫ح‬َ‫ٝٗخػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫أى٣ز‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ُْٝ ، ٢٘‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓئٍم‬ ‫ًخطذ‬
ًٞ‫ٝٗل‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ َٛٝٝ ،‫حُطزوخص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُٔـالص‬ ‫حٌُظذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ٚ‫آٍحث‬ َُ٘٘ ‫حُطزخػش‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ٙ
ّ‫ٝٛي‬ ٚ٠‫هل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ‫َٜٝٗط‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫َُكغ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ًخك‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٕ‫ك٘خ‬ ١‫أل‬ ٍُٞ٘٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ٌٚٔ‫ك‬ ٕ‫أ‬
َ‫أًز‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٝٗظَ٣خط‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٚ‫ُٔزخىث‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ،ٍٙ‫ألكٌخ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔالٓق‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫ٌِٗض‬ .ِٚ‫ٓٔظوز‬
24
ٙ ، " ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ " ٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ػَكخ‬23( ‫هخٛش‬ ‫١زؼش‬ ،1959. )
25
، ‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حَُٔؿغ‬ٙ24.

32. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
32
٘‫ُِؼ‬ ٚ‫طٜ٘٤ل‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وخى‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫أؿ٤خ‬ ‫آٍحء‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حألػ‬‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ َٛ‫خ‬
ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ،٢‫حُو‬ ،‫حُلَحؽ‬ ،‫حٌُظِش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬26
.
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫١زؼش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝٗٔوش‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬1913.‫حُٔزغ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٜٓخر٤ق‬ َ٤ُٜ٘‫ح‬ ‫ًظخرش‬ ٖٓ
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ‫ريأ‬1846:ٖ٤‫ؿِث‬ ٖٓ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ َ٘ٗ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬
‫حُليحػش‬ ١ٍٜٞٓModern Painters،‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ َٔ٘٤ُ ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ‫حٓظي‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫ًظخد‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٗظؾ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ،٢٘‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حالريحػ‬ ‫رخإلٗظخؽ‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬
‫ك٤٘٤ٔ٤خ‬ ٍ‫حكـخ‬The stones of Venice, (1851-1853)َٓ‫ًخ‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٖ‫ٗخه‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ،
‫حُل‬ ‫ٝحإلٗظخؽ‬ ١ٝ‫حُزي‬ َٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخُش‬ ‫حُظوِ٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخُش‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍٕ‫ٝهخ‬ ٢٘
ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬ َ٘‫ُِز‬ ًَ‫آ‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤غ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ٗؼخ‬ ‫ٍٝكغ‬ ‫ح٥الص‬ ‫ُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫ٓلخٝالص‬ ١‫أ‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬
.٠ٌ٘٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ّ‫ٝحُ٘ظخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫ُ٠َد‬ ‫ٓٔظو٤ْ؛‬ ٢‫ه‬ ٍْٓ َ‫ٍؿ‬ ْ٤ِ‫طؼ‬ ‫"٣ٌٔ٘ي‬ :ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫كٌظذ‬ ‫ك٤٘٤ٔ٤خ‬ ٍ‫حكـخ‬
‫ٝحُيهش‬ ‫ٝرخَُٔػش‬ ٚ‫ٝٗلظ‬ ،٠٘‫ٓ٘ل‬ ٢‫ه‬٤‫حُٔؼ‬٢‫ك‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫أ١ِذ‬ ‫ً٘ض‬ ‫اًح‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ُإلػـخد؛‬ ‫َس‬
‫حهطؤ‬ ‫ٜٝٓٔخ‬ ،ٌَ‫٣ل‬ ‫؛‬ ‫٣ظٞهق؛‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ،ٚٓ‫ٍأ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٠‫أك‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫٣ـي‬ ‫ال‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ َ‫ُِ٘ظ‬ ،ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ١‫أ‬
‫ٓـَى‬ ،‫آُش‬ ٟٞٓ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ٌَ‫ٓل‬ ٕ‫ك٘خ‬ َ‫ٍؿ‬ ّ‫حٓخ‬ ‫حٛزلض‬ ‫حٗي‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٌُٖٝ ٢ٔ‫كظ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ َ٤ٌ‫حُظل‬ ٢‫ك‬
.‫أىحس‬
‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ َٜٗ‫أ‬ ‫حٓخ‬‫ٜٓخر٤ق‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ٞٛ ‫طؤػ٤َح‬ ‫ٝحًؼَٛخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ‫ُؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُٔزغ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬27
ٌَُ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٌُٖٝ ٖ‫ك‬ ٌَُ ‫ٓ٘لِٜش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٖ‫ٗخه‬ ١ٌُ ،
26
Sharp, Dennis Criticism In Architecture " AKAA " p. 11 1961 .

33. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
33
‫ال‬ ‫ٜٓخر٤ق‬ ‫ٝأٓٔخٛخ‬ ‫حُ٘ـخف‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ٖٔ٠‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٠ٍَٝ٣ش‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ٝؿٞحٗذ‬ ٖ‫ك‬
‫ٝػَف‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حألهاله٤خص‬ ٌْ‫ٝطل‬ ‫ط٠ت‬ٖ٣ِ٣ٝ ْ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬ ‫٣َطذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜٔخر٤ق‬ ٌٙٛٝ .‫حالٓظؼٔخالص‬ ‫ُٔوظِق‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫٣و٤ٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٜٝف‬ ‫ٝ٣ِهَف‬
:٢ٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ُِل‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬
1-‫حُظ٠ل٤ش‬The Lamp of Sacrifice،ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫كي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿ٤ي‬ ‫ر٘٢ء‬ ّ‫حُو٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ :
ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬ ‫حُظلخٗ٢؛‬ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٌٜٙ‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،ٕ‫ًوَرخ‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ٝػٔ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٗز٤ِش‬ ‫ٓٞحى‬
. ‫حُوخُيس‬ ‫حُظًٌخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ٚ‫حأله‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٠‫طل‬ . َٙ‫ٗظ‬
2-‫حُلو٤وش‬The Lamp of Truth‫حُٜؼٞرخص‬ َ‫طظوز‬ ٢ٛٝ ٠٘‫طز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ :
‫حُٔظطخر‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌْ‫ٝط٘ؼ‬ ،‫حُٔٞهق‬ ٝٞٔ‫ٝؿ‬ ‫ٝحُٔوخٝٓش‬‫ٝحُوخٍؽ‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ن‬
. ‫حُٔٔظؼِٔش‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحى‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬
3-‫حُوٞس‬The Lamp of Power٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ُٝ َ٤٣‫رٔؼخ‬ ‫ٝطٔظَٗي‬ ‫طوٞى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوٞس‬ :
‫رخإلٍحىس‬.ُِٖٓ‫ٝح‬ ْ‫حُلـ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫١َى‬ ‫طظ٘خٓذ‬ ٠‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫حُؼٔ٤خء‬
4-ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬The Lamp of Beautyٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ًٗٔٞؽ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ َٟ٣ :
ُ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬‫حُِهخٍف‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٟ‫ٍأ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ِل‬
. ‫حٌُز٤َس‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حُٜـ٤َس‬
5-‫حُل٤خس‬The Lamp of Life‫ُظٜزق‬ ‫حُـٞحٓي‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ ٚ‫٣ٜز‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ٛٝ :
. ‫ُِٔٞص‬ ‫ٝٓوخٝٓش‬ ‫رخُل٤خس‬ ‫ٝٓلؼٔش‬ ٢٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ًحص‬
6-ًٌَُٟ‫ح‬The Lamp of Memory‫كطخُٔخ‬ :٢‫حُل‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٞٛ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬
. ٚ‫ر‬ ‫٣ًٌَٗخ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼٞد‬
7–‫حُطخػش‬The Lamp of Obedience‫ُِظَٝف‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ّ‫حكظَح‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬ :
ٍ‫ٝحالكٌخ‬ ‫حالٓؼِش‬ ‫١خػش‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓظطِزخطٜخ‬ ‫ٝطِز٤ش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٚٓ‫ٝحُظِح‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظوخُ٤ي‬
‫ط‬ ْ٤ُٝ ِْ‫حُٔؼ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫١َكٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬.ُٚ‫حػٔخ‬ ‫وِ٤ي‬
َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ‫ربػخىس‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ُٚ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،٢١ٞ‫حُو‬ ُ‫رخُطَح‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓطزط‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ‫٣ؼ٤ذ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬
‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٝ‫ٝأَٓح‬ َِ‫رؼ‬ ٠‫حُٞػ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ٍٟٞ‫حُل٤ٌظ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حٗـِظَح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬
27
Ruskin, John. Seven Lamps on Architecture. Moonday press N.Y. 1961 .

34. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
34
‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫ٝػ٘٤ش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حٌُالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫٣ٜق‬ ِٚ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوٞ١٤ش‬ ‫ٍس‬
‫حُٔٔ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كظَس‬ ْ‫رؤػظ‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ٌْ‫حُؼ‬28
.
‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ُألػٔخ‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حػظٔي‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًًَٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫رل‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٚ‫ٝىكخػ‬ ٚ١‫حٍطزخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬٢١ٞ‫حُو‬ٚ٠‫ٍك‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
٤ٓ‫حُظوي‬ ‫ُالطـخٛخص‬ َٔ‫حُٔٔظ‬ٖٓ ٌٍٙٝ‫ؿ‬ ‫٣ٔظٔي‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫هِن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٍؿزظ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٞٛ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ش‬
. ٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ َٕٝ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫٣ٜق‬ ِٚ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬
ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫ٜٝٓطِلخطٜخ‬ ‫رخُؼٔخٍس‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حإل٣ـخر‬ ٙ‫ؿٜي‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
٤‫حَُؿؼ‬ ٚ‫ٝٗظَط‬ ٢ِٔ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٚ٠‫رَك‬‫ك٤غ‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ َٕٝ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝػٔخٍس‬ ‫رٔـظٔغ‬ ٚٓ‫ٝحٛظٔخ‬ ‫ش‬
. ً‫ال‬٣ٞ١ ً‫خ‬ُ٘ٓ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطط‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ٝهق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ٟو‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ِٓز‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ُٚ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢١ٞ‫حُو‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬
/‫ة‬2ّٛ‫فٕٛن‬–ٕ‫ن‬–( . ‫زٔن‬1814–1879)
Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879)
١ ‫كَٗٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٝي‬ َ‫ٝٓ٘ظ‬ ٍّ‫ٓٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ٝ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٞٛٚٛ‫حطـخ‬ ‫ٝحػظٔي‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝؿٔيٛخ‬ ٚ‫ٗظَ٣خط‬ ‫زن‬
َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخص‬ ْ‫طالث‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ َُ١ ٌَ‫٣زظ‬ ‫هالم‬ ٕ‫ًل٘خ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫طؤً٤ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬
َُ‫حُط‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ٟٝ‫ؿي‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خه٘ش‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘طن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحػظٔي‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُلخىع‬ ّ‫ُِظوي‬ ‫ٝطٔظـ٤ذ‬
‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬ ‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬ ‫أُٓظٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓوَؽ‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝأٟٝق‬ ّ‫ٝحالهظزخ‬ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ‫ُ٤ٔظؼ٤ي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رزخ‬ ‫حُـٔ٤ِش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٓلخَٟحط‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ِ٤ٔ‫حُٔظ‬1853ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ َٔ‫طل‬
. ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُِوٞحػي‬ ‫حَُحك٠ش‬ ‫حُظويٓ٤ش‬
28
Prak, L. Language of Architecture. The Hague : Mouton (1968) P. (11) .

35. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
35
ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ‫١زخػش‬ ‫ًظخرش‬ ٖٓ ‫حالِٛ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔوش‬ ‫ٝؿالف‬ ‫ُٞىٝى‬ ١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬1868.
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓلخَٟحص‬ " ٚ‫ًظخر‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ِ‫ًٍخث‬ ٖٓ " ‫س‬
‫ُِزَٗخٓؾ‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫حُٜٔيحه٤ش‬ ‫أُٜٝخ‬ ٖ٤‫رٞٓ٤ِظ‬ ‫طلو٤وٜخ‬ ‫ٝآٌخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜٔيحه٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫طليع‬
‫طٞظق‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ُطَم‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٝػخٗ٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫حُلخؿش‬ ‫طُٞيٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ١َُٝ٘‫ح‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫طٔخ‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػذ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬
ٜٛ‫ٝهٞح‬ ْٜ‫ألٗٞحػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ْ29
ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ّ‫هي‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ " ‫ُٞىٝى‬ " ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .
َُ‫حُط‬ ٖٓ ١‫حالُظوخ‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍَ‫ٝك‬ ‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ّ‫هي‬ َ‫ر‬ ،‫حؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫أهاله٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخىُش‬ ‫ٓـَى‬
ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ٌُِؼ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ٚ‫ٝٗظَ٣خط‬ ٚ‫آٍحث‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ .‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬30
‫حُـِء‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ٝك‬ ،َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حأله‬‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ‫أٓخٜٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حًَُ٤ِس‬ ٙ‫ؿٜٞى‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫٤غ‬
" ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬The Rationalَ‫حُؼو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٙ‫رؼي‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼوال‬ ٢‫حُٔ٘طو‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ًحص‬ "
‫ٌٝٓ٘الطٜخ‬ ‫طلي٣خطٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓٞحؿٜش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُيٍحٓش‬ ْ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُٔ٘طو‬ َ٤ٌ‫ٝحُظل‬31
.
/‫ة‬3( . ٗ‫نضٛبث‬ .ٔW.E.Lethaby)
29
Viollet - le – Duc, Eugene Lectures on architecture, vold
30
: ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ‫طَحؿغ‬-. ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْٜ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٕ‫ُز٤خ‬ ّٝ‫ٝطَٛخ‬ ‫أُلَ٣ي‬ ، ٞٗ ٕ‫ٍٗٞٓخ‬ ، ‫ٌٓٞص‬ ‫ؿٍٞؽ‬
31
Frampton, K. Modern Architecture (1985) .P.64 .

36. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
36
ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ألكٌخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫أًز‬ " ْ٣ٍٞٓ ّ‫ٝ٣ِ٤خ‬ " ٌَ‫ٝحُٔل‬ َ‫ظ‬
َ٤ٌ٘‫ُظ‬ ّ‫ًؤٓخ‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫رخُيٝحكغ‬ ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ‫حػظٔيص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ " ٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ " ْٜٔٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ
‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٍٞ‫رظط‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ٝحٍطز‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٝٛ٤خؿش‬
ٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ُٚ ‫ًظخد‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ " ٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ " َ٘ٗ . ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حإلٗظخؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ‫رلؼخُ٤ش‬ ً‫خ‬٘ٓ‫ئ‬
1892ْ٤‫ه‬ ٟٞ‫٣ل‬ ٌُٟ‫ح‬ ٢ِ‫حُيحه‬ ‫حُوِذ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ‫أٟٝق‬ ٌُٟ‫ح‬
‫ٝ١ز٤ؼ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ُِظٔخإ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُيٝحكغ‬ ّ‫هي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،‫ٝحَُِٓ٣ش‬ ٠‫ٝحَُه‬ ‫حُظؼـذ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬‫ظٜخ‬
ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ٍَ‫ٝ٣ل‬ ِٚ‫ػو‬ ٍٞ‫٣ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ‫ٝٛخٗغ‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٚ‫رٜلظ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬32
٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ ٍٝ‫ٝكخ‬ .
٢ِ٤‫حُظو‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ َ‫ٝحٗظو‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُِٓ٣ش‬ ٍٝ‫ري‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
Poetic content. ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٍٞ‫طظط‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫ك‬ ٌٕٞ٤ٓٝ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٠٘‫"حُٔز‬٢‫ٛٞك‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ١َ‫ٗخػ‬ ،٢ُ‫ه٤خ‬ .ٖ
٢‫ٝك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٝحُٔل‬ ‫حُ٘خػَ٣ش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ .١َ‫ٝٓل‬
"ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫هطؼخ‬ ‫كؤٜٗخ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬33
.)‫حُٔئُق‬ ‫(طَؿٔش‬ .
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝكًَش‬ ‫حألُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ َ‫ٝؿؼ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠‫ُ٤ؼخر‬ ٖ‫ٗخه‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝرٜ٘خ٣ش‬
ْ٤ٓ‫طؤ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ىكؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٢ٛ‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٕ‫ُ٘ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٘خثغ‬ ٕٞ٘‫ُِل‬ ‫حًَُِٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬
1900‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٘خػخص‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٔش‬ ْ٤ٓ‫ٝطؤ‬191534
‫ٝك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٍٙ‫أكٌخ‬ ‫أًيص‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .
‫حُٜلق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓخٍٓٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ َ‫أٝحث‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ؼي‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُي٣ٔوَح١٤ش‬
‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫ٓـِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حألٓزٞػ‬ ٙ‫ػخٓٞى‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔـالص‬(Builder‫حُٜؼ٤ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ًٝ )
َٕ‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ٌُؼ‬ ً‫خ‬٤٘‫ؿ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ ٍٙ‫أكٌخ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ً‫ح‬ٌَ‫ٝك‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ظٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼظخى‬ ُْ ‫ٟٓٞٞػخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝىكؼض‬ ‫ٗـؼض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬
. ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫رخُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬
32
Sharp, D. Criticism In Architecture. AKAA Publications. (1987). P. 13 .
33
Frampton, K. modern arch. Acritical History – p : 50 (1985).
34
Ibid (p. 51).

37. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
37
‫ط‬-‫انمط‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫األٔل‬ ‫انُصف‬: ٍٚ‫انؼشط‬ ٌ
ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫كَ٣ش‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٠‫ٝػ‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓلٌَ٣ٜخ‬ ‫ٗوخىٛخ‬ ‫رـٜٞى‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَخص‬ ‫ٗـلض‬
‫ٝطؼَ٣لٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘طوش‬ ‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓخص‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ،‫حُظوخُ٤ي‬ ‫ه٤ٞى‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ٝطو‬
ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَد‬ ‫ٝٗظخثؾ‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خػ‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ .‫ٝأٛيحكٜخ‬‫ظَٜص‬ ٠
‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخص‬35
‫ٝحُٔٔظ٘ل٤خص‬ ‫حإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔظخكق‬ ‫ًخٌُٔظزخص‬
‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٝآٌخٗ٤خص‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬ ‫ططِذ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُ٠ؤش‬ ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ّ‫طظالء‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫ٝططِذ‬ .١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫ٝح‬‫ٝحإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ًخُظٌؼ٤ز٤ش‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫ًزٜخ‬36
‫ألٜٗخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫اٗظخؿٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َٝ‫ٝحُٔو‬ ‫ٝحألٓطٞحٗش‬ َُّٜ‫ًخ‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ٍ‫رخألٌٗخ‬ ‫ٝطؼخِٓض‬ ‫ٗخىص‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ .‫حُ٤ٞٗخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌٍٙٝ‫ؿ‬ ‫طَؿغ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـَى‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬
‫طز‬‫ػوالٗ٤ش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٍِٞص‬37
‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٖ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫أًيص‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬
ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُزٔخ١ش‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝأًيص‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫١ـض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِهخٍف‬ ‫ٍٝك٠ض‬
: ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؼز‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬
/‫ط‬1. ِ‫فهس‬ ٘‫ز‬ ٌ‫فب‬ ٘‫ُْط‬ (Henri-Van de Velde. 1863-1957)
"‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫"حُل‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫طز٘ٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٍ‫ًزخ‬ ٖٓ " ٙ‫كِي‬ ٟ‫ى‬ " ‫٣ؼي‬38
‫حُ٘زخد‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٝأٓٔخ‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝىػٞح‬
ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٓلخٝالص‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ‫حُظلٔ٤َحص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٟٝٝغ‬
٤ٔ٣‫أًخى‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫طخٍ٣و‬ َٛ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طٔظ٘ي‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خء‬٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫رخُلِد‬ ً‫ح‬َ‫ٓظؤػ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ . ‫ش‬
ٙ‫ك٤ِي‬ ٍ‫كخٗي‬ َ٤ٔ٣‫ا‬ ( ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ‫رخُ٘خهي‬ ٚ‫رؼالهظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٚٔ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ‫طؤػَص‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫رِـ٤ٌخ‬Emile
35
‫ؽ‬ ،.ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ " ، ٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ػَكخ‬1ٙ ،136–139.
36
" ‫حُظٌؼ٤ز٤ش‬Cubism" ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ "Constructivismٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ َ‫أٝحث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ظَٜح‬ ٖ٤٤٘‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٌٓٛز‬ "
.‫ٝرَحى‬ ٞٓ‫ر٤ٌخ‬ ْٛ‫ٍٝحى‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
37
‫ٗو‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ َٖٓٓ‫ٍح‬ ١َ٘ٛٝ ‫ٓٔلٍٞى‬ ْ٣ُٞٝ ٕٞ٣‫ؿي‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ـلَ٣ي‬ ُّٞ ‫ٝحىُٝق‬ ٙ‫ىكِي‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ١َ٘ٛ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫خى‬
.‫ٛ٤ظٌ٘ٞى‬
38
" ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫كًَش‬Art Nouveauَٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫رِـ٤ٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤص‬ "19ٍُِٞٛٞ ‫حُٔلخٝالص‬ َٜٗ‫أ‬ ‫ٝطؼي‬
‫ٍٛٞطخ‬ ٍٞ‫ك٤ٌظ‬ ( ٢ٌ٤‫حُزِـ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓ٤ٜخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٌَ‫ٓزظ‬ ُ‫١َح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬Victor Horta. )

38. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
38
VanderVelde.ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫ٗخه٘ض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫ال‬ٞ‫ٓٔج‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٌُٟ‫ح‬ )
‫رخُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ٢‫حؿظٔخػ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ٍٙٞ‫ٝطط‬‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُٔئٍم‬ ‫ٛخؿٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬
( ٢ُ‫حإل٣طخ‬Alois Riegl.ْ٤‫ُ٤ز‬ ( ٢ٗ‫حألُٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُلِ٤ٔٞف‬ )Lipps.‫حُويٍس‬ ‫ٗخك٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ )
ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحإلىحٍس‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬39
.ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ،‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ْ٤ٓ‫طٜخ‬
ًٞٔٗٝ ‫طؼز٤َح‬ َ‫حالًؼ‬ ٢ٛٝ ،‫ى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫رٔ٘ل٘٤خص‬‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔخص‬ ٍٞ‫طظل‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ًٝؼ‬ .‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿ٤ش‬
‫ُِل٤ِٔٞف‬ "ٖ‫اط‬ ٞٓٞٛ" ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ‫ؿالف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕٞ‫طَٝر‬ ‫ًَُ٘ش‬ ١ٍ‫حُـيح‬ ٚٗ‫حػال‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُظـَ٣ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
.ٚ٘‫ٗ٤ظ‬
‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٟٝٝغ‬ ‫حُ٘زخد‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٝأٓٔخ‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝىػٞح‬ " ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ " ‫كًَش‬ ‫طز٘ٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٍ‫ًزخ‬ ٖٓ " ٙ‫كِي‬ ٟ‫ى‬ " ‫٣ؼي‬
‫حُظلٔ٤َحص‬ َٖٓٛ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طٔظ٘ي‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خء‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٓلخٝالص‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ُظِي‬
.‫أًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫طخٍ٣و‬
‫حُز٤جش‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٢‫٣ؤط‬ ‫حُٔيٗ٤ش‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ٚٗ‫ا٣ٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخرؼش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ‫ؿؼِض‬ ‫حُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ٌٙٛ
‫ٝحُؼوخ‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ٢‫حَُٝحر‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫َٓحػ‬ ، ً‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ٌٙٛ . ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬ ‫ك٤ش‬
ٕٞ‫ٝحُ٘و‬ ‫حُِٔظٞ٣ش‬ ١ٞ‫حُوط‬ ٖٓ ٝٞ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٝحٗظٜخث‬ ُٚ‫حرظٌح‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫ُِل‬ ٚٓ‫كٔخ‬ ٚ‫أكويط‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬
‫هخ١غ‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ىكؼ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ْ٤ِٓ ٢‫اٗ٘خث‬ ‫ٓ٘طن‬ ١‫أل‬ ‫حُٔظـخِٛش‬ ‫حُالطٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُوط٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُِهخٍف‬
٣ِ‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ " ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُِهَكش‬ ٖ٤٣ِ‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬‫ُٜيف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُِٟٔٞٞع‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٓ٠خف‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤
" ‫ٓظٌِلش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓلَٟٝش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫اٗ٘خث‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝظ٤ل‬ ‫َٓطزطش‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حُِهَكش‬ ‫أٓخ‬ ،40
٠ُٞ‫ط‬ .
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬1900‫طِي‬ ،‫أُٔخٗ٤خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ٖٓ ُٚ‫حٗظوخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ،ٍ‫كخ٣ٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ َ٣‫ٓي‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ذ‬
39
Frampton, K. Modern Architecture: A Critical History p. 97 .
40
‫ؽ‬ ، " ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ " ٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ػَكخ‬1ٙ ،38‫هخٛش‬ ‫١زؼش‬ ،1959.

39. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
39
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ّٝ‫حُزخٝٛخ‬ " ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طلُٞض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬1919٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ "
‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ َُ‫ُِط‬ ‫طلِ٤الص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٙ‫ؿٜي‬ ‫ًٝ٘ق‬ ،‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫ىه٤وش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ‫هطؤ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤ُ‫ى‬ ٞٛ ‫ٝحرظيحُٜخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓ٣ؼ‬ ‫ٗـخكٜخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝأٟٝق‬ ،‫حُٔوظِلش‬
َٕ‫حُو‬18،19‫حإلٗ٘خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫كِٜض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٝهطؤ‬ٖ‫ك‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝػَكض‬ ‫ء‬
َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ٝٛخٓش‬ ‫ا٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫هطٞس‬ " ‫كِيس‬ ٟ‫ى‬ " ‫ؿٜٞى‬ ‫طؼي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ . ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝٝحؿٜخص‬ َ‫ٓيحه‬ ‫ُهَكش‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ٚ‫هيٍحط‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓٔظـ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْٛ‫ٓخ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫ُِو‬ ‫كي٣ؼش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ َٝ‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ َ٤‫ُِظـ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫طـ٤َص‬٢٘‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫ٜؼ٤ي‬41
.
/‫ط‬2. ‫نٕغ‬ ‫أزٔنف‬ (Adolf Loos. " 1870 – 1933 ": )
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ َ‫ٝٓخك‬ ‫حُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُِ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬ ٍ‫ٝٗخ‬ ‫ك٤٘٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٝي‬1893‫ُِ٣خٍس‬
‫هالُٜخ‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬ ‫ػالع‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٠٠ٓ‫ٝأ‬ ‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخُل٤خس‬ َٜ‫ٝحٗز‬ ‫ًُٞٞٓز٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ َٝ‫حُٔؼ‬
‫ر‬َ٘ٗ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ "‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫"حُِهَكش‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ُٚ‫ٓوخ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٕ‫ٓخُ٤لخ‬ ْ٣ُٞ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝآٍحء‬ ‫ٌظخرخص‬
ّ‫ػخ‬1892‫طؼي‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞػخص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ٓوخالص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ‫حُ٘ٔٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ػٞىط‬ ‫ٝرؼي‬ ،
١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ١‫ُ٘٘خ‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫حُزيح٣خص‬42
‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬ ، ‫ٝٛ٘خػش‬ ‫كَكش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ُّٞ َ‫ٗظ‬ .
‫ٝهخ‬ ٖ‫ك‬َٛ‫ٓظخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حػظزَٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُِهخٍف‬ ٖ٣ِ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ُٔزخُـظ‬ " ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ " ‫ٟي‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كِٔش‬ ‫ى‬
ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُِهخٍف‬ ‫كٌف‬ ٍ‫ٓويح‬ ٞٛ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ّ‫ٓو٤خ‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُزيحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُويٍحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طؼخِٜٓخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫رظوخُ٤ي‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬ ‫حُٔ٘لؼش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫أٜٗخ‬ّ‫ػخ‬ َ٘ٗ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤ُٜ٘‫ح‬ ُٚ‫ٓوخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫كِٔظ‬ ‫هٔش‬ ‫ِٝٝٛض‬ ‫حُِهخٍف‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ َُ‫ُط‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬
1908‫طـ٘زٜخ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ؿَ٣ٔش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِهَكش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ًٝظذ‬Ornament is a Crime43
.
‫ٝحألٓطق‬ ‫حُٞحٟلش‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُظـَ٣ي‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ "ُّٞ" ٢٘‫طز‬
٢‫ك‬ َٙ‫أػ‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣ش‬ْٔ‫ُِو‬ ٚ‫ٍثخٓظ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫أػيٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬
ٖٓ ‫رل٤٤٘خ‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫اىحٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬1920–1922ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝظ٤ل‬ ٌٖ٣ ُْٝ
41
Jencks, C. Modern Movements in Architecture.
42
Frampton, K. (1985) p : 90 .
43
Kulka, H. " Adolf Loos " Architect's year book no : 9 p : 10 (1960) .

40. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
41
‫٣ٔظؼِٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ْ‫حٛظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُـخٗذ‬
‫ك‬ ‫١َ٣وش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼزَس‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٢ٛ.‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫٤خس‬
ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫٣٘زـ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫"حٌُِٔ٘ش‬٢ٛ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬
٢‫٣٘زـ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬ ،‫رٟٞٞف‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ػالػ٤ش‬
‫ر٘ـخف‬ ِْٜ٤‫ُـ‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخىٍس‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬44
."
‫ر‬ ١‫ٗخى‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ُّٞ ‫حىُٝق‬‫ٝحُِهخٍف‬ ‫حُظٌِق‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َ٣َ‫ظل‬
‫حُ٘ٔٔخ‬ ،‫ك٤٤٘خ‬ ‫رٔي٣٘ش‬ َ٘٤‫ٗظ‬ ٍِ٘ٓ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ َٟ٣ ‫ًٔخ‬ ُٚ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝ١زن‬1910‫حٍُٜٔ٘ٞس‬ ٚ‫ٓوُٞظ‬ ‫ٝٛخؽ‬ ،
. "‫ؿَ٣ٔش‬ ‫"حُِهَكش‬
‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ال‬ ُّٞ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫طٔٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ُِِهخٍف‬ ٢‫حُالٜٗخث‬ ٞ‫حَُك‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
‫ٓ٤َح‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حُطخهش‬ ‫إلٟخػش‬‫ُِطزوش‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫طزَ٣َٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُلَكش‬ ‫ػزٞى٣ش‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ‫ع‬
‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُِهَك٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫حإلٗزخع‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُزَؿٞحُ٣ش‬
ٚ‫طلِ٤الط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫اػَحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُّٞ ‫أىُٝق‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ُِي‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬
‫ٝػال‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ّٜٞ‫ُٔل‬ ‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫الٓظَحط٤ـ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٛ٤خؿظ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫رخُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫هظٜخ‬
ُْٝ ‫ٝحُظوِ٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ٖٓ َّ‫ك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ُ‫حُزَؿٞح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ط٘خه٠خص‬ ُٝ‫طظـخ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬
44
Ibid., p p : 15 .

41. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
41
ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫حَُك٤ؼش‬ ‫حٌُالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫رخُؼوخكش‬ َ٣‫ًزي‬ ‫٣طخُذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٔظطغ‬45ً‫خ‬‫طؼَ٣ل‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ " ُّٞ " ‫ٝػَف‬ .
: ً‫ح‬‫ؿي٣ي‬
ٗ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ‫"حػَف‬،ٕ‫حالٗٔخ‬ ‫ٝهخٍؽ‬ َ‫ُيحه‬ ُٕ‫حُظٞح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٜخ‬
ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝٓؼوُٞ٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٘طو٤ش‬ ٖٔ٠‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
"َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬46
.)‫حُٔئُق‬ ‫(طَؿٔش‬
‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ُٔٔظؼِٔ٤ٜخ‬ ‫طظ٤ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،٢‫كو‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخكش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ال‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ٜٓظ‬ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ُْٜ‫ألؿ٤خ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ً‫ح‬ُ‫١َح‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ًَ َُ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ٚ‫ٛيك‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٌُٜٝح‬ ،ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ٚ‫ر٤جظ‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬
‫ُِل٤خس‬ ‫ٓؼخَٛس‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫١َ٣وش‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫هِن‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُِٞٛٞ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬47
.
45
Frampton, K. (1985) p : 92 .
46
Adolf Loos Architekture. 1910 .
47
Anderson, S. critical conventionalism in arch. P : 15 . Assemblage, 1, oct. 1986 .

42. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
42
2
‫اهثا‬ ‫اهباب‬‫وي‬‫اإلشلاهياث‬ :‫اهرئيسيت‬‫يف‬‫وقس‬‫اهؼمارة‬

43. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
43
‫اهباب‬‫اهثاوي‬:‫اإلشلاهياث‬‫اهرئيسيت‬‫يف‬‫وقس‬‫اهؼمارة‬
‫رًٓٛس‬
2.‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫َمس‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انطئٛؽٛخ‬ ‫اإلشكبنٛبد‬.
2/1: ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫ثبنُشبط‬ ‫ٔػاللزٓب‬ ‫اإلزضان‬ ‫ػًهٛخ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
2/1/1: ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔلَٔس‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬
‫أ‬-. ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬
‫د‬-. ‫حُظؼخِٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬
‫ؿـ‬-. ‫حُظز٤ئ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬
2/1/2. ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظ٘ظخؿخص‬
2/2ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫ٔانُشبط‬ ‫انغًبنٛبد‬‫انؼًبضح‬
2/2/1. ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظٜ٘٤لخص‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬
1-. ‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
2-. ‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
3-. ‫حَُِٓ٣ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
2/2/2‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬: ‫ُؼٔخٍس‬
‫أ‬-. ١َُِٓ‫ح‬ ٠‫حُظؼطخك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬
‫د‬-. ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬
2/2/3‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬.
:‫حَُث٤ٔش‬ ‫حُظٔخإالص‬
‫؟‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؿٞحٗز‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ َٛ
‫؟‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ُٔؼخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ً٤ق‬
٤ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬‫؟‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ُِظ‬ ‫ش‬

44. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
44
‫رًٓٛس‬
ٕ‫أ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬‫ػيس‬ ‫ط٘خرٜخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ظ٘خٍى‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫حٜٗخ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ،
،َٟ‫حه‬ ‫حريحػ٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حال‬١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬‫ُٜخ‬٣‫٣وظِق‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫وغ‬
‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٌَ٘٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫أه‬
‫ٝحُ٘لض‬٤ُٔ‫ٝح‬،٠‫ٝحُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫٘ٔخ‬ٚ‫ٝهالك‬.ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ٖٓ ‫هِٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٝهي‬٠ُ‫ح‬‫ٛ٤خؿش‬
١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ‫طٌٔ٘٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوِل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حألٍٟ٤ش‬ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٙ‫ح١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ٚ‫ٝكِٔلخط‬
‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٝحٌٗخُ٤خط‬ ٙ‫ٝه٠خ٣خ‬.٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخٛٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُـٜٞى‬ ‫أٟٝل٘خ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٝحَُٔحك‬ ٍٙٞ‫ٝطط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٗ٘ؤس‬،‫ٝح‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫الطـخٛخص‬
‫ك‬ ٚ‫ريح٣ظ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫طزٍِٞص‬ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ٠‫ظ‬ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫ٟٝق‬ ‫ًٝٔخ‬ .
‫كَػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫ػخرظش‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طٜ٘ق‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حٌٗخُ٤خص‬
‫٣ٟٞق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٟٞ٤لٜخ‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ َٟ‫أله‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٖٓ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫ٓظـ٤َس‬
‫حُٔلخ‬‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫َٛس‬.
ٌٙٛٝ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالٌٗخُ٤خص‬‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طلِ٤ِٜخ‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٖٓ ‫حٓظ٘ظـ٘خ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬
ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُزخد‬٢ِ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖٔ٠‫طظ‬:
1-‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔؿؼ٤ش‬.
2-‫حُٔل‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ْ٤ٛ‫خ‬.
َٛ‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٓ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حالٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٍّ‫٣ي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُزخد‬،‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬
‫َٗٛي‬‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظلٔ٤َحص‬ َِ‫ٗل‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظؼَ٣لخص‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ُ‫ح‬‫لوز‬‫ش‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬،ٟ‫ٝٓي‬
‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬.ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝطلٔ٤َحطٜخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬‫حَُٔكِش‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٌَ٘٣
٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُِوخء‬ ٖٓ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬،‫طِي‬ ‫ٝطٞٛق‬
‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ٚ‫ًحط‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٠٘‫ٝٗؼ‬ ‫ٓ٤ٌُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬
ً‫حإلىٍح‬ ‫حَُٔؿؼ٤ش‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬‫حُظو٤٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫٤ش‬.٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
‫ػالهش‬‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫رخُ٘٘خ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬
‫ٟٓٞٞع‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬
‫ٓٔظؼش‬ ‫ًظـَرش‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬،ٔٗ‫حإل‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬‫طـخٍد‬ ‫هِن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫خٗ٤ش‬
‫ٓٔظؼش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬‫ٝح‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ،‫ُظٜ٘٤لخص‬
ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ْ٤٢ٜ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬ ،
ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫رٍِٞس‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ُ‫ربرَح‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
٣‫حُ٘وي‬ َ٤٣‫ُِٔؼخ‬ ٚ‫ٝٛ٤خؿظ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫آٍحء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ش‬
‫٣ٔظويٜٓخ‬.

45. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
45
ٛ‫االشكبن‬‫انطئٛؽٛخ‬ ‫بد‬‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫َمس‬ ٙ‫ف‬
:ٗ‫االٔن‬ ‫االشكبنٛخ‬.‫نهُبلس‬ ‫اإلزضاكٛخ‬ ‫انًطعؼٛخ‬
‫ػًهٛخ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬ٔ ‫اإلزضان‬‫ان‬‫ؼالل‬‫خ‬‫يغ‬٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انُشبط‬:
‫ُإلىٍحى‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٢ٔ‫أر‬ ٕ‫ا‬Perceptionٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓخص‬ ‫رخٓظ٘ظخؽ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٖٞٛٓٝ
.ٕ‫ُإلٗٔخ‬ ٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ٢٤‫حُٔل‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٞٛ ‫ٝحإلىٍحى‬َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ىحهِ٘خ‬ ْ‫ٝ٣٘ظظ‬ ٌٕٞ‫٣ظ‬
٢٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حٗٔخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫أػ٤٤٘٘خ‬ ‫ٗزٌ٤خص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫طٔظوز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫كخالٗطزخػخص‬ ٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬
ُ‫ٝح‬ ٍ‫حالهظ٤خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ٚ٤ِ٣ ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬‫اىٍحًٜٔخ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ٖ٤‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ٤٠‫ظل‬48
.‫ٌٛح‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓٝ
ٔ‫ػ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬٤ٌ٤ٓ‫ى٣٘خ‬ ‫ِ٤ش‬‫ش‬ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬‫ٓخً٘ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬‫حكخى٣ش‬
ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬.‫ٝهي‬‫ٝح‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ َٙ‫ك‬‫ٍ٣ي‬ ‫َٛرَص‬ ْٜٔٛ‫أ‬ ‫ُلالٓلش‬ٕٝٞ‫ر‬ ‫حُزَص‬‫طؤً٤ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٌُٞٞ٤ٓ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٞػ٤وش‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ؿ٤ش‬،‫حُظـَرش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُِوخء‬ ‫٣ٞٛق‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ٌُٞ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ٢ُٝ‫حأل‬ ٖ٤‫َٓكِظ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫رخإلىٍحى‬ ‫طؼَف‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٞؿ٤ش‬
‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝط‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬.
‫حُٔ٘خٛيس‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حالىٍحى‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٗزٌ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ َٜ‫طوظ‬ ‫ال‬
ٓ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓ٤٘ٔخث٤ش‬ ‫ٗخٗش‬ ٍٝ‫ري‬ ّٞ‫طو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ َ٤‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫كؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫طٜزق‬ ٌُٖٝ ،
٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٓ‫ٛخ‬ٛ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫ُظظل‬ ٢‫َٓث‬ ‫ًخٗطزخع‬ ‫ٗخٛيٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ‫هِن‬ ‫٣ؼ٤ي‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫ٝهالهش‬ ‫ش‬‫ٍٞس‬
ِٚ‫ػو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓٔظوَس‬ ‫ًخِٓش‬‫ٝحُٞؿيحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ًٝحًَط‬.‫حالٗطزخػخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حُوِن‬ ‫اػخىس‬ ‫ٝػِٔ٤ش‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٌٜٞٗخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬،‫هخرِ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌُٖٝ
ٛ‫حُٔ٘خ‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ٝر٤جظ‬ ٚ‫ٝػوخكظ‬ ٚ‫ٝػوِ٤ظ‬ ‫لٔ٤ش‬.‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫ٝحُؼٜز٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٝكخُظ‬ ٚ‫ِٓحؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬َ49
َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫حهظالف‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ٍٝٛي‬ .
48
Vemon, P.B. 1962. The Psychology of Perception. Penguim Books.
49
Rasmussen, S.1959 Experiencing architecture. P. 36 M.I.T press

46. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
46
َ‫أؿ‬ ٖٓ ٌ‫ٝط٘ل‬ ْٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حَُٔث٤ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤‫ؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫٣َحٛخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬٢‫كو‬.
ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ظلخػ‬ ٙ‫ٝ٣َح‬ ِٚٔ‫ٝ٣ٔظؼ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٢ٌُ ٌ‫ٝ٣٘ل‬ ْٜٔ٤‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أٓخ‬َِ‫ٝ٣و‬
،ٚ‫كَحؿخط‬‫حُؼالهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ‫أكي‬ ٞٛ ً‫خ‬٣َٜ‫ر‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫ٓظؼيىس‬
‫ٝحُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫حالرؼخى‬.٢٘‫ٝحُٔز‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬‫حُز٤ج‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫كخإلٗٔخ‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٙ‫٣َح‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝرخهظالف‬٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫ٝطوي٣َٗخ‬ ‫كٌٔ٘خ‬ ‫٣وظِق‬ ‫ز٤جش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ِٓز‬ ‫حُِوخء‬ َ‫طـؼ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٓليىحص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
‫ح‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ًخُلخالص‬ ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫كي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬‫حُٔظِو‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُِوخء‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢
‫ِٓىك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫كخ‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ْ‫ٛل٤ق‬ ٌْ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حإلٟخءس‬ ‫ٟؼ٤ق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ًٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ٌُي‬
‫ًبك‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ٚ‫كخُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫ه‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ )‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫(حُٔظِو‬ ‫حُِوخء‬ ٖٓٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُـٞع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رخإلؿٜخى‬ ٚٓ‫ٔخ‬
ٖ‫حُؼط‬ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓوِي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٚٓ‫اكٔخ‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓظؼخ١ق‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ِٚ‫طـؼ‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫كخُظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،
‫ٝك٤ي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫٣٘خٛي‬ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٜٓخكزش‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬َٔ٣ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٝؿيحٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٗلٔ٤ش‬ ‫رظـَرش‬
ًٍٚ‫ٝ٣ي‬ ٙ‫٣َح‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚ‫ٝطلخػ‬ ًٚ‫حىٍح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رٜٔخطٜخ‬ ‫طظَى‬ ‫حٓظيص‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫هَٜص‬.
‫اإلزضان‬ ‫نؼًهٛخ‬ ‫انًفؽطح‬ ‫انُظطٚبد‬
‫أ‬-‫انغشطهذ‬ ‫َظطٚخ‬The Gestalt Theory
َ‫أًؼ‬ ٢ٛ‫حُ٘ظ‬َ‫٣خص‬‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫ٝحُظ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔلَٔس‬،
َ‫ٝطؼظز‬ٌٙٛ ٖ٤ٗ‫روٞح‬ ‫طؤػَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ َ‫أًز‬ ّٝ‫حُزخٝٛخ‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬
َ‫حُ٘ظ‬‫حُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫رَحٓـٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ١زوظٜخ‬ ‫٣ش‬.‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼظٔي‬،َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫هيٓظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬،ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طظٔؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ح‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طَؿغ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ُوٞح‬
ٝ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٗيٍى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫طويٜٓخ‬ْٛ‫ح‬ٖ٤ٗ‫حُوٞح‬ ٌٙٛ٢ِ٣ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ‫ٗٔظؼَٟٜخ‬50
:
1-: ‫انزمبضة‬ ٌَٕ‫لب‬Law of Proximity
50
Prak, L. p :19. (1968).

47. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
47
‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُوَ٣زش‬ ‫حُٞكيحص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٗزٌ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حٗطزخػٜخ‬
.‫رَٜ٣ش‬ ‫طٌ٘٤الص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػخص‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫كل‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ٕ‫كخ‬ ٖ٤ٔ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ُ‫حُظخ‬‫حُٜلٞف‬
َٟ‫ط‬ ‫ٝحألػٔيس‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫ٓظٔخٝ٣ش‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬َٔ٣‫حال‬‫أػ٘خء‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ‫طٜزق‬ ‫حُٜلٞف‬ ٕ‫كب‬
‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخىع‬ ‫حُظوخٍد‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ًَ‫رَٜ٣ش‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ٝط‬ ‫ٛق‬
‫ٓٔظوِش‬.
2-: ّ‫انزشبث‬ ٌَٕ‫لب‬Law of Similarity
ٚ‫طظـ‬ ُِْٔٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫حُٔو٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ‫حُٔظ٘خرٜش‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬َ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٕ‫أل‬‫ًٞكيحص‬ ‫طيٍى‬
‫ٓٔظوِش‬َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ،‫كٔـٔٞػش‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حُٔٞىحء‬ ‫حَُٔرؼخص‬٢‫ك‬‫حُظزخىُ٤ش‬ ‫حالكو٤ش‬ ‫حُٜلٞف‬‫ر‬ٌَُ٘‫خ‬
٢ُ‫حُظخ‬‫طي‬١ٞ‫حُوط‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫ًٞكيس‬ ‫ٍى‬‫حَُأٓ٤ش‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ٚٔ‫ٗل‬‫حأل‬ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٕ‫أل‬‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫ه٤َس‬
.١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حىٍحًٜخ‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ٚ‫حُظ٘خر‬ ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫هخٛ٤ش‬ ‫طلون‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣و‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ )‫ٝحٓٞى‬ ٞ٤‫(حر‬ ٕ‫حالُٞح‬
3-: ‫االَغالق‬ ٌَٕ‫لب‬Law of Closure
ٜ‫حهظَحر‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ٓـِن‬ ًٌَ ‫طيٍى‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ٚ‫طظـ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٞكيحص‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬‫خ‬،‫ٓـِن‬ ٚ‫ٗز‬ ٌَُ٘ ‫ٝطٌٞ٣ٜ٘خ‬
ْ٤ُٝ‫ٓ٘لَىس‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ًٔـٔٞػش‬‫طيٍى‬ ‫ال‬ ٌَٗ ًَ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗالكع‬ ‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٢‫كل‬ ،

48. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
48
٠‫ٝك‬ ‫ًٔؼِغ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٢‫كل‬ ٢‫هخٍؿ‬ ٢٤‫ًٔل‬ ١ٞ‫حُوط‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬
ٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلظلخص‬ ‫ٝطٜزق‬ َ٤‫ًٔٔظط‬ ‫حُؼخُؼش‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ‫ًيحثَس‬ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬‫حأل‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ًحص‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ٌٗخ‬
‫أٛٔ٤ش‬.
‫حالٗـالم‬ ٕٞٗ‫ُوخ‬ ‫ه٠ٞػٜخ‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ )‫ٓؼِغ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ َ٤‫ٓٔظط‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫(ىحثَس‬ َٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬ ًٌَ ١ٞ‫حُوط‬ ‫حىٍحى‬
4-: ‫االؼزًطاضٚخ‬ ٌَٕ‫لب‬Law of Continuity
٠٘‫حُٔ٘ل‬ ‫ٗيٍى‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫كل‬ ، ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ًٞكيحص‬ ‫حُٔٔظَٔس‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ٔ٣ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬
٢ٛ ٚ‫ٝهِل٤ظ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ّ‫رخُٔوخ‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ َٔ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٢‫حُو‬ ٞٛ ٠٘‫حُٔ٘ل‬ ٢‫حُو‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ‫حُؼٔٞى٣ش‬ ١ٞ‫حُوط‬
(iiiَٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ٢‫ػ٘خث‬ ‫ٓٔطق‬ َٟٗ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ )ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٣‫ٓظؼخٓي‬ ٖ٣َ‫آه‬ ٖ٤٣ٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ‫هِق‬.
5-: ‫ٔانكجٛطح‬ ‫انجؽٛطخ‬ ‫األشكبل‬ ٌَٕ‫لب‬Simplest and Largest Figure

49. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
49
٤‫حُؼ‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٝحٌُز٤َس‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَُِ٘ ‫حُوخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ ٖ
. ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬ٜٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ًز‬ ً‫خ‬‫رٔ٤ط‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬‫رٔ٤طش‬ ‫طزيأ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫حُٜٔخكذ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫كل‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُظؼو٤ي‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ٝطظيٍؽ‬
‫ًخألٌٗخ‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حَُٔكِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٜق‬‫حُـٜي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌُٖٝ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُٜق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔٓٞٓش‬ ٍ
٣‫حُؼخُغ‬ ‫حُٜق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ.
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔٔخكش‬ ٕٞٗ‫ًوخ‬ ‫ًًَٛخ‬ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طو‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ َٔ‫ٝطٔظ‬
‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُظٔؼخ‬ ٕٞٗ‫ٝهخ‬ ‫حُٔٔخكش‬ ‫هِض‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ُٜٓٞش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤٘٣
‫حُال‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜٓٞش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ َ‫ٝحُيٝحث‬ ‫حُٔٔظط٤الص‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ َ‫طٔخػ‬‫اىٍحًٜخ‬
ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ ٍ‫أٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ُـش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬51
.ًٕ‫ح‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ َ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ّ‫رخٓظويح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓٔش‬ ‫طٜزق‬
َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ٢٘‫حُل‬َ‫ٝحُظٔخػ‬ ‫ٝحالٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حُظٌَح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ّ‫٣ٔظوي‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُٜٓٞش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٢‫حُٔظِو‬
ّ‫ػي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫٣ٞؿ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٝحُظٞحكن‬ ْٗ‫حُظـخ‬ ٖٓ ٠ٜ‫أه‬ ‫كي‬ ‫ُوِن‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ‫ٝرٔخ١ش‬
‫رِٔلش‬ ٚ‫حٓظ٤ؼخر‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ َٔٓٝ َ‫كخط‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍٞ‫٣ل‬ ‫هي‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ً‫حإلىٍح‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫اٗزخع‬
ٝ .. ‫َٓ٣ؼش‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ِٚ‫ٗٔظو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫ؿخٗزٜخ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬
‫ٝططز٤وخطٜخ‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ٓن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬ ‫حُلٔ٤ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٜز٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬
‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٝحهؼ٤ش‬ ‫اىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٔخًح‬ َٔ‫طل‬ ‫كخُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬
٣‫حُي‬‫حُظـَرش‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫اىٍحًٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٝٓػش‬ ‫هٞس‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝحُٔؼزَس‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ ‫٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬
‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ٓٔخطٜخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬52
.
‫ة‬-: ‫انزؼبيهٛخ‬ ‫انُظطٚخ‬The Transactional Theory
‫حُؼاله‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ‫ٝط‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُظؼخِٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ط٘خه‬‫حُلَى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ش‬
‫ٝحُز٤جش‬،‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ْٜ٘ٓ ًَ ‫ٝحإلىٍحى‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ َٓ‫طؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ًبؿَحء‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ َ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ٝحإلىٍحى‬
‫ٓظزخىُش‬ ‫حٗظلخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٛزـش‬ ًٝ ً‫ح‬‫حػظٔخى‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬.ٌٙٛ ‫ػِٔخء‬ ‫ٛخؿٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
51
Prak, N.L. " The Language of Architecture " P : 8 Mouton – Paris (1968) .
52
Lang, Jon " Creating Architectural Theory " . P : 89 N.Y (VNR. Co) (1987) .

50. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
51
‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ًَ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ،‫حُل٤خط٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٞٛ ‫حالىٍحى‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٢ٛ
ٕ‫حٗٔخ‬‫ٝحالٍط٤خف‬ ‫ٝحالٗزخع‬ ‫حَُٟخ‬ ُٚ ‫٣لون‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ُٚٔ‫ػخ‬ ‫هِن‬ ٖٓ َٙ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓٝ53
.‫ٝط٠غ‬
ٙ‫هخ‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫حالكظَحٟخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ٞ‫ٝحُزؼ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٔ٤ِٛخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬
‫ٝأٜٛٔخ‬:
-. ‫ا٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬
-َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬‫ٓيٍى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِٔٞى‬ َٜ‫رل‬ ٙ٢ٗٝ‫ٓيٍى‬ ‫ء‬.
-‫ػاله‬‫ى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫رخُز٤جش‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫ش‬.
-٤‫رخُو‬ َ‫٣ظؤػ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬‫خ‬ٍٞ٤ُٔ‫ٝرخ‬ ٍ.
-‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ط‬ٖٔ٠‫٣ظ‬‫طـخٍد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫كخَٟس‬ ‫ٝطٞؿٜخص‬ ‫ىٝحكغ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ٓخٟ٤ش‬.
ٙ‫هٞح‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓش‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ َٜ‫٣ل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ َٔ‫ٝطل‬
ٝ ٠٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ‫ٝىالالص‬ ‫ٍِٓ٣ش‬‫ػخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫حٓظـخرش‬ َ٤‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬،٢ٌُ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٝأل‬
َ‫حُوز‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُؼالهخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حٗٔخم‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬َٟ‫حُلخ‬ ْٜ‫ُل‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫س‬.
ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫رخُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫ُِيٍحٓخص‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬ٖ٤‫رطَ٣وظ‬ ‫اىٍحًٜخ‬ ‫طٜق‬ ّ‫٘خ‬‫حُٞٛق‬ ٢ٛ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬
ٓٝ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظـَ٣ز‬َٙ‫٘خػ‬.‫حٓخ‬‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬‫ك‬َ‫٣ؼز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُز٘خث‬ ‫حُٞٛق‬ ٢ٜ
.ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫ٗظؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ُْ‫ُِؼخ‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ ‫رخُٜٔطِلخص‬ َ‫رخُلؼ‬ ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ْ‫ط‬ ‫ػٔخ‬‫ٝحُٔٔخٛٔش‬
ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ٝطئػ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ا٣٠خف‬ ٢ٛ ‫ُِز٤جش‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼخِٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬٠‫ٓخ‬
ٞٛ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ْٜ‫ر٤جظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٙ‫حٗظزخ‬ ٠‫٣ٔظَػ‬‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُْٜ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬.‫طٞؿٜخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌُح‬
‫ٓظ‬ ‫ًز٤جش‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬َ‫ٓٔظو‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٜ٘‫ًؼ‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫ٌخِٓش‬.
53
Ittelson, W. Visual Space Perception . N.Y : springer (1960) .

51. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
51
‫حُظؼخِٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ّ‫ى٣ـَح‬‫ح‬ َ‫َُٔحك‬ ‫ٝطلٔ٤َٛخ‬‫إلىٍحى‬.
‫عـ‬-‫انزجٛإٚخ‬ ‫انُظطٚخ‬54
The Ecological Theory
ٓ ١ٌٍ‫ؿ‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٢َٛ‫حُظٔخػ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ َ‫ٔظو‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼخىُ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬ ٢‫حُؼٜز‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُظطخرن‬‫طلٔ٤َٛخ‬
‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ٍٝ‫ُي‬.َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ْ٤ٓ‫أكخ‬ ٍ‫إل٣ٜخ‬ ‫ًو٘ٞحص‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٖٓ ً‫ال‬‫ٝري‬
ً ‫اىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫ًؤٗظٔش‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٔخ‬.ٙ‫حألٗوخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣ٔظٌ٘ق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫طظليع‬
ْٜٓ‫ٝأؿٔخ‬ ْٜٓٝ‫ٍٝإ‬ ْٜ٘٤‫أػ‬ ‫رظلَ٣ي‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬،‫٣ؼَف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫٣ٔظط٤غ‬ ‫ٝحُوزَس‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬
‫ً٤ق‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ِْ‫٣ظؼ‬ ‫حُظـخٍد‬ ‫ًٝؼَس‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهخص‬ ‫حُيه٤وش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظلخ‬
٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ٛ‫طلخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫٣٘ظز‬ٌ٣ َُْ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫٣يًٍٜخ‬ ٖٚ‫ططَك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ًُِ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٝحٓظ٘خى‬ ،
ٖٓ ٌٕٞٓ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬‫ٝحُؼَٟ٤ش‬ ‫حُطُٞ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طظ٘ٞع‬ ‫أٓطق‬٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ .
‫ر‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ا٣٠خف‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ٛ٘غ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫ُِز٤جش‬ ‫اىٍحً٘خ‬‫أٓطق‬ ‫ٍٝحثٜخ‬ ٢‫طول‬ ‫حألٓطق‬ ٞ‫ؼ‬
َٟ‫أه‬.
‫أػخٍطٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ١‫حُ٘وخ‬ ٖٓ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬55
٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫حُٔ٘خظ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫٣ظلَى‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
َٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٗخٍع‬ ٖٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َ‫ىحه‬ َ‫آه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ُلًَظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ً‫خ‬٣َٜ‫ر‬ ‫٣يًٍٜخ‬
ٛ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫ط‬ ‫هٔش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫رَٜ٣ش‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ُٚ ‫طظ٤ق‬ ‫٠زش‬.ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ‫ح٣وخع‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝٓظـيىس‬ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ْ‫حٛظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
54
‫حُظ٘زئ‬ ِْ‫ػ‬–Ecology.‫ر٤جظٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُل٤ش‬ ‫حٌُخث٘خص‬ ‫ػالهخص‬ ٍّ‫٣ي‬ ‫حألك٤خء‬ ِّٞ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ ‫كَع‬
55
James J. Gibson. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 1987.
‫البٌئة‬ ‫المعلومات‬
Info.
Symbol
‫الرمز‬
‫المعنى‬
Meaning
‫االستجابة‬
‫العاطفٌة‬
Emotional
Responses

52. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
52
٤٤ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٤ُٜٔٔٔ‫ح‬٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ‫ٝأًيٝح‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔٞهغ‬ ٢‫ٝٓ٘ٔو‬ ٖ‫طلو٤ن‬‫حُظـَرش‬
‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬56
.ُْٖٜٓٝٝ‫ح‬ْٜٝٔٛ‫ح‬ًُٖٞ ٕٝ‫ؿٍٞى‬ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬َٜ‫حُٔوظ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ن‬The Concise
Townscapeّ‫ػخ‬ َ٘ٗ ١ٌُ‫ح‬1961‫ك٤غ‬"١َٜ‫حُز‬ َِٔٔ‫"حُظ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ًُٖٞ ّ‫هي‬Serial
Vision١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ِٓ ٚٗ‫رخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ن‬ ‫ػَف‬‫ٌٛح‬ .‫ٝحُٔظظخرؼش‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ِٔش‬
ٖ٤ُِٜٔٔٔ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٜ٤ِش‬ ٠٘‫حؿ‬ ‫رَٜ٣خ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤َس‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٗطخهخص‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ‫حُٔيه‬
ٖ٤٤ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬.ٚ‫ٓالٓل‬ ‫ٝ٣يٍى‬ ٙ‫٣َح‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٠٘‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫٣ٌظ٘ق‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ِْ‫٣ظؼ‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٝ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫طٜ٘٤لخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜ٘ق‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ٍّ‫ٝ٣ي‬ ‫ٝحالهظالف‬ ٚ‫حُ٘ز‬ ٚ‫أٝؿ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓالكظ‬ ‫ػخٗٞ٣ش‬
‫ٝطؼِٜٔخ‬ ‫كٜٜٔخ‬ ٖٓ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ًو٠٤ش‬ ‫حإلىٍحًخص‬ ٌٙٛ57
.
ًُٖٞ ٕٝ‫ؿٍٞى‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َِ‫ُِٔل‬ ‫طزؼخ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ َِٔٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ىٍحٓخ‬
56
See the works of Cullen, Gordon. 1961.The Concise Townscape and Bacon, E
(74) .
57
Gibson (1979) .

53. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
53
‫ئشك‬ ‫صٛبغخ‬‫نهُبلس‬ ‫اإلزضاكٛخ‬ ‫انًطعؼٛخ‬ ‫بنٛخ‬:
‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٖٓ٢‫ح٥ط‬ ِٚ‫ٗٔظو‬:
-‫ٓظ٘خه٠ش‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ‫طٞحؿي‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫ُِؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٔز‬ ٢ٓ‫حُلي‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ َٔ‫طل‬
‫ح‬‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫كيٝػٜخ‬ ‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫إلىٍحً٤ش‬.
-ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ظؤػ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٙ‫ٓز٘خ‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ‫٣ظٞهغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ٟ‫ٝح‬ ‫طلٔ٤َحص‬ ٚ‫هِل٤ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُظٞهؼخص‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬‫لش‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٌُِ٤ل٤ش‬
‫ٓخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫أىٍى‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظ٤ـش‬ ٌٙٛ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ،٢٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬.
-‫َٓ٘ٝ١ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ًٕٞ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫اؿٔخع‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ‫طؼيى‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬ ‫رخُٔليىحص‬٢ُ٘‫ح‬‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٕ‫ٝحإلٗٔخ‬ ‫حُٔيٍى‬ ‫ء‬٢ُ٘‫ح‬.‫ء‬
-٠‫٣ؼط‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫ُٝح٣خ‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ‫طظ٤ق‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫طِؼذ‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
َٜ‫ر‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤خص‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫٣ش‬.
-‫أؿَحٟ٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طظٞهق‬ ‫ٝٗٔظٞػزٜخ‬ ‫ٗيًٍٜخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٟٗ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طظٞهق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ، ‫ٝهزَحط٘خ‬ ‫ٝٓلخٛ٤ٔ٘خ‬‫ُِٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫ٝحُؼ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخُش‬.
-ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ِْ‫طؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُٔظؼيىس‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهخص‬ ‫حُيه٤وش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظلخ‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬
‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ٓخٟ٤ش‬ ‫ٝهزَحص‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ٖٓ ‫حالٓظلخىس‬ ِٖٓٚٓ‫ٝطؼخ‬ ًٚ‫اىٍح‬‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٛ٤ؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬.
:‫انضبَٛخ‬ ‫االشكبنٛخ‬.‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انغًبنٛخ‬ ‫ٔانمٛى‬ ‫انًفبْٛى‬
‫انغًب‬‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫ٔانُشبط‬ ‫نٛبد‬:
‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ‫روِن‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔوط‬ ‫حُٔٞحهغ‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ن‬ ْٜٔٓٝ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ؼي‬ ٖ٣َ‫٥ه‬‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حطلن‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ٍٞٓ‫ٓٔخ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ش‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬٠‫ٝكظ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُؼ‬ ًَ‫حُلي٣غ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ .ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ٔ‫ؿ‬ ٞٛ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫ٝحٟق‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ٕ‫ًخ‬ٍٜٞ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ‫ٓوَ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬
ٔ٣‫حُوي‬‫ش‬،ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َْٜٛٗ‫ٝأ‬‫ح‬‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٛ‫أ‬ ١ٌُ١‫أل‬ ‫طو٠غ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬

54. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
54
‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬.َٟ‫حه‬ ‫ؿٜش‬ ٖٓ‫ك‬ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ْٓ‫٣ئ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٕ‫ؤ‬
‫ٝح‬ ‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬‫ٝحُظٞحكن‬ ّ‫ٝحالٗظظخ‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ٍ‫ُـٔخ‬.
ٔ٤‫ٝحَُث‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ٚ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼظ‬ ٚ‫ٝٓوٞٓخط‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ْٜ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ٢
ٍٙٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٝى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ّ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ً٘خهي‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ٠ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫حُٔ٘وٞى‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٖ١‫ٓٞح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُظؼَف‬ ُ‫ارَح‬58
.
2/2/1‫انطئٛؽ‬ ‫انغًبنٛخ‬ ‫ٔانزصُٛفبد‬ ‫انغًبل‬ ‫فهؽفخ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬: ‫ٛخ‬
ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘خص‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢ٛ ٚ‫ٝكِٔلظ‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٢‫ا٣ـخر‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬
ٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝحُل٘خ‬ ‫حُلالٓلش‬٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٛخؽ‬ ‫ٝهي‬ َٕٝ‫حُو‬ َ‫رِٔـخٍص‬ ٍ‫حٌُٔ٘ي‬59
( ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ِْ‫رؼ‬ ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُٜٔطِق‬Aesthticsّ‫ػخ‬ )1750ّ،ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظٌٝم‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ُظؼَ٣ق‬
‫ح‬‫ُـٔ٤ِش‬.ًَ ٢٘‫طؼ‬ ‫كخٌُِٔش‬ ‫حُِلظ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ٖٓٝ‫رخإلىٍحى‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ٓخ‬،٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ٍ‫ٝحٌُٔ٘ي‬ً‫خ‬٤٘‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ربىٍحى‬‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ َ‫حُ٘ؼ‬.‫حُِلع‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ‫حطٔؼض‬ ‫ٝهي‬
َٕ‫حُو‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫حألػخع‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ٝط‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫ًخُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫اريحػ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ُِظؼز‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫طٌظذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظوٜٜخص‬ ‫ٝطؼيىص‬ ٢‫حُظـَ٣ز‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ‫ُلو‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓطَى‬ ً‫ح‬ٞٔٗ ‫ٜٗي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤‫حأله‬
ٗٝ ‫كالٓلش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ٖ٤‫ٝٓلظَك‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝك٘خ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫ٝػِٔخء‬ ‫وخى‬.ْٜ‫ك‬ ٞٛ ‫ٛئالء‬ ٌَُ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫ٝحُٜيف‬
ُ‫رخ‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ َ‫ط٘ؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬‫ٝأٓزخرٜخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٔظؼش‬.ِ‫حُل‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٞٛ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬‫ٔلش‬
‫رٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ٚ‫رٜلخط‬ ‫طظؼِن‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣زلغ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
ُ‫ح‬١َ٘‫حُز‬ َ‫رخُؼو‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫ل‬.
‫طؼَ٣ل‬ ٚ‫طؼَ٣ل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫طلي٣ي‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬٠ِ‫أػ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ً‫خ‬‫ىه٤و‬ ً‫خ‬‫حَُؿزش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،
ٓ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ُ٤ٜ٘غ‬ ٚ‫ىكؼظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ٌٙٛٝ ‫حُوِ٤وش‬ ‫ريء‬ ٌ٘
ٜٞ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ‫ُٔـَى‬ ‫حألٗ٤خء‬ ٖٓ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝحإلػـخد‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔظؼش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ.ُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ْ‫َؿ‬
‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜؼٞرش‬‫١ز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ُوٞح‬ ‫هخٟؼش‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ١َٝ٘‫ر‬ ٚ‫طلوو‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬َِ‫٣و‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘ٔز٤ش‬ ٖٓ‫ح‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ،ٖٓ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٛلش‬ ‫أهٌص‬ ٚ‫ٝهالك‬ ٍ‫ٝحُـزخ‬ ٍ‫حألٗـخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٌُٔٞٗش‬
58
Sharp, D P.11 (1987) .
59
Lang, Jon p : 95 (1987) .

55. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
55
ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػِٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫٣ظٞحكن‬ ٚٓ‫اكٔخ‬ ‫ٝحهغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝٛلٜخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬60
.
‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٝحهظالف‬ُْٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٢‫ُِ٘ٞحك‬ ْ٤٤‫و‬ٍ‫ٝحػظزخ‬ ،٢ٗ‫ء‬ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ال‬٤ٔ‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓخ‬
ً‫خ‬‫هز٤ل‬ٙ‫هٞح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ال‬ ،٢ُ٘‫ح‬ٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫ء‬ٚ‫ٝهِل٤ظ‬ ٚ‫ًٝٝه‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ٚ
‫طٜيف‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ٚ‫َٝٓؿؼ‬ ٚ‫ٝهزَحط‬
‫ُِٔظـ٤َحص‬ ‫طو٠غ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ‫ؿخٓيس‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ‫طٜزق‬ ‫ٝال‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حالطلخم‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫هي‬ ٠‫طِو‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬‫ٝح‬ ٢‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ‬ ١ٌَ‫ُل‬‫كُٜٞخ‬ ٢‫ُؼوخك‬َ‫ظ‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ .
ِ٣ٞ١ ‫ُلظَس‬‫ٝٗوِٜخ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫رٔلخًخس‬ ً‫خ‬٤٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ش‬‫ك٘٤ش‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ّٝ‫هي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ،
ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫حُوطؤ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحَُٔ٣خُ٤ش‬ ‫ًخُظٌؼ٤ز٤ش‬ ‫أػٔخُٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظـَ٣ي‬ ‫طز٘ض‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬
‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ‫اريحػخطٜخ‬ٜ‫ر‬ ْ٤‫طو‬‫ٓخٟ٤ش‬ ‫كوزخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫خ‬.‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ٕ‫ح‬‫ٗظَ٣ش‬
‫حُلطَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔن‬ ‫رَحٓؾ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُؼٞحرض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٚ‫ٝٓظـ٤َحط‬ ٚ‫رؼٞحرظ‬ ٢‫حُز٤ُٞٞؿ‬ ّ‫ُِ٘ظخ‬ ‫ٗظخؽ‬ ٢ٛ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌٙٛٝ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُوزَحص‬ ‫حٍُٞحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜلخص‬ ‫حهظالف‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝحُٔظـ٤َحص‬ ‫حُوِو٤ش‬
ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫أكؼخُ٘خ‬ ‫ٍىٝى‬ ٌَ٘‫ُظ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓؼ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلٔخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالٓظـخرش‬ ‫ٓظ٠ٔ٘ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬٠ٔٔ‫ط‬ٝ‫أ‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬
٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٣‫حُظوي‬.‫حٗٔخم‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ َ‫حُؼو‬ ‫رلغ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫٣ؤط‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ّ‫حإلكٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬
‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٜ٤خؿخص‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ ٚ‫هزَحط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٞحرن‬ ‫ُٜٝخ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ظؼَف‬ ‫ٝأٗظٔش‬.‫ٌٝٛح‬
‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬َ‫حُؼو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ؿخٗز‬ ‫اٍٟخء‬ ٖٓ ‫طظزغ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالٓظـخرش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔظؼش‬ ٕ‫٣ئًيح‬
٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬61
ُٝ‫أ‬‫ٜٔخ‬َ٤‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُلخؿش‬ٝ ،٤ٗ‫ػخ‬‫ٜٔخ‬‫حُل‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ٗٔن‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫خؿش‬.
ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍ‫أٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫٤ش‬‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ٚ‫ًظخرخط‬ ٢‫ك‬62
١‫أل‬ ‫اه٠خػٜخ‬ ‫حُٜؼذ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬
‫حُلوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ْ‫كــ‬ ‫ٟ٤ن‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ ‫خص‬‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬،‫ًٝؼَس‬ ٢٘‫ؿ‬ ٌُٖٝ
ّ‫٣وي‬ َ٤‫حأله‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُزلؼ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ُطز٤ؼش‬ ‫ٝٝحٟق‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫حطلن‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ،
‫ٝػِٔخ‬ ‫حُلالٓلش‬ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ء‬ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٜق‬ ٢‫ك‬ْ٤ٔ‫حُظو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬٢‫حُٔزيث‬ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬‫ؿٍٞؽ‬
‫ٓخٗظ٤خٗخ‬63
ّ‫حالكٔخ‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬:
60
ٙ ، " ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ " ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬19‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1977.
61
Smith Peter " A Theory of Aesthetics " . RIBA Journal L Dec . 1981 .
62
ٍ‫ٝحكـخ‬ ‫حُٔزغ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٜٓخر٤ق‬ ٚ‫ًظز‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ٖٓٝ ١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔخٛٔش‬ ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ّ‫هي‬
.‫ك٤٘٤ٔخ‬
63
Santyana, G .The Sense of Beauty. N.Y : Dover (1955) .

56. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
56
(1)‫كٔ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خص‬Sensory.
(2)‫ٌِٗ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خص‬Formal.
(3)‫ٍِٓ٣ش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خص‬Symbolic.
‫حُل‬ ‫حٓظخع‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝطظُٞي‬ ‫ط٘٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤خص‬ّ‫ٞح‬،‫ٝحَُٝحثق‬ ْ‫حُٔالر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطظٞحؿي‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ َ‫ٝحُٔ٘خظ‬ ‫ٝحألٛٞحص‬،ْٔ‫ه‬ ‫ٝهي‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ‫ٓخٗظ٤خٗخ‬‫ال‬ ٢ِ‫ٓل‬ُِْٔ‫ًخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ًًخء‬ ّ‫طوي‬
ُْ٘‫ٝح‬َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫ٝحَُإ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔغ‬ ٠ٛٝ ٍ‫ٝكؼخ‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظٌٝم‬
‫حُٔظؼش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ٟ‫ٝحَُإ‬ ‫حُظٍٜٞحص‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حَُِٓ٣ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫أٓخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٢‫حُز٘خث‬ ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خطـش‬
‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ‫ٝط٘ظؾ‬ ٍ‫طؼخ‬.‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ًٕ‫ا‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ٝح‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٞٛ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ّ‫إلكٔخ‬‫ػٔن‬
‫ػالع‬ ‫١َم‬ ‫رؤكي‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬:َ‫ٝحُؼو‬ ‫ٝحُؼٞح١ق‬ ْٔ‫حُـ‬،‫ٝحُل‬ ٍٞ‫ٝحُ٘ؼ‬ ْ‫حُل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ْٜ
َٔ٘٣ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬:
(1):ٙ‫انحؽ‬ ‫انغًبل‬
ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٗ‫ٓزخ‬ ١‫ٓخى‬ ّ‫اكٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخرغ‬ " ‫ٓخٗظ٤خٗخ‬ " ‫أًي‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٞٛٝ،ٖٓ ٢ٓ‫أٓخ‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ٞٛٝ
‫أٗٞح‬ َ‫ٝأًؼ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ٚ٤‫ك‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫١ز٤ؼ‬ ٕ‫اٗٔخ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٕ‫ر٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫َٗف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫ريحث٤ش‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ع‬
‫ٝح‬ ‫حُِحٛ٤ش‬ ٕ‫حألُٞح‬‫حُط٤زش‬ ‫ٝحَُٝحثق‬ ‫حإل٣وخػ٤ش‬ ‫ُيهخص‬.
(2)‫انؼب‬ ‫انغًبل‬‫ط‬:ٙ‫ف‬
‫٣ظؼِن‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٢‫ٝ٣ؤط‬٢ُ٘‫رخ‬َِٓ٣ ٕ‫ًؤ‬ ‫ًًَٝ٣خص‬ ‫ػٞح١ق‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ٕ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ء‬
ٓ ‫رؤكيحع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫رؤٗوخ‬ ‫٣ًٌَٗخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٢٘‫ُٔؼ‬‫ٓ٘خػَٗخ‬ ‫طٞهع‬ ‫٠ض‬‫ػخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫كخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝط٠ؼ٘خ‬ ،.
(3):٘‫انفكط‬ ‫انغًبل‬
ً‫ح‬ٍٞ‫طط‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ٞٛٝ‫ٝػٔوخ‬‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخكش‬ ٠‫ٝحَُه‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ٖٓ ‫ًؼ٤َس‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫اال‬ ‫٣ظٞحؿي‬ ‫ٝال‬
ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٙ‫ٝكي‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫ُالُظلخص‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ٝ٣ظٞحؿي‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُؼ‬ َٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٌٛٝ ، َٟ‫أه‬ ‫حػظزخٍحص‬‫حٌُٔخٗش‬ ُٚ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ‫ٝطٌٝم‬ ‫طيٍ٣ذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ّ‫حإلكٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ‫ح‬
ٕ‫حُٔخروخ‬ ٕ‫حُ٘ٞػخ‬ ٚ‫ٝ٣ظزؼ‬ ٠ِ‫حألػ‬.‫حإلػـخد‬ ٍ‫ُٜٔي‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ٗٞػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْٔ‫٣٘و‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫ٝحُـٔخ‬
:َ٤‫ٝحُظؤػ‬

57. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
57
‫أ‬-: ٘‫رغطٚس‬ ٖ‫فكط‬ ‫عًبل‬
ٚٔ‫ُٝ٘ل‬ ٙ‫ٝكي‬ ٌَُ٘‫رخ‬ ‫اػـخد‬ ٞٛٝ٣َ‫طـ‬ ً‫خ‬‫اػـخر‬ ،‫حُلخثيس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ِٛ٘ٓ ً‫خ‬٣‫ي‬٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫كال‬ ،
‫ح‬ ‫ىهش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ٍ‫ه٤خ‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٙ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٝال‬ َُْٓ٢٘‫حُل‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫رخُظ‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ،
ً‫خ‬‫َٓحىك‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ‫حُـٞىس‬ ٖٓ ‫ىٍؿش‬ ٌَُِ٘ َ‫٣ظٞك‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ‫ٝطُٞ٣غ‬ ‫ٝطـٔ٤غ‬ٍ‫ُِـٔخ‬.
.١‫حُظـَ٣ي‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫طـٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٌٔ٘٣‫ًخٗي‬ ٢ِ٤ٓ‫كخ‬ ٢َُٓٝ‫ح‬ ٍُٜٞٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حػٔخ‬ ‫حكي‬
‫ة‬-: ٙ‫ٔظٛف‬ ٖ‫فكط‬ ‫عًبل‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝاىٍحى‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٠‫ٝ٣ظؤط‬٢ُ٘‫ح‬‫ٝظخثق‬ ٟ‫٣ئى‬ ٢ٌُ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٞٛ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٌ‫حطو‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ء‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ ٌٙٛ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌَ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫ٝ٣ظؼَف‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ٝ‫أؿَح‬ ‫هيٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣٘لغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬
ٝ‫حألؿَح‬ ‫ٝطلو٤ن‬ ‫رخُٞظخثق‬ ّ‫ُِو٤خ‬ ‫ٝٛخُلش‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٓزش‬ ‫ٓل٤يس‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬.‫ٓ٘خٓزش‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫ٝأٜٗخ‬٢‫ك‬
‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ٞػش‬ ‫ُِٔٞحى‬ ‫ٌِٜٗخ‬‫طٌ٘٤ِٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حطزؼض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحألٓخُ٤ذ‬.ٞٛ َ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬
ُ‫ح‬ َ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬‫ٓخ‬ َٝ‫ُـ‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ ٖٔ٠‫طظ‬ ّ‫حُوخ‬ ‫ٔخىس‬ٞٛ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ،
ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬٢ُ٘‫ح‬‫ٓخ‬ ًَ ٌَٔ‫حٓظ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ء‬ٙ‫أىحء‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫حُٔطِٞد‬ ٢‫ُ٤ٔظٞك‬ ِِّ٣.ٌٕٞ٣ٝ

58. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
58
ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٜٓي‬ٌٕٞ٣ٝ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظؼِٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٝحُٞٓخث‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٞٛ ٍ‫ـٔخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫طٌ٘٤ِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىهِض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌَُ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٞٛ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ّ‫ٓو٤خ‬
‫حُٔوٜٞىس‬ ٝ‫ُألؿَح‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬64
.‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫حػظزخٍحص‬ ٠ُٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خك٤ش‬
ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٣‫حُظوي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿِء‬٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٢ٞٛٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫كو٤وش‬ٖٓ ٍ‫هي‬ َ‫رؤًز‬ ‫أؿِٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢٘‫ر‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫حألؿَح‬ ّ‫٣وي‬
‫حُلؼخُ٤ش‬.
ٞ‫طظ٘خه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝحريحػ٤ش‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ؿَػش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫ألىٝحص‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُٞظ٤ل‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٓالٓق‬
.‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ٓظطِزخطٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ٝحالىحء‬ ‫ُِٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫١ِزخ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٞٓخص‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫حالريحع‬.‫حُـي٣ي‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓ٤خٍحص‬ :
64
ٙ ، " ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ " ، ٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ػَكخ‬17–20.

59. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
59
2/2/2: ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انغًبنٛخ‬ ‫ٔانمٛى‬ ‫انًفبْٛى‬
ٞٛ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ٖ٤‫ٗو‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫رخُـٔغ‬ ِّ‫٣ِظ‬ ٢ِٔ‫ػ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٢ٛ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ِ٤ٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬
َٝ‫حُـ‬٢‫حُٔ٘لؼ‬‫ًٔخ‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫أكيٛٔخ‬ ٢٘‫٣ـ‬ ‫ال‬ ٖ٤‫ٗو‬ ٢ٛٝ ُٚ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ٞٛ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼخ‬
‫حُٞػ٤و‬ ‫حُِٜش‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫حالهظالف‬ ‫طليى‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ش‬ٖ‫ك‬ ١‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬
َ‫آه‬.‫حُٔـخال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫حػظزخٍحص‬ ٖٓ ً‫ح‬‫طؼو٤ي‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٝحػظزخٍحص‬َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫ص‬
َ٣ٜٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ًخُ٘لض‬‫حُِهخٍف‬ ‫اٟخكش‬ ٠٘‫طؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ‫حٓظ٤لخء‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ،
‫ر‬ ٕ‫ٝحألُٞح‬‫ٝطٞٛ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ٕٞٔ٠ٓ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٢٘‫طؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫وي‬‫ُِٔ٘خٛي‬.
َُِٓ‫رخ‬ ‫حإل٣لخء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حالػظٔخى‬ ِِٚٓ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٕٞٔ٠ٓ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ٢ٌُٝ
‫حإل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫أػ‬ ‫رلغ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ُ‫إلرَح‬‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬
َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ُٜ ١َُِٓ‫ح‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌح‬ٕٞٔ٠ٓ ٞٛ ٞٛٝ ،‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬.٢‫٣َطز‬ َُِٓ‫ٝح‬
٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣٘ظو‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ ‫أىحء‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٝ٣٘زغ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫رلٌَس‬
َ٤‫رخُظؼز‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ك٘خ‬ ‫ٝ٣وظِق‬٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ٖٓ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٞ‫٣٘ط‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ١َُِٓ‫ح‬.٢٘‫ك‬ ‫ا٣يحع‬ ٞٛ َُِٓ‫ح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬
‫ح‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َٜ‫طظ‬‫ُِٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫طٞٛ٤ِٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝهيٍط‬ ٕ‫ُل٘خ‬65
.
‫حُؼ٤ٞد‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُِٔح٣خ‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫حطلخم‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٜٓٞش‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ٖ٤٤ِ‫ٝحُٔل‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫آٍحء‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
، ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ‫ُ٘ل‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣‫ٝحُظزخ‬ ‫حُوالف‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠٘‫ُٔز‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬
ٝ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظطخرن‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫٣ظز٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬‫حُ٘خه‬ ‫ٛخ‬‫ي‬‫حُظطخر‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ال‬َ٣‫حُظوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ن‬ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬.
ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ٝؿ‬ ٞ٣‫رالى‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ٖٓ َ٤ٔ‫حُـ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حطلوخ‬
َ‫ٝٓ٤ط‬ ‫ٝحُظٞحكن‬ َ‫حُظٔخػ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ٞ٣‫رخالى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ َ‫حُٔيه‬ ‫ٝحٍطلخع‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٜق‬ ‫س‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬
ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ‫أ٣يٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوٞ١٤ش‬ٞ‫ريػ‬‫ٓخى‬ ‫ٓظِٔش‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٖٓ ‫رِؽ‬ ٢‫أؿ٘ز‬ ُ‫١َح‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٟ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ٍ‫حالٗلال‬ ‫ٛخ‬
ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٟ‫ٍأ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬٢‫حُٔٔ٤ل‬ ٖ٣‫رخُي‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝػ٘٤ش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢ٛ ‫حٌُالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬66
.ٍ‫ٝحُـٔخ‬
‫ٛلش‬ ٞٛ ‫ٝحُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ٝحُل‬ ‫حُ٘خٍع‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٌٕٞ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ٌَُ٘‫رخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ط٘ظؾ‬ ‫رَٜ٣ش‬ٚٓ‫اكٔخ‬ ‫ٝحهغ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜق‬ ٍٞ‫حُ٘ؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫طو٠غ‬ ‫ًؼ٤َس‬ ٟٞ‫ُو‬ ‫ٓلِٜش‬ ٞٛ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػِٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫رظٞحكن‬
‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٌَُِ٘ ٠‫٣ؼط‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫حكظَح‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫آُ٤ش‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ُوٞح‬
65
ٙ ، " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤‫ٝه‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ " ، ‫كٔٞىس‬ ٠٤‫٣ل‬ ‫أُلض‬78( ‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1981. )
66
Prak, L. P (12) . 1968 .

60. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
61
‫حُط‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞىس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬‫أ‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫كلٔذ‬ ً‫خ‬٣َٜ‫ر‬ ْ٤ُ ‫ز٤ؼ٤ش‬،ً‫خ‬٤‫ٍٝٝك‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫أهاله‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫هللا‬ ٕ‫أل‬
‫ر‬ ‫حُٔوِٞهخص‬ ٢‫رخه‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٙ‫ٝكي‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٚ‫حهظ‬َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫كي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٕ‫بٌٓخ‬ٚ‫طٌ٘٤الط‬ ‫ٟٝٝغ‬ ،
‫هللا‬ ‫ٛ٘غ‬ ٖٓ ‫طٌٞ٣٘خص‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٝطٌٞ٣٘خط‬67
.‫حُؼالهش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫أرلخع‬ ‫كخُٝض‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ٖٝ٤ٛ‫حطـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫رٍِٞص‬:
‫أ‬-‫ان‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫عًبل‬‫ز‬: ٘‫انطيع‬ ٙ‫ؼبطف‬
َٔ‫حُؼـ‬ َٟ‫٣ـ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حٌُ٘ق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ًَِ٣
‫ٓــ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٢‫كوـ‬ ‫٣وق‬ ‫ال‬ َ‫ٝحُظؤٓـ‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝ٣ئًي‬‫ٝٛلخص‬ ‫أرؼخى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ‫َى‬
ٌَُ٘‫ح‬‫ً٤خ‬ ًَ َٔ٘‫ٝط‬ ‫طٔظي‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ،ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٚ٘٤‫ر‬ ٖ٣‫طؼخ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ‫طليع‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٌَُٕ٘‫ح‬
ٚ٤ٗ‫ٝٓؼخ‬َٙ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ‫ٝحكظٞحء‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُظـِـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫رويٍط‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ ،
‫ٝ٣ليع‬ ‫ُ٤ٞهع‬ َُِٓ‫رخ‬ َٙ٤‫طؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٖ٤‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝإلكيحع‬
٘‫ك‬ٚ‫ططخرو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخالص‬ ً‫خ‬٤.‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٓٝ‫ٗظؾ‬ ‫هي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ُِل‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ٞٛ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫ؿَ٣ِ٣ش‬ ‫ىحهِ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛ َُُٞٓ‫ح‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝطؼخ١ل٘خ‬ َُِٓ‫رخ‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٍٞ‫طو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ُِـٔخ‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حٌُحص‬ ‫ُلخُش‬ ٢ٔ‫ٗل‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬
‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُحص‬‫هز٤لش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ِش‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫حألٗ٤خء‬ ٕ‫كب‬ٝ ،‫ًحط٤ش‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ْ٤‫"ك٤ظَٝك‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬"68
١َُِٓ‫ح‬ ‫حُظؼخ١ق‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ًظزٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ َ‫أٝحث‬ ٖٓ
ٛٝ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُٞؿيح‬ٕٞ‫حألٍه٤ؼ‬ ‫ٓؼزي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظٔخػ‬ ‫ق‬َ٤‫طٔخػ‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حألػٔيس‬ َ‫ٓل‬ ‫كِض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫ًخُ٘ٔخء‬ ‫حُٔوق‬ ٍ‫أكٔخ‬ ‫طلض‬ ٠ٗ‫طؼخ‬ ‫ٗٔخث٤ش‬٢ٗ‫ٝطؼخ‬ َٔ‫طل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.
ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ْ٤ٓ‫أكخ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٝحُوخث‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬ ‫ٝرلغ‬،ٖ‫ك‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ َٔ٘٣
‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ‫ٝٓؼز‬ ‫ٓٔؼِش‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘خٍى‬ ‫حُظآُق‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ٌٙٛٝ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫طٞحٍى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫حُوخث‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُٔ٘خ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ٞهظٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫ُ٘ٞع‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ً‫ال‬٤ٔ‫ؿ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٛي‬.
ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬ ٞٛ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ " ‫ًخطيٍحث٤ش‬ " ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خطؾ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫طٞحٍى‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝر٘خء‬
‫ك٤٘خ‬ ‫ٝطزغ‬ َ٠‫طٔظل‬ " ‫ًخطيٍحث٤ش‬ " ‫ًِٔش‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حٌُخطيٍحث٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ط٘ٔؾ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ‫طٞحٍى‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ظؼَف‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ َ٠‫ٝرل‬ ،‫حٌُحًَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِٗش‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ٍٜٞ‫ؼ‬
67
.‫والبٌئة‬ ‫العمارة‬ ،ً‫فتح‬ ‫حسن‬
68
Vitruvius " The Ten Books on Architecture " Cambridge, Mass : Harvard (1914) .

61. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
61
‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ٝػوخثيٛخ‬ ‫ٝكٌَٛخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُؼ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝ١زخثغ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬
‫٣َح‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ‫ٓزخٗ٤ٜخ‬ َٟ٣َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫طٍٜٞص‬ ٖ٤‫رؼ‬ ‫ٛخ‬.‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖ٤‫٣ظز‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٓٝ
‫طؼز٤َح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ً‫ال‬ٝ‫أ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫طٞحٍى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫حُوخث‬‫طٜخ‬
‫ح‬ ‫طِي‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ُٔلخ‬.
‫ة‬-: ٙ‫انزشكٛه‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫عًبل‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫ُِـٔخ‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬‫حُؼالهخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝأه‬ ً‫ال‬ٝ‫أ‬ ٚٓ‫ه٤خ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،
‫ط٘خٓزخطٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜل٤لش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٘٘٤‫ك‬ ‫ؿٞٓظخف‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜق‬ ،ِْ‫ػ‬
ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ٍُٞ٘٘ٔ‫ح‬ّ‫ػخ‬1876،ٕ‫ٝحألُٞح‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣٘ظؾ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬‫ٝحُٔٔطلخص‬
‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهخص‬.َٟ٣ٝ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ١‫رؤ‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫ٍر‬ ٞ‫ٍٝك‬٢‫كو‬ ٚ‫٣و‬ ٠٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫أ‬
٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬.ٓ‫ٝحُظٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٝحُظٌَح‬ ‫ٝحإل٣وخع‬ ‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤خص‬‫ي‬
ٖٓ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ًَ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ٢‫حُظَحر‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝط٘٘ؤ‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘خٓن‬‫ٝٓٔخكخص‬ َ‫ًظ‬
ْٓ‫ٝٓال‬ ٕ‫ٝأُٞح‬ ١ٞ‫ٝهط‬.‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ْ٤‫ُِظ٘ظ‬ ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ‫أػَص‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫ًخُظ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ٛلخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٟٞ‫٣لظ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ‫حُٜل٤ق‬ ‫حُـ٤ي‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٝػَكض‬‫ٝحُظٞحكن‬ ‫ٝحُٞكيس‬ َ‫ٔخػ‬
ّ‫ٝحالٗظظخ‬.ٝ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫ططٍٞص‬ ُٕٜٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٔظؼِٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٌُز٤َس‬ ‫حُٜـ٤َس‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٢‫َُر‬ ‫ًٞٓ٤ِش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ َ‫ػز‬ ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ٝحؿٜخص‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬ ‫ٓؼخُـش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫ططز٤وخطٜخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬
‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬‫حَُ٣خٟ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔظٞحُ٤خص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حالػظٔخى‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ‫١َم‬ ‫رؼيس‬ َ‫أه‬ ‫ٝكيحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طؤ٤ٜٔخ‬ ْ
‫ٓٞٓ٤و٤ش‬ ‫ط٘ز٤ٜخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ٝرؼ٠ٜخ‬69
.ٖٓ ٢٘‫رخُٔز‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞى‬ ّ‫رخُ٘ظخ‬ ٢‫َٓطز‬ ‫حُظ٘خٓذ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٝٓل‬
‫أكي‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٛ‫ُؼ٘خ‬ ٢‫حإل٣وخػ‬ ‫حُظ٘خٓذ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٙ‫٣وظخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حإل٣وخع‬ ٍ‫هال‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ٠‫٣ٔؼ‬ْٜٔٔ.‫حُٔؼَٝكش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫حُوٞح‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
‫حَُ٣خٟ٤خص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ٢ُ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُظ٘خٓذ‬ ‫ُظلو٤ن‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٢‫حٌُٛز‬ ‫رخُوطخع‬
ٌُٜ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ْٔ‫حُـ‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ٝرؼ٠ٜخ‬ٍُٞ‫"حُٔٞى‬ َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ‫ح‬"،٠٘‫ٝ٣ؼ‬
‫حُيٍحٓش‬‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظ٘خٓز٤ش‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٢‫ٍٝر‬‫أرؼخى‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ٌٛز٤ش‬
٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ْٔ‫حُـ‬.
69
Lang, Jon (pp : 96 – 97) (1987) .

62. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
62
‫أكي‬ ٞٛٝ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ‫ٝط٘خٓزخص‬ ٢‫حٌُٛز‬ ‫حُوطغ‬ ‫ط٘خٓزخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ؿٔغ‬ ٌُٟ‫ح‬ ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٍُٞٝ‫حُٔٞى‬ ّ‫ٓو٤خ‬
‫حُٔزخىة‬٢‫حُظ‬. ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫طلون‬
‫انف‬‫يف‬ ٍٛ‫ث‬ ‫بضق‬‫انزؼ‬ ‫انغًبل‬ ٙ‫ٕٓي‬‫ب‬ٙ‫ٔانزشكٛه‬ ٗ‫طف‬:
‫ٗٔظط٤غ‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫ٝحُظ‬ ٢‫حُظؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ُـٔخ‬ ٖ٤٤ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ٖ٤ٜٓٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخٍم‬ ٕ‫ا‬٢‫ك‬ ِٚٔٔٗ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٜٓ٘ٔخ‬ ًَ ‫ٝػٔن‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬.٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫حُوخث‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬
‫ح‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ٜظ‬ٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُظٞحكوخص‬ ‫ُؼالهخص‬َ،‫ٝ٣َ٣لٜخ‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ٠َٟ٣ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،
َٜ٣ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ٓطل‬ ٍ‫ٓخُح‬‫حُيحهِ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رؼٔن‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ‫روالف‬ ،ْ٤ٓ‫رخألكخ‬ ٢‫حَُٔطز‬
٢‫ك‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ٕ‫حالٗٔخ‬َ‫ٝ٣ظ‬‫حٗطزخع‬ ‫ى‬ٝ ‫رخٍُح‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝػٔ٤و‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٞ‫ه‬.ّٞ‫حُ٘ل‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلَم‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬
ً ‫ِٟؼ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ َ٤‫ٓٔظط‬ ٌَٗ ٙ‫طـخ‬ ‫اكٔخٓ٘خ‬‫ح‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ‫٘ٔزش‬ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫ٌُٛز‬ًٝ‫ٓلزذ‬ ُٕٞ
ْ‫ُِ٘ل‬ٝ ،ٖ٤‫ر‬ُِْٔٔ‫ح‬ ّ‫اكٔخ‬‫ٓٔـي‬ ‫ٓجٌٗش‬ ٌَٗ ٙ‫طـخ‬.‫ك‬‫خإل‬‫ػـخد‬٠٘‫ُٔؼ‬ ٞٛ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ َ٤‫رخُٔٔظط‬
‫طظطخرن‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢‫حألكو‬ ‫حُٟٞغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٍ‫حألرٜخ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝحُٔالثٔش‬ ‫حُوَحءس‬ ‫ُٜٝٓٞش‬ ٕ‫حالطِح‬
١َ‫هط‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢‫حٌُٛز‬ ‫حُوطغ‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬‫ػ‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ١َٝ‫ٓو‬ ‫هخػيس‬ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫٘ي‬‫أٓخ‬ .‫حإل‬ّ‫كٔخ‬ٌَ٘‫ر‬
‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ‫أػٔن‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫حُٔجٌٗش‬،‫طؼخ١ق‬ ‫٣ؼزض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫هطٞ١ٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬‫ٝحٗٔ٤خرخٛخ‬،ُٞٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬
‫ٝحالٗيكخع‬.٢‫ك‬ ‫ك٤ل٘ي‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫طٞحٍى‬ َٓ‫ػخ‬ َ‫٣ظيه‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ُ‫ح‬ّ٘ٞ‫ل‬‫ٗي‬ ‫رال‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حًٌَُ٣خص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬
ٖٓ ‫ٝأرِؾ‬ ‫أػٔن‬٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُٔٔظط‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬.

63. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
63
‫ح‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫طلون‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ‫ٝططز٤وخطٜخ‬ ٢‫حٌُٛز‬ ‫ُوطخع‬.
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُ٤ٌظٔذ‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٞ‫٣ٜز‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٞٛ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُلخٍم‬
ُ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫اػـخد‬ ٚ‫١َ٣و‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٌْ‫رؼ‬ ،َ‫آه‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٚ‫ظ‬‫حُظلخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫ؼخ١ل‬َ‫ػ‬
ٞٓ َٙ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًٞ‫٣ٔظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ِٚ‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ْ٤ٓ‫أكخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ّ‫رئ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ػز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍِٓ ‫حء‬ٝ‫أ‬ِٕ‫ك‬
ٝ‫أ‬‫ٓؼخىس‬‫حُٔظؼيىس‬ ‫حالٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ َ‫حُٔ٘خػ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ٔٗ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٓٝ .٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ظ٘ظؾ‬
٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫كخُـٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ّ‫اكٔخ‬ ‫ػٔن‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ٞٛ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫ٝط‬ ٢‫ػخ١ل‬ًٞ‫٣ل‬ ٢ِ
‫حإلػـ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫أٓخ‬ ،‫خد‬‫ظ‬ٕ‫حُٞؿيح‬ ِٜ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٢‫ؼخ١ل‬‫ال‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫ٝرٜلش‬ ،٢‫ك‬ ‫ػٜ٘ٔخ‬ ‫حٓظـ٘خء‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬.
2/2/3‫انُمس‬ ٍٛ‫ث‬ ‫انؼاللخ‬‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انغًبنٛخ‬ ‫ٔانًفبْٛى‬:
‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ٕ‫حُ٘وخ‬‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬‫ح‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫طٔخإالص‬ ‫ػالػش‬‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ‫رٍِٞس‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫إلؿخرش‬:
‫؟‬ ‫عًبنٛخ‬ ً‫ب‬‫عٕاَج‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٕ٘‫رح‬ ‫ْم‬ : ‫األٔل‬ ‫انؽإال‬
ٖ‫رخُل‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫حًَُٔزش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ‫طؼَ٣لخطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٟٝق‬
َ‫ر‬‫حَُك٤غ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢‫حُظطز٤و‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٟ‫ٝطظؼي‬،ٕ‫ٝأ‬٢ٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُِٓ٣ش‬ ‫رخُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫طلو٤وٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٞ‫٣ٜز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ‫أكي‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؼخ١ل٤ش‬
‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫رخُظؤػ٤َحص‬.‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ‫ٝطلخػ‬ َٓ‫طٌخ‬ ‫طليع‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫حالؿظ‬ ‫ًخُـٞحٗذ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫ٝحُـٞحٗذ‬‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحالٗظلخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٔخػ٤ش‬‫حُٔلظٞ٣ش‬ِٚ‫ىحه‬.

64. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
64
ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫رخُلِٔلش‬ َ‫طظؤػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝطلظٞ٣ٜخ‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ٝطِي‬
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ َٟٗ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٌرش‬ ‫حَُٝٓخٗظ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ١‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٍٞٛخ‬
ٔ‫٣ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٍَٟٗٛ‫حػظزخ‬ ‫حُٜؼذ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞػخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٝ٣ظؼخ‬ ‫رخُٞك٘٤ش‬ ْ‫خ‬
‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ َٕٝ‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬.
ُْ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٌٍ‫ؿ‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ‫أكيػض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٍ٣ي‬ ‫َٛرَص‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫أٟٝق‬
‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫ٝكَٔٛخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫ً٘ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫اال‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ‫طٞٛق‬‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ،ُ ١ٍ‫حُظًٌخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ذ‬‫ظو‬ُ ‫ٍُٞح‬ ‫ِ٤ي‬ًٍٍٔٞٔ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫زَؽ‬
٤ُ‫ز‬‫٘وض‬٢‫ك‬ٖ٤َُ‫ر‬ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ1926.
‫ٍ٣ي‬ ‫َٛرَص‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ٍ‫ٝحُـٔخ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٟٝق‬‫٣ظزخىال‬َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫ٝٓؼخٗ٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫ٓٞحهؼٜٔخ‬ ٕ
‫أ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫ُِو‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫اريحػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٗظخؿ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حُٔٞٓ٤و٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔوطٞػخص‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٖٓ‫كيػض‬
‫ً٘ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫اال‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ‫حُٞٛق‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ُْٝ ٍ‫ُِـٔخ‬ ١‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ّٜٞ‫ُِٔل‬ ١ٌٍ‫ؿ‬ َ٤‫طـ‬
‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫ٝكَٔٛخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬.‫ٝحُٜ٘ذ‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٞٓ‫ُز٤ٌخ‬ ‫حُـٍٞٗ٤ٌخ‬ ‫ُٞكش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
ًٌ‫حُظ‬ٚٔٔٛ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫خ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ.ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬ّٝ‫ؿخ‬‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٟٝق‬
‫ال‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫هخ١ؼش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣‫ٝط٘خهٜ٘خ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٝطٌ٘ق‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ططَف‬َ٤ُ‫ري‬ ،
‫ٓالكوش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٓ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ْ‫ٓالث‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬ ٚٗ‫كؤ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٜٗخث‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٓؼ٤خ‬ َ‫حػظز‬ ‫اًح‬ ٢ُ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼ٤خ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٝحإلريحع‬ ٖ‫ُِل‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬.‫ٝكؼخُش‬ ‫ٓطِوش‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫حٌُال‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٝٓؼخ‬

65. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
65
‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬،‫ٓٔظَٔس‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝكوزخص‬ َ١‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫كٌٜح‬٢ٓ‫ء‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬٘‫ك‬ ْ٤ُ ٝ‫أ‬
‫حإل١الم‬.
ُ ‫حُـٍٞٗ٤ٌخ‬ ‫ُٞكش‬ِٞ‫رخر‬ ٢ٗ‫حالٓزخ‬ ٕ‫ِل٘خ‬ٞٓ‫ر٤ٌخ‬٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫كوزش‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫ٌِٗض‬.
‫ػ‬ ٖ٤ُٜٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ١َٜ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ
‫حُليٝى‬ ٖٓ‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬٠ٛٝ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫رؼيٛخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫هَحٍحص‬ ً‫حطوخ‬ ٖٓ ِْ‫حُؼ‬ ‫٣وَٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ِٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ُٕٞ ّ‫ًخٓظويح‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫رو٠٤ش‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؿخُز‬‫ٓخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫ٝحؿٜش‬ ‫ٓؼخُـش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ْٔ.
ٙ‫أرؼخى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫اٟخكش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٙ‫أرؼخى‬ ُٚ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫ٓـخالص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٙ
ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫رٜ٤خؿش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚٓ‫طؼخ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓطخُز‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬
ٍ‫حُٔئح‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ٞٛ:
‫؟‬ ‫عًبنٛخ‬ ‫نًؼبٚٛط‬ ً‫ب‬‫رجؼ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ‫َُزمس‬ ٌ‫أ‬ ٍ‫ًٚك‬ ‫كٛف‬ : َٙ‫انضب‬ ‫انؽإال‬
ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕ‫ا‬: ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ٍ‫حالػظزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌ‫طؤه‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
(1))٠٘‫(حُٔز‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬.
(2))‫(حُ٘خهي‬ ٚ‫حُ٘و‬.

66. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
66
(3)٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلىٍحًخص‬.
‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٌٖٔ٣ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌٙٛ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ػ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ‫ًؼالهش‬‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬
‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ‫حُٔظٞحؿي‬ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ال‬ ّ‫أ‬.‫حالىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُطَف‬َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬‫حُطَف‬
٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٚ‫ًَٔحؿؼ‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ُٚ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ٜٚ‫روٜخث‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬‫ٝحُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬
‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُلِٔل٤ش‬ٙ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٓٔظو‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٞٛٝ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ُٚٞ٤ٓٝ َٙ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ٌْ‫طل‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ،
ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫رَٜف‬٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ظ‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬‫هال‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝحٗيٓخؽ‬ .ٖٓ ‫ِِٓٔش‬ ٍ
‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬٢‫حُظ‬٣ٝ َ‫ًٝظ‬ ‫ًلَحؿخص‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٚ‫هٜخث‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫طؼَف‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫٘ظؾ‬‫كظلخص‬
‫حُن‬ ...ٝ ٕ‫ٝأُٞح‬ ‫ٝاٟخءس‬.ٕ‫أ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫ٝحُٔز‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٌٙٛٝ
ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼظٔيس‬ َ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ‫كو٤و٤ش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ٍٞٛ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٍٓٞٓخص‬ ٠٤‫كٞطٞؿَحك‬َ‫حُٞٓخث‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ‫أل‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫ش‬
٢‫ك‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ػخؿِس‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫اال‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ َ٤ٛٞ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ى‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُٜٞط٤خص‬ ‫ٝحُلَحٍس‬ ‫حإلٟخءس‬ ‫ٍؿخص‬.َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ َ‫هز‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
‫حُـ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ َ٤٣‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬‫هٜٔٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلَٝم‬ ٠‫ٗؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٢ُ‫ٔخ‬
‫طـَ٣ي٣ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫هٜٔٔخ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ، ‫ُٓخٗ٤ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫ٝك‬ ‫ٌٓخٗ٤ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُلالٓلش‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬
٤ُٓٞٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ًخُؼٔخٍس‬‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫ًخُظ‬ ‫ٓلخًخس‬ ٕٞ٘‫ٝك‬ ٠‫و‬.٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٚ‫كخثيط‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤ق‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
ٔٓ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫اىٍحى‬‫ظوِش‬،َ‫طيحه‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬َٟ‫حأله‬ ٕٞ٘‫ُِل‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ‫ٓغ‬.
‫ألٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ٗوطش‬ ٖٓ ‫اىٍحًٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ُٞكخص‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رِٞكش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫كل‬
‫ط‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلىٍحًخص‬ ‫ظؼيى‬٢‫ٗلظ‬‫ٗوطش‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ٚ‫َُإ٣ظ‬،‫حُوخٛ٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ َٜ‫ٝط‬‫طـٔ٤غ‬ ٚ‫حٓظ٤ؼخر‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أهٜخٛخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫أكي‬ َ‫رٔؼ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ ‫اىٍحًخص‬70
.‫طلي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حالهظالف‬ ‫ٝرٔزذ‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٝ‫حٓظؼَح‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٣‫ٝحُظوي‬ ّ‫حالٛظٔخ‬ ‫ٓٞحٟغ‬
‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ُِـٞحٗذ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػزٜخ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝأًؼَٛخ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُ٤ش‬‫حُؼالع‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫٘وي‬
‫حُظخُ٤ش‬:
1-.. ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬Concept of place .
70
Pepper, S. The Basis of criticism in the Arts. p. 153 M.I.T press (1949) .

67. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
67
2-‫حُلَحؽ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬Concept of space .
3-. ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬Concept of structure .
1-ٌ‫انًكب‬ ‫يفٕٓو‬:
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫حُظ‬ ٍٝ‫ٗلخ‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ َ٤ٔ‫ُظل‬‫حُز٤ض‬ ‫ٛٔخ‬ ‫حٓظويحٜٓٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٗخثؼظ‬ ٖ٤‫ًِٔظ‬ ٠٘‫ٓؼ‬
(home( ٌُٖٔٔ‫ٝح‬ )house‫كخُز٤ض‬ .)٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ُِٝزؼي‬ ‫ُِ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٞٛ
ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼخ١ل‬ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ .ْ٤ٓ‫ٝحألكخ‬ ‫٘خًٍش‬‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓـٔي‬ ٟٞ‫ٝٓلظ‬ ‫ٝهخء‬ ٞٛ.ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
ٚ٣ٞ‫٣لظ‬ ‫ػٔخ‬ َ‫ٝٓؼز‬ ّٞٔ‫ٝٓل‬ ِّٞٔٓٝ ٢‫َٓث‬ ٕ‫ً٤خ‬ ٖٞٛ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝطظ‬ ‫طظ٘ٞع‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬71
.َّٝ‫ر‬ ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ٝحُظ‬‫أ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٔٞد‬72
،‫٣ٟٞق‬
‫ٝأُٜٝٔخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ُألػٔخ‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ َ٣‫حُظوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُزؼي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُؼخ١لش‬ ٢ٜٓٞ‫ٓل‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخٍم‬
ٓ ِٚ‫ٝطلخػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٝ‫رـ‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ُٚ ‫رخُ٘وي‬ ٢‫حَُٔطز‬ ٞٛٝ‫رٜخ‬ َٔ‫ٓ٤ٔظؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُطَ٣وش‬ ٚ٤ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫غ‬.
‫حٓظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫و‬ّ‫ي‬‫أ‬‫ُٔٞد‬‫"َٓ٣ق‬ ،"‫"ىحكت‬ ،"‫"ٝهخء‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫طؼز٤َحص‬‫طؼز٤َحص‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ "‫٣ظيحُٜٝخ‬‫حُ٘وخى‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ُٞٛق‬‫حٗظلخع‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ؿِء‬ ًَ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫أؿِحء‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫ٝهال‬ .
ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬،‫حكظ٤خؿخطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حالٗظلخػخص‬ ٌٙٛٝ،٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ُالٗظلخػخص‬ ‫حٓظـخرش‬ ٢ٛ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالهظالكخص‬ ٕ‫كب‬ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤خص‬ ‫طلظٞ٣ٜخ‬
‫حُٔظؼيىس‬.٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٝظ٤لش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٖٓ٤ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ٖ٣‫رؼي‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٌِٚٗ ‫طليى‬ ٠:
‫أٝال‬ُ‫ح‬‫زؼي‬ُ‫ح‬‫ؼوال‬ٙ‫ٝأىحإ‬ ِٚٔ‫ٝػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ًلخءس‬ :٢ٗ.
‫ػ‬: ‫خٗ٤خ‬ُ‫ح‬‫زؼي‬ُ‫ح‬٢ُ‫ـٔخ‬ٔ‫حُٔؼ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ :‫ُِٞظ٤لش‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫خ‬.
٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫اىٍحً٘خ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ‫اكٔخٓ٘خ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬
. ‫٣ئى٣ٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ُِٝٞظخثق‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘ٔز٤ش‬ ‫طؤػ٤َحطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُؼوالٗ٤ش‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ٌٙٛ
‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٖٓ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ُِ٘ٞػ٤خص‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ٌٜٙ‫ك‬ ١ٌٍَُ٘‫ح‬ ٚ‫٣ٟٞل‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬٢ُ‫حُظخ‬
71
Langer, S. Feeling and Form. (p. 95) N.Y. scribner's (1953) .
72
Allsop, B. Art and the Nature of Architecture. London: Muller. (1976) .

68. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
68
‫ط‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫طِىحى‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫طٜخػي‬ ‫حُؼوالٗ٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫٣ِىحى‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ً‫طزؼخص‬ ً‫خ‬٤ُُ‫٘خ‬
ٛٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ٞ٣‫ى‬‫خ‬ُ ٢‫اكٜخث‬ ْ٤ُٝ ٢‫طٟٞ٤ل‬ ّ‫ؿَح‬‫حُظؤػ٤َحص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حهظالف‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ِظؼز‬.
2-‫انفطاؽ‬ ‫يفٕٓو‬:
‫ػالع‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ّٜٞ‫ُٔل‬ ‫طلٔ٤َحص‬‫حُظل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ ،ٖ٣َ٤ٔ
٢ٛ ‫حُظلٔ٤َحص‬ ٌٙٛٝ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬:
‫أ‬-: ٘‫انًبز‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬Physical Space
‫ُِٔٞحٛلخص‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ٙ‫أرؼخى‬ ‫ٝطلي٣ي‬ ٚٓ‫ٝه٤خ‬ ٚ‫ٝٛل‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ ‫ِٓٔٞٓش‬ ‫رليٝى‬ ‫حُٔؼَٝف‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛٝ
ْ٤٣‫ٝحُٔوخ‬ّ‫ٜٝٓ٘ي‬ ‫ٝحُظٌ٤٤ق‬ ‫حُظٜٞ٣ش‬ ٢‫أهٜخث‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬‫حٌُٔ٤خص‬
‫ٝحُٔٞحٛلخص‬.
‫ة‬-: ‫انًسضن‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬Conceptual Space
ٖٓ ٞٛٝ ٚ‫ٝٓٔخٍٓظ‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٌُٖٝ ‫ِٝٓٔٞٓش‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫رليٝى‬ ‫ٓؼَف‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ْٞٛٝٛ‫أ‬
‫ُإلىٍحى‬ ‫حُـ٘طِض‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬.
‫ط‬-: ٙ‫انًُفؼ‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬Functional or Behavioral Space
‫رخال‬ َ‫ٝحُٔظؤػ‬ ‫حُٔؼَف‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛٝ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ٝحٗٔخم‬ ‫ٝحألٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓظؼٔخالص‬.‫ًظخد‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬
ٖ٣َ٘‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ َٕ‫رخُو‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬Life at Home in the 21st Centuryٞٛٝ
ْ‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ .ْ٤ِ‫أٗـ‬ ُّٞ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًخُ٤لٍٞٗ٤خ‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫ُلَ٣ن‬ ‫رلؼ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٚ‫ِٓو‬‫ُٔؼَكش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ًَ ‫طظزغ‬
‫المصنع‬
‫والجراج‬
‫المسكن‬
‫المسرح‬
‫والمتحف‬
‫المسجد‬
‫والكنٌسة‬

69. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
69
ٍ‫ٝحال١لخ‬ ‫حالرخء‬ ٖٓ ٌَُ ‫حُٔٞهغ‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝطٟٞق‬ .َٟ‫حُلخ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كؼال‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬
ًَِ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ .‫ٝحُٔٔخء‬ َٜ‫حُظ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٍ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ُٔخػخص‬ ‫حٌٍُٝس‬ ‫أٝهخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُطخرن‬ ٢‫ك‬
٢ُ‫كٞح‬ ٢ُ‫كٞح‬ ْ٤‫٣و‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ،‫حُطخرن‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬1000‫ٗز‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ،‫َٓرغ‬ ّ‫هي‬ٖٓ ‫كَٜ٣ش‬ ٚ
ٕٞ٣ِ‫حُظِل‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫حأله٤َس‬ ‫ُِـَكش‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ًٍِٝ ‫ػخثِ٤ش؛‬ ‫ٝؿَف‬ ‫ٝٓطزن‬ ّ‫حُطؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ُظ٘خ‬ :‫ؿَف‬ ‫ػالع‬
ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُِٔٞى‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٕٞ‫حُزخكؼ‬ ٍ‫ٝهي‬ .َ‫ٝحٌُٔز٤ٞط‬40ّ‫طٔظوي‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٓٔخكش‬ ٖٓ ٢‫كو‬ %
.‫ٓ٘ظظٔش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬
‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ١‫أ‬ ٍ‫حُظٔخإ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ،٢‫ٝحُٔ٘لؼ‬ ‫ٝحُٔيٍى‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ،ٌٕٞ٣‫ٗوخى‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬
ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ًَ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ َٜ‫ٗل‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُظٔخإ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٝإلؿخرش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُٔليىس‬ ‫ُِـٞحٗذ‬ َ‫ٗ٘ظ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫حُٔطِٞد‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫كخُلَحؽ‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ٞػ٤خص‬
‫ٝحُلَحؽ‬ ‫ٝحُظٌ٤٤ق‬ ‫حُظٜٞ٣ش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝحُِٔٔٞٓش‬٢‫حُٔ٘لؼ‬‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫حُٔطِٞد‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛ‫حُٞؿٜش‬ ٖٓ َ‫ٗ٘ظ‬
. ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٝٓٔظؼ‬ ‫ًِٝٓٞ٤خص‬ ‫أٗ٘طش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٝحػظٔخى‬ ‫حًُِٔٞ٤ش‬‫أٓخ‬
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫ك‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ٙ‫٣ظز٘خ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫حُٔيٍى‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬
‫٣ٔظ‬ ‫ٓؼِٔخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حَُٓٞٓخص‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُ٘وخى‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ًٍٚ‫٣ي‬‫هَح‬ ٍ‫حُٔٞٓ٤وخ‬ ‫ط٤غ‬‫حُ٘ٞطش‬ ‫ءس‬
‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظٔظغ‬ ‫حُٔٞٓ٤و٤ش‬.

70. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
71
(3)) ‫اإلَشبء‬ ( ‫انجُبء‬ ‫يفٕٓو‬:
‫كٜ٘خى‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ ّ‫رخُلٞح‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞػذ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫حُٔلٔٞد‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫كخٍم‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُلٔخرخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخٍم‬ ‫طٟٞ٤ق‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫كخؿش‬َ٤‫ٝطؼز‬ ‫ًظـَرش‬ ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫إلٗ٘خث٤ش‬.ٖ٣‫رؼي‬ ُٚ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ١‫ٝأ‬
ٖ٤٤ٓ‫أٓخ‬:
١‫ٓخى‬ ‫رؼي‬Physical
١َ٤‫طؼز‬ ‫رؼي‬Tectonics
‫ػال‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫طؼز٤َ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫طظُٞي‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫طـٔ٤ي‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬‫ٝحٓظـخرش‬ ‫رظًَ٤ذ‬ ‫هش‬
٢٘‫حُٔز‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬.‫حُ٘ظ٤ـش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫ُ٤ظـٔي‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ٢‫حإلٗ٘خث‬ ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ‫٣ـي‬ ‫ٝػ٘يٓخ‬
‫ط‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫ػِ٤٘خ‬ َ‫ٓظئػ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ٟٞ‫حُظ‬ ٙ‫ٝحٓظٜخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٠‫طؤط‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ؼز٤َ٣ش‬
٢ٛ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٌٙٛٝ ‫ٝحُظ٘٤٤ي‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٜٓطِلخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ٠ٛٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ٝحٓظـخرش‬
‫ٝحُوٞس‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬.‫حُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٠ٍَٝس‬ ٖٓ ‫ُٝيص‬ ‫ُإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫حُظؼز٤َ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬
٤٤٘‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫رٔ٘طن‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫ٝحالٗ٘خث٤ش‬،‫ي‬‫حُٔٞحى‬ َٔ‫ٝطل‬ ‫حُـخًر٤ش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓليىحص‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬
‫حُظؼز٤َ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌْ‫٣ظل‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ٌ‫حُٔ٘ل‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ٔ٤ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٔظط٤غ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
. ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ٚٗ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫رخُـخٗذ‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ٜظ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
١َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫حُزؼي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ٣. ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حُزؼي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِٙ٤ًَ‫ط‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠‫ٝك‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ ٍ‫طٔخإ‬ ٢‫٣زو‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ُِو‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٝحألػٔخ‬
. ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫؟‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫ٔاإلثساع‬ ‫نهزًٛع‬ ‫انغًبنٛخ‬ ‫انًؼبٚٛط‬ ‫رصُٛف‬ ْٕ ‫يب‬ : ‫انضبنش‬ ‫انؽإال‬
‫ػ‬ ‫حالطلخم‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫حألىحء‬ ‫ًلخءس‬ ٠ِ٢‫حُٔ٘لؼ‬٢‫حُٞظ٤ل‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٓ٘خه٘خص‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ َٜٔ٣ ٠٘‫ُٔز‬‫ك٤غ‬
.‫حك٤خٗخ‬ ٢ٔ‫حَُه‬ ٢‫حالكٜخث‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ َ‫ر‬ ّ‫ُِو٤خ‬ ‫هخرِش‬ ٢‫حُٞظ٤ل‬ ‫حالىحء‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜؼٞرش‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
ٖٓ ‫حُٜخىٍس‬ ّ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫ٝطوظِق‬ ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٙ‫طـخ‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬.
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػ٤ش‬ ‫كو٤وش‬ ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍٝ‫حُظؼخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝطل‬

71. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
71
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٙ‫طـخ‬ ٢‫كِٔل‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ػالع‬ ‫ٌٓحٛذ‬ َ٤ِ‫رظل‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓظٜخ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ظٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٍ‫ربٛٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫رخػظزخ‬،َٙ٤٣‫رٔؼخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٔي‬ ‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ًَٝ‫حُوخٛش‬
: ٢ٛ ‫حٌُٔحٛذ‬ ٌٙٛٝ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌْ‫طظل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ‫ٝرٔـٔٞػش‬
‫حُٔطِوش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬Absolutism
‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬Subjectivism
‫حُ٘ٔز٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬Relativism
‫انًطهمخ‬ ‫انًؼبٚٛط‬Absolutism
‫ؿِث٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬‫ٝؿٞحٗذ‬َٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬
٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬.َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُـخٗذ‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ‫حُٔٞهق‬ ٠٘‫٣ظز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬
٤ِ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬٤‫ٝحُظٞحكن‬ ‫ٝحُٔالثٔش‬ ‫حُٞكيس‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ْٜ‫طٜٔ٤ٔخط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ،َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠ٛٝ
.‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫ٓؼخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ًٔؼخ‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ‫٣ٔظويٜٓخ‬‫حُٔطِو‬ َ٤٣‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬‫ٝٗوٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٓظزيحى٣ش‬ ‫طلٌٔ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ش‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُظٔخٓي‬ ‫حُٞكيس‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫َٗف‬ ‫حُٜؼٞرش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬،٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫طٔخإالص‬ َ‫ٓل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ َ‫طـؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ىه٤وش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬73
.
‫انشرصٛخ‬ ‫انًؼبٚٛط‬Subjectivism
٤‫ٓو‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ِ٤ٔ‫ُِظ‬ َٗ‫ٓزخ‬ ّ‫خ‬،ٖٔ‫حألك‬ ٞٛ ً‫خ‬‫آظخػ‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رزٔخ١ش‬ ٞٛٝ
َ٠‫ٝحالك‬ٚٗ‫كب‬ ٢٘‫ُٔز‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬٢‫حٌُحط‬ ِٚ٤٠‫طل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ٚ‫ٝطـَرظ‬
ًٚ‫ٝحىٍح‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬٠٘‫ُِٔز‬.‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫أٟٝق‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ٝحٌُخطذ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬َ‫ر٤ظ‬ِ٘٤ًُٞ74
٢‫حٌُحط‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫هٞحػي‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ َٛ‫٣ظـخ‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬،َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٖ٣ٍُ‫رخ‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ‫رٌظخرخص‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحٓظٜ٘ي‬َ‫ٝحُظ‬ٝ ِٗ‫رخ‬
٤‫ك‬٘٠ٌِٓ ‫ٔض‬‫رٜخ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ظؤػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ٍ‫طؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٞح١ق‬ ‫طَؿٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ـظٜي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫هخٛش‬
ٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ َ‫ط٘و‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ َٔ‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ُِ٘وي‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ْ٣‫رظوي‬ ْ‫ظ‬‫ك٤غ‬
73
Manning, P. Aesthetics and Architectural Criticism. p. 35 (1979).
74
Collins, P. The History, Theory and Criticism of Architecture. P: 91. (1965).

72. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
72
‫ٝؿ‬ ‫ٍٓخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬‫يحٗ٤ش‬.َ‫ر٤ز‬ ٖ‫ٓظ٤ل‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬٢‫ك‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫هٞحػي‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬،ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬َٜ‫أظ‬
ُِ٘ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حُلٞحٍم‬‫وي‬،١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حٌُحط‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬‫رخُٔظؼش‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬
ًٚ‫اىٍح‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓش‬ َ٤ٛٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫هيٍس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ‫حُٔؼخٍس‬،‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٚ‫ٓ٘خه٘ظ‬ٔ‫ظل‬‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫٤َحص‬‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ْ٤‫٣و‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫٣ؼ٤َٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔظؼش‬‫ُِ٘خهي‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓش‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬‫حىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حالٗوَح‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ٝط‬
.‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬
‫انُؽجٛخ‬ ‫انًؼبٚٛط‬Relativism
‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ‫ًظلخػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ‫ًٔزيأ‬ ‫حُ٘ٔز٤ش‬‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝط٘ظَى‬ ٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ َٔ
ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ‫طٌظ٘ق‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حالطلخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬،‫ٝكخؿش‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬
‫ػوالٗ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ُٞؿٞى‬.ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٞ٘‫٣٘خه‬ ٕٞ٤‫حُ٘ٔز‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وخى‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕٝ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ْٛٝ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ٚ‫٣ٜخكز‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حالهظالف‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫طٔظوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬75
.
١ٞ٤‫ٝك‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓؼخ٣٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝٓلخٛ٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬،ٕ‫أل‬
‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫ٝحألكٌخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔوخٍٗش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ٜٞ‫حُو‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ َٜ‫ٝطظ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬٢‫ك‬ ٟ:
1-ٓ ْ٤٤‫طو‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫َ٘ٝػخص‬.
2-‫ح‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ًٍ‫ُٔ٘خ‬‫خص‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخروخص‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬.
3-.‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٢‫حُٞػ‬ ‫ٝحػَحء‬ ٚ٤‫طٞؿ‬
4-.٢‫ٝحالريحػ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ َ٤‫طلؼ‬
‫ٓظز‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬‫حُطخرغ‬ ‫ٗٔز٤ش‬ ٢‫و‬،‫ا٣ـخى‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٌُٖٝ
‫ح‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٠‫ٝطؼط‬ ‫حُ٘ٔز٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ َِ‫طو‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ َ٤٣‫ٝٓؼخ‬ ‫هٞحػي‬‫حُٟٔٞٞػ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫هي‬ ٢ُ‫حُـٔخ‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬.
ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٝأًؼَٛخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ُِـٞحٗذ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ‫ًٌُي‬
75
Manning, P. p: 37 (1979) .

73. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
73
‫ٝحإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٝحُلَحؽ‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬‫حهظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫ٌٓحٛذ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣َؿغ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ٍٝ‫ٝطؼخ‬ ‫الف‬
ٜٔٛ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٙ‫طـخ‬ ٢‫كِٔل‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬٢‫ٝحُ٘ٔز‬ ٢ٜ‫ٝحُ٘و‬ ‫حُٔطِن‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫خ‬.
‫حُِ٘ٝس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝٗويٛخ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٝ‫٣لظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُوطؤ‬ ٖٓ ًٕ‫ا‬
ُٔ‫ٝح‬١‫رخَُأ‬ ‫حالٓظزيحى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔظوِذ‬ ‫ِحؽ‬‫ػ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ َ‫ر‬ ،ٌٖٔ٣ َ‫َٝٓحك‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫رٞؿٞى‬ ٕ‫حإل٣ٔخ‬ ٚ٤ِ
‫رٞحٓط‬ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫اؿَحء‬ ‫ٝهالُٜخ‬ ‫ظٜخ‬.
‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ُ٘ـخف‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬

74. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
74
3
‫انضبنش‬ ‫انجبة‬:ْ‫االرغب‬‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫بد‬

75. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
75
‫انضبنش‬ ‫انجبة‬:ْ‫االرغب‬‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫بد‬
‫رًٓٛس‬
‫انًغبالد‬‫انطئٛؽخ‬ٙ‫ف‬‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انزٕعٓبد‬‫انًؼبصطح‬:
‫حُٞٛق‬َٝٝ‫حُؼ‬.
َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬.
ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬.
ٌ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ْ.
‫انزصُٛفبد‬٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ‫نًُبْظ‬ ‫انطئٛؽٛخ‬
3/1٘‫انًؼٛبض‬ ‫انُمس‬Normative Criticism
3/1/1٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Doctrinal Criticism.
3/1/2٠ٓٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Systematic Criticism.
3/1/3٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ٢‫حًُ٘ٔٞؿ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Typal Criticism.
3/1/4٢ٓ‫حُو٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Measured Criticism.
3/2٘‫انزفؽٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Interpretive Criticism
3/2/1)‫(حُٔئ٣ي‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Advocatory Criticism.
3/2/2٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Evocative Criticism.
3/2/3‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬Impressionistic Criticism.
3/3ٙ‫انٕصف‬ ‫انُمس‬Descriptive Criticism
3/3/1١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Depictive Criticism.
3/3/2َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬١Biographical Criticism.
3/3/3‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬٢Contextual Criticism.
٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُٓظ‬ ‫شًٕنٛخ‬.

76. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
76
‫رًٓٛس‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حَُإ٣خ‬ ٞٛ‫حٓظ٘خىح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ٝ‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤ش‬ ْٓ‫حأل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ه٤خ‬‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِظٞؿٜخص‬‫حُٔوظِلش‬،‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ِٚ‫ٓؼ‬
ْ٤ُ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٝ ٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ٝ ‫حألىد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حٗظوخٛخ‬َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫آوخ١خ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫ٓيكخ‬‫ٓطل٤خ‬ُٚ،ٞٛ َ‫ر‬‫ٓزٍَحص‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔلخ٣ي‬ ٌْ‫ُِل‬‫حُوٞحػي‬
‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬‫طليىٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ِ‫حًَُخث‬ُ‫ح‬ ٝ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ٌٔحٛذ‬.‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖ‫٣٘خه‬
‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ًَ َٛٞ‫ٝؿ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬،‫ٌٛح‬ ‫أٓزخد‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ ‫حُظؼيى‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ .
‫حُؼو‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ّ‫حالكظٌخ‬‫ُِؼخ١لش‬ ّ‫حالكظٌخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘طن‬ َ‫كب‬ َ‫آه‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ٚٗ
َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حالٗطزخػخص‬ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞػ٤ش‬
١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬.ً‫خ‬‫َٝٓطزط‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓليى‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ّ‫رخُٔوخ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ٝر‬ ٚ‫ػوخكظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خرغ‬ ١َ‫حُلط‬ ُٙ‫رخٗل٤خ‬‫ٝحُؼو٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ٚ‫٤جظ‬ً‫خ‬‫َٓطزط‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬ ،
‫رٔلٜٞٓش‬ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خًٍش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ٣َ‫حُل‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬ ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ْٜ‫ل‬‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٌٙٛ ،١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٤ٞص‬ . ّ . ‫ص‬ ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ٜ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ّ‫خ‬‫١َ٣وش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ػَكٜخ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬
‫ك٤خس‬ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٌَُ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُوِش‬ ‫ٛلش‬ ‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬.‫ػ‬‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ
ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُِهَكش‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ٚٗ‫ا٣ٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؼض‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ٝحُٜخ‬َٝ‫ر‬ َٟ٣ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ،١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٗٞ٠‫ُ٣ل‬76
ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ّ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ُٝ٤ٔض‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ٢ٛ٢‫كو‬ٌَٗ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝظ٤لش‬،‫ً٤ق‬ ِْ‫ٗظؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ْٜ‫ٗل‬ ٢ٌِ‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
َٟٗ‫ٝٗي‬‫ٍى‬‫حُلَحؽ‬.‫ٌٓٞص‬ َٟ‫ؿ٤ل‬ ٞ‫٣َك‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٓوُٞش‬
‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ َ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬ ٖٓ ‫ىٍحٓظٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٜ٣ٝ ‫ٝٝظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢ٛ
ٍٛ‫رخػظزخ‬ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫هٞح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫طٔ٤ط‬ ‫ٓ٘ظؾ‬ ‫خ‬.ِ٣‫طظٔخ‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫طؼيى٣ش‬ ّ‫حٓخ‬ ًٕ‫ح‬ ٖ‫ٗل‬
٢‫حَُٔطز‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِؼي٣ي‬ ‫طزؼخ‬ ‫ٝٓيحٍٜٓخ‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛـٜخ‬‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬
.ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫رخُ٘خهي‬ ٢‫َٓطز‬ ٞٛ ٖٓ١‫ًؤ‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ١‫ًٝ٘٘خ‬ ‫ًِٔٞى‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ًٕ‫ا‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬
ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ٞح٣خ‬ ‫ٝحُٔوخٝف‬ ‫ٝحُظٞؿٜخص‬ ‫حُؼخىحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ُٚ َ‫آه‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ‫ِٓٞى‬
٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬،‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫حُِٔٞى‬ ٌْ‫طل‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬‫ِٔٞى‬٢‫حال٣ـخر‬‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛ
ُٔ‫ح‬ ٚ٤ٔٔٗ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ِٞى‬Critical Behavior‫حُظَٛ٤ذ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ‫ٝٓ٘ي‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬.
76
َٞٗٝ‫ر‬٠‫ُ٣ل‬،‫ط٠ٔ٘ض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٚ‫ًظز‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ًٝخطذ‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ٚ‫آٍحث‬١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ َ٘ٗ1978.
‫حُ٘وي‬

77. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
77
‫انًغبالد‬‫انطئٛؽخ‬ٙ‫ف‬‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انزٕعٓبد‬‫انًؼبصطح‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬‫ُِزلغ‬ ٍ‫ًٔـخ‬ُ‫ٝح‬‫يٍحٓش‬‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ْٜ‫ٗظل‬ ‫ٓؼَك٤ش‬ ‫حٍٟ٤ش‬ ُٚ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬
‫حالرؼ‬،‫حُلخػِش‬ ‫ٝحُٔئػَحص‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫خى‬َٜ‫حُل‬ َٝ‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ْ٤ٖٓ
‫ريح٣ش‬‫ٗ٘ؤطٜخ‬ٖٓ ‫ٓٔظٔيس‬ ٍٞٛ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٝٗوي‬ ‫حُلِٔلش‬ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬٤ُ‫حُـٔخ‬‫ش‬ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫حُظؼخٍ٣ق‬ ٌٙٛ .
٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫ُٞؿٜش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ َٟ٣.‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓٞٛ َٛ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍ‫أٌٗخ‬ ٖٓ٢٘‫حُل‬ٍٗ‫ُِٔوخ‬ َ‫هخر‬ ،‫ش‬‫ر‬‫٘وي‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬٢‫ٝحَُٔٔك‬ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ِ‫ىحه‬ ‫هطخد‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ٌْ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬،ٝ‫ح‬‫ٓغ‬ ‫كَٜ٣ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬‫حُيٍحٓخص‬‫حُظخٍ٣و‬‫٤ش‬‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣خص‬.‫ٝهي‬‫ىٍحٓخص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫ٟٝؼض‬
‫أؿٔؼض‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫ُِ٘٘خ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ل٤ش‬‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حٍرؼش‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬‫كًَش‬ ١‫أ‬ٗ‫َٓطزطش‬ ‫وي٣ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ٖ‫رل‬: ٠ٛٝ ٕٞ٘‫ل‬
-‫حُٞٛق‬َٝٝ‫حُؼ‬Description-Exposition:
‫ٝٛل٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ‫حُٔيًٍش‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ َ‫ٗو‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫رخ‬ّ‫ٓظويح‬
ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٝ ‫حًٌَُٝ٤خص‬ٞ٣‫حُل٤ي‬ ‫ٓوخ١غ‬ ‫ٝحك٤خٗخ‬‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫طٜق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حألٓظخط٤ٌ٤ش‬ٝ
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬،ُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٝ ‫حًٌَُٝ٤خص‬ َ‫طؼظز‬ ُْٜٝٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ
‫حألىحس‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ظٍٜٞٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚٔ‫ر٘ل‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬،ٝ
ٜٓ‫٣وي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ًؼ٤َح‬‫خ‬َ‫ٓؼز‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ َٟٚ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬‫س‬‫ك٤غ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌٚٔ‫ك‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٚ‫ػالهظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٙٞ٣ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظٞحكن‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٞ‫حُظ٘خه‬ َُ‫ُ٤ز‬ ُٚ ٍٝ‫ٓـخ‬ َ‫آه‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٝ‫٣ؼ‬
‫رزؼ‬‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٝ ‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حَُ٣خف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫ًخُٔط‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ َٛ‫حُظٞح‬ ٞ.
-َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬Interpretation
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛAnalyticalٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُِٞٛٞ ‫طٜيف‬
‫ىالالطٜخ‬ ٝ ‫ٓلَىحطٜخ‬ ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬،٢ً٤ِٔ‫رؼ‬ ٌٙٛ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ َٕ‫طوظ‬‫ش‬
٘‫حُٔظ‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ىٓؾ‬ ٝ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬ٜ‫خر‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ‫ش‬،‫حأل‬ ٝ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬ ‫ىحس‬
١‫حألٗٔخ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬‫؛‬‫أ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ٝ،َ٤ِ‫ُظل‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔش‬ ‫حألىحس‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬

78. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
78
ٖٓ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٝ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٝ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ك٤غ‬،ٝ ‫حُيالالص‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ ٝ
‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حألىٝحص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ َُُٞٓ‫ح‬ ٝ ‫حإلٗخٍحص‬ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ُظ‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ّ‫حألٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬.
-ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬Evaluation
ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ‫٣ظزؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٚ‫ُِظٞؿ‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٚ‫ه٤ٔ٤ظ‬ ٝ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٟٓٞغ‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛ
ٗ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٞػ٤ش‬،‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ْٝ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫أىحس‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوخٍٗش‬ ٍ
َٟ‫حأله‬ ٢ٗ‫رخُٔزخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓوخٍٗش‬ : ‫ٛٔخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫طظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ٝ‫ح‬ ٢ٔ‫ط٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ًلخءط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫رٜيف‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫طظزغ‬ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١َ‫حُ٘ظ‬٣ٙ‫ظز٘خ‬،‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُٚ ‫ٓٔخػِش‬ ٢ٗ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫ر٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓوخٍٗش‬ ْٝ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫رٜيف‬
.‫حُٔظطِزخص‬ ٝ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ًلخءط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬
-ٌ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ْ:Judgment
َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ٓ‫أٓخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ٝ
‫ٌٛح‬ ٚ‫ر‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٚ‫ٓ٘خٓزظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ‫ٍىحءط‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ؿٞىس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬،ٌْ‫حُل‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ َ‫طؼظز‬ ٝcriteriaُ٘‫ح‬ ‫أىحس‬ ٢ٛ‫خ‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌٚٔ‫ك‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫هي‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬،‫هطٞ١ٜخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬ ٝ ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ ‫رخهظالف‬ ‫طوظِق‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌٙٛ ٝ
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ٚٔ٤‫ه‬ ٝ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حٌُٝم‬ ٝ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓؤهًٞس‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬
‫حُ٘خرؼش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خرؼش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫أه٤َح‬ ٝ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٖٓ
.‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حػظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬ ٝ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬
‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ‫حُظلٜ٤ِ٤ش‬‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ٞ٤‫ٓخػ‬ٕ‫ُ٤زٔخ‬77
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬:
-َ٤ِ‫ٝحُظؼ‬ ‫حَُ٘ف‬Explanation.
-‫حُظؼَ٣ق‬Identification.
77
Attoe, W (1978) p. 9 .

79. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
79
-٠٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ُ‫ٝارَح‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬Interpretation.
-‫حُٞٛق‬Description.
-َ٣‫ٝحُظوي‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬Evaluation.
-َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬Explication.
‫ىٍحٓش‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬‫ص‬‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٣َ‫ؿ‬ .ّ.ٚ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ‫ٝك‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬78
٠‫ٝٛل‬ ٢‫طخٍ٣و‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬،
٢‫اريحػ‬ ٢ِ٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫ٗوي‬‫ٝحه٤َح‬ ،٢ٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫ٗوي‬.َ٤‫ٝحٌُؼ‬ٌٙٛ ‫ٗطخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طيه‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ٖٓ
‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُظؼيى٣ش‬ ٌٙٛٝ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫١َم‬ ‫طظؼيى‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤لخص‬
.‫ٝحالٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬٢‫ٝحألىر‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿٌٍٝٛخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫١َم‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬
‫حُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحال١َٝكخص‬ٗ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُوٞحُذ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،ٖٓ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٛٝٝ ‫ُٔٞ٤ش‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫كؼخ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ُٚ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫ٝحُظًَ٤ذ‬ ‫حُظؼو٤ي‬‫ٜٓ٘ـ٤ش‬‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحػظٔيٝح‬ ‫ٝحُِـٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُز٘٤ٞ٣ش‬ ٍّ‫رخُٔيح‬ ٖ٣َ‫ٝحُٔ٘ظ‬.٢‫حألىر‬
‫حُز‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظؼَحٟٜخ‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٞ‫ٝحُزؼ‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫طُٞي‬ ‫خد‬
٢ِ٤ٌ٘‫ٝحُظ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜيف‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫كخُو‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝحهظالك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ‫طظ٘خري‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬
ُِٜٔٔ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٓوخ١خص‬ ٖٓ ٢‫كو‬ ‫ط٘زغ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫طؤى٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ًلخءط‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ ٢٘‫حُٔز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ
ٝ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٝٗـخك‬ ‫أؿِٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫أٗ٘ؤ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٚ‫ٝظ٤لظ‬.ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫ُِٔئػَحص‬ ٚ‫ٓالثٔظ‬
( ٞ‫حط‬ ٖ٣‫ٝح‬ ٍ‫حٗخ‬1978)،ْ٤ِ‫ُظؼ‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ،‫ٓٔظوزِ٤خ‬ ‫ح١خٍح‬ ‫٣طَف‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٗ٘خ١خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
ٝ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫حٓظٞى٣ٞٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ح‬ َ‫حه‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ .‫حُٜٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ًٌُي‬
‫حألكيحع‬ ١َٝ٣ ،‫ٝحُٞٛق‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظل‬ ْ٤٤‫رخُظو‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ‫ٝحٓغ‬ ‫ٗطخم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ :٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ٞ‫حُ٘ل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٛلٜخ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ٝحُز٘خء‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ‫٣وزَٗخ‬ ،ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُِٜش‬ ‫ًحص‬
.ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ َ٤ٛ‫طلخ‬ٌ٘ٓٝ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حطٔغ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬
ُْٜ ٖ٤‫حُٔؼَٝك‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ‫ٝأٛزق‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حٌُظخرخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٝظَٜص‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٍْٜٓ‫ٝٓيح‬ ْٜ‫ٝهِل٤خط‬ ْٜ‫ٝٓٞحهل‬ ْٜ‫ٝحطـخٛخط‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ َْٛ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫حُظ‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ ‫طٞػ٤ن‬ ٍ‫ح١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظؼَحٟٜخ‬ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٞؿٜخص‬.‫ٝحُـٜي‬
78
Greene, T.M. The Arts and the Art of Criticism. p. 36 Gordium N.Y (1973) .

80. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
81
َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓخص‬ ‫ًًَٛخ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُيٍحٓخص‬ ً‫خ‬٘٤‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُزلؼ‬‫حٓظؼَحٟٜخ‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬
َِ‫٣ل‬ ،‫الكوخ‬‫١َم‬ ‫ػَ٘س‬‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ َٟ‫رخألك‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫حُظٜ٘٤لخص‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫ط٘يٍؽ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬
: ‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـَٞٛ٣ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ : ‫أٝال‬٘١ٍ‫حُٔؼ٤خ‬ ‫وي‬Normative Criticism
١َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ : ‫ػخٗ٤خ‬Interpretive Criticism
٢‫حُٞٛل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ : ‫ػخُؼخ‬Descriptive Criticism
3/1٘‫انًؼٛبض‬ ‫انُمس‬Normative Criticism
ٌٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬ ٢‫هخٍؿ‬ ‫ًٗٔٞؽ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼ٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ّ‫ٓو٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٔٗ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٛذ‬
ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬‫ٌٛح‬ ّ‫ٝ٣ٔظوي‬ ،‫ٗـ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫ٝٗٞػ٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬.٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫خف‬
‫طلض‬ ‫ط٘يٍؽ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ‫أٍرؼش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼ٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌِ‫ٝ٣َط‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼ٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬79
،: َٔ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
79
Attoe, W. Architecture and Critical Imagination. P :11 N. Y.: Wiley (1978) .
ً‫والعمران‬ ‫المعماري‬ ‫النقد‬
Architectural
Criticism
ً‫الوصف‬ ‫التقد‬
Descriptive Criticism
Undestanding Facts
ً‫التأوٌل‬ ‫التفسٌري‬ ‫النقد‬
Interpretive Criticism
Subjective
‫النظري‬ ‫المعٌاري‬ ‫النقد‬
Prescriptive Criticism
Prescribe then Judge

81. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
81
3/1/1ٙ‫انًصْج‬ ‫انُمس‬Doctrinal Criticism
َ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ٞٛ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ً‫حطوخ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ٌِ‫ط‬،ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ٍ‫حُٔؼ٤خ‬ َ
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬‫حٌُٔحٛذ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ ،‫حُٔئػَس‬‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍٛيٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُٜ٘ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُليحػش‬:
Form Follows Function. ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ‫٣ظزغ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬
Function Follows Form. ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬
Less is More. َ‫حالًؼ‬ ٞٛ َ‫حاله‬
Less is Bore. َُٔٔ‫ح‬ ٞٛ َ‫حاله‬
Ornament is Crime. ‫ؿَ٣ٔش‬ ‫حُِهَكش‬
‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ٕ‫حإل٣ٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬‫حٗـخُحص‬ ‫ُظلو٤ن‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٝحكي‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓيه‬ ‫ى‬‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٓ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬‫و٤خ‬‫حالٗـخُحص‬ ‫طِي‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ ‫ٝحكي‬ ّ.‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫اٍٗخى٣ش‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُِٔز‬ ٌْ‫ُِل‬ ٚ‫طيكؼ‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫هطٍٞس‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ٢ٜٜ‫حُظو‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫ٓل٤ي‬ ُِْٜٔٔ
‫ال‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ُٔـَى‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ّ‫٣ظالء‬ٌ‫٣ل‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔزيأ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫ٓغ‬.‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ْٛ‫حٌُٔح‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬‫ال‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ٝر‬ ‫هٜ٤َس‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬‫حُٔ٘لؼش‬ ‫٣ظزغ‬ ٌَُ٘‫"ح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٔ٤طش‬‫ٝػزخٍحص‬ َٔ‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫طظ‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ "
-
‫المبنى‬ ‫وتصنٌف‬ ‫نوع‬
Building Type
Museum
Hospital
School
‫المعٌاري‬ ‫النقد‬
Normative Criticism
‫منظومة‬
System / Matrix
‫فٌتروفٌوس‬ ‫منظمة‬
Vitruvis Matrix
Ruskin Lamps
-
‫مذهب‬/‫توجه‬
Doctrin
‫جرٌمة‬ ‫الزخرفة‬
Ornament is a
crime.
Less is More

82. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
82
١‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ًٌَ ٌَ٘‫ط‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝٗـي‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓؼ‬َ‫ر٤ظ‬َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ِ٘٤ًُٞ
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٓغ‬‫حُٔيٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُل‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٔزخ‬.ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ١ٞ‫طل‬ ،ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ،‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ُْ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫كوخػخص‬
ٓ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔي‬‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٖٛ‫طز‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ُْ‫ٓـخ‬ ‫هخػخص‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ‫حُويٓخص‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖ
٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٙ‫٣َح‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣َ٣ي‬ ‫ػٔخ‬ ّ‫حُٔو٤خ‬ َ٤‫ٛـ‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ .ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫٣ويٍٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِحص‬ ٌٙٛ
ّ‫ُِ٘خ‬ ‫ٝٓٔظوزِش‬ ‫َٝٓكزش‬ ‫حُ٤ٜخ‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ َٜٓ ،‫ٝٓ٤خى٣ٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٝٗٞحٍػٜخ‬ ْٜ‫ٓي٣٘ظ‬80
.‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝك٤غ‬
ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ٔ٣ ٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٢‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ٍ‫حهظ٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ِ‫ه‬ ٍ‫حكظٔخ‬ ‫كٜ٘خى‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫طـَ٣يحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٠
٤ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫حٓظطخع‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٟ‫حُٔي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬َٛٞ‫ٝؿ‬ ‫أٛيحف‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ
.‫حٌُٔٛذ‬‫حُ٘خهيس‬ ‫ٟٝؼض‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫حىح‬َ‫ٛخًٔظخر‬‫ًظ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫خرخطٜخ‬‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬‫ٛٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٌُٔٛز‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬:ٕ‫أ‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣لخكع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ًٝ ِ٤ٔ‫ظ‬ٝ ،ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٜق‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ُ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ْٜٔ٣‫طخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝٓؼخىالص‬ َ٤٣‫ٔؼخ‬.
ٖ‫رٞٓط‬ ‫رِي٣ش‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬
‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٠٘‫ًٔز‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝطِٞٛض‬ ٖ‫رٞٓط‬ ‫رِي٣ش‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫١زوض‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫رخُٔليىح‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ص‬،‫ٗويٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
٢ٗ‫ُِٔزخ‬ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬،‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫ٝؿخٓ٠ش‬ ‫طًٌخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٌٓحٛذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬
80
Collins, P. Architectural Judgment. P. 45. Faber, London (1971) .

83. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
83
‫ػ‬ ‫ٝهيٍس‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٟٝٞك‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫ٌٓحٛذ‬.ُْٜٔٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖٓ ًَ ‫اٍٗخى‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬
ُ‫ح‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٢‫ظ‬‫ؿ٤ٜخٍى‬ ‫ى٣ل٤ي‬81
ٖٓ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٌٙٛٝ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ١‫أل‬ ‫حُِٔز٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
: ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٌٙٛ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٓو٤خ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬
1-ٖٓ‫حُالأهاله‬ٍ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ٢َٛ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخٟ٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫إ٣ش‬.
2-ٖٓ‫حُالأهاله‬‫طؼز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫طٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫طٞظ٤ق‬ ٢٢‫٣َطز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٚ‫ر‬.
3-ُ‫رخ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫اٗظخؽ‬ ‫اػخىس‬ ٕ‫ا‬ٍ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ ‫حُٔظ٘خٛ٤ش‬ ‫يهش‬.
4-ْ٤ُٝ ٢ُ‫ػخ‬ ٢ُ‫ؿٔخ‬ ‫ًٝم‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ‫حٌُٝم‬.
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔزيأ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
ُ‫ٝرخ‬ ،٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖ٤‫٣ظز‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ ،٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٓؼ٤خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ٢ُ‫ظخ‬
ٞ‫رؼ‬ .‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ٝكو٤و‬ ‫ٛل٤ق‬ ‫حٌُٔٛذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢ٛٝ ،‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍ‫طٔخإ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كَٟ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حٌُٔٛز‬
‫حٌُٔحٛذ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٜٓخؿٔش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕٝ‫٣ِـئ‬ ‫هي‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٕٞٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬
‫ػـِٛخ‬ ‫ُ٤ٟٞلٞح‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٌٓٞص‬ ١َ‫ؿ٤ل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ،
‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬82‫ُِٝٔ٘خم‬ ‫ُِٔٞحى‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫حػظزَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٞ‫ىك‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،
ّٞٓ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ ٢ٔ٣‫حالًخى‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .٢ُ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٍإ٣ظٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًٍِٝ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظو٘٤خص‬
،‫ٍحرٞرٍٞص‬ٖ٤٤ٔ٣‫حألًخى‬ َُ‫حر‬ ٖٓ ٞٛٝ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٕ‫ر٘ؤ‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫حُٜٔظ‬،ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طليع‬
ٌَٗ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخكش‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٌَٗ
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬ ْٜ‫ُل‬ ٍ‫ًٔـخ‬ ‫أٗؼَٝرُٞٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫ٓيهال‬ ٠‫ٝحٗظو‬ .٢‫ٝحالٗظلخػ‬ ٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ ٚ٘٣ٌٞ‫ٝط‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬
‫ػوخ‬ ‫ٝحهغ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خرغ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬‫ٝٓٔخٛٔخ‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ُلًَش‬ ‫ػٔ٤وخ‬ ‫ٗويح‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ َ‫ٝ٣ٔؼ‬ .‫ٓليى‬ ١ٍ‫ٝك٠خ‬ ٢‫ك‬
،‫حُليحػش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫طٞؿٜخص‬ ْ٤ٓ‫طؤ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخٍُح‬َ‫ٝرخُٔؼ‬َٜٗ‫حال‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،ٕٞ‫كَحٓزظ‬ ‫ً٤٘٤غ‬ ‫ًظذ‬
"‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫"حالهِ٤ٔ٤ش‬Critical Regionalism.
"ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٌَْٗ٤ُ‫ٓـَى‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ٟٞ‫ُِو‬‫حُٔخى٣ش‬‫؛‬،‫حُٔ٘خم‬‫ٝٓٞحى‬
‫حُز٘خء‬ٌ‫ٝحُظ‬،‫ُ٘ٞٞؿ٤خ‬‫حُٔٞهغ‬ٝ‫أ‬١‫أ‬َٓ‫ػخ‬٢‫ٓزز‬،‫ٝحكي‬َ‫ر‬ٞٛ
81
Gebhard, D. Architecture Plus. P. 56. Oct (1974) .
82
Scotte, G.1965.The Architecture of Humanism.

84. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
84
‫ٗظ٤ـش‬‫ُٔـٔٞػش‬‫ٝحٓؼش‬َٖٓٓ‫حُؼٞح‬‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬٢‫حُظ‬
"َٔٗ‫ٝحال‬ ‫حألٍكذ‬ ‫ٗطخكٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ؼٜخ‬ َٟ‫ط‬83
.‫رخٍُس‬ ‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُٔؼز‬ ‫حالكَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُوخٍس‬ ‫ؿ٘ٞد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُظوِ٤ي‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬‫ٍٝرَص‬ٍٟٞ‫ك٘ظ‬ٙ‫أٓٔخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٚ‫ٝحؿ‬‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُِحثلش‬ ‫رخُزٔخ١ش‬ٖ٤‫ٛخٓظ‬ ٖ٤‫ه٠٤ظ‬ ٖ‫ٝٗخه‬ ‫حُِحثق‬ ‫ؼو٤ي‬:
‫ٌٛح‬ ‫حطٔخع‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ‫َُإ٣ش‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ُٓٞ‫ح‬ َ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ ٚ‫كل‬ ‫اػخىس‬
‫أٛيحف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخىع‬ ‫ٝحُظؼو٤ي‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٌِلش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫طِٜق‬ ُٖ ‫طؼو٤يٛخ‬‫ؿ‬ ‫ً٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ٝٗٔظٞػذ‬ ‫ٗؼَف‬ ٕ‫ٝػٔن‬ ٝٞٔ
َٙ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬.
‫ؿخ٣ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫رَحٓؾ‬ ‫كٜ٘خى‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ًَ‫حُٔ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼو٤يحص‬ ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ْ‫كـ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ‫٣ـذ‬
‫ٝحُٔطخٍحص‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔظ٘ل٤خص‬ َٓ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُظؼو٤ي‬ ٢‫ك‬،‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬٢٤‫ًظوط‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ص‬
ْ٤ُ‫ٝحألهخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ِ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،‫طؤى٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓؼوي‬ ٢٤ٔ‫حُز‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ض‬
١ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حالػظزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌ‫أه‬ ‫اًح‬ ٚ‫ٝظ٤لظ‬‫ٝطؼو٤يحطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ز٤ؼش‬.
83
Rapoport A. 1969. House Form and Culture. p. 47. Emglewood.

85. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
85
.ّ‫ك٤ـخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُٔؼلش‬ ‫ٝحَُِٓ٣ش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ َ‫حَُٓخث‬
‫حٌُٔحٛذ‬ ْ‫طٜخؿ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٌٙٛٝ‫حٌُالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬َ‫رآه‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ٣‫هي‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٌٓٛز‬ ٍ‫طزي‬ ‫هي‬
‫حٌُٔحٛذ‬ ٌٙٛ ًَٝ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٌٖٔ٤ُ ‫ؿي٣ي‬
‫كَٛش‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫أٓالكٜخ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫طٔ٤ِص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُالطلي٣ي‬ ٝٞٔ‫حُـ‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬
‫ٓليىس‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ َ٤ٔ‫ُِظل‬ ‫ٓلظٞكش‬ ‫ٝكَ٣ش‬‫ًٔخ‬ ّ‫ك٤ـخ‬ ‫ال‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ .
‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َُُٞٓ‫ٝح‬ ٍ‫حالٌٗخ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ َٛ‫طظٞح‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ‫هيٓض‬ ١ٍٞ‫ك٘ظ‬ ‫كَٔٛخ‬
‫حًَُٔزش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ط٠ن‬ ‫كَحؿخص‬ ‫حٜٗخ‬ .‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطٞحٛالص‬ ‫طلخػالص‬
‫ٝحُٜٔض‬ ّ‫ك٤ـخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫طللِٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحَُِٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحٌُٛ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫حالٍطزخ١خص‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُٔؼويس‬
ُ ١ٍٞ‫ك٘ظ‬"ّ‫ك٤ـخ‬ ّ‫ال‬ ٖٓ ِْ‫"حُظؼ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓئُلش‬ ‫ٌظخرش‬84
.
3/1/2ٗ‫انًُظٕي‬ ‫انُمس‬Systematic Criticism:
‫ٝحكي‬ ‫ٓزيأ‬ ٕ‫أل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ُظل‬ ‫ٓ٘لَى‬ ‫ٌٓٛذ‬ ‫ٓزيأ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخالػظٔخى‬ َ١‫٣وخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُـ٤ي‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬
ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٗظخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫طـٔ٤غ‬ ٞٛ َ٣‫حُزي‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ٚ‫ٝاٟؼخك‬ ٚ‫ٜٓخؿٔظ‬ َٜٔ٣ْ‫٣ظ‬ ً‫ال‬ٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬
َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٖٓ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ، ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖٓ
‫ٓغ‬. ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫طؼو٤يحص‬ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ ‫ٟٝؼض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حألٗظٔش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ‫ٓخ‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬
ْ٤‫ك٤ظَٝك‬ ٙ‫كيى‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫أٗخ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬‫طؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُـ٤يس‬‫حُظَط٤ذ‬ ،ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ظٔي‬،،‫حإل٣وخع‬
َ‫حُظٔخػ‬ٗ‫حال‬ ،ٍٞ١ ‫ٝهي‬ ،‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ‫ظلخع‬ٌٖٓ‫ٍح‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫أٗخ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬‫٣ـذ‬ ١‫ٗوخ‬ ‫الػش‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٞحكَٛخ‬:
ٟ‫٣ئى‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫أىحء‬ ‫١َ٣وش‬ ٖٔ‫رؤك‬ ٚ‫ر٘خث‬ ٖٓ َٝ‫حُـ‬.
‫حَُٓخُش‬ َٛٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬‫حُظؼز٤َحص‬ ٖٔ‫رؤك‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫حُٔطِٞرش‬.
84
Venturi, Robert. 1972. Learning from Las Vegas.

86. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
86
٣ ٕ‫أ‬‫ُٔظؼش‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝٓزز‬ ً‫ال‬٤ٔ‫ؿ‬ ٌٕٞٙ‫٣َح‬ ٖٓ.
‫ًٔخ‬ُ٘‫ح‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ُ٘‫ح‬ ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١‫وي‬‫خ‬‫ه‬ٖ٣‫ي‬َ٤ِ٤ٛ"ٝ‫ٓـَٝف‬"85
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ
‫طؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ٚٗ‫أ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ِٓٞح‬:
1-ً‫خ‬٤‫ر٤ج‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓٗل‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٌَ٘٣Climate Modifier‫طؤػ‬ ُٚ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ٝحُوخٍؽ‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬١َ٤٤‫طـ‬ َ٤
‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫كؼخ‬‫حُوخٍؿ‬٢‫٣ظ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬. ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حَُحكش‬ ‫ٓؼيالص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ّ‫الء‬
2-‫ُألٗ٘طش‬ ٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬Behavior Modifierٌٙٛ ‫ألىحء‬ ‫حُالُٓش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤الص‬ ّ‫ٝ٣وي‬
. ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ًُِٞٔ‫ح‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ِٖ‫ٝ٣ؼ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼيُٜخ‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬
3-٢‫ٝػوخك‬ ١ٍِٓ ‫ٛيف‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬Cultural Modifierُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ًٖٛ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ًُ‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ
. ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ َ‫ٝأػ‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ُٚ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼَ٣٠ش‬ ‫ُِوخػيس‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬
4-ّ‫حُوخ‬ ‫ُِٔٞحى‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫اٟخكش‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬Resource Modifier٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حإلٗظخؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ًٌَ
‫ٝآٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬. ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُٔٞحٍى‬ ‫ُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ػال٣ش‬
ٕ‫ًَ٣ٔظ٤خ‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ‫ًٌُي‬‫ٍٗٞرَؽ‬ِ‫ُٗٞظ‬86
ٌَُ٘‫ٝح‬ ٢٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رٜٔٔش‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٢٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ػالػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٗظخ‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٌَُِ٘ ً‫خ‬ٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ً‫ال‬٤ِ‫طل‬ ّ‫٣وي‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍ‫ٝهال‬ ‫ٝحُظو٘٤خص‬‫ٝػالهخص‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫حٓش‬،
١‫أ‬ ٠٘‫طؼ‬ ‫حٌُظِش‬ ً‫ال‬‫كٔؼ‬ ‫ٝحُٔطق‬ ‫ٝحُلَحؽ‬ ‫حٌُظِش‬ ‫ٝأرَُٛخ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤لٜخ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًٍِ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ‫ٝطِي‬
‫حألر‬ ٢‫ػالػ‬ ْٔ‫ؿ‬َٟ‫أه‬ َ‫رٌظ‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُويٍس‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ًَِٔ‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼ٤خ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ١َٝٗ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫ؼخى‬
‫طٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،ْ٤٤‫ُِظو‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬ ٌٙٛ.١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ِ٤ٔٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
ٚ‫ٟٝؼ‬ِ‫ُٗٞظ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ُظطز٤ن‬ ٠ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫٘خطؾ‬٣‫حُ٘وي‬ َٙ٤٣‫ُٔؼخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٝٛلٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫كخٌَُس‬ ،‫ش‬
‫هيٍس‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ٍ‫ػخ‬ ًَِٔ‫ط‬ ‫هخٛ٤ش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬َٟ‫أه‬ ٍ‫رؤٌٗخ‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٟؼ٤لش‬ٌُٖٝ ،
٘ٓٝ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٍ‫رؤٌٗخ‬ ‫حٍطزخ١ٜخ‬ ‫حُٜؼذ‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬‫حُلظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ُِظ‬ ‫خٓزش‬
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬.
85
Hillier, B. & Musgrove, J. " Knowledge and design " p. 29. E.D.R L . A (1972) .
86
Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Intentions in Architecture p. 131. MIT Press. (1965) .

87. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
87
‫ح‬ ًَِ٣ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ٍُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗالكع‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٖٓٞ‫ُزؼ‬
‫ح‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُـٔخُ٤خص‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ‫ُٞحٟلش‬ِٞ٤ٓ‫ًخ‬
‫ٓ٤ض‬‫ػيس‬ ‫ٟٝٝغ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ١‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٚٓ‫ٗظخ‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُٜل‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٓزخىة‬‫حُ٘خؿق‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؽ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫خص‬87
:
-ُ‫ٝح‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬٤‫ك‬ ًٖ‫أٓخ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٖ٣‫ٔ٤خى‬‫ٝٗ٘ط‬ ‫ٞ٣ش‬‫ش‬.
-٤ُٝ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طٟٞغ‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظٔخػ‬ َ٤‫حُ٘ٞحك‬‫حٍَُٔٝ٣ش‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ًَِٙٓ ٢‫ك‬ ْ.
-‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫أٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٓخهش‬ ‫طظطِذ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظٔظغ‬ ‫ٝحؿٜخطٜخ‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ٕ.
-ٍ‫هي‬ ‫طلون‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫ٓ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬ ‫ٓظٔخػِش‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُظٞحكن‬ ٖٓ
‫ٝحالطِح‬ٕ.
-ٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬‫رخالٗـالم‬ ّ‫حإلكٔخ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ش‬.
-‫ٝحُؼوٞى‬ َ٤‫حُظٔخػ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٓؼخُـخص‬ ّ‫رخٓظويح‬ َٔ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ‫طـ٘ذ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬.
‫ٝحُٔالثٔش‬ ‫رخُظٞحكن‬ ٢‫َٓطز‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٓ َ‫آه‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
‫حُيحهِ٤ش‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ُٚ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخٛٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝحُوٞح‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٖ
ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ‫طٌ٘٤ي‬
٤‫حُوِل‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼٞح‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫ش‬.‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
ٌُِ٘‫ح‬٢Formalistic criticismً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٍٙٝ‫ُـ‬٢‫ٝحألىر‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬‫٣ِظلض‬ ‫ال‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ ،
‫ح‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤َس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ‫ُٔل٤طش‬‫ال‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،
‫ٌُٜح‬ ٢‫حُز٘خث‬ ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬ َ٤ٔ‫رظل‬ ٚٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ً٤ل٤ش‬ ‫طٜق‬ ‫ىٍحٓخص‬ َٔ‫رؼ‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٜٞ‫٣ظ‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬َٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُـ٤ي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫طٜق‬ ٢‫ظ‬١‫حَُى‬‫ء‬.
٤َٟ‫ك‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٝ‫ٝ٣لظ‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ٖ٤‫أٓخٓ٤ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ظ‬‫حُٜٝٔخ‬‫ٗٞح٣خ‬ ٖٓ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫طلون‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛ ‫حُٔزيع‬.ٚ‫طلو٤و‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍؿذ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْ٤ُٝ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬‫ٓ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫هخٍة‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬
٢ُ‫ٓؼخ‬،‫ٗوطش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ٣ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬٢ٌُ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ‫طلٔ٤َٛخ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬
.ًٌَ‫ػخٍٟش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٞٛ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؿخُز‬ ٢ٌُِ٘‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٜ‫ٝ٣ظ‬٢‫ُ٤ؼط‬ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حٗطزخع‬
‫٣َ٣ي‬‫ًُي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬ ،‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُِوخٍة‬ ُٚ‫ا٣ٜخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬‫ٗوي‬َ‫ٛخًٔظ٤ز‬‫ػ‬ ‫ٗ٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ٕٞ‫ُٜ٤ِظ‬‫٘يٓخ‬
87
Sitte, Camillo. The Art of Building Cities. P. 27. Reinhold, N.Y. (1945) .

88. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
88
‫ٝٛل‬‫ض‬" ٖٓ ٠ٗ‫٣ؼخ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬٤ُ٘‫ح‬ِ‫ٝكَ٣٘٤خ‬ِ‫ىحه‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ "ٚ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ٚ‫هخٍؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼخُـخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬٢ِ‫حُيحه‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫ُوخٍؿ٤ش‬.
ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٗلَم‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٝ‫حٓظؼَح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حأله٤َس‬ ‫حُ٘وطش‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬‫حُظٜ٘٤ق‬.ٓ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤ل٤ش‬ ْ‫ٝحُ٘ظ‬ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ٞٛ ‫ٜ٘خ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ُلوزش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُ‫ُطَح‬.َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٟٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حكظَحٟخص‬ ‫أ٣ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُطخرغ‬‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬
ِٖ‫ُٝل‬ ٖ٣َ٘٤ٛٓ‫ٗظخ‬ ٍٞ١ ١ٌُ‫ح‬٢ٗ‫ُِٔزخ‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حُطخرغ‬ ‫ُظٜ٘٤ق‬ ً‫خ‬:
-‫ٝحُظؼيى٣ش‬ ‫حُٞكيس‬Multiplicity and unity
-‫ٝحُٔٔطق‬ ٍُ‫حُزخ‬Plane and recession
-ٝٞٔ‫ٝحُـ‬ ‫حُٟٞٞف‬Clearness and unclearness
-‫ٝحُلظٞف‬ ‫حُٔي‬Closed and open form
ّ‫هي‬َ٤ُٜ٘‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ٌِ٘٤‫ؿز‬ ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬88
‫ٝحالكظَحٟخص‬ ٝ‫حألؿَح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ‫ُِظٜ٘٤ق‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٗظخ‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔالٓق‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬٢‫حُٔ٘طو‬٢ٜ٣‫ٝحُزي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬Logical-Idealist-Intuitive.ٌٛٙ
‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫طو٤٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫أرؼخى‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤ل٤ش‬ ْ‫حُ٘ظ‬‫ٝحُ٤ش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬‫ُٞٛق‬ٕ‫رخُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬
َٟ‫حأله‬.
3/1/3ٙ‫انُٕػ‬ ٙ‫انًُٕشع‬ ‫انُمس‬Typal Criticism:
‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫حًُ٘ٔٞؿ‬‫رخُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬١‫ٝحالٗٔخ‬‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬
٢‫حُظ‬ٌ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ٕٞ.١‫ٝأٗٔخ‬ ‫حٗٔخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػي٣يس‬ ‫طٞحكوخص‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٝ‫٣لظ‬ ٞٛٝ
‫ح‬َ‫حُط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬‫طٞحكو‬ ‫ريٍٝٛخ‬ ‫طظطِذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحألٗ٘طش‬ ‫ُلخؿخص‬‫حُز٤جش‬ ٠٘‫ٝٗز‬ ْٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫٣وش‬٢‫ك‬
‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٓالٓق‬ ُٚ ‫ؿـَحك٤خ‬ ‫ٗطخهخ‬ ٖ١ٞ‫٣ٔظ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ١‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٤خم‬ِ٤٤ٔ‫حُظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ .
‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ‫ٝحُظلَى‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬ َٓ‫رخُؼٞح‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬
88
Jencks, C. Architecture 2000. Prager, N.Y (1971) .

89. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
89
‫ح‬ ْ‫ٗل‬‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫حألٗظٔش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُظٌ٘٤الص‬.ٖٓ ‫طلِ٤ٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
‫حُ٘ٞع‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬TYPE: ٠ٛٝ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬-‫حُٞظ٤لش‬–ٌَُ٘‫ح‬.
‫أ‬-: ٙ‫ئَشبئ‬ ‫رصُٛف‬ ٗ‫ػه‬ ‫ٚؼزًس‬ ٘‫انص‬ ٙ‫انُٕػ‬ ‫انُمس‬
٣‫ٗل‬ ‫حٓظويٓض‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُٜٔٔٔش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْ٤‫و‬‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫حإلٗٔخم‬ ْ‫ٝٗل‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ْ.
ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬:ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ُٞ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚٓ‫حٓظوي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓوخٍٗش‬‫رِ٘ٔلخٗ٤خ‬ ‫رـخٓؼش‬ ‫حُطز٤ش‬ ‫حألرلخع‬ َٔ‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬–
ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬٢ٗ‫حُوَٓخ‬ٞ٣َ‫حُؼ‬،‫أِٓٞد‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أػزض‬ ٢‫حإلٗ٘خث‬ َٜ٘‫حُؼ‬ ً‫ُٜخ‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حالٓظويحٓخص‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬
ٖٓ ‫حُٜخثِش‬ ‫حُ٘زٌش‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٓ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝٗخؿل‬ ً‫ح‬ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬
َ‫ك‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٓ ‫ًٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رزَٗخٓؾ‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حُٔ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُويٓخص‬ ‫حُظـٜ٤ِحص‬‫ؿ٤يس‬ ‫حؿخص‬
َٓ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ُٜخالص‬ ‫ٝٓظٔؼش‬.‫ٓخىس‬ ٖٓ ‫ٜٓ٘ؼش‬ ‫ألُٞحف‬ ١َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬
‫حُظ٤ظخ‬‫حُٔخىس‬ ٌٙٛ ٚ‫ٌٓ٘ظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،‫حٓزخٗ٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫ر٤ِزخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫ُٔظلق‬ ‫حُوخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّٞ٤ٗ
ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ْٔ‫حط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼويس‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوٞس‬ ‫ٝٗي٣يس‬ ‫حَُٔٗش‬
.٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬
‫حُطز٤ش‬ ‫حألرلخع‬ ‫ٓؼٜي‬‫رِ٘ٔلخٗ٤خ‬ ‫رـخٓؼش‬ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ُٞ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬1965‫ٗوي‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼخ‬ ٙ
.٢‫اٗ٘خث‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬

90. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
91
ٝ‫ر٤ِزخ‬ ‫رٔي٣٘ش‬ ْ٣‫ؿٞؿ٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٓظلق‬‫حالٓزخٗ٤ش‬ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬١.١َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ‫حال‬
‫ة‬-: ‫انًُفؼخ‬ ٗ‫ػه‬ ‫ٚؼزًس‬ ٘‫انص‬ ٙ‫انُٕػ‬ ‫انُمس‬
ُ‫"ح‬‫٘وي‬‫ٓٞف‬٣‫زلغ‬٢‫ك‬٠٘‫ٓز‬ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ٞ‫هَ٣ذ‬ْٖٓ٤ٔٛ
‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬‫حُزَ٘٣ش‬."89
‫ٓخًيٝٗخُي‬ ّ‫ٝ٣ِ٤خ‬–1976.
‫ح‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ْ‫طظ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٍٕ‫٣وخ‬.‫ٝحُٞظخثق‬ ‫ألٗ٘طش‬ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬:‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬،َٝ٘ٓ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬ ‫ٗو٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬١‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْ٤ُٝ َٟ‫أه‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫ػخص‬
٠٘‫ٓز‬ٕ‫أل‬ ،‫ٝٓوظِلش‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ‫ٝظ٤لش‬.٤‫حُـ‬ ‫هٜٞٛ٤ش‬ ‫٣ـَف‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٟ‫٣ظؼي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٠٘‫كخُٔز‬،ٕ‫َح‬
‫َٗحٛخ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ‫ٓؼال‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫ٍأ٣٘خ‬ ‫حًح‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ .ٚ‫كَٓظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٠ال‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ال‬ ْ٤ُ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٟ‫٣ظؼي‬ ٝ‫ح‬
ٕ‫حًٛخ‬ ‫ط٘ظض‬ ‫ٗٞحكٌٛخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫ِٓػـخ‬ ‫كُٜٜٞخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜٞص‬ ٟ‫ٛي‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ِْ‫ٗؼ‬ ٖ‫ٝٗل‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ِش؟‬،‫حُطِزش‬
‫رٌلخءس‬ َٔ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫طٌ٤٤لٜخ‬‫ٗخؿ‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىحهِٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ط٘ـق‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ِش‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ٌٙٛ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ُٖ .‫ل‬‫ش‬
ُ.‫ٞظخثلٜخ‬‫رخًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٢‫حَُٔطز‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬٢‫حُٔ٘لؼ‬ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔظطِزخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫اؿَحء‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ه٤خٓ٤ش‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٗٔخًؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬٢‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬.
89
Macdonald, William. The Pantheon. Harvard University Press, Cambridge . (1976).

91. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
91
‫ط‬-ُ‫ان‬‫انشكم‬ ٗ‫ػه‬ ‫ٚؼزًس‬ ٘‫انص‬ ٙ‫انُٕػ‬ ‫مس‬:
‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ْ٤‫طو‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ًَِ٣ٝ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ‫حُ٘و٤ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬ ٍ
١ ٠ِ‫ػ‬.ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫ٝحُظؼخ‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ‫َ٣وش‬ُ‫رخ‬ ٢‫حَُٔطز‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٌَٖٓٝ٘
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫هيٜٓخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ّ‫ٝ٣ِ٤خ‬ٕٞ٤‫"حُزخٗؼ‬ ‫ٓؼزي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخًيٝٗخُي‬‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫ؿِء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ًَِ٣ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ "
َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٌَٗ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٙ‫هِي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٍٞ١ٝ ‫حُٔؼزي‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫ح‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫حُٔؼزي‬‫ُِيٍحٓش‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫ُلي٣غ‬.‫حُ٘خهيس‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬‫أىح‬َ‫ٛخًٔظ٤ز‬
ٍٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طؼخِٓض‬‫ػٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٍحؿؼض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٠‫ٗٞػ‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔلخد‬ ‫ُ٘خ١لخص‬
ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔلخد‬ ‫ٗخ١لخص‬ َ‫أًز‬ ٖٓ،‫حُ٘ي٣ي‬ ٕ‫ُ٘ي‬ ‫حكظ٤خؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ِٝٛض‬ ‫حَُٔحؿؼش‬ ٌٙٛ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓٝ
ٖٓ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٌٙٛ َ‫ُٔؼ‬‫حُ٘ٔذ‬ ٍ‫ٝؿٔخ‬ َ٤ٛ‫طلخ‬ ‫ٍٝٝػش‬ ‫أٗخهش‬،٠٘‫ٓز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞىس‬ ‫ًظِي‬
.ّ‫ٓ٤ـَح‬ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٖٕٓ‫ٗ٤٘ٔخ‬ َ٤ًٝ ٕ‫ى٣ِٔخ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٢‫ٞػ‬90
٢‫ك‬‫طٜ٘٤ق‬
ٕ‫رخإلٌٓخ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خءحص‬ُٔ‫ح‬ َٛٝ ‫كوي‬ ،‫ٝٗٔخًؽ‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٗٔخًؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طـَ٣ي٣ش‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬ ٕٞ‫ئُل‬
ٖٓ ٌْٜ٘ٔ٣ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٖٓ ‫طٌٔ٘ٞح‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٝحُز٘خء‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ُطَم‬ ‫ٝٗٔـخًؽ‬ ٠ٌُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬
‫٣٠ؼٜٞٗخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ُألٛيحف‬ ٚ‫طلو٤و‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٠ٌ٘ٓ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ٝطٜ٘٤ق‬ ‫ٝٛق‬
٘ٓ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ‫طؼخِٓٞح‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫َُِٔ٘ٝع‬ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٓٞٗظَ٣خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫َٝع‬١ٌ
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚٔٔٛ.١‫ٛلي‬ ٕٞٓ‫ال‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحألٛٔ٤ش‬
‫ػٔ٤وش‬ ‫ٝحٗٔخم‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ْ٣‫ٝطوي‬ َ٘ٗ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ر٘ـخكٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫ٓ٘لَى‬ َٔ‫ًؼ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫٣٘ظ‬
٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫حكظٞحء‬ ‫ًٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ‫ٌُٝ٤ل٤ش‬ ٍ‫ُالٓظؼٔخ‬٠‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُالكظ٤خؿخص‬.
3/1/4ٙ‫انمٛبؼ‬ ‫انُمس‬Measured Criticism:
‫حُٔلي‬ ْ٤٣‫حُٔوخ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣٘خرٜخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫حألٍهخ‬ ّ‫٣ٔظوي‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ً‫ح‬‫طلي٣ي‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫١َم‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٞٛ ّ‫حُو٤خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬‫ىس‬
٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حألىحء‬ ‫ٓٔظٞ٣خص‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٔوق‬ ‫ًخٍطلخع‬ ٠ٗ‫أى‬ ‫كي‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬ ٌٙٛٝ ،
‫ٓظٞٓط‬ٌٙٛٝ ‫حُزَٝىس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلَحٍس‬ ‫ىٍؿش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٓل٠ِش‬ ١َٝٗ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ‫طٌِلش‬ ٢ٓٞ‫ًٔظ‬ ‫خص‬
ِ‫ٓط‬ ‫أٛيحف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍٞ‫طظل‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٞحؿيٛخ‬ َ٠‫٣ل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬‫ٝٗـي‬ ‫طلو٤وٜخ‬ ‫ٞد‬
‫أٓؼِش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬‫كـَحص‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ْ٤‫ك٤ظَٝك‬ ‫حهظَحف‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ًالٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ّ‫حُطؼخ‬‫٣ـذ‬ٕ‫أ‬ٌٕٞ٣‫١ُٜٞخ‬ٖ٤‫َٓط‬
90
Deilmann, H. The Dwelling, L'habitat p. 18 Stuttgart : Karl Kramer Verlag, 1973.

92. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
92
‫حُلـ‬ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫هي‬.‫َس‬‫ًٌُٝي‬‫حُ٘خهي‬٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ِٞ٤ٓ‫ًخ‬‫ٓ٤ض‬91
‫َٓح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٗٔذ‬ ‫٣ليى‬‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ػخطٜخ‬
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ٓليىح‬٢‫٣٘زـ‬ٕ‫أ‬ٌٕٞ٣‫حٍطلخع‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حالٍٟ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓوخٓخ‬
ٖ٤ًٍٗٞ‫حُٔوق‬ٓ‫ظ٘خٓز‬‫خ‬‫ٓغ‬‫ح‬‫رؼ‬‫خ‬‫ى‬.ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌٌْٙٛ‫طؼ‬ ‫ٓل٠ِش‬ ١َٝٗ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٓٞ‫ٓظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠ٗ‫أى‬ ‫كي‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٢ٓ‫حُو٤خ‬
٢‫طَطز‬ ‫طٜ٘٤لخص‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ٌٙٛٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٞحكَٛخ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬
: ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼظٔي‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رؤىحء‬
1-‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظو٘٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬.Technical goals
2-‫حُٔ٘لؼ٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬.Functional goals
3-ُِٔ‫ح‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬‫ًٞ٤ش‬.Behavioral goals
ٚ‫ٛ٤خٗظ‬ ‫ٝآٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٝٛالرظ‬ ٚ‫ٝٛ٘خػظ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ر٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ٖٓ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬
" ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫ٝٓؼخ‬Rabinowitz"92
ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ ٢ٗ‫ٓزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُيحهِ٤ش‬ ٢‫ُِلٞحث‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُلخث‬ ‫هيٍس‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ‫حػظزخٍحص‬ ٖٔ٠‫ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ٕ‫ٝحألُٝح‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ٕ‫حألُٝح‬ َٔ‫ل‬
‫ٝٓو‬ ٚ‫ٝٗظخكظ‬ ٕ‫ُِوي‬ ٚ‫ٝٓوخٝٓظ‬ ٚ‫ٓطل‬ ‫ٝٓظخٗش‬ ‫حُٔؼيحص‬.‫حألطَرش‬ ًْ‫ُٝظَح‬ ‫ُالطٔخم‬ ٚ‫خٝٓظ‬‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬
‫طظ٘ٞع‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫أٗ٘طش‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػذ‬ ٕ‫ًٌٔخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رؤىحء‬ ٢‫ٝطَطز‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔ٘لؼ٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ُٞظ٤لش‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٝطوظِق‬‫ٌُُي‬ ،‫٣ٔٔق‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٕٓ ‫كَحؽ‬ َ‫طٞحك‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫كب‬
‫ٝحألك‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ‫رخألٗ٘طش‬.‫ٝحألػ٤خى‬ ‫ٝحالكظلخالص‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫يحع‬٢ٛ ‫حُؼخُؼش‬ ‫ٝحُٔـٔٞػش‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ َ٤‫رظؤػ‬ ْ‫طٜظ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حًُِٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫حألٛيحف‬‫حألكَحى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٠٘‫ز‬،ٍ‫ُُٞح‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ‫ٝهي‬93
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٓ٤ِص‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
ٜ‫ٍٝرطظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حًُِٔٞ٤ش‬ ١‫حألٗٔخ‬١‫ر٘٘خ‬ ‫خ‬٢ٛ ١‫حألٗٔخ‬ ٌٙٛٝ ،‫حُ٘وي‬:
‫انًجُٛخ‬ ‫نهجٛئخ‬ ٘‫انجصط‬ ‫اإلزضان‬Visual Perception
91
Sitte, Camillo. The Art of Building Cities. P. 27 Reinhold, N.Y. (1945) .
92
Rabinowitz, H. Building in use study. University of Wisconsin Press (1974).
93
Lozar, C. Measurement Techniques Towards measurement Technology. E.D.R.
(1974) .

93. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
93
ٝ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ٞٛ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ‫حالىٍحى‬ٞٛ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬
‫ًظ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٝظخثق‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٌَُِ٘ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬.‫حُٔٔـي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُوزش‬ ‫حُٔجٌٗش‬ َ٤‫ؼز‬
ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٌٕٞ٣ٝ‫حُ٘خه‬:ٍ‫حُظٔخإ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحإلؿخرش‬ ٚ‫كل‬ ‫ي‬‫حُطَ٣وش‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ِٕٞٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫أىٍى‬ َٛ
ُٜ ٢‫ٝهط‬ ‫طٍٜٞٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٖ‫ؿَ٣ل‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝ٣ظ٠ق‬ ُٕٜٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬٢‫ك‬ ٠ٌ٘ٓ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬
ًٔ‫ز‬ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ػي٣يس‬ ‫ُٔوخرالص‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ ‫حُظيٍؽ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٚ‫كٌَط‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫َىؽ‬
ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حًظ٘ق‬82ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٖٓ %‫ال‬٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ ‫حُظيٍؽ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ُْٝ َٟ‫ط‬.
‫انًجُٛخ‬ ‫انجٛئخ‬ ‫عٕاَت‬ ٕ‫َح‬ ‫انؼبيخ‬ ‫انًٕٛل‬General Attitudes
ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ َ‫٣٘ؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١‫ٝحالٍطزخ‬ ‫حالٗـٌحد‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طَؿغ‬ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬.
‫انًجُٛخ‬ ‫انجٛئخ‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انًهحٕظخ‬ ‫انؽهٕكٛخ‬ ‫األَشطخ‬Observable Behavioral Activities :
‫طظ‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤لخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔـٔٞػخص‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ١‫أٗٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫يٍؽ‬
ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٠‫كظ‬ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألػخع‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٠.
ِ‫ٓ٤٘ظ‬ ٢ًُِٞٔ‫ح‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ‫ٝهي‬َٟ‫ٝحأله‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ِش‬ ‫أكيٛٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ُلـَط‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ ‫رظـَرش‬
٢‫ك‬ ٚٗ‫حٓظلخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَ ٢‫ك‬ ‫١خُذ‬ ‫ٟٝٝغ‬ ‫هز٤لش‬‫ُٔيس‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ًٍَٝ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔوٍَس‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٟ‫اكي‬
‫١خهش‬ ٙ‫ٝػ٘ي‬ َ‫أًز‬ ‫رَٔػش‬ ٕ‫حالٓظلخ‬ ٠ٜ٘٣ ‫حُـٔ٤ِش‬ ‫حُـَكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُطخُذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫كٞؿي‬ ‫أٓخر٤غ‬ ‫ػالع‬
ُّٞ٘‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٝحُظؼذ‬ َُِٔ‫ح‬ ٠ٗ‫٣ؼخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُوز٤لش‬ ‫حُـَكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُطخُذ‬ ٌْ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ُٔٞحِٛش‬
‫حَُٔث٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حٓظ٘ظؾ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬. ًِْٜٞٓٝ ٙ‫ألٗوخ‬‫ٓٔخ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حًُِٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔالٓق‬ ّ‫حُو٤خ‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫ؿِء‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫ٓزن‬
‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ‫ٝحٓظطالػخص‬ ‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حإلػخٍس‬ ‫َٝٓحهزش‬ ‫ٝحُٔالكظش‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوخرالص‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫أٓخُ٤ذ‬
‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٙ‫حالٗظزخ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫حُٞٓخث‬ ٖٓ. ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫٤ٞرٜخ‬
3/2٘‫انزفؽٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Interpretive Criticism
١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ َٔ‫حُٔل‬ ٍٝ‫ري‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫ريٍؿش‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ١َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓالٓق‬ ْٛ‫أ‬
‫رٌٔح‬٢‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ َٔ‫رؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٛذ‬ِْٜ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ ٖ٣‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫٣ٜزؾ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬ ،
‫ك‬ ٞٛ ٙ‫ٍآ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫٣َٝح‬‫ػالع‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طظَحٝف‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ٝٝٓ٤ِظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢:ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬

94. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
94
-.٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ّ‫٣وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬
-.٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚ‫طلخػ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫حُٔ٘خػ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُ٤وظَد‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬ َ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ‫اػخٍس‬
-.٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ً‫خ‬ٛ‫هخ‬ ً‫ال‬ٔ‫ػ‬ ‫٣٘٘ت‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُظ‬ ٌٙٛٝ‫حُؼالع‬ ‫و٘٤خص‬٢‫ًخ٥ط‬ ‫طؼَف‬ ١َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬:
)‫(حُٔئ٣ي‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Advocatory criticism
٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬Evocative criticism
( ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬١َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬)Impressionistic criticism
3/2/1)‫(انًإٚس‬ ٙ‫انسفبػ‬ ‫انُمس‬Advocatory Criticism:
٤ُٞ‫ط‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ َ٣‫طوي‬ ‫ٝأكيحع‬ ‫ي‬
ُٝ‫ٝٓلخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رـٞىس‬ ٚٗ‫ا٣ٔخ‬.ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫رٌٜح‬ ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫اه٘خع‬ ٚ‫ظ‬ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٝىهش‬ َٙ‫رل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍ‫٣وظخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
َٙ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬ ْ‫طيػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٌٙٛٝ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٝ٣يحكغ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٔظؼَٟٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬
‫حُٔز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ْ‫٣يػ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ٚ‫ٝأٗ٘طظ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ًَ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٌُٜٙ ٍٙ‫كخهظ٤خ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٠٘
ُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬.ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٟ٣ ١ٌٓ‫ُٞى‬ ًْ‫ٓخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖ٠٘‫طز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
-
‫المؤٌد‬ ً‫الدفاع‬
Advocatory
‫توجه‬ ‫او‬ ‫نظرٌة‬ ‫تأٌٌد‬
‫معماري‬
ً‫الذات‬ ً‫التأوٌل‬ ‫النقد‬
Interpretive Criticism
ً‫االنطباع‬ ‫التعبٌري‬
Impressionistic
‫الشعورٌة‬ ‫االنطباعات‬
‫والحسٌة‬
-
ً‫الشخص‬
Subjective
‫نظر‬ ‫وجهة‬ ً‫تبن‬
‫شخصٌة‬

95. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
95
‫حُٔٞٓ٤و٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٞطخص‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝحؿٜخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫ٍٝر‬ ٍٕ‫ٝهخ‬ ‫ٓظـٔيس‬ ٠‫ٓٞٓ٤و‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٓوُٞش‬
‫ك٤غ‬ٖٓ ًَ ‫هٞس‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ٠‫ٝحُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫طَر‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼَ٣٠ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ٞٛ ‫حإل٣وخع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫أػظز‬
ّ‫حالٗظظخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٖ٤٘‫حُل‬ ٖ٣ٌٛ‫ح‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫حألػٔيس‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫كخُٔٔخكش‬ ،ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ ٌَ٘٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫إل٣وخع‬
٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬ٞ‫ٝحُظ٘خه‬ ‫حُ٘ـٔخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظ٘ٞع‬ ِٚ‫٣ٔخػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٠ٞء‬ ٕ‫حألُٞح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘ٞع‬ ،
ٓ ٢‫ك‬ٚ‫ٓالكظظ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حألٓطق‬ ِْٔ‫حألٛٞحص‬ ‫كيس‬ ‫حهظالف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٓٞٓ٤و‬.
ٓ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣يحكغ‬ ْٜ٘ٓ ًَ ١‫ٗوخ‬ ‫ػيس‬ َٝ‫ٗٔظؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫ُٝظٟٞ٤ق‬َٔ‫٣ؼ‬ ٍٞ‫٘ظ‬
:‫ٌٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫كَحؿخص‬ ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬ٖ٣َ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ؿخ‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬94
‫ال‬ ٠ٌُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔطزن‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ َٔ‫ٝحُٔٔظؼ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫اه٘خع‬ ٍٝ‫كخ‬
َٔ‫ٓؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫هيٓخص‬ ‫ًٔ٘طوش‬ َٟ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ٗ٘طش‬ ‫ىحكجش‬ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫ٝحُظ٘ظ٤ق‬ ‫حُطزن‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤خص‬
‫ٝحال‬ ‫ٝحُظِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُلي٣غ‬ ‫ٝحَُ٘حد‬ ّ‫ًخُطؼخ‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ َ‫رؤًؼ‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫طٜخ‬
ٍ‫حىٝح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ .‫حُٞحكيس‬ ‫حألَٓس‬ ‫أكَحى‬ٍ‫ٛخ‬95
٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫حُظوِ٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حُـَكش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫أًي‬
َٟ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُ٤خرخ‬ ٍُِ٘ٔ‫ح‬ٌٙٛ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُ٤خرخ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ
‫ٝح‬ ‫حُ٤خرخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔيكؤس‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؿخُز‬ ًَِٓ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ
‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ‫٣ظٞحؿي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬‫َٓح‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ِْ‫٣ـ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿ٤ي‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬ ٢ٌُ ٢ٗ‫حُ٤خرخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ،ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ػي٣يس‬ ‫ص‬
. ‫حُٔيكؤس‬ ‫طِي‬ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬‫هَحءس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔظويٓش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫حُطَم‬ ‫حهظالف‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬
‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬١ٍ،ٌِ٘٤‫ؿ‬ ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝٛق‬ ‫ٝهي‬96
‫رخَُهٜش‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫هَحءس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٟ٣ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُألكيحع‬ ‫ٓوظخٍس‬ ‫هَحءس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُظلٔ٤َ٣ش‬
٢ٛ َ٤‫حأله‬ َٕ‫حُو‬َٓ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝك٘٤ش‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ٝكًَخص‬ ‫كِوخص‬‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ َٛ‫حُظٞح‬ ‫ٝطلظوي‬ ‫طزطش‬‫٣ئًي‬ٌ٤ّٗ‫ٞال‬
ِٜ٘٤‫ر‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٓليىس‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٞٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٕ‫أ‬.ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔلظ‬
‫حٓخ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ‫حُٔٞد‬ َّٝ‫ر‬ "َٟ٤‫ك‬٢‫ك‬ َ٤٤‫ُِظـ‬ ١َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫كزؼ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬َٝ‫٣٘ظ‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٞٚ‫ر‬ ٕٝ‫٣ٔظٜ٘ي‬ ‫ًَٔؿغ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕٙ‫٣َح‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ .
‫ح٥ه‬ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ُٙٝ‫ٝطـخ‬ ٙ‫ٟي‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ١‫ًظلي‬ َ.ُ‫ح‬ ًٕ‫ا‬‫ل‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫حُ٠ٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫َٟ٤ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُلظَحص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫حَُٔحك‬‫حُلَ٣يس‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ٍٝكٜخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ظخٍ٣ن‬َٔ‫حُٔل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔئٍم‬ ‫ٜٓٔش‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ،
94
Green, G. The kitchen as Erogenous Zone. p. 35 Sept . (1972) .
95
Hall, E. The Hidden Dimension. p. 150 Doubleday, Graden city (1969) .
96
Jencks, C. Modern movements in architecture. p. 13 Anchor, Gurden city (1973) .

96. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
96
٣ٝ ‫حَُٝف‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫ـ‬‫ٝطؼِٜ٘خ‬ ‫طيػٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ‫ي‬.َ‫حُٔيه‬ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔئ٣ي‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬
ٕ‫أ‬٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وخى‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫٣َ٘٘ٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِ٘ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔـخىالص‬ ‫حٍُٔ٘٘ٞحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٙ‫َٗح‬
" ْٓ‫رخ‬ ‫طؼَف‬Manifestos١َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ْ‫طيػ‬ ‫كَٟ٤خص‬ ‫ٝر٘خء‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕٝ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ "
ُ‫ح‬ ٌٙٛ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ُٝؼ‬ ‫ُألكيحع‬٢‫كـ‬ ‫ٍٔ٘٘ٞحص‬،ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ِٚ٘‫أػ‬ ‫ٓخ‬
٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ٤97
‫حُؼخ‬ ٚ‫٣ٞحؿ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُؼ‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤٘ٓ‫رٜلش‬ ُْ
‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ػخٓش‬:
"‫طخٍ٣ن‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ٍٞ‫ٝ٣ظط‬ ‫٣٘لظق‬‫رز٢ء‬َ‫ػز‬َٕٝ‫حُو‬‫ًخٗيٓخؽ‬
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍٞ‫ٓظط‬‫حالٗ٘خء‬ُٝ‫ح‬،‫ِهَكش‬ٌُٖٝ٢‫ك‬‫آه‬َٖ٤ٔٔ‫ه‬‫ٓ٘ش‬
‫حُِٜذ‬‫ٝحُوَٓخٗش‬‫هي‬‫ؿِزض‬‫ٌٓظٔزخص‬‫ؿي٣يس‬٢َٛٝٗ‫ٓئ‬‫هيٍس‬
َ‫أًز‬‫ُِز٘خء‬‫ٝحُظ٘٤٤ي‬،ٍ‫ٝحُؼٔخ‬‫س‬‫حٗوِزض‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬َُُٞٓ‫ح‬‫حُوي٣ٔش‬.‫اًح‬
ٖ‫ٗل‬ٟ‫ٗظلي‬،٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ٖ٤‫٣ظؼ‬‫ػِ٤٘خ‬ٕ‫أ‬ِْ‫ٗظؼ‬ٕ‫أ‬١‫حألٗٔخ‬‫ٝحُوٞحُذ‬
ُْ‫طؼي‬‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬،‫ُ٘خ‬‫اال‬ُ‫ح‬٢ٔ٘١ٌُ‫ح‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٝ‫ح‬٣٢ٔ‫٘ظ‬٠ُ‫ا‬
‫حُلظَس‬‫ح‬‫ُوخٛش‬‫ر٘خ‬‫هي‬،٢‫طؤط‬ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ُ‫ح‬‫ؼٍٞس‬."
٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ٚ٤-‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫ًظخد‬
3/2/2ٙ‫انؼبطف‬ ‫انُمس‬Evocative Criticism
َ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬‫حٓظـخرخص‬‫ػخ١ل٤ش‬‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ٝٗٞػ٤ش‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،
ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫رٌخكش‬ ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رخُٔز‬ ٚ‫ُوخث‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُٔ٘خػ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ َ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫ٓخث‬
‫حُٔخ‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ َ‫حُٞٓخث‬ ‫طِي‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُوخٍة‬.‫حٍُٜٔٞس‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬ ‫ىس‬‫ٌُح‬َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫٣ِؼذ‬
‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫أػخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫كؼخُ٤ش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫حٍُٜٔٞس‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٢
‫حٓظـخرخص‬‫ٍُِٜٝٞس‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬ٍ‫حُوي‬ ‫ش‬ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫كُٜٞخ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظلخ‬ ٍِ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫س‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣َ٣يٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ْ‫طيػ‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ُحٝ٣ش‬98
.ْ٤‫ٝطيػ‬ ‫طوٞ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ٢ٌُٝ
‫رخٍُٜٞس‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬ٝ‫٣لخ‬ ‫ش‬‫رؼي‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔؤهًٞس‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٍ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ٝح‬ ،
ُ‫ًخ‬ ‫حإلػخٍس‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ٖٓ ٢ٛٝ ‫ط٘خه٠خص‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬‫حُز٤جش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّٞ‫حُلـ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حالٍطلخػخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٞ‫ظ٘خه‬
97
Le Corbusier. " Towards a new architecture " P. 250 Prager, N.Y (1960) .
98
Vostell, W " Fantastic Architecture " something else, N.Y )1969) .

97. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
97
‫طلض‬ ٞٛٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬ ، ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬
ٖٓ ‫ًُي‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حألٓطخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔخ١ؼش‬ ُْٔ٘‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُؼٞحٛق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ًخُ٠زخد‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٓئػَحص‬
ْ٤ٓ‫أكخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔئػَحص‬ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣وظَد‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُيفء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُزَٝىس‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬
‫طِي‬ ٖٓ ‫طوظَد‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ‫أػخٍس‬‫رٜخ‬ ْ‫أك‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.
‫رخُٔئػَحص‬ ٢‫كو‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ال‬ ٍٞٛ ّ‫رخٓظويح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ َٜ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ َ‫ٓ٘خػ‬ ‫حٓظيػخء‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬
‫رخُؼِٔ٤خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُـَ٣زش‬ ًٖ‫رخألٓخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٟ‫رخُٔخ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ٌُٖٝ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫ص‬
‫ًخُظ‬ ٢٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫طليع‬ٍٞٛ‫ٝحُظي‬ ّ‫وخى‬.ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ٟ‫حَُإ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢ٛ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫كؼخُ٤ش‬ َ‫حُٞٓخث‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬
ٍٞٛ٤‫كٞطٞؿَحك‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كَ٣ن‬ ‫حٗيالع‬ ‫ُلظش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ُلظش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُظوطض‬ ‫ش‬
ٍ‫حٜٗ٤خ‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ُِ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٝ‫طؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ّ‫ٛي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ٍٞٛ‫ظي‬‫ٝحُظؼَ٣ش‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬.
‫كوي‬ .ْ٣ُٞ ‫ٓخٗض‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ّ‫ٛي‬ ٍٞٛ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حالٓؼِش‬ ٖٓٝ‫حهظَف‬‫حُ٘وخى‬
ٖٝ٣َ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ٖ٤٤‫حُؼوخك‬ٕ‫أ‬ّ‫ٛي‬ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬‫رَٝص‬-ٞ‫ح٣ـ‬Pruitt-Igoe‫ٓخٗض‬ ‫رٔي٣٘ش‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ١ٍٞٔ٤ٓ ‫رٞال٣ش‬ ْ٣ُٞ1955،ٕ‫حػال‬ ٞٛ‫ٝكخس‬‫حُليحػش‬‫ٝريح٣ش‬َٜ‫ػ‬ٓ‫خ‬‫رؼي‬‫حُليحػش‬.
١ٞ٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫حُٔٞص‬ ‫ىالُش‬ ‫ُظئًي‬ ّ‫حُٜي‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛي‬ ‫ُيٍحٓخ‬ ‫حُٔٞػوش‬ ‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك٤ش‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحٓظويٓض‬
١‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝػ٤وش‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝحٛزلض‬ .‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ُلًَش‬ ١ٌَ‫ٝحُل‬
‫حُليحػش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٝٓ٤الى‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫رٔٞص‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ططٍٞحص‬ ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫ًظخد‬.ٌٙٛ
‫إلٗخٍس‬ ‫ًحطٜخ‬ ‫كي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًخك٤ش‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظو٘٤خص‬‫حٓظـخرخص‬ُْ ‫اًح‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٖٓ ‫ػخ١ل٤ش‬
‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٍ‫حهظ٤خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫ػخ١ل‬ ١‫حٍطزخ‬ ‫٣ظٞحؿي‬
ٌٕٞ٤ُ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞع‬.
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬‫رَٝص‬-ٞ‫ح٣ـ‬Pruitt-Igoe

98. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
98
.‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝٓٞص‬ ١ٍٞٔ٤ٓ ٌَٖٔٓ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫٣ِؼذ‬‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫حُٔخىس‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢‫حُؼخ١ل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٣َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٢
‫ػٞحٛق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫ٛي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ ‫حُظـخٝرخص‬ ‫أػخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫كؼخُ٤ش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫حٍُٜٔٞس‬
ُِ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٝ‫طؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬‫ٝحُظؼَ٣ش‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٍٞٛ‫ظي‬.
3/2/3‫انُمس‬ٙ‫االَطجبػ‬Impressionistic Criticism:
٣ ‫ًوخػيس‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٔ‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٘٘خ‬
ٚ‫ر‬ ٙ‫هخ‬.‫ؿي٣ي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٜ٤خؿش‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫أٍٟ٤ش‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ِٛ‫حأل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ٍٞٛ‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓوظِق‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫ٓل‬.‫ػ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٌٓظٞد‬ َٔRobert
Delaumay.َٔ‫رؼ‬ ‫ُِزَؽ‬ ٢‫حإلٗ٘خث‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ َ‫ا٣ل‬ ‫رَؽ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٓالكظخط‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُلوز‬ ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫كٔخٓ٤ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ٝطؼز‬ ‫حُزَؽ‬ ٌَٗ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ‫حٌٓظ٘خص‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ش‬

99. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
99
‫٣ؼخَٛٛخ‬،‫حإل‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ٝك‬َ‫حُـ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ " ‫ًظخد‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ٍ‫١خ‬‫٣ز‬‫ش‬"99
‫٣ل‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٟٞ
ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٛخٓش‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬َٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ٢‫َُر‬ ‫طَ٘٣ل٤ش‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬ ‫ش‬
‫إلػطخء‬ َٟ‫أه‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬‫طٞٛ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫حُٔطِٞد‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬.١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫ِٝٛض‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫ٝطِؼذ‬ " ٞ‫أط‬ ٖ٣‫ٝح‬ " ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫أُلٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُٔٔك٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أهٜخٛخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ػالع‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألىٝح‬
َُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔٞحهق‬ ‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ َِٔٔ‫ٝط‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُلٞح‬ ٌَ٘٣ٝ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٞؿٜٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٓخُش‬.
‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُٔٔك٤ش‬
‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ٢ٜ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫حالٗطزخع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ًحط‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٞٛ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ًٕ‫ا‬،‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ ‫حٗطزخع‬ ٞٛٝ
ٔ‫٣ؼظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫ٝؿيح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهخص‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫حُٞؿيح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ي‬
ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫ٟٝٓٞٞػ٤ش‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٜٔ٘ـؾ‬ ٚ‫ٝر٘خث‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬.‫ر‬ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫خُظخ‬ََ‫ٓل‬
‫حُ٘وي‬‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫حُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞؿيحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ٔظ٘ي‬ ‫اٗٔخ‬ ‫ٍىة‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿ٤ي‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬،ٌٙٛ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫٣ظٞحكن‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ٝا‬
‫كب‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ ‫حُلخُش‬‫ًؼ٤َس‬ ‫ٓؼِٞٓخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔيص‬ ُٞ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫أٛلخرٜخ‬ ‫طؤٓالص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طٔظ٘ي‬ ّ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٕ
ٍٞ‫ٝطظل‬ ٌٚٔ‫ك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ٣ ٢ٌُ ٚ‫َُإ٣ظ‬ ‫ٝحُز٤خٗخص‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ‫٣و٠غ‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝٓٞػوش‬
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫أهاله‬ ‫ٓٞهق‬٢‫أ٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ‬.٢‫ًحط‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ‫ٝؿ٤خد‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ
‫ال‬ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬‫ط‬ّ‫ظالء‬‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫طو٤٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖ٣َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٍؿزش‬ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ط‬ ‫ٝال‬ ٖ٤٤‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ٢٘‫طؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ْٜ‫ؿي٣ظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٍٝ‫ظؼخ‬
. ْٜ٘ٓ ‫ٝحُلخثيس‬ٖٓ ً‫ال‬‫ري‬ ‫ٓؼ٤َس‬ ٍٟٝٝ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٠٘‫٣ز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حُلو‬‫ر‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫خثن‬‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫خُلخُش‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫َٓػخ‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ،
ٟٞٞٓ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫ح‬ُ‫ٓ٘لخ‬. ‫حُٜؼٞرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿخ٣ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫ػ‬
99
Vostell, W " Fantastic Architecture " something else, N.Y (1969) .

100. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
111
ًٌ‫ط‬ َٜٔ٣ٝ ‫َٓث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ِؼزٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ٍ‫حألىٝح‬ ٖٓ‫َٛخ‬
‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ْٜ‫ٗل‬ ‫طـؼِ٘خ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ػخرظش‬ ‫ٜٓطِلخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫هط٤ش‬ ‫ٛلش‬ ًٝ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬
‫ك‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٓلطش‬ ‫ٝٛق‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ًحًَط٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طـؼِٜخ‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬‫حُ٘خػٔش‬ ‫رخُٔلخٍس‬ ‫ٗ٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ٍ‫ٓطخ‬ ٢ٝ‫أ‬ ،
‫ٓز٘خٛخ‬ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ‫ٛخٍكخٍى‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخػش‬ ‫ٝٛق‬.‫حُٔؼوزش‬ َ‫حٌُٞٓز٤ٞط‬ ‫ًَٝص‬ ٚ٤٘٣‫ٌٛح‬
ٖٓ ‫حُـخٗذ‬‫ٝ٣زخُؾ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫هخ‬ ‫ؿِء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ٣ ‫ٜٝٓطِلخص‬ ‫ط٘ز٤ٜخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫إلػطخ‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫كخ‬ ٌِ٘٤‫ؿ‬ ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٜٚ‫حُظو‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌُٖٝ ٚ٤‫ك‬ٙ‫أٓٔخ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ء‬
‫حُوِل٤ش‬ ‫حُظـٌ٣ش‬.‫ح‬ َٙ٣َ‫طو‬ ٌِ٤٘‫ؿ‬ ّ‫ٝهي‬ٓ" ‫رـخٓؼش‬ ٠ٌُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ١‫ُ٘وي‬‫خٗض‬ٍٝ‫حٗي‬ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٓٔظوي‬ "
ٟ‫ٝح‬ ‫حألِٓٞد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ٚ‫٣ٞحؿ‬ ِٚ‫ؿؼ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُزلخٍس‬ ‫َٓحًذ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔل٤٘ش‬ ٚ‫٣٘ز‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ً‫خ‬‫ؼ‬ْٜٔٓ ٖٓ ً‫ح‬‫ٍى‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ْٔ٤‫ؿ‬ٙ‫ٓز٘خ‬ ٌَٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝق‬ ‫َُ٘ؾ‬٣ ‫ال‬ِ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ُٚ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ٖ‫حُٔل‬ ٌَُ٘ ٢ٔ‫٘ظ‬ٚ
ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ ٖ٤‫ؿ٘خك‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ظلَع‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٜ٘ي‬٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ١َٜ‫حُز‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫٣ٌ٘ال‬ ٖ٤٤.
ٍٞ٣ٞ٤ٗ ٍ‫ٓطخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٓلطش‬‫ى‬ٖ٤٘٣ٍ‫ٓخ‬ َٝ٣‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬.
‫انُمس‬ٙ‫االَطجبػ‬(٘‫انزأصٛط‬)Impressionistic
٣ ‫ًوخػيس‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َٔ‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٘٘ؤ‬
ٚ‫ر‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ٍٞٛ‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓوظِق‬ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ُٜ٤خؿش‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫أٍٟ٤ش‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ِٛ‫حأل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،

101. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
111
َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫ٓل‬.َ٠‫حك‬ ٖٓٝ‫حالٓؼِش‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ً‫ال‬‫ٓٔظو‬ ً‫خ‬٤٘‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬ٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣٘٘ؤ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫٣٘خهٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ٚ‫حٗطزخػخط‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ّ‫حٓظويح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ٖ‫حُل‬َ٤‫حٌُخٍ٣ٌخط‬١‫ٝحػخٍس‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬
َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫إلٗظخؽ‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬ .‫حالٓزٞػ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜلخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫ٝػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬
َ‫ٓٔظو‬ ٢٘‫ك‬٠ُٝ‫حال‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػظٜخ‬ ٍْٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫ٛ٤ِٔخ‬ ْ٣ُٞ ٍ‫حػٔخ‬ ٞٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬
ٍ‫ٝحػخ‬ ٖ٤٤ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫ًٝزخ‬ ‫رَٝحى‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حُٔالٓق‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َ‫ٝػز‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َ‫حُٔـ‬ ‫ُٔـِش‬
.ُ‫حُطَح‬ ‫ؿٔٞى‬ ٖٓ ‫حُظوٞف‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ
‫ٌُز‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ ‫رٍٞطَ٣ٜخص‬ ‫طٜ٤ؾ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫ٛ٤ِٔخ‬ ْ٣ُٞ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٍ‫حػٔخ‬ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤٤ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫خ‬
،١َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ ،ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ :ٖ٤ٔ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫(رخُظَط٤ذ‬ ْٜ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػخط‬ ُْٜ‫ألػٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔلَىحص‬
.)ٕ‫ح٣ِٗٔخ‬ َ‫ٝر٤ظ‬
٤‫حٌُخٍ٣ٌخط‬ ٕ‫ك٘خ‬َ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طظٞحكن‬ ‫ال‬ َُ‫ُط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ِٝ‫حُـ‬ ‫٣٘وي‬ ٖ٤ٛ‫ؿخ‬ ‫ٛالف‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬
ٔ‫ٝحُؼ‬.‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُظَحػ٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔ٘خ١ن‬ ‫َحٗ٤ش‬

102. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
112
3/3ٙ‫انٕصف‬ ‫انُمس‬Descriptive Criticism
‫٣٠غ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫طلٔ٤َ٣ش‬ ْ‫ٗظ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْٜ‫ُل‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ‫٣٠غ‬ ٢‫حُٞٛل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٖٓٝ ‫كو٤و٤ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٌٔ٘٘خ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫طو٤٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫هخػيس‬َ٠‫أك‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٜٚٔ‫ك‬
‫ك‬ ٟٞ‫٣ل‬ ٞٛٝ:٢ٛ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫حطـخٛخص‬ ‫ػالع‬ ِٚ‫ىحه‬ ٢
1-٘‫انزصٕٚط‬ ‫انُمس‬Depictive Criticism
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رخٌُِٔش‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫ٍإ٣ظٜخ‬ ٌٖٔ٤ُ ‫طـٔغ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حألٓظخط٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫ٝحإلريحػ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ‫رَٛي‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫رخًٌَُٝ٤خص‬‫ح‬ ‫أٗظؾ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫٤ش‬.٠٘‫ُٔز‬
2-ٖ‫انؽٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Biographical Criticism
‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حُلوخثن‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ٝ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫رٔ٘ظـ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬ َِ‫ٝطل‬ ٍّ‫طي‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫رٔ٘ظـ‬ ‫حُِٜش‬ ‫ٝػ٤وش‬
٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلَ٣ن‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬.
3-ٙ‫انؽٛبل‬ ‫انُمس‬Contextual Criticism
‫ٝ٣ي‬ ٍّ‫ٝطي‬ َ‫طٔـ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٝاٗظخؽ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫رظ‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫ًٌُٝي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ٍّ
، ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحألٟٝخع‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ، ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬.
3/3/1٘‫انزصٕٚط‬ ‫انُمس‬Depictive Criticism
: ‫االؼزبرٛكٛخ‬ ‫انغٕاَت‬ : ‫أٔال‬Static Aspects
-
ً‫وصف‬
Cescriptive
‫عن‬ ‫وصفٌة‬ ‫حقائق‬
‫البناء‬
ً‫الوصف‬ ‫النقد‬
Descriptive
Criticism
‫سٌري‬
Biographical
‫سٌرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مؤثرات‬
‫المعماري‬ ‫حٌاة‬
-
ً‫سٌاق‬
Contextual
‫المبنى‬ ‫عالقة‬
‫المحٌط‬ ‫بالسٌاق‬
Less is More

103. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
113
‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫طِي‬‫حألٓظخط٤ٌ٤ش‬ٌُ٘‫ح‬ َٔ٘‫ط‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ُِٕٞ‫ٝح‬ ُِْٔٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحى‬ َ،‫ٝٛلٜخ‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ َٔ‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ٢‫طٞػ٤و‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ل٤ي‬ ‫حُٞٛق‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫ٝحُي٣خؿَحٓخص‬ ‫ش‬
‫٣ز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬.٢ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ١َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫يأ‬ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلٍٗخى٣ش‬ ‫حٌُظذ‬ ١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫حُٞٛل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣ظٞحؿي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حإلٍٗخى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫طٔظوي‬
‫ٝحألػَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٓؼ٤َس‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫حٓظٌ٘خف‬ ٖٓ َ‫طـؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،
‫َٝٓؿ‬‫ًظذ‬ ‫ِِٓٔش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ٞرش‬‫حٗـِظَح‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬100
.‫رخالٌٓظ٘خص‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬
‫حُٔؼ‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔل٤يس‬ ‫حألٓخُ٤ذ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحُي٣خؿَحٓخص‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ِٞٓخص‬
٣‫كخُي‬ ‫رخٌُِٔش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ َُْٓ‫رخ‬ ‫طٔـ٤ِٜخ‬ َ٠‫٣ل‬‫خ‬‫أ‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ‫ؿَحٓخص‬‫ٝٓخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ؿِحء‬
‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫حُؼالهخص‬‫ٌُٝح‬ .ٚ‫اٗ٘خث‬ َ٤ٛ‫ٝطلخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫أؿِحء‬ ‫ػالهخص‬ ‫رَٛي‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬‫حُٔخىس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼظٔي‬
ٚ‫طلِ٤الط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔٓٞٓش‬َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ .‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫طٞػ٤و٤ش‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬ ٞٛ ٢١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫َُٝٛي‬ ‫ريهش‬ ‫حٓظؼِٔض‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ٓ٘لخُس‬ َ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ‫ٛخىهش‬ ٢ٛٝ،ّٞ‫طو‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍ‫أٌٗخ‬ ْ‫ًٝٔؼظ‬ .١َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ١‫رؤ‬‫٣ظٞحؿي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ً‫ال‬ٜ‫ٓ٘ل‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ ‫ال‬ ١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ،
‫ؿ‬ ُٚ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ٞ٤‫حُٞٛل‬ ٚ‫حٗز‬‫حُظٜٞ٣َ٣ش‬ ‫ش‬‫ٝؿ‬ٞ‫ح‬٣َ٤ٔ‫حُظل‬ ٚ‫ٗز‬‫ش‬٤ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬.‫ش‬
: ‫انسُٚبيٛكٛخ‬ ‫انغٕاَت‬ : ً‫ب‬َٛ‫صب‬Dynamic Aspects
‫رٜخ‬ َٔ‫٣ٔظؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣وٜي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ١َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ،٠٘‫حُٔز‬٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ‫طظخرؼخص‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ،
‫حُٔ٘خه‬ ٌٙٛٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ٜ٘٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٖ٤٤ًُِٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼِٔخء‬ ‫٣ؼ٤َٛخ‬ ‫٘خص‬ْٜٓ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ‫ذ‬
.ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ىٍح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ٍ‫ٓؼخ‬َ‫ًٞر‬ ًٍّٞ‫ٓخ‬ ٢ًُِٞٔ‫ح‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٓش‬101
‫أٗ٘طش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
ٖٓ ٌُٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حأل١لخ‬ ‫أٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٍٝهزض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٠ٌ٘ٓ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حأل١لخ‬300‫ٝكيس‬
‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٍطلخع‬ ‫ٓ٘ول٠ش‬ ‫ٌٓ٘٤ش‬: ٢ٛ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ َٛٝ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ٌٞٔ٤ٔٗ‫كَح‬ ٕ
-‫ىحه‬ ‫كيحثن‬ ‫ُظٜزق‬ ُٕٜٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٗٔوٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طلُٞض‬ ‫َُِٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫ِ٤ش‬
‫ُؼذ‬ ‫ٓ٘خ١ن‬.
-ٗ‫حأل‬ ْٛ‫أ‬١َ‫ٝحُـ‬ ِٙ٘‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ ٍّ‫طٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫٘طش‬.
-ُٔ‫ح‬ ٢ٛ ‫ُِؼذ‬ ‫حُٔل٠ِش‬ ‫حألٓطق‬‫حُو٠َحء‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ‫حُوَٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫َٔحص‬.
100
Pevsner, Nicolas . " The building of England " . Thames and Hodson . (1967) .
101
Marcus, Cooper .Children‟s play behavior. p. 197 (EDRA), (1974) .

104. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
114
-‫حُٔظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـٔٞػخص‬( ٍ‫ُأل١لخ‬ ‫ـخٗٔش‬َ‫ٛل‬–5( ، )6–11( ، )12–17).
‫حُلٌَس‬ ‫طٞحكن‬ ٟ‫ُٔي‬ ٍ‫ٝحهظزخ‬ ‫حُٔٔخػِش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُِيٍحٓش‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ُ‫ح‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ً٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬.
3/3/2ٖ‫انؽٛط‬ ‫انُمس‬Biographical Criticism
َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ٕ‫أ‬١‫ٗ٘ؤس‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ٌ٘ٓ ّ‫حالٛظٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطط‬
َٛ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫ٝحؿٜٞٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫ٝحألكيحع‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫رل٤خس‬ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬‫خ‬
.١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ْٜ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وي‬١‫ٓليٝى‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٌْ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝ٣َؿغ‬ ‫ُِـخ٣ش‬ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ٔ٣ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬َ‫رخُٞٓخث‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حإلهال‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫ػخىس‬ ِٕٞ٤
ٝ ‫حٌُالٓ٤ش‬‫حٌُظذ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حألكخى٣غ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬‫اٗـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍْٛٝ‫ى‬ َٕٝ٣ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،ْ٤ُٝ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ُ‫خ‬
. ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬‫حُٔ٘خٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬ ‫٣ٔي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُٞٛل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫أٗٞحع‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤‫ًـ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫حُٔيه‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬
٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ِٓلظش‬ ‫ٝؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ُ٤َحٛخ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫رؤٗ٤خء‬‫ػ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ‫طٜزق‬.ً‫ح‬‫َحء‬
َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٜٓٔش‬ ٕ‫أ‬١١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫أكزٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُٔؼزخص‬ ‫أُؼخد‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫١لُٞظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍح٣ض‬ ‫ُٞ٣ي‬ ‫كَحٗي‬102
ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍُٞٞر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬
ّ‫ٍٝٓخ‬ ‫ً٘لخص‬ٝ‫ح‬ ،َ٣‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬‫ٓخ‬ ٕٝ‫ٝحُل٘خ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٙ‫ٝحُي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٖ٤٤ٍٗ‫ٗظٞهق‬ .
‫ُِل٤ِ٣خ‬ ٍ‫حٌُٔ٘ي‬ َ‫ًَ٣ٔظٞك‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫حٓخ‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬‫ء‬ٖ٤ُ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حُٔظزخى‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؤػ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
.ٚ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػخط‬ ٚ‫ًظخرخط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٟٙٞٝ ٖ٤٤‫حُٔؼَك‬‫ٝحألكيحع‬ ‫حالػظزخٍحص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ٌٙٛ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٛ٘خى‬ َ‫طـؼ‬ ١ٍ‫رخُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُِٜش‬ ‫ٝػ٤وش‬ً‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬َٛ‫ك‬ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫ز‬.‫ػ٘يٓخ‬‫ٗؼَف‬ٕ‫أ‬١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬
ٕ‫ًخ‬ُٚ‫ٍى‬َ‫كؼ‬‫ػٔ٤ن‬ٞ‫ُزؼ‬‫حألكيحع‬٢‫ك‬َ‫َٓحك‬ٚ‫ك٤خط‬،ٌٖٔ٣ٕ‫أ‬َ‫ٗ٘ظ‬٠ُ‫ح‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫ُٔؼَكش‬‫ٓخ‬
ٍٙ‫حكٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ٔ٤ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬.ٌٖٔ٣ٕ‫أ‬ّٞ‫ٗو‬‫ريٍحٓش‬‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٚٓ‫حكال‬
ٚ‫ٝه٤خالط‬،‫ًٝ٤ق‬َ‫٣ٜو‬٤‫ٝ٣ل‬‫ي‬‫حَُٜحع‬ٍ‫ٝحألٌٗخ‬٢‫ك‬‫ٝكيس‬‫ك٘٤ش‬.
َٖٓ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬١ُ‫ح‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬‫رالى‬ َ‫ر٤ظ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٚ‫ًظز‬ ١ٌ‫أُؼخد‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌُِٔؼزخص‬ َ‫كَٝ٣ز‬‫ُٞ٣يٍح٣ض‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ‫حأل‬ ١ٍ‫ُٔؼٔخ‬.ًٌَُ‫ح‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ك‬٢‫ل‬‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬‫الكوش‬
102
Blake, P. F.L.W, Architecture and space. p. 15 Penguin, Baltimore (1964) .

105. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
115
‫حػظَف‬‫ٍأ٣ض‬َ٤‫حٌُز‬ َ٤‫رخُظؤػ‬‫ألُؼخد‬َ٤‫كٍٞ٣ز‬ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬.٢‫كو‬ ٚ‫طؼط‬ ُْ‫ٓؼَكش‬ٞ‫ك‬‫ٍ٣ش‬‫ِٝٓٔٞٓش‬‫ٓغ‬
ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ًَٖٓ،‫ٗٞع‬َ‫ر‬ٓ‫هي‬‫ض‬ُٚ‫أ٣٠خ‬‫١َم‬‫ُظَط٤ذ‬َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬‫ًحص‬‫حُِٜش‬٠ُ‫ا‬‫ٓـٔٞػخص‬َ‫أًز‬
ٍٖٓ‫أٌٗخ‬ُٝ‫طظـخ‬‫ٝطًَ٤زٜخ‬ ‫طؼو٤يٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ٌٙٛ‫حُزٔ٤طش‬ ‫حٌُٔؼزخص‬،‫ًٔخ‬‫ًخٗض‬‫ٛ٘خى‬‫حألُؼخد‬ّ‫رخٓظويح‬
‫ٍٝهش‬‫ٓطٞ٣ش‬،٢٘‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ٝ‫ٍح٣ض‬ ‫ُٞ٣ي‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ َ٤‫حُٜـ‬ٍٞ‫حُؼؼ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حُزٜـش‬٢‫ك‬‫حٓظويحٜٓخ‬
.‫ح٣٠خ‬٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫حَُر‬ ٕ‫أ‬ٚ‫ٝطلخػالط‬ ٚ‫ٝحكيحػ‬َٟ‫كخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ٚ‫ٝٗوٜ٤ظ‬
‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ٞٛ ،٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ َٟ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طو٘٤خص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬
‫ًح‬ ‫ٝحألكيحع‬ ‫ٓزٌَس‬ ٖٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طؼِٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬‫حُوخ‬ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ص‬ٍٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛش‬
.ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ٌِ٘٤‫ؿ‬ ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬ " ‫ًظخرخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُطلُٞش‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ "
ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬: "
"ً‫ال‬ٝ‫أ‬‫ُٝي‬٢‫ك‬ٖ‫آه‬‫رؤُٔخٗ٤خ‬،ًَِٓ‫حإلٓزَح١ٍٞ٣ش‬‫حَُٝٓخٗ٤ش‬
‫حُٔويٓش‬‫طلض‬،ٕ‫ٗخٍُٔخ‬‫الكوخ‬ ‫حٛزلض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬‫حىٍحى‬
‫حُيٗ٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫حالٗٔخم‬‫ٝحال‬،‫ري٣ش‬‫ٛ٘خ‬٢‫طِو‬‫كٌَس‬‫حُٟٞٞف‬١ٌَ‫حُل‬
ٝ‫ٓؼخىُش‬‫ح‬ٍ‫ُـٔخ‬‫ٓغ‬‫حُلو٤وش‬"103
.
َ٤‫ٓظ‬ ْٔ٤‫ؿ‬ ٢ٔ٣‫ٝحالًخى‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ًظخرخص‬ ‫حُؼَد‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ط٘خُٝض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ١َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حٓؼِش‬ ٖٓٝ
( َ٤‫ٓظ‬ َ‫حه‬ .ٕ‫ريٍح‬ ْٓ‫ٍح‬ ٢ٗ‫حالٍى‬ ١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬1997ٕ‫ح‬ )
‫ح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٞٛ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫ؿٜي‬٤ُ‫حُظوخ‬ ‫حك٤خء‬ ‫ػخىس‬‫ي‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٗٔخ‬ ،َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ُ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٍٝٝ‫٣ظـخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝحُطز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫حالٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؤً٤ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحًي‬ .ًِٚ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬‫ح‬
( ٕ‫ريٍح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُٔ٤َس‬ ٙ‫َٓى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .‫ٓظٔن‬ ٕ‫حطِح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿٔ٤ؼخ‬2005٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٠ٞء‬ َ٤‫ٓظ‬ ٠‫حُو‬ ‫كوي‬ )
ُِ ٚ‫ٝكز‬ ‫حُلِٔط٤٘٤ش‬ ٌٍٙٝ‫ؿ‬ٕ‫ريٍح‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ٙ‫رٞحُي‬ َٙ‫ٝطؤػ‬ ْ٣‫ٝحُوي‬ ‫رخُظَحع‬ ٚ‫ٝطؼِو‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫ل‬
.ُٚ‫حػٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ‫ُ٘ظ‬ ‫حُٔزيع‬ ‫هِل٤ش‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ٓظ‬ ‫ٝ٣ئًي‬
َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ َ‫آه‬ َ‫ٓيه‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬١‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫حٓظؼخٍحص‬ ‫طٞظ٤ق‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢‫حُيكخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ‫٣٘ز‬
‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝ٣ـظٜي‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ُظل‬‫ٝحُـٜي‬ ، ٚ‫ٍٝإ٣ظ‬ َٙ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٝؿٜش‬ ْ‫طيػ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلوخثن‬ ‫ـٔ٤غ‬
َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬ َ‫ٝطـؼ‬ ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ‫ُلوخثن‬ ً‫خ‬‫طَحرط‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٚٓ‫٣وي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
103
Jencks, C p. 105 (1973) .

106. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
116
‫ك٤خ‬ َ‫ٝطـؼ‬ ، ‫رٜخ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٝحٗلؼخ‬ ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫حٗـٔخ‬. ًٌَٙ‫ط‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ً‫خ‬‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫س‬‫ٓ٤َس‬ ٍٝ‫ط٘خ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬
‫ػ‬ ‫ُوِن‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫هي‬ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬٢‫حالٗطزخػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ، ٚ‫ر‬ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ َٔ،‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫ٝٓؼخ‬
َُٝ‫ح‬‫حٌُخطز‬ ‫أُلظٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ح٣ش‬‫ش‬‫ٍحٗي‬ ٖ٣‫"ح‬"104
ٗ‫كَح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫ُٞ٣ي‬ ‫ي‬.‫ٍح٣ض‬ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
َ٤ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬١١َ٣َ‫ٝطو‬ ٢‫ٟٓٞٞػ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٞٛ ِٚ‫ٓيحه‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٢‫ك‬،‫حُظلٔ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤خؿخص‬ ٌ‫٣ؤه‬ ‫هي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ
‫ٓؼ‬ ‫الٓظؼخٍحص‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫حُل٘خ‬ ‫ٓ٤َس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚٓ‫ٝطؼخ‬ ‫٤٘ش‬،ًًَ ‫ٝطـ٘ذ‬
‫حُل‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ٍٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٞ‫طظ٘خه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫وخثن‬.
ٌٕٞٔ٣ٍ‫ح‬ َ‫حٍػ‬ ١‫حٌُ٘ي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ،‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـالص‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ‫حؿِلش‬ ٍ‫٣ظٜي‬ ِٚ‫طـؼ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤َس‬ ْ٣‫حُظخ‬ ‫ٓـِش‬ ‫ؿالكش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬1974.
3/3/3ٙ‫انؽٛبل‬ ‫انُمس‬Contextual Criticism:
٢‫حُٞٛل‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫أه‬ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ٝطخ‬ َٓ‫ٗخ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ٝ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٞٛ
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫رخُٔـخ‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ٖٓ ْ‫ط‬ُٚ‫هال‬‫ط‬ٜٔ٤ْ
٠٘‫حُٔز‬.٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬‫ٗو‬ ‫ًؤُٝٞ٣ش‬ ،٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬‫ي٣ش‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫طٔخإالص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حإلؿخرش‬:‫ٓخ‬
َ٤ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٞ‫حُ٠ـ‬ ٢ٛ‫؟‬ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ٓخ‬‫؟‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحؿٜٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼوزخص‬ ٢ٛ
104
Rand, Ayn. 1943. The Fountainhead . Bobbs Merrill.

107. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
117
ِٔ‫ٝحُٔظظ‬ ٕٞٔٗٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫ك٤ِ٤ذ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٌٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ‫٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬.
ِ٘٤ًُٞ َ‫ر٤ظ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬105
‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫أٟٝق‬٢َٔ‫ًؼ‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫ٝحُظؼخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫طؤ٣٤ي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ًًَ ٕ‫رؤ‬
‫ى‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ٕٝ‫حال١الع‬‫حُؼٔالء‬ ‫ٓظطِزخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬،‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ٍٝر‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحؿٜٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜؼٞرخص‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
‫ه‬ ٞٛ ‫حُ٘خطؾ‬ ٌَُ٘‫رخ‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ظـ٘زٜخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ٟؤش‬ ‫طٍٞس‬.ٖٝٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٌِٕٞٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬
٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٜ‫ٗو‬ ٖ٤‫َٓطزط‬ ‫ًخٗٞح‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫اال‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أػَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلوخثن‬
َ‫أه‬ ٕ‫أك٤خ‬ً‫خ‬‫هٞك‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُظَٜ٣ق‬ ‫ٝحُلوخثن‬ ‫رخُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ٚ‫ىٍح٣ظ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ٟ
ْٔٛ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫حُوخٗٞٗ٤ش‬ ‫حإلؿَحءحص‬ ٖٓ
‫ٝح‬ ‫ٝؿؼِٜخ‬ ‫ٍٛيٛخ‬ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫أك٤خ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫ٓٔلٍٞى‬ ْ٣ُٞ" ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ًظـَرش‬ ‫ٟلش‬"106
ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬٠٘‫ُٔز‬
‫حُٔظ‬ ْٓ‫حأل‬‫ٗ٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ليس‬ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫ٓولق‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ٞٛ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫ٝحُل‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫أٟٝق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ،
ّ‫ػي‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ُٕٜٞٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫ػِٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼٞهخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٗخٍس‬ ‫٣زيأ‬
١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ٚ‫طٞؿٜخط‬ ُٚ ْٜ٘ٓ ًَ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫أٗلخء‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ػَ٘س‬ ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُظٞحكن‬
ُْ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٔش‬‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫رَٗخٓؾ‬ ‫ُٜ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫حٌُخك‬ ٍ‫رخُوي‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝحٟل‬ ٌٖ٣ٖٓ ‫حُٔـٔٞػش‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫ٗخؿق‬ ١ٍ
ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬.
105
Collins, P. p. 146 (1971) .
106
Mumford, L. " From the ground up. " p. 62 Brace, N.Y (1956) .

108. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
118
٠ٗ‫ٓ٤ي‬ ‫أٝرَح‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬
٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬"ّٝ‫رخ‬ ٌَ٣‫"ٓخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ظَٜص‬٠ٗ‫ٓ٤ي‬ ‫أٝرَح‬ ٠٘‫ُٔز‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أؿِز٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٜ‫٣ل‬ ُْ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ َ٣ُُٞ‫ح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫أٗخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫حُ٘ٞحد‬ ِْ‫ـ‬
‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫حالٗظٜخء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ٌ٤‫حُظ٘ل‬ ‫هطٞحص‬ ‫رزيء‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ‫ك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحػظوي‬
ُ‫ح‬ِٕٝ‫حٝط‬ ٕٞ‫ؿ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ريأ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬1959٢‫ك‬ ‫حألٓخٓخص‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫حأل‬ ٖ٤٣‫ٓال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ٌٖ‫ط‬ ُْ ٚ‫ٓٔخٝث‬ ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫رؼي‬ ْٜٔ٣ ُْ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞهض‬‫حُ٠خثؼش‬ ٍ‫ٓٞح‬
َُِٝ٘ٔ ٌٍَ‫حُٔظ‬ ‫حُظٞهق‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ٌُٖٝ‫حُٔظٌخِٓش‬ ‫حُِٞكخص‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ّ‫ُؼي‬ ‫ع‬‫حُٜؼٞرخص‬ ٍ‫ٝطٌَح‬
ٙ‫ط٘٤٤ي‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ‫ٝحؿٜض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬107
.‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٍؿٞػ‬ ٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ" ّ‫رخٜٗخ‬ "
" ‫هيٜٓخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ٞ‫ٝؿ‬١ٍ"108
ً‫حطوخ‬ َ‫َُٔحك‬ ٢‫طخٍ٣و‬ ‫طظزغ‬ ٖٓ ‫أٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬ ٠‫ٝطؤط‬‫ٝطؼَ٣ق‬ ٍ‫حُوَح‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ١ٞ‫حُ٠ـ‬ ‫ٝٗظخثؾ‬ ‫حُظوٜٜخص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٛٔخص‬
٤ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ َٝٝ‫حُؼ‬ ‫طٞػ٤ن‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫حؿظٔخػ٤ش‬‫ش‬
‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔالء‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫ٍٝى‬ ‫حُٔويٓش‬.‫هيٓض‬ ‫كوي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ٝ ‫"ٓٞص‬ ْ‫ؿخًٞر‬ ٕ‫ؿخ‬‫ك٤خس‬
"‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢٤‫طوط‬ َ٘‫ك‬ :‫حُؼظ٤ٔش‬ ‫حالَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ّ‫ػخ‬1961،‫ٛخؿٔض‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬
"‫حُلي٣وش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ٝ"كٌَس‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ْ‫ؿخًٞر‬City in the Park‫ٓٔجُٞش‬ ‫حػظزَطٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
"‫حُ٘ٞحٍع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕٞ٤‫"ػ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ‫ػٟٞخ‬ ‫ٝ١َكض‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ٝطيحػ‬ ‫حُـَ٣ٔش‬ ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬Eyes
107
Baume, M. " The Sydney opera house affair " p. 9 Nelson, Melbourne (1967) .
108
Jordy, W. " PSES : its development and its significance in modern architecture " .
(JSAH) May (1962) .

109. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
119
on the Streetsٖ٣‫ُِٝٔ٤خى‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ‫حُ٘خؿلش‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حالٓؼِش‬ ‫حك٤خء‬ ‫حػخىس‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫هخٛيس‬
.‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٝ٘ٞحٍع‬
ٖ٤‫ر‬ َٛ‫حُلٞح‬ ًَ‫طظؤ‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ ،‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ُلوزش‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ٍ‫رخال١خ‬ ‫٣َرطٜخ‬ ‫هي‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫حُٔ٤خه‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬
.‫ٝحُظخٍ٣ن‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬١ٍٞ‫طخك‬ ٝ‫ٓخٗلَ٣ي‬Tafuriٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ٓئًيح‬ ٚ‫طَٜ٣ل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُـي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٍ‫حػخ‬
٢‫كو‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ ‫ال‬109No Criticism Only History‫حُٞحؿذ‬ ٖٓ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٚ٣‫ٍح‬ ٢‫كل‬ .
‫حػخىس‬ ْ‫ط‬ ‫رخُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ .٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫هخٍؽ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ْ٤ُ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬
١ٍٞ‫طخك‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫كيس‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫حٓظٌ٘خكٜخ‬‫ك٤غ‬ .‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝطخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ،‫هٜٞٛخ‬
‫ػَف‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ ،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ َ‫حالًؼ‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حًَُ٤ِس‬ ‫حٓظيػخء‬ ‫حٛزق‬
‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ‫ٓؼ٘خٛخ‬ ‫ط٘ظوي‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ‫َٜٓكخ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ١ٍٞ‫طخك‬Value Judgmentْ٤ُ
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫رِلظش‬ ٚ‫ِٝٛظ‬ ٚ‫ػالهظ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،‫ٓـَىس‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬.
٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫رحٕالد‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ًٗٔٞؿ‬ ً‫ال‬ٞ‫طل‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫حُؼٔخٗ٤٘خص‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ك‬ ،‫كَى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٓٞحؿٜش‬ ٢‫ل‬
‫حُٞك٤يس‬ ‫حأل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫ٝحٜٗخٍص‬ ‫حُٜٔ٤ٔ٘ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ‫ؿخرض‬ ،‫ٓظِح٣ي‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطخرغ‬
ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫كُٞض‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ .١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫ُِل‬ ‫حُلخًٔش‬٢‫هَحث‬ ٍْٓٝ ‫حَُٛي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
.ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ٝ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٝ‫طؼ‬ َ٤‫حاله‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ٚٔ‫ٗل‬‫ُِ٘وي‬،َ‫ر‬
ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝكخس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫حإلػال‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔٞؿش‬ ‫ِٝٛض‬‫َٛف‬٢ُٞ‫ر‬ ٖ‫ٓخٍط‬ ٢ٗ‫حُزَ٣طخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬(2007)،ٕ‫ح‬
٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫َٓحؿؼخص‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬٢‫كو٤و‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٖٓ ‫ريال‬ ‫كخهَس‬ ‫ٓـالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ َ٘٘‫ط‬ ‫ش‬
‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ٝ١َف‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫هخى‬110.
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ّ‫حإلػال‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحٟق‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫اؿَحء‬ ١ٍَٝ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫ٌُح‬
١َ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ١‫ً٘٘خ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ،)‫ٝحُٔـالص‬ ‫حُٜلق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ٘٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫(حُ٘وي‬٢‫ك‬ُْ‫حُؼٞح‬
109
There is no criticism, only history: interview with Manfredo Tafuri by Richard
Ingersoll‟, Casabella, vol. 59 (January/February 1995), 96–101.
110
Pawley, Martin. The Strange Death of Architectural Criticism. (London: Blackdog
Publishing, 2007).

110. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
111
ٌ٘ٓ ٠٠ٓ ‫ٝهض‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ُْ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٜٓٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٖ٣ٌٛ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حالٗلٜخ‬ ‫حطٔغ‬ .‫ٝحُٜٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حألًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬
‫حُٔل‬ ٍِٞ‫٣ز‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫حُٔزؼ٤٘خص‬َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ‫حٛزق‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٌ٘ٓ ،َ‫ٝرخُٔؼ‬ .‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ر‬ ٖ٤ٜٓٞ
‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ظ٤َ٣ش‬ ‫حال١َٝكخص‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٍُٔ٘٘ٞس‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُٔحؿؼخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحٟق‬
‫حالَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ُِـخٓؼخص‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝطخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ّ‫حهٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬111.
٤ٗ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ٍُ‫حُزخ‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ . ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ‫رخُويٍس‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫٘٤خص‬
‫حُلَؿش‬critical architectureِ٣‫ٛخ‬ ٌَ٣‫ٓخ‬ .‫"ى‬ .‫ًحطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤٘٣ ،
،ٌَُ٘‫ٝح‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ :"‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫('"حُٜ٘يٓش‬ ٕ‫رؼ٘ٞح‬ ٚ‫١َك‬ ٢‫ك‬1984)112‫حُويٍس‬ ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ،
‫ح‬ ٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ُ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُلخٓٔش‬ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ،‫حأل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خهخص‬ َ١‫ال‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخىٍس‬ ‫حٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝكو٤وش‬ ،١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حإلٗظخؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حٓظوالُ٤ش‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ٌُٖٝ ،َٜ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬
ٖ٤‫'ر‬ ‫ٓٞهؼٜخ‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬ ‫حٜٗخ‬ ‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫ػَف‬ ِ٣‫ٛخ‬ .‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخُٔؼَكش‬ ُٜٝٞ٘‫ح‬
‫حُؼ‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ َ٤‫طٔؼ‬ ‫ًلخءس‬َ٤‫حاله‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .‫حُٞؿٞى‬ ‫ًحط٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـَىس‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حالٗٔخم‬ ٝ ‫حُٔٞؿٞىس‬ ‫وخك٤ش‬
٢ٔ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫حالىٍحى‬ ٢ٓٞ‫طظ‬ ‫رخٜٗخ‬ ‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔخٛٔخص‬ ‫أكيع‬ ٕ‫كخ‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬architectural conception‫ٝحُ٘وي‬113.
٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُٓظ‬ ‫شًٕنٛخ‬.
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظؼيى٣ش‬ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ،َٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظؼَٟض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫ٔؼٔخ‬
ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ٔظل٤ي‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫ٝ٣َر‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫طظ٤ق‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫ى٣٘خ‬ ٢ِ‫طلخػ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫ط‬
١‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َٟٗ ٌُٟ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُوي‬ ْ‫كز٘ل‬ .١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٚ‫١َك‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طزخ٣ٜ٘خ‬
ً ‫ه٤ٔش‬ َٟٗ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ،‫حُظلي٣ي‬ ‫ٗي٣ي‬ٕ‫رخ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ َ‫حًز‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ‫إلػطخء‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُيٓؾ‬ ‫حُِٔؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ز‬
.‫ٓظٌخِٓش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ّ‫٣وي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،‫ٝحطٔخػخ‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٚ‫ٜٓ٘ـ‬ ٌٕٞ٣
111
See Suzanne Stephens, „Assessing the State of Architectural Criticism in Today‟s
Press‟, Architectural Record, vol. 186 (March 1998), 64–69.
112
K. Michael Hays („Critical Architecture: between Culture and Form‟, 1984).
113
Jane Rendell, et al., Critical Architecture (London/New York: Routledge, 2007).

111. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
111
‫اهثاوي‬ ‫اجلزء‬
‫اهثاوي‬ ‫اجلزء‬
‫اهتحويويت‬ ‫اهسراست‬
‫ادلؼاصرة‬ ‫ادلصريت‬ ‫اهؼمارة‬ ‫وتطىر‬ ‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫اهىقس‬

112. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
112
4
‫اهرابـــ‬ ‫اهباب‬.‫ادلؼاصرة‬ ‫ادلصريت‬ ‫اهؼمارة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫اهىقسي‬ ‫ادلىاخ‬ : ‫ـغ‬

113. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
113
.‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُبخ‬ : ‫انطاثــــغ‬ ‫انجبة‬
4/1( ٗ‫األٔن‬ ‫انفزطح‬1900–1950)
‫صٕضح‬1919. ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫ٔانٕطُٛخ‬
4/1/1. ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬
4/1/2ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬. ٚٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ٚ‫ٝػٔخٍط‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫٣ش‬
4/1/3. ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬
4/2( ‫انضبَٛخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1952–1970)
ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ٚ‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حالٗطالهش‬١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ًب٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٢>
4/3( ‫انضبنضخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1973–1980)
‫حالهظ‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ١‫ٜخى‬.
4/4( ‫انطاثؼخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1980–1990)
‫حُظَحػ‬ ‫روٞحُزٜخ‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫رظٞؿٜخطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫٤ش‬.
4/5‫انفزطح‬:‫انربيؽخ‬(1990–2005)
ُْٞ‫ٝحُٔظؼ‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬.
4/6‫انفزطح‬:‫انؽبزؼخ‬(2005–2014)
‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ط٤خٍحص‬‫(ػٍٞس‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬25‫ٝهخَٛس‬50)

114. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
114
‫انطاثغ‬ ‫انجبة‬:‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُبخ‬
‫رًٓٛس‬
ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ‫ٟٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫كٜٔخ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ُ‫ِ٘وي‬
ُ‫ح‬ٚ‫ٝٓ٘خٛـ‬ ٙ‫ٝه٠خ٣خ‬ ٚٔ٤ٛ‫ٝٓلخ‬ ١ٍ‫ٔؼٔخ‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫١َف‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ .‫ٔوٞٓخص‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ًخكش‬ ٠‫طـط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬،٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١
‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخُظؼَف‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٔٔق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُؼٔن‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫ٟٞء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خم‬ ‫طُٞيٛخ‬ ‫ٝأٓزخد‬ ‫٣ظ٘خُٜٝخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ٖٓ ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ًَِ‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬
‫ٝحهظٜخى‬ ‫ٝٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬‫ٝحألٓخُ٤ذ‬ ‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫ٝحؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫٣ش‬
ٍ‫ٝحإل١خ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظَحػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫ٝحَُٛ٤ي‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٍّ‫ٝحُٔيح‬
‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُلخًٔش‬ ‫ٝحال٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤خص‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُو‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ٢‫حُلِٔل‬
‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ال‬٤ٔ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٖ٤ٌٔ‫ط‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٘طِن‬ ٖٓ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬
ٌُ‫ح‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ‫طُٞض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫٤ل٤ش‬.ٌٙٛ ‫ٟٞء‬ ٢‫ٝك‬‫حال١َٝكخص‬‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ٜيف‬
‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أػَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫ٝحُؼٞح‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٖٓ ‫طٌٔ٘٘خ‬ ‫هِل٤ش‬ ‫اػطخء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬،‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫طخٍ٣و‬ ً‫خ‬‫ػٔو‬ ‫ٝاػطخء‬
،َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ‫ٝرظٍٜٞحص‬ َٟ‫رخُلخ‬ ‫َُرطٜخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓٝ
َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ذ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٕٞٔ٠ٓ ٕ‫كب‬
‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ٌُٔٞٗخطٜخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝٛل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫إلكيحػٜخ‬ ً‫ح‬‫َٓى‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫ٗوي‬ ً‫خ‬‫طظزؼ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬.
ً‫خ‬٤ُ٘ٓ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫رظلي٣ي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حُظظزغ‬ ‫ٝ٣زيأ‬
ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬،١‫حإل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ْ‫ػ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُألكيحع‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫ٓظظخُ٤ش‬ ‫كوزخص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫خ‬
‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحٗظوخالص‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫أٝؿيص‬
. ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫رخُٔـظٔغ‬
‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُيٍحٓش‬َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫رزيح٣خص‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ‫َٛس‬
ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُظلي٣ي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍَ‫ٝٓز‬ ،٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َٓ‫أ‬ ٠ُٞ‫ط‬
َٜٓ،‫ٝٓٔخٍٓش‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬،‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕٞٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ٖ٤٣َٜٓ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ
‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حَُ٣خىس‬ ‫ٓٔجُٞ٤ش‬ ‫ُ٤لِٔٞح‬ ‫ٝػخىٝح‬ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬ ‫طِوٞح‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬114
ٕٞ٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓٔج‬ ‫َٜٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫اريحػخص‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٌ٘ٓٝ
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِوَحءس‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬ .ٕٞ٣َٜٓ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫َٗٛي‬
َٜٓ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ٝحٗظوخالص‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫أكيػض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬
١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ‫كوي‬ ‫ٝػَٔحٜٗخ‬ ‫ػٔخٍطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬
: ‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬
:٢ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُلظَس‬(1900–1950‫ػٍٞس‬ )1919‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُٞ١٘٤ش‬‫َُٜٔ٣ش‬.
114
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٖ٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ َٔ‫حُٔئط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛئالء‬ ْ٣ٌَ‫ط‬ ْ‫ط‬1986‫ُز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ، ٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٠‫ٜٓطل‬ َْٜ٘ٓٝ‫ؿز‬ ‫٤ذ‬
. َْٛ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ْ‫حُٔ٘ؼ‬ ‫ػزي‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ‫ٍأكض‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ ،
‫ٗظؾ‬

115. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
115
:‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬(1952–1970‫حالٗظ‬ ٚ‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حالٗطالهش‬ )٢ً‫َح‬
١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ًب٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬.
:‫حُؼخُؼش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬(1973–1980‫حال‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ )‫ٝحإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ١‫هظٜخى‬
‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬.
:‫حَُحرؼش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬(1980–1990‫حُظَحػ٤ش‬ ‫روٞحُزٜخ‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حَُٜحع‬ )
‫رظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼخَٛس‬‫ٞؿٜخطٜخ‬‫حُـَر٤ش‬.
‫حُلظَس‬‫حُوخٓٔش‬:(1990–2005)ُْٞ‫ٝحُٔظؼ‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬.
‫حُلظَس‬‫حُٔخىٓش‬:(2005–2014)‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ط٤خٍحص‬‫(ػٍٞس‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬25‫ٝهخَٛس‬
50)
‫حُلوزخص‬ ‫ٝطِي‬‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ٣ َ٤ِ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫رخُزلغ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ‫طظ٘خُٜٝخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛ
‫حُؼٔخ‬ ًَ‫ٓ٘خ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٍس‬
‫رٍِٞطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫ٓخ‬ ‫هي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫كِٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُٔيحه‬ ‫أكي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
. ‫ٝٛ٤خؿظٜخ‬

116. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
116
4/1( ٗ‫األٔن‬ ‫انفزطح‬1900–1950: )‫صٕضح‬1919‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫ٔانٕطُٛخ‬.
4/1/1َٙ‫ٔانؼًطا‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُشبط‬ ٗ‫ػه‬ ‫األعُجٛخ‬ ‫انؽٛططح‬.
ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝطيكن‬ ْ٤ٍٔٓ ‫ٓلطش‬ٞ‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫حػ٘خء‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٕ1919.
‫ًٔخ‬،‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٍ‫حكخ‬ ُْٞٛ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٔظلن‬ َ‫أػ‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٌٖ٣َ٤‫ُظٔـ‬
ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ٠‫كظ‬.ٖٓ ‫كجش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٜٞ‫ٓو‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ً‫ا‬
‫ح‬‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ‫ٝأٜٗخف‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ُٜٔ٘ي‬.ٝ‫رخٓظؼ٘خءحص‬٣‫ُِـخ‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬‫ٓٔخٛٔخص‬ ‫حٜٛٔخ‬ ‫ش‬٠‫ٜٓطل‬
،٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ‫رخٗخ‬‫ٓٔجُٞ٤ش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ًَٝ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُ٤ي‬ ٕ‫كخ‬
‫هخُٜش‬‫ُأل١َٝكخص‬‫حُٞحكيس‬.‫ٝحألكَح‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤جخص‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬‫ٓ٤طَس‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫ٝحهؼش‬ ‫ى‬
‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ‫ٛئالء‬ٝ ‫حألٓ٤َ٣ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ِٜٓلش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ،‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔخص‬ ‫رٟٞغ‬ ٚ‫طوظ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ُٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٓ٘خٍ٣غ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحإلَٗحف‬‫ش‬ٖ٤٤َٔٗ‫ٝحُل‬ ِ٤ِ‫حإلٗـ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٜٝٓ٘يٓٞٛخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ِٕٞٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ،
.ٖ٤٤ُ‫ٝحإل٣طخ‬ْ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ِٗٔض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ ‫طز٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٘٠ش‬ ‫حإلٛالف‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
‫ٝحال‬ ‫حإلىحٍس‬‫حُـَ٣زش‬ ‫رظٞؿٜخطٜخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُـ‬ ‫هظٜخى‬٣َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ىكخػ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ،‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ُظ‬ ً‫خ‬
‫ٝحإلىحٍحص‬ ‫ٝحُٜٔخٗغ‬ ِْ‫حُؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٗ٤يص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ َ٘‫ػ‬ ‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫ٝحٓظي‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝحُو‬‫ٝرٞالم‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ْ‫ٝك‬ ‫ُ٣٘ذ‬ ‫س‬،‫هخٛش‬‫ٝهي‬ٖٓ‫طِح‬‫ٓغ‬‫ٌٛح‬
‫اٗ٘خء‬‫ٓيٍٓش‬١َُ‫ح‬ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬َ١‫رخُو٘خ‬‫حُـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظوَص‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُو٤َ٣ش‬‫٤ِس‬‫ٓ٘ش‬1905.‫ٗـغ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔػش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ِ٤ِ‫ٝحإلٗـ‬ ٖ٤٤‫حألٍٝر‬ ٖٓ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫حُى٣خى‬‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢
‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬‫طيٍٛٞص‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ١َ٠‫حُل‬ َ٣ٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخثِش‬ ‫أؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ٍ‫أٓٞح‬ ‫ٝحٓظؼَٔص‬ ،

117. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
117
َُٛ‫ًخأل‬ ‫حُظوِ٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حألك٤خء‬٢ِ٤ِ‫حُو‬ ٕ‫ٝهخ‬ ‫ٝحُـٍٞ٣ش‬،ً ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألر٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝهٔٔض‬‫ُألؿ٘٤خء‬ ٍُ‫ٓ٘خ‬ ‫خٗض‬
ٞ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ٝأٛلخد‬‫ؿَكٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخثالص‬ ‫ػَ٘حص‬ ‫ٌٝٓ٘ض‬ ً.
‫حال‬‫ػٍٞس‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٕ‫ح‬1919ٍَ‫حُظل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ُ ‫ٓٔزٞهش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝ١٘٤ش‬ ‫ىكؼش‬ ٠‫حػط‬
ُٝ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬‫ح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حالريحػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ٌٖ.‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫ُٜٞ٣ش‬ٞٛٝ‫حٗظؾ‬ ‫ٓخ‬
ٝ ‫حَُٝح٣ش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حريحػ٤ش‬ ‫كًَش‬.‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬
.ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬
ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬ ‫حإلٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٠‫حُظل‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ‫طًَِص‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫حُٜخٓش‬
َٟ‫حأله‬.‫حُٔلخكظخص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٌٙٛٝ،‫ٝحإلٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬،ُ ٌٖٔ٣‫ُِلًَش‬ ‫ِٔظظزغ‬
‫حُظخٓغ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٝػَٔحٜٗخ‬ ‫ػٔخٍطٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٠‫ٜٝٓطل‬ ٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ٍ‫أٓؼخ‬ ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫ٓزوض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٠ٛٝ َ٘‫ػ‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ْٛ‫رؼي‬ ‫ؿخءٝح‬ ٖٓ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ َ‫أٝحث‬ ‫ٓغ‬َْٛ٤‫ٝؿ‬ َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ٍأكض‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬.ً‫خ‬‫ٝطزؼ‬
‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حالٓظيحىحص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫كيػض‬ ‫كوي‬ ‫حُ٘٘طش‬ ١َ٠‫حُل‬ َ٣ٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫ُلًَش‬
٢‫ك‬ ١ِ٤ِ‫حإلٗـ‬ ‫حُطخرغ‬ ‫كٔخى‬ ‫حُٞحكيس‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗٔخًؽ‬ ‫ٓخىطٜخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬١‫حُٔؼخى‬٢َٔٗ‫ٝحُل‬
‫حُٔي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٚ‫ط٘ز‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٓٝ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓظ٘ٞػش‬ ‫ٝٗٔخًؽ‬ ٢‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٕ‫ؿخٍى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢١‫حالٍٓظوَح‬ٕ
٤‫حألٍٝر‬‫ُٝ٣ٍٞم‬ ْ٣ٍ‫ٝرخ‬ ٕ‫ُ٘ي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ش‬‫ٝػٔخٍحص‬ ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔلالص‬ ‫حٌُٔخطذ‬ ‫أٗ٘جض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
( ُ‫حُـ٘٤لٞح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ون‬1937( ٍٟ‫رخ‬ ١‫ى‬ ٕٞ٤ٗٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝػٔخٍس‬ )1940‫ٝػٔخٍحص‬ )

118. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
118
( ّ‫ٗلخ‬ ٕٞ‫أٗط‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َ‫رل‬ ِ٣ِ‫ػ‬1939ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ )
ٓ‫حُٜخ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬‫ٓز‬ ‫ش‬‫ٛخٍى‬ ‫ؿخى‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ُ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُو٠خء‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ٠٘(1938‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ٠٘‫ٝٓز‬ )
( ٕ‫ٗ٤ٞٓخ‬ ١ِ٤ِ‫حإلٗـ‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬1935‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼخٓش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ُٚ َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ال‬ َ‫آه‬ ‫ٝػيى‬ )
‫أ‬ ‫أٜٗخف‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫أؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ‫أؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫ط٘٤٤ي‬ ‫ًَٗخص‬ ٌ٤‫ٝط٘ل‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬.
ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬١َ٘ٛ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ٖ٤‫ٌٓ٘٤ظ‬ ٖ٤‫ُؼٔخٍط‬ ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ‫ٝأٜٗخف‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬
. ّ‫ٗلخ‬ ٕ‫أٗطٞح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ١َ‫رل‬ ِ٣ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ػٔخٍحص‬ ‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬ َٞٗٝ‫ر‬
4/1/2: َّ‫ٔػًطا‬ ّ‫ٔػًبضر‬ ٘‫انًصط‬ ‫نهًغزًغ‬ ‫انحضبضٚخ‬ ‫انٕٓٚخ‬
( ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٞحهؼش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخٓٔش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٕ‫أ‬1919‫حُلَد‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ )
( ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬1939–1945‫١َأ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٙ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ‫رلٌَٛخ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حإلىحٍس‬ ‫حٛطيٓض‬ ‫كوي‬ )
‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫١خٍكش‬ ‫ؿَ٣زش‬ ‫ٝحؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ‫حٗٔخم‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٚ‫رٞؿ‬ٙ‫هخ‬ ٚ‫رٞؿ‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حٗٔخم‬ ‫ًؤكي‬.ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫كظَس‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ
ٕ٥‫ح‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ ‫ػٜي‬ ٌ٘ٓ َٜٓ ‫ػخٗظٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالُىٝحؿ٤ش‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ٓلٍٞ٣ش‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ٠‫طوط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ‫طِي‬ ،ٚ‫٣٠٤ل‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٞحٍى‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ِٚ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬
ٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٓئٓٔخص‬ ‫ًخكش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ٤ُ‫ًحطٜخ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٢ٔٗ ٠ُ‫ٝا‬ ‫ُش‬.‫ٜٗي‬ ‫ٝهي‬ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ص‬
٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫رخُلَد‬ ‫ريأص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬،‫ٛخكزٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬
‫ٝا٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫طـ٤َحص‬ ٖٓ،ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝأه‬ ‫حُؼالػ٤٘خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حألُٓش‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَد‬،ٟ‫أى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلِلخء‬ ٍ‫حٗظٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫طالٛخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ْ٤ٔ‫طو‬ ‫اػخىس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ‫كًَخص‬ ‫ٝٗ٘ٞء‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُلخًٔش‬.‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫رخُـش‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬

119. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
119
‫ٝٓظَٛي‬ ‫ٝحُؼِٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُظؤٍؿق‬ ‫َٓكِش‬ ٢ٛٝ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢٘٣‫ٝحُي‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ٢‫ك‬
َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌٙٛ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ىٍحٓظ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬.
ّ‫ػخ‬ ّ‫ٗلخ‬ ٕ‫حٗطٞح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٗـُٞحىس‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬1937.
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ َٝ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ُ٣خٍس‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫ػٞىط‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ‫كظَس‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫كوي‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝطخٍ٣و‬
1867٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُظـَ٣ز‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ َّ‫ؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُ٘خٛي‬ٖ٤‫حُٔؼول‬ ‫١زوش‬ ٚ‫طز٘ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُظَرش‬
‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّٞ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝػِ٤ش‬.‫رٍٜٞس‬ ْٛ‫ٓخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢َٔٗ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫ٝحُىحى‬
‫َُٔ٘ٝع‬ َ‫حُٔٔخػ‬ ‫ططٞ٣َٛخ‬ ‫رَٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫ر٘٤ش‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬٢‫حُٔوط‬‫"ٛخ‬ٝ"ٕ‫ٓٔخ‬
ٔٓ‫ا‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ّ‫أكال‬ ‫٣لون‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ َ٣ٞ‫ُظط‬٠ٔٓ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُزخٍ٣ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫خػ‬
"‫حَُ٘م‬ ْ٣ٍ‫"رخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬"َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ٣ٍ‫"رخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُىحى‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ .
ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُوِؼش‬ ٖٓ ٌْ‫حُل‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬115
‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ٗ٘طض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ٝ ‫ٝحُٔلخٍحص‬ ‫حٌُٔخطذ‬ ‫ِٝٗٔض‬‫ٝحُٔلال‬ ‫حُُٞحٍحص‬ ‫َٓح٣خص‬َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ص‬ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ّ‫رخُو٤خ‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ َ‫ٝطٌل‬ ،
ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ً‫ح‬ٌ٤‫ٝط٘ل‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ٤ٜٔ‫ٝط‬ ً‫ال‬٣ٞٔ‫ط‬ ‫َٝػخص‬،‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫هخٛش‬
115
َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخثٔش‬ ‫ُِظلي٣غ‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬‫أٍٝر٤ش‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ َ‫ٝؿؼ‬ ،‫أٍٝرخ‬ ٖٓ ‫هطؼش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜٓ
ٝ‫ظ‬ ٠‫أػط‬‫حُظوِ٤ي٣ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ َٜٙ. ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ َٜ‫ه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُوِؼش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُِٔطش‬ َ‫ُٔو‬ ِٚ٣ٞ‫رظل‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ ٍِٓ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٓ‫حأل‬ ،

120. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
121
ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬17‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٢ُ‫اؿٔخ‬ ٖٓ %1907َُٔ‫ح‬ ‫كظِي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫كٌٜٔخ‬ ‫كِش‬
َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬.٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٞحؿي‬٢‫ك‬ َ‫ٓٔؼ‬ ٢‫طـَ٣ز‬ ‫أكيٛٔخ‬ ٕ‫ط٤خٍح‬ ١َٜ
٣َ١ٝ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٜلٞس‬٢‫حُـَر‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٝأِٓٞد‬ ‫حُٔؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫وش‬،
‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٝأِٓٞد‬ ًَ‫ٝحُٔؤ‬ ْ‫حُِٔز‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫١زوخص‬ ٢‫رخه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓٔؼ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ َ‫ٝح٥ه‬
ٔ‫حالؿظ‬‫حٍُٔٞٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫ٝحُز٘خء‬ ‫خػ٤ش‬.
( ‫مصر‬ ‫حاكم‬ ‫إسماعٌل‬ ‫الخدٌوي‬1831-1895( ‫هاوسمان‬ ‫ٌوجٌن‬ ‫جورج‬ ‫الشهٌر‬ ‫والمخطط‬ )1819-1891)
‫هخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫٣ظٔؼ‬ ّ‫حُلٌخ‬ ‫ٍػخ٣ش‬ ٠‫٣ِو‬ ٢ٍٔٓ ٍ‫ط٤خ‬ َٜ‫كظ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٌْ‫حٗؼ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألك٤خء‬ ‫كًَخص‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألٍٝر٤ش‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ‫ًحص‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حألٍٝر٤ش‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬،
٢‫حألٍٝر‬ ّ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ٞٛ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٛخثؾ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬.٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ ‫حُٔٞحؿٜش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
‫ٝحُظًَ٤زش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوٞٓخص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٔخٓ٤ش‬ ‫رخُؾ‬ ‫حُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬
.‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ‫حُلَك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔخص‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٛخثؾ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫حٍُٔٞٝػش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ٝ٠‫كظ‬َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬
ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬١‫أ٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٕ‫ٝؿخٍى‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ َٜٓٝ ‫ًخُِٓخُي‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫رخُٔ٘خ١ن‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظؼ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬
‫أؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ٍ‫ٝرؤٓٞح‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬،‫هطخع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٜ‫ٝحهظ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ِٚ‫ٝطو‬
‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔيٍرش‬ ‫حُؼٔخُش‬ ٚ‫ٝٛـَط‬ َ‫ر‬ ،‫طلظٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔظٞٓطش‬ ‫ُِطزوخص‬ ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬
ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬٢ٗ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خءحص‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُِٔطش‬ ‫طي٣َٛخ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫َٝػخص‬
٢‫ك‬‫ٝرخد‬ َُٛ‫ًخأل‬ ‫حُؼظ٤وش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ َٔ‫حألك‬ ‫ٝحُيٍد‬ ‫حُ٘ؼَ٣ش‬.‫ٓٔظٞ٣خص‬ ‫حٗول٠ض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫رلؼ‬ ‫حَُ٣ق‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤ٓ‫ُِوخى‬ ‫ؿٌد‬ ًٖ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝطلُٞض‬ ‫حُٔؼ٤٘ش‬
‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٍ‫طـخ‬ ٖٓ ٕٞ٤ِٛ‫حأل‬ ‫ٌٓخٜٗخ‬ ‫ٛـَٛخ‬‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خ٣ن‬ ‫ٔخء‬.

121. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
121
4/1/3: ُٙ‫انٕط‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫زٔض‬
‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ّ‫رو٤خ‬( ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬1919"ٍِٞ‫ُؿ‬ ‫"ٓؼي‬ ْ٤‫حُِػ‬ ‫رو٤خىس‬ )‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫طُٞيص‬
‫ٝحُٔلخٝال‬ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ٍ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٍَ‫حُظل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحَُؿزش‬ ‫حُٔٔظوِش‬ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬‫ص‬
‫طِػ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـخىس‬"‫كَد‬ ‫"١ِؼض‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫ٜٔخ‬.٢ِ‫ط‬ ْ‫ػ‬
ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫ًُي‬٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ‫ا١خٍٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَس‬‫حُٔ٘ظٔش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخػخص‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،
" ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ٝأَٜٗٛخ‬ٕ‫حإلهٞح‬"ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬‫ًخكش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حٌُخِٓش‬ ‫حألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫ظَٝف‬ ٢ٓٝٝ ،
‫ٓـخالص‬ٍ‫حالٓظوال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحَُؿزش‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حإلٍحىس‬ ٞٔٗ ‫حُٞهض‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬،ْ‫طٜظ‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ‫ريأص‬
‫ُِيٍحٓش‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ْٜ٘ٓٝ ٕٞ٘‫ٝحُل‬ ِّٞ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أٗٞحع‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِوخٍؽ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓزؼٞػ‬ ‫رب٣لخى‬
‫كَٗٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُزُٞح‬ ‫ٝٓيٍٓش‬ ‫اٗـِظَح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫ُ٤لَر‬ ‫ًٔيٍٓش‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ َ‫أًز‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ٝرؼ‬ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ْٜ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝريأٝح‬ ٖ١ُِٞ ‫ػخىٝح‬ ْٜ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ّ‫اطٔخ‬ ‫ي‬
. َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬
.٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓلَىحص‬
ً‫ح‬َٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ َ‫ظ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُِ٘ػخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
‫ح‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ‫ٝٓزخىة‬ ٢ُٝ‫حُي‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫طـخٛخص‬

122. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
122
ّٝ‫حُزخٍٛخ‬،ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫رٞحٓطش‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝحٗؼٌٔض‬
‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫كظَٜص‬ ‫رخُوخٍؽ‬ ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔظؼ‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٟ‫ط٘خى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫حُـَر٤ش‬‫كو‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ٗخك٤ش‬ ٖٓٝ ،٢‫حُظَحػ‬ ِٕٝ‫رخُٔو‬ ٢‫ٝطَطز‬ ‫طؤٛ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ٛزـش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٍ‫أكؼخ‬ ‫ٍىٝى‬ ‫طٞحؿيص‬ ‫ي‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ َُ‫ٝ٣ز‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫هطخػخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهخص‬٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ /‫حُل٤ِٔٞف‬.
‫ح‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٍحثي‬ ً‫خ‬٣َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ُؼزٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ‫ُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
ُ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ز٤ذ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ىٍٓٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ َ‫أٝحث‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
ُ ‫ٝػخىٝح‬ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬‫ٝاػَحثٜخ‬ ‫ٜٗ٠ظٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٤ٔخٛٔٞح‬.‫ػٜي‬ ‫ك٤ـغ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ َ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫ٓخ‬ ‫كوي‬
‫حُٜٔ٘يٓوخٗش‬ " ‫ٓيٍٓــش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫رخُظيٍ٣ـ‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬116
‫رؼي‬ٖٓ ٚ‫ػٞىطـ‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫اٗـِظَح‬1924‫ٍثخٓش‬ ‫طلض‬
َ‫ه‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٢‫ٜٓطل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫آ٘خى‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ‫ُٝحٍس‬ ‫ٍص‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ْٔ‫ه‬ ‫ٍثخٓش‬ ٠ُٞ‫ط‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬1930‫كٞؽ‬ ٍٞٛٝ ‫رؼي‬
.ٖ١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔزؼٞػ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿي٣ي‬
.َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حَُحثي‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ ّٞ‫ًِؼ‬ ّ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُـ٘خء‬ ‫ٓ٤يس‬ ‫ك٤ال‬
116
٘ٗ‫ا‬ ‫٣َؿغ‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٜ٘يٓش‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫خء‬1820‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫اال‬ ْ‫ط٘ظظ‬ ُْ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٌُٖٝ1834‫ٝأؿِوض‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٖٓ1861‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬1866ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫ؿٜخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝط٘وِض‬ ‫َٓحص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ ‫أٓٔخء‬ ‫ٝطـ٤َص‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٖٓ ‫حرظيحء‬ ‫رخُـ٤ِس‬ ٢ُ‫حُلخ‬ ‫ٓوَٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظوَص‬1905‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِـخٓؼش‬ ‫ٟٝٔض‬1935‫ًِ٤ش‬ ‫ٝٛخٍص‬
‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٜٚ‫طو‬ ‫ٝريأ‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٍس‬1917،‫طو‬ َ‫أٗظ‬ٞ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ْ٣1959ٙ ،:214.

123. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
123
‫ٝه‬ٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓخٗي‬ ‫ي‬‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُِ٘ػش‬ ًٟٝ ٖ٤ُ،‫١ِؼض‬ ْٜٔٛ‫ٝأ‬
‫كَد‬،َٜٓ ‫ر٘ي‬ ْٓ‫ٝٓئ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ّ‫ٜٓ٘ي‬ ،َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫رظ‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ ‫ػٜي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُوٞحػي‬ ٖٓ.ْٝٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٌٙٛ٢‫حُٜ٘خػ‬ َ٣َ‫ُِل‬ َٜٓ ‫ًَٗش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘غ‬
ٝ ٍ‫حُيٝح‬ َ‫رٌل‬ٓ ‫ًَٗش‬ َ‫ٓو‬َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫رخُٔلِش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ٍِ‫ُِـ‬ ٍَٜ‫أؿ٤خ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ‫حُطَ٣ن‬ ‫كظق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ .
‫ح‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔ٘خًٍش‬ ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝهل‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢‫ُظ‬
ٖٝٓ٢‫ك‬ٌْٜٔ‫ك‬117
ٝ .َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫َُِحثي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ‫هي‬١ِ٤ِ‫حإلٗـ‬ ٢‫حألٍٝر‬ ٌَ‫رخُل‬
ٔ‫أٗظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ٍٞ‫ُ٤لَر‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬ ٚ٤‫طِو‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ا‬ ٢،‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حَُٝحكي‬ ‫أكي‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٗوٜ٤ظ‬ ‫ٌِٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬،‫حُٔلخكظش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫رخُلًَش‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓطزط‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ
ٚ‫ر‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ َ‫ٗو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫رالى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ‫ػٞىط‬ ‫رؼي‬ َٔ‫ٝحٓظ‬ ‫حإلٗـِ٤ِ٣ش‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ َُ‫ٝرخُط‬
ُٚ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٜ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ٝحٓظي٣ٞٛخص‬ ‫ٛخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬
ٓ ‫هخٛش‬ )ٟٝ‫(حُزيٍح‬ ‫ٝك٤ال‬ )‫كٔخىس‬ ٖٔ‫حَُك‬ ‫(ػزي‬ ‫ك٤ال‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝحُل٤الص‬ ٍٜٞ‫حُو‬ ٖٓ‫أٛلخرٜخ‬ ٕ‫ا٣ٔخ‬ ‫غ‬
٢‫حُـَر‬ ‫رخًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬.ْ‫ٝٓؼظ‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٍحثي‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬
‫ط‬‫ُِلوزش‬ ٚ‫ٓؼخَٛط‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝططٞ٣َٛخ‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫رخُلًَخص‬ َٙ‫ٝطؤػ‬ ٢‫حألٍٝر‬ ٚٔ٤ِ‫ؼ‬
٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٠‫ٜٓطل‬ ‫أك٤خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ‫اك٤خء‬ ‫ٝكظَس‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬.
117
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ؿٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫طؤٓٔض‬1917َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛ٘يٓ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٔؼ٤ش‬ ّ‫أهي‬ ٢ٛٝ.ٖٓ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬
‫ٝططٞ٣َٛخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٞٛ ‫اٗ٘خثٜخ‬‫ٓخٛٔٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُٝحى‬ ٖٔٓٝ .‫اىحٍطٜخ‬ ِْ‫رٔـ‬ ْٛ‫رـٜٞى‬
،ٌَ٤ٛ ْ‫حُٔ٘ؼ‬ ‫ٝػزي‬ ،ٝ‫ٍ٣خ‬ ‫ٝٓلٔٞى‬ ،٢ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٠‫ٜٝٓطل‬ ،ٕ‫ٗؼٔخ‬ ‫َٝٗ٣ق‬ ،َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٢ِ‫ٝػ‬ ،‫كَ٣ي‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ْ٣ًَ ‫ٓ٤ي‬ ٍٞ‫ٝحُيًظ‬ ،‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝارَح‬ ،ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٓؼي‬ ‫هخُي‬ ‫ٝٓلٔي‬ ،٢‫ٗخكؼ‬ ٖٔ‫ٝك‬.‫ًٔخ‬‫هخٓض‬ُ‫ح‬١‫ٗخى‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ‫رؤٗ٘خء‬ ‫ـٔؼ٤ش‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ُِٜٔ٘ي‬1937ٛ‫ٝرخُٔٔخ‬ ،ٖٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٟ‫ٗخى‬ ً‫ا‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬ ُٖٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٗوخرش‬ ‫اهخٓش‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلؼخُش‬ ‫ٔش‬
‫أػ٠خث‬،ٖ٤ٓ‫ُِٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٗوخرش‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ‫ر٠ٍَٝس‬ ‫ٜخ‬ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٍٝحرطش‬ ،‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ؿٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝحٗظًَض‬‫ٝحطلخى‬
‫حُ٘وخرش‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔ٤ِش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ٢‫هَ٣ـ‬…ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُ٘وخرش‬ ‫ٝحٗ٘جض‬1946‫حُظَ٘٣ؼخ‬ ‫حُـٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫ٟٝٝؼض‬‫ص‬
َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ػوي‬ ٕٞٗ‫ٝهخ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ش‬ ‫ِٓحُٝش‬ ‫ٝالثلش‬ ‫حالطؼخد‬ ‫الثلش‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫طَٜكٜخ‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫حُ٘وخرش‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫حػيطٜخ‬ ‫هي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.

124. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
124
.ٚ‫طٞه٤ؼ‬ َٔ‫طل‬ َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُحثي‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٍٛٞس‬
‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألؿ٤خ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٠ُ‫ٝطٞح‬‫ه٤َص‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْٜٔٛ
(1910-1963١ٌُ‫ح‬ )ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬ ‫ًِ٤ش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫طوَؽ‬1930‫رؼؼش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٍَٓ‫كؤ‬ ُ‫حٓظ٤خ‬ َ٣‫رظوي‬
‫ُٔيس‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُـٔ٤ِش‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُل‬ ‫رٔيٍٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٢٤‫ٝطوط‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٜٚ‫ُِظو‬5
‫ٓ٘ٞحص‬118
ُِ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ‫ُٔٞحِٛش‬ ‫رلَٗٔخ‬ ٙ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ِٜ‫ٝحٗظ‬ ،.٠‫حُٔٞٓ٤و‬ ‫ٝحُظؤُ٤ق‬ ٞٗ‫ز٤خ‬ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬
‫حألٝرَح‬ ٕ‫رٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٝػٔخٍس‬ ‫ك٘يم‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ُظ‬ َٜٓ ‫ر٘ي‬ ‫ٗظٜٔخ‬ ‫ٓٔخروش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫رخُـخثِس‬ ُٙٞ‫ُل‬
(1937١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫رويٍحص‬ ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٍٝؿخ‬ ‫ٝحٍُُٞحء‬ ٖ٤ُٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ‫حهظ٘خع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ٟو‬ ً‫ح‬َ‫أػ‬ )
‫ُٝحٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ َ‫ٓل‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ َ‫ك‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ٌَ‫ر‬ ٞ‫أر‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .ٍ‫حألٗـخ‬
ُ‫ٝحُطَح‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ُٚ‫أػٔخ‬ ‫كـٔؼض‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحإلٓال‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ر٘وٜخ‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫رلٌَس‬ ‫ه٤َص‬
ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ ‫ٝك٤ال‬ ٠‫ٓٔظ٘ل‬ ُٚ‫أػٔخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ُٝؼ‬ ،ٚ‫ٝهٞٓ٤ظ‬ ٚ‫ٝ١٘٤ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؼز‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝؿي‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬
ٓ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ ٠‫ٝٓٔظ٘ل‬ ْٗ‫كَح‬ َ٣‫ا‬ ‫ًَٗش‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُخطذ‬٠٘٤٘٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝك٤ال‬ ١‫ـي‬
.َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫رخُٔلِش‬
118
( ،ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓـِش‬1989‫ػيى‬ ،"‫ه٤َص‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ٞ‫أر‬ :‫حَُٝحى‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫"أػال‬ ،)11-12‫حُوخَٛس‬ ،.

125. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
125
.‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُظـٔؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓ‫حالٓال‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ٝحك٤خء‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ َٜٓ
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫كَ٣ن‬ ‫ريٍحٓخ‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حٗظٜض‬26ّ‫ػخ‬ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬1952.
4/2( ‫انضبَٛخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1952–1970: )
‫كاٚس‬ ٙ‫االشزطاك‬ ّ‫ٔانزٕع‬ ‫انضٕضٚخ‬ ‫االَطاللخ‬‫ٕٚنٕع‬٘‫انًصط‬ ‫نهًغزًغ‬ ‫ٛخ‬.
ً‫ال‬ٞ‫طل‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٜٗيص‬١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٌٍ‫ؿ‬‫ٝحألٟٝخع‬ ‫حُ٘خثؼش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫ٝطـ‬ ،
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫ُِليع‬ ‫ً٘ظ٤ـش‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝؿخء‬ ‫١ٞ٣ِش‬ ‫ُلظَحص‬ ‫ٓخىص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُطزو٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬
ٚ‫ٜٗيط‬‫ػٍٞس‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬23ٞ٣‫حإل٣ي‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫طٞؿٜٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٞ٤ُٞ٣ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫ال‬٣‫ري‬ ‫حالٗظَحً٤ش‬ ‫ُٞؿ٤ش‬
‫كوي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ألكَحى‬ ‫حُٔؼخٗخس‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٓززض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حإلهطخػ٤ش‬ ‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬

126. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
126
‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫هخىص‬َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َٜٓ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ًز‬ ‫طلي٣غ‬ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫أكيػض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .
‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫كيػض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ّ‫ٗظخ‬ َ٤٤‫ٝطـ‬ ‫حُِٔطش‬ ٟٞ
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخُوَٝؽ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫ُِوطخػخص‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔخف‬ ١ٍٜٞٔ‫ؿ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٌِٓ ٖٓ ٌْ‫حُل‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُطزو‬ ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلؼِ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خًٍش‬ َ٤‫ه‬
‫حإلٗظخؽ‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬.ٞ‫ٗل‬ ْ٤‫طيػ‬ َٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫كخُٝض‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ٌٓخٓذ‬ ‫رظلو٤ن‬ ‫ًٛخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلن‬ ٖ١‫ٓٞح‬ ٌَُ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٛيحكٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫كـؼِض‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُٜٔخ‬ ٖٔ٠‫ط‬ ‫ٗؼز٤ش‬
ٖ٤‫ٝحُلالك‬ ‫حُؼخِٓش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫١زوخص‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٛل٤لش‬ ‫ًَ٣ٔش‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬.‫هٞ٣ش‬ ‫ىكؼش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫أػطض‬ ‫كوي‬
ُٝ‫ٝٓلخ‬ ‫حُطزوخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلٞحٍم‬ ‫طٌٝ٣ذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝػِٔض‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫ُِلَحى‬‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫ش‬‫ألؿ٘٤خء‬
‫ٝحإلهطخع‬‫ٝطزيُض‬ ‫حُطزو٤ش‬ ‫حألٟٝخع‬ ‫كظـ٤َص‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ‫طٞٓ٤غ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٓ‫حأل‬ ،
‫حُظؤٓ٤٘خص‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝريح٣ش‬ ‫حالٗظَحً٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ‫رٍِٞس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬‫حُٔظ٤٘خص‬ َٜ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُوطخع‬.
ٝ‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫ػٍٞس‬ ّ‫ه٤خ‬ ٌ٘ٓ1952٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حٓظـخرش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼي٣الص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫ؿَص‬َ٤‫طـ‬
ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬ ٍ‫ٝحٛي‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫ٌِٓ٤ش‬ ّ‫ٗظخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿٌٍ٣ش‬ ‫طؼي٣الص‬ ‫ؿَص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٝحُظَٝف‬ ‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ‫ٝريأص‬ ٢‫حٍُِحػ‬ ‫حإلٛالف‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ٌ٘ٓ ٢‫حُٜ٘خػ‬ ‫وطخع‬1957‫ك٤غ‬ ،
‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخِٓش‬ ‫حألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حًَُ٘خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحُلَٗٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُزَ٣طخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حًَُ٘خص‬ ْ٤ٓ‫رظؤ‬ ‫هخٓض‬
‫حُوطخع‬،‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ّ1962ً‫خ‬ٌُ‫ٓخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫رؤ‬ ٠٠‫طو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓش‬ ‫أهَص‬
٣‫حُظؼي‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خػخص‬ ‫ٝحُول٤لش‬ ‫حُؼو٤ِش‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٘خػخص‬ ‫حَُٔحكن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ‫ٝٓٔ٤ط‬ٖ٤ٓ‫حُظؤ‬ ‫ًَٝٗخص‬ ‫ٝحُز٘ٞى‬ ٖ
ٚ‫ٝهالك‬ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ‫ُِوطخع‬ ‫ًِٓٔٞش‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬ ‫حُيحهِ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـخٍس‬ ‫رو٤ض‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ .
٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ٚٔ‫ٓؼظ‬‫ري‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤ٔ٤‫حُٔو‬ ‫ػيى‬ ٝ‫حٗولخ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ٖ‫ريح٣ش‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ٓظِح٣يس‬ ‫ٍؿش‬
‫حُٔظ٤٘خص‬.
: ٖ٤‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ظ‬ ٖ٤‫هخػيط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌِ‫٣َط‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ: ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫اُـخء‬
‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ٢‫ٛل‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼ‬ ٖٓ ٍٞ‫حُيه‬ ‫حُٔليٝىس‬ ‫حُطزوخص‬ ٖ٤ٌٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫حُطزو‬
‫حُٔٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كن‬‫حُلٞحٍم‬ ‫ُظٌ٣ذ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإل٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ٛٔش‬
‫أ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ح٥ػخ‬ ‫ٝٓوخٝٓش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫١زوخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬‫ٝحإلهطخع‬ ‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫كيػظٜخ‬.ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٢ٛ: ‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬
‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حألٓش‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢‫حُظَحر‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُو٤خى‬ َٜٓ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬
‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ٍ‫ُٔـخ‬.٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫كخُوخػيس‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫أًز‬ ِ‫حًَُخث‬ ٌُٜٙ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖ٤ٔ‫رظل‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٠ؤش‬ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ ‫ٗظخثـٜخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫ًخ‬

127. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
127
ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬119
‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ُِطزوخص‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ‫ٝهِن‬ ‫ٝحُظٜ٘٤غ‬‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬ ‫حُوالع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ِٓش‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ٕٗ‫ٝكِٞح‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫زَح‬.‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ َ‫حُٔٔخث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِيُٝش‬ ٟٞ‫أه‬ ً‫خ‬ً‫حٗظَح‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ‫كوي‬
َٔ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ٚ‫ٓٞؿ‬ ١ًَِٓ ‫رخهظٜخى‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٜٓلٞر‬
ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ر٠ٔخ‬ ‫ٝأُٜٝخ‬ ‫حُٔليٝى‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ًٟٝ ‫رَكخٛ٤ش‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫كو٤و‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٝحٛظٔخ‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ٛ٘خػ٤ش‬ ‫ططٍٞحص‬
ٝ‫أل‬ ْ‫كظ‬ ‫حَُٔ٣ق‬ُٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ‫حُظٞٓغ‬ َٜٓ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٓس‬ ٍ‫حُظـٔؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ًٖ‫خ‬
‫حُـي٣يس‬ٔٛٝ ‫حُٞهض‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫ًَٗخص‬ َ‫أًز‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫ًَٗظ‬ ْ٤ٓ‫طؤ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝٓخػي‬ ،‫خ‬
‫حُٔؼخى‬ ‫ًَٝٗش‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ َٜٓ ‫ًَٗش‬١ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ًٖ‫ٝحُٔٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ًَٗش‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ْ‫ط‬ ْ‫ػ‬1954
‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٜٚ‫ُظظو‬‫ُٓٞظٜخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُزالى‬ ‫أٗلخء‬ ًَ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬
‫حُلٌٞٓش‬‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحؿزخطٜخ‬ ‫أكي‬ ‫ٝحػظزَطٜخ‬.
‫حُؼوخكش‬ ‫ٝحطخكش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫حالهطخع‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلـٞس‬ ٍٞ‫ُؼز‬ ‫حُيُش‬ ‫حُظؼز٤َحص‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحكي‬ ،‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ه‬
‫رؼي‬ ‫ُِـٔ٤غ‬1952.
ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ‫أٓخ‬‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ٚ‫ٛخؿظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُوٞٓ٤ش‬
‫حألٓش‬ ‫ػخٛٔش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫حٗؼ‬ ‫كوي‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬
119
ٝ ‫حُلو٤َس‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٗٝ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٕ‫إلٌٓخ‬ ‫ٌٓؼلش‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ٌ٤‫ط٘ل‬ ْ‫ط‬ٖ٤‫ٝػ‬ ْٜ٘٣ُ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫ك‬
. ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ‫ٝٗزَح‬ ٕ‫ٝكِٞح‬ ‫ٝآزخرش‬ ‫حُٜ٤َس‬

128. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
128
‫حُؼَر٤ش‬120
‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ٝط٘ٞع‬ ٍ‫حُىٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫أًز‬ ُٚ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫رٜخ‬ ‫أه٤ٔض‬‫حُٔو‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ٖٓٝ ،َ‫حُؼ‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ُـخٓؼش‬ ْ‫حُيحث‬ َ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚٔٔٛ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ر٤ش‬
‫ٓل‬ٝ‫ٍ٣خ‬ ‫ٔٞى‬ّ‫ػخ‬1954‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ‫أىحء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫أػخى‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حألر٘٤ش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫ُ٤ٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٝػٞىط‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ِٚٓ‫طؼخ‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ٚ٘١ٝ ٢‫ك‬
ًِٚ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫ً٤خ‬.ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ُِٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ‫طؤً٤ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ َٙ‫رل‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلَحؿ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهخص‬ ‫حألكو٤ش‬ ٢‫حُٔٔخه‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ٚٔ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬
‫ٓؼخُـش‬٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ‫حُٔٞهغ‬ ‫ٝط٘ٔ٤ن‬ ‫حُٞحؿٜخص‬.
.‫األمامٌة‬ ‫والحدٌقة‬ ‫الدائري‬ ‫بتشكٌله‬ ‫التحرٌر‬ ‫مجمع‬ ‫مبنى‬
120
" ٚ‫رلؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٓؼي‬ .‫ى‬ َ٤٘٣" ‫حؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظَس‬ : ‫حُوخَٛس‬،‫ػزي‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
ٖ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓش‬ ‫حألىد‬ ٍ‫ٍؿخ‬ ‫هزِش‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ‫ٝأٛزلض‬ ‫ػَر٤ش‬ ‫ػخٛٔش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ َ‫رلؼ‬ ‫طلُٞض‬ َٛ‫حُ٘خ‬‫ٝحُطِزش‬ٖٓ
٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫أٗلخء‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬.ٙ56٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُظٞٓغ‬ ‫طلي٣خص‬ ‫ٗيٝس‬–ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬ ‫ؿخثِس‬ ‫ٍٓ٘٘ٞحص‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫كخُش‬
‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬–1984.

129. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
129
‫َٓ٘ٝػخ‬ ‫طٌٍَص‬‫رخُـِٔش‬ ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫اٗظخؽ‬ ‫ٝػِٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫ص‬،٢‫ٝحُظ‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُؼـِٛخ‬ ‫كِٜ٘خ‬ ‫ػزض‬
َِٓ ٖٓ ‫ُحىص‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ، ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ْٛ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ْٜ‫ػخىحط‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝرؼيٛخ‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫كخؿخص‬ ‫طِز٤ش‬ٍٝ‫طخرش‬
.َٜٓ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬
٣‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٌٖ٣ ُْ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬٢‫حُطزو‬ ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫٘خ‬
‫رٜ٤خؿش‬ ‫حٛظٔٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٍ‫ٍؿخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ، ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫هَحٍحص‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ َ‫ر‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬
ٍ‫هَح‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُٔٔظوزِ٤ش‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ‫ُٟٞٞف‬ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫ٟٔخ‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿيٝح‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬
ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬:ٖ٤ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٛيك‬ ‫٣لون‬ ‫حالٗظَحً٤ش‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬
1-‫حالهظٜخى‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬‫ٝحَُؿزش‬ ‫حإلهطخع‬ ‫ٝطـَرش‬ ‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ّ‫اكال‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬
٘٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ّ‫ٓظوي‬ ٢‫ٛ٘خػ‬ ‫رِي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢‫ٍُحػ‬ ‫رِي‬ ٖٓ َٜٓ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ش‬
ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أكَحى‬.
2-‫ٝطؤ٣٤يٛخ‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ْ٤‫طيػ‬ ٕ‫ٟٔخ‬‫ٝحٓظَٔحٍ٣ظٜخ‬ٌَٔ‫حُٔؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حالػظٔخى‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫حُو‬ ‫أكي‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حَُ٘ه‬‫ٝحال‬ ٖ٤‫حُؼظٔظ‬ ٖ٤‫ٞط‬‫رؼي‬ ‫حالٗظَحً٤ش‬ ‫رخُظـَرش‬ ‫هظيحء‬.
‫ًوخػيس‬ ‫حُِٔطش‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حػظٔيص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ٚ‫روطخػخط‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ُؼذ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫حُطزوش‬ ‫ٗطخم‬ ‫طٞٓ٤غ‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼ٤٘ش‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ‫رَكغ‬ ‫حٛظٔض‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ػَ٣٠ش‬ ‫ؿٔخػ٤ش‬
‫ك‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٝألٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ ‫حُزَؿٞحُ٣ش‬ٔٓ‫حَُأ‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫َٟد‬ ٢‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫خُ٤ش‬.ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬ َُ‫أر‬ ٖٓٝ
٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ف‬ ٌ‫ٝٓ٘ل‬ ٖ٘‫ٝٓو‬ ‫ًَٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫ىهُٜٞخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ُِيُٝش‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ‫طُٜٔٞخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ٗ٘طض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬

130. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
131
‫حُل‬ ٍّ‫ًخُٔيح‬ ‫حُويٓ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝه‬ ‫ٌٞٓ٤ش‬
‫أٗلخء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٗظَ٘ص‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حَُ٣خٟ٤ش‬‫حُزالى‬ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫رخُٔزخ‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٛخكذ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
‫كؤٗ٘جض‬ ١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫ٝحٓظوَحٍٛخ‬ ‫ٝٗـخكٜخ‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ َ٤ٓ
ُ‫رخ‬ ٢‫حٍُِحػ‬ ‫حإلٛالف‬ ‫ٓـٔغ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫يه‬َٔ‫ػ‬ ١ٍِٓ
ٕٓٝٞ‫ُ٣ظ‬ ‫ٝٛالف‬ ٢‫ٗٞه‬ ٠‫ٜٓطل‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ُٝ‫حُي‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٍ‫طخ‬ٝ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُـَكش‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬
ْ٣ًَ ‫ٓ٤ي‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬‫ؿَ٣يس‬ ٠٘‫ٝٓز‬١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٝرَؽ‬ ّ‫حألَٛح‬‫ٗز٤ذ‬ ّٞ‫ٗؼ‬121
.‫كيع‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬
٤ٓٝ َٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫حٗظٜخء‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝحُل٘يه٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خك٤ش‬ ‫رخُٔ٘٘آص‬ ْ‫ٟو‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ٖ٤٤٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫طَس‬
‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫هطخػخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٝ‫ٍ٣خ‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٕٞ‫ٛ٤ِظ‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ك٘يم‬ ‫كؤٗ٘ؤ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬
َ٤‫رٌظ‬ ‫ًَٗش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫رخالٗظَحى‬‫ُالٓظ٘خٍحص‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓ٤ش‬1960٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٘يه٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫ٌٓ٘ال‬
‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬.
"ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ُِٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫َٗ٘س‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حٛيح‬
1964‫ُـ‬ ‫طلو٤وخ‬َ‫حالٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔؼ٤ش‬ ٝ‫حؿَح‬ ٖٓ ٝ‫ُظلظق‬
َ٘ٗ ‫١َ٣وٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٛللش‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ُِٜٔ٘ي‬
ٕٞ٘‫ك‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ح‬ ‫ططٍٞص‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٖ٤‫طز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ُْٜ‫ٝأػٔخ‬ ْٜ‫َٓ٘ٝػخط‬
ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝطـخٝرٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫ٓـظٔؼ٘خ‬ َ‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬
‫ػزي‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ْ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ‫رِػخٓش‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٢ٗٝ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬
ٛ‫حُ٘خ‬َ."
‫ٍكؼض‬ ‫أكٔي‬-ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ؿٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫اىحٍس‬ ِْ‫ٓـ‬ ْ٤‫ٍث‬
ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬.
121
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ّٞ٣ٍُٞ‫رٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗز٤ذ‬ ّٞ‫ٗؼ‬ َٜ‫ك‬1937‫حإلٗ٘خءحص‬ ‫ٛ٘يٓش‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ٚ‫ىٍحٓخط‬ ْ‫أط‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ِٚٛ‫أ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُظَرش‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ٌخٗ٤ٌخ‬‫حُٔزيع‬ ٢‫ٝحإلٗ٘خث‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٜٛٔٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬،
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٙ‫ٓ٤الى‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخإلهخٓش‬ َٔ‫ٝحٓظ‬ ،ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓؼٔخٍ٣خ‬ ‫اٗ٘خث٤خ‬ ‫طلي٣خ‬ ٚ‫طٜٔ٤ٔخط‬ ًَ ٖٓ َ‫كـؼ‬
1971ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ٝطٞك‬ ‫ػخثِ٤ش‬ ‫ُظَٝف‬ ‫ً٘يح‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٛخؿ‬ ْ‫ػ‬1985.ٍ‫ٓٞٗظَ٣خ‬ ‫رٔي٣٘ش‬

131. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
131
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٜخىٍس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حَُ٘٘س‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُؼيى‬ ‫ٍٛٞس‬1964.
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫ٓخىٛخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ‫أ‬ ِٚ‫ٗٔظو‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬
ً‫ال‬ٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ‫هي‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُظـَ٣ذ‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬‫ُ٤ظالء‬ّ‫ُِؼٍٞس‬ ٢‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ىكؼـض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالٗظَحً٤ش‬ ‫كخُظـَرش‬ ، ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔـخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ َٔ‫ٝحٓظ‬
ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫أىحثٜخ‬ ‫ُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬ ْ٤٤‫طو‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُظٞٓغ‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬
، ‫ٓٔظؼِٔ٤ٜخ‬ ٟ‫ٍأ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ٖ٤ُٜٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫حألٍٝر٤ش‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٜٞ‫طـ‬ ُْ
ٕٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫طز٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحالطـخٛخص‬ ٍ‫ُألكٌخ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ٢ٛ ‫كخٓظَٔص‬ ‫ٝحألَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬
‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬ ‫طِوٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ىٍٓٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
٢‫ؿَر‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ِ‫ٝطؼ‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ ًٟٝ ٖ٤٣َٜٓ ‫أٓظخًس‬ ‫٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٍٝحى‬ ٍ‫رؤكٌخ‬ َ‫ٓظؤػ‬
‫ُٞ٣ي‬ ‫كَحٗي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُلظَس‬‫ىٍٝس‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓٝ ،‫ًٍُٝٞٞرُٞ٣٤ش‬ ،‫ٍح٣ض‬.‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫حٓظَٔص‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫طو٠غ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫ُِظطز٤ن‬ ٍ‫ًٔـخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬
ٟٝ‫ؿي‬ ٕ‫ُز٤خ‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُِيٍحٓش‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗـخكٜخ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫ططز٤وٜخ‬
ٖٓ ‫ٍؿزش‬ ُٚٝ ‫ٝحُظوخُ٤ي‬ ‫حُؼخىحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓؼويس‬ ‫طًَ٤زش‬ ُٚٝ ًْ‫حُٔظَح‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ِٚٗٝ‫ٓو‬ ُٚ ‫ٗؼذ‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬
. َ٠‫ٝحُظل‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬

132. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
132
َٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ َ٤ٛ‫طؤ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ‫أكي‬ ‫رخُـ٤ِس‬ ٕٞ٘‫ُِل‬ ‫ٝحٛق‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜخ‬ ْ٤ٍٓ ًَِٓ
‫ؿخثِس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬1983.
4/3( ‫انضبنضخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1973–1980: )
‫ٔاإلٚسٕٚنٕعٛخ‬ ٘‫االلزصبز‬ ‫االَفزبػ‬‫انطأؼًبنٛخ‬
‫ٓؼًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ٍ‫حٗظٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓظٔؼ‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٚ‫ٜٗيط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ُ‫حالٗـخ‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫ٓ٘ش‬ َ‫أًظٞر‬ ٖٓ ّ‫حُٔخى‬1973‫ؿ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ٜٗ‫إل‬ ‫ٝحُيػٞس‬ ّ‫حُٔال‬ ‫ٜي‬‫حُلَٝد‬ ‫خء‬‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫طـ٤َحص‬ ‫أكيع‬ ،
‫ٝحالؿ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ِٗٔض‬١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ظٔخػ٤ش‬.‫حٓظَهخء‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫كوي‬
‫حُلَٝد‬ ‫كظَس‬ ‫رخٗظٜخء‬ ٚ‫هطخػخط‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ٝحَُهخء‬ ‫حَُكخٛ٤ش‬ ‫ٝػٞى‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ّ‫طخ‬ ٢‫حؿظٔخػ‬
ٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٝحطـٜض‬‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ‫ُش‬.ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُوخىس‬ َ٤ٌ‫طل‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ْٜ‫ٝٗظَط‬ ٖ٤٤ٓ‫٤خ‬
ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ‫اػطخء‬ ٚ‫ٛيك‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓ‫أٓخ‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ َٟ‫كـ‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫ُالهظٜخى‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍِٞ‫ٝر‬ ‫حُلَس‬ ‫رخُؼٔالص‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ َٜٓٝ ١‫ٝحالٓظ٤َحى‬ ٢‫حإلٗظخؿ‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫أًز‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬

133. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
133
ٌ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫اٛيح‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ٕٞٗ‫ُوخ‬ ‫ٞٓش‬١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬122
،‫طل‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ٜيف‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬‫حالهظٜـخى‬ َ٣ٞ‫ـ‬
١ً ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ًَِٓ٣ـش‬ َ‫أه‬ ‫ٝأٛزق‬ ‫ٓلظٞف‬ ‫حهظٜـخى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬َ‫هز‬.‫حٌُِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ‫ٝٗـؼض‬
ٝ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُو٤ٞى‬ ‫حٗول٠ض‬.‫حُزالى‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ٖ٤٣َُِٜٔ ‫ٓٔق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝٓخػي‬ ‫ُِيُٝش‬ ١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫حُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ً‫ح‬َٜ٘‫ػ‬ ْٜ‫ٓيهَحط‬ ‫كٌِ٘ض‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخٍٝس‬٠
ُ ‫ٝحألؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألٓٞح‬ ّٝ‫ٍإ‬ ‫ٝؿٌد‬ ٍ‫ُالٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓ٘ـغ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٘خم‬ ‫هِن‬ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ْ٤‫ظو‬
َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬.
٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ١َٛ‫حُظخ‬ ٕ‫حالٗظؼخ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬،‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬‫ُٜخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ٕ‫كب‬
‫ٓؼ‬ ‫كٔغ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓوٞٓخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫أػَص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٔز٤ش‬ ‫ؿٞحٗزٜخ‬‫حَُٔ٣ؼش‬ ‫حٌُٔذ‬ ‫يالص‬
َ‫حُيه‬ ‫طُٞ٣غ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟؤش‬ ‫ط٘خه٠خص‬ ‫كيػض‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ُوطخع‬ ‫حُ٠ؤش‬‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ؿؼِض‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طو‬ ‫ال‬25‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ َٜ‫٣ل‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ %2.5%ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ٢ُ‫اؿٔخ‬ ٍٖٜٓٞ‫ظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
‫ٝػ‬ َُْٛٞٓ‫ر‬ ‫ٝ١ـٞح‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ َُّٜ‫ح‬ ‫هِزٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٤ِ٤‫حُطل‬ ٖ٤٤ُ‫حَُأٓٔخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫طِي‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْٜ‫وخكظ‬
‫حأل‬ َ‫ٝحُٔؼ‬ ‫حُويٝس‬ ‫أٛزلٞح‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ِ‫ه‬ ‫أكيع‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خٗجش‬ ٍ‫ُألؿ٤خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ً‫ال‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫حؿظٔخػ‬
‫حُلخًٔش‬ ‫ٝحألهاله٤خص‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ُ‫حٛظِح‬٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬ ‫ٝطلٔن‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬.‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُطل٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓظٔؼ‬ ‫حُلٔخى‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َ٘‫حٗظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬‫ٝحُظَٜ٣ذ‬ ‫ًخَُٔٔٔس‬ ‫خثيس‬
‫أكَحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ َٔ‫رخُؼ‬ ‫حُٔطِوش‬ ٚ‫ٗز‬ ‫حُالٓزخالس‬ ‫ًخٍػش‬ ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٝحُويٓخص‬
‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝػوخك‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫حؿظٔخػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫حؿظٔخػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٓ‫ٓ٤خ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬
‫حُٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ٖٓ.ٖٓ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ ‫حالٗظٜخُ٣ش‬ ‫طل٘ض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫حالٗظٜخُ٣ش‬ ‫طل٘ض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖٓ‫حُٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬
ٝ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ٟٝؼق‬ ‫حُٜخٍهش‬ ‫حُلَى٣ش‬ٖ٤ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ٖ٣َٓ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ١ُٞ‫ح‬ ‫أُٓش‬ ‫طـٔيص‬:ّ‫٣ٜي‬ ‫أُٜٝخ‬
١َ٘‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫حُلٔخى‬ ٞٛٝ،‫ٓؼٞم‬ ‫ٝػخٗ٤ٜخ‬‫ح‬ ‫ؿ٤زش‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ِْ‫ُل‬.
122
ٛ‫حُوخ‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬ ‫حُٔخىحص‬ ٍِٞ‫ر‬‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫حٗطالهش‬ ‫ٓؼِض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ٚ‫رخٗظٜخؿ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ‫ش‬
ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٍحى‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ‫طز٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُإ٣ش‬ ٕ‫حألًٛخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُٔخىحص‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ٝػخىص‬ ، ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٠‫ٗظ‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٌٞ٘‫ٝرخُظ‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫ٝرخُٔؼٞٗخص‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ْٓ‫ُأل‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝكو‬ َٜٓ ٍٞ‫٣ط‬‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝحُوزَحء‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫ُٞؿ٤خ‬ٖ٤٤‫َر‬ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫ٝاًح‬ ،
ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫حُٔل٠ِش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٍٝٝٓخ‬٤ٛٝ ِّٞ‫أٗـ‬ ُّٞ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫كوي‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ٕٞٞ‫ٓظ‬‫حُٔخىحص‬ ٟ‫ُي‬ ‫حُٔل٠ِش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔخًؽ‬ ٢ٛ.

134. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
134
‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼُِٝش‬ ‫رٌحطٜخ‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٗظؼخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬
‫ح‬‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫الؿظٔخػ٤ش‬‫طلخػ‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ٓلِٜش‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٛ َ‫ر‬ ،‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٌٙٛ ًَ َ
ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ُِ ‫حٓظ٤َحى٣ش‬ ‫ٓٞؿش‬ ‫طُٞي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ً‫حالٓظٜال‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٗـؼض‬ ‫كوي‬ ،‫ؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٛ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٢ٌ٣َٓ‫ٝحأل‬ ٢‫حألٍٝر‬ ‫ر٘و٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬
ٖٓ ٖ٤ٓ‫هخى‬ ْٛ‫طٞحكي‬ َٔ‫حٓظ‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٍ‫ٝأػٔخ‬ ٌَ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخِٟش‬
ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُـخٓؼخص‬ ٖٓ ‫طوَؿٞح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ىٍٓٞح‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُـَد‬
‫ط‬ ٢‫ٍر‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤ٛ‫ُِظؤ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫ٓلِ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫روخػيس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ِي‬.
‫حُزؼؼخص‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ‫حٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ‫حٓظَٔص‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤َحى‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ــش‬ ‫حالٗطالهـش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘٘طش‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬‫أكيػظٜخ‬
‫حٓظـَحم‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫َٝٓ٣ق‬ ِٟ‫ٓـ‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ؿؼِض‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬
‫ٝأِٓٞد‬ ‫ٝٓظطِزخطٜخ‬ ‫حُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٣ٍ‫حُظي‬ ‫ٛ٤جش‬ ‫أػ٠خء‬
. ًْ‫حُٔظَح‬ ٢‫حُظَحػ‬ ِٕٝ‫ٝرخُٔو‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫رخُٞحهغ‬ ‫ٍٝرطٜخ‬ ‫ططٞ٣َٛخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬‫ٓظٞحكوش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ر٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿخص‬ ‫حٓظ٤َحى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظَٔٝح‬ ‫كوي‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ـَر‬
ْٜ‫َُإ٣ظ‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫حَُأٓٔخُ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٝأٗ٘طظ‬ ٢‫حالٗلظخك‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٓغ‬
ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ َٜ‫ٝظ‬ ‫حُٔلخد‬ ‫ٝٗخ١لخص‬ ‫حألرَحؽ‬ ‫كخٗظَ٘ص‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ‫ٝٓٞحًزش‬ ّ‫حُظوي‬ ّٜٞ‫ُٔل‬
‫ػ‬ ‫رؼي‬ َ‫حُلخه‬٢‫ك‬ ‫طًَِص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلخهَس‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫أرَحؽ‬ ‫كؤه٤ٔض‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٌَ٘‫ر‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫حُـ٤خد‬ ٖٓ ٖ٣‫وي‬
٢ٛ ‫ٓٞحهغ‬ ‫ػالع‬ٝ ٢‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٕ‫ٝؿخٍى‬ ‫حُِٓخُي‬٠ِ‫ػ‬َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٗخ١ت‬ ٍٞ١.ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫أُ٣ِض‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ُٝظلو٤ن‬
َٜٓ ‫أكوي‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حُؼخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍحص‬ ‫ٓلِٜخ‬ َ‫ُظل‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝحُو‬ ‫حُل٤الص‬
‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ٝٞ‫طؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ػَٝس‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٝحُؼخٛٔش‬‫ٓزيػ٤ٜخ‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ‫ر٤ٞص‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬
ّٞ‫ًِؼ‬ ّ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔطَرش‬ ‫ر٤ض‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬‫ٌٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٚٗ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٢٘‫ٝر‬ ّ‫ٛي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬.٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٓخُي‬ ‫ؿِ٣َس‬ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ َ‫ُٝؼ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝحُو‬ ‫حُل٤الص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓٔخًٜ٘خ‬ ‫أؿِذ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫أٍه‬ ٖٓ ‫طؼي‬ ‫ًخٗض‬
‫كو٤وش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػخٗض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٖٓ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫طخٍ٣و٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬
‫ٓخػ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬‫حُل٠خء‬ ٢ٟ‫حألٍح‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ‫ي‬‫ٝر٤غ‬ ْٜ‫ك٤الط‬ ّ‫ُٜي‬ ‫حُٔالى‬ ‫حٓظؼيحى‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ،
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طلخكع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝحُوٞح‬ ‫حالٗظَح١خص‬ ‫ؿ٤زش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حإلؿَحء‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫طلض‬ ‫أٍٟٜخ‬
‫حُٔ٘ط‬ ‫١خرغ‬‫حٍطلخع‬ ٠ٜ‫رؤه‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حألرَحؽ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ر٘٤ض‬ ‫ٛـ٤َس‬ ‫هطغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٟ‫حألٍح‬ ‫طـِثش‬ ْ‫كظ‬ ، ‫وش‬
ِ٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫١خرؼٜخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٌٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ًٔ٘طوش‬ ‫ً٤خٜٗخ‬ ٕ‫ٝكويح‬ ٍٞٛ‫حُظي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘طوش‬ ‫كزيأص‬ ٕٞٗ‫حُوخ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫٣ٔٔق‬
‫ح‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ْ‫ط٠و‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُلخىع‬ ١َٜ‫ٝحُز‬ ٢‫حُز٤ج‬ ‫ُظِٞع‬.

135. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
135
‫حُؼٔخٗ٤٘٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬–‫ٓ٘طوش‬.‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حالٝرَح‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٜ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ‫حُـِ٣َس‬
‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ َٜ‫٣وظ‬ ُْ ‫حُـَد‬ ٕ‫أك٠خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٍطٔخء‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ًخُِؿخؽ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طٜ٘غ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔظٍٞىس‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ َٔ٘٤ُ ‫حٓظي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫طو٘٤خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤غ‬ ‫ٓخروش‬ ‫ٝحُزخٗٞٛخص‬ ّٞ٤ُٗٞٔ‫ٝحأل‬ ُِٕٞٔ‫ح‬ ًْ‫حُؼخ‬
‫حُـَر‬‫حأل‬ ‫حُوزَس‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤َحى‬ ‫حُِٔؼش‬ ‫حٓظ٤َحى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ٝطًَ٤زٜخ‬ ‫ُظ٘ـ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫حُالُٓش‬ ‫ؿ٘ز٤ش‬.‫ًٔخ‬
ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٚ‫ٓئٓٔظ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٟٞ‫ٝ٣لظ‬ ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ٍّ‫ٝ٣ٔخ‬ ‫ُ٤ؼٞى‬ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ١ٍ‫حالٓظ٘خ‬ ‫ُؼٞىس‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٛ٤جض‬
ْٜ٘١ٝ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػ٤ش‬ ُٚ ‫ُ٤ؼطٞح‬ ٖ٤٤ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬.‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ ‫ط٘خه٠ض‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫حُؼ‬ٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٞ‫حُظ٘خه‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫َٔحٗ٤ش‬‫طِي‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤ُ
ٝ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ‫ٌٓ٘ض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ‫ٝحٌُٔظذ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حالٓظ٘خ‬ ‫حٌُٔظذ‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ظَٜص‬
‫أػطض‬ ‫حُؼ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُٜخٓـش‬ ٕ‫ُِٔي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َِ‫ه‬ ‫اكيحع‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
١ٍ‫ُالٓظ٘ــخ‬‫ٓ٘ــــَٝػ٤ش‬ ١َ‫حُٜٔــ‬ٚٗ‫كب‬ ٢‫أؿ٘ز‬ ‫رٌٔظذ‬ ٚٗ‫حهظَح‬ ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٚ٘١ٝ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬
َ‫أه‬ ‫َٓطزش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ٟٞغ‬.‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ‫حالُىٝحؽ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ‫ٝهي‬
ٍ‫ٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٕٞ‫ٛ٤ِظ‬ ْ٤ٍٔٓ ‫ًل٘يم‬ ‫ٝحإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘٘آص‬ ‫هطخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫حُـِ٣َس‬ ٕٞ‫ٗ٤َحط‬ ‫ٝك٘يم‬‫ٗلخط‬ ‫ٛالف‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬‫ًخ‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٝرَؽ‬ َٚ٣ٝ‫رالُح‬
‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫حُل٘يه‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬‫حُٔؼخى‬ ٖ٤ٌٍٗٞ‫ر‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حألرَحؽ‬١ٍ‫ٝىح‬ ‫ٗل٤ن‬ ‫٣ٞٓق‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬
‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬ًٍٙٞ‫ٝٓ٘خ‬ َ‫"حُ٘خػ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ظَٜص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ "‫ُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٗ‫ؼَٔح‬
‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬.‫ُألػ‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ‫ٌٛح‬٢‫حألٍٝر‬ ٌَ‫رخُل‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َ‫طؤػ‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ٔخ‬

136. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
136
٣ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬ ‫رٌِ٤ش‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ِّٞ‫حُؼ‬ ٠٘‫ًٔز‬‫ٝك٘يم‬ ‫ٗل٤ن‬ ‫ٞٓق‬
‫حُٔخٍ٣ٞص‬١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬٠ُٞ‫ٓير‬ ‫ٓ٤ي‬،‫حإلىح‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬‫ٝحُويٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُل٘يه٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٍ٣ش‬.
‫حُـ‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ‫ُحى‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔي‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓٔخء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألرَحؽ‬ ‫ٝحٍطلؼض‬ ٢‫َر‬.
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔظِح٣ي‬ ٢ٗ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٓالكوش‬ ‫حُزالى‬ ‫أٍؿخء‬ ‫ِٗٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫كخُٝض‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫ٓي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫طوٜٜخص‬ ‫الٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫هٜٜض‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ٞٔٗ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٜٗيص‬ٖ٤٤‫حُٜلل‬ ‫٣٘ش‬
‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫ٝحُٜٔ٘ي‬.ٞ‫حُوط‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬٢ٟ‫حألٍح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٟؤش‬ ‫ٓٔطلخص‬ ‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿخءص‬ ‫س‬
‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ‫كخطـٜض‬ ‫ٌٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ‫ٓلِٜخ‬ َ‫ك‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٍُِحػ٤ش‬
‫حُظخرؼش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٝأٛزق‬ ٕ‫ٌُِٔخ‬ ‫حُٔظِح٣يس‬ ‫حُلخؿخص‬ ‫ُٔٞحؿٜش‬ ‫طخرؼش‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫ظَٜص‬
‫حألٛيحف‬ ‫أكي‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُظٞٓغ‬ ‫الٓظ٤ؼخد‬‫حالٓظَحط٤ـ٤ش‬‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ َ‫ٓٔظوز‬ َ‫أؿ‬ ٖٓ
ٕ‫ٓي‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ َٔ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٓظٌخِٓش‬ ‫ك٠َ٣ش‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ‫طز٘ض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬
‫حإله‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬‫حُوخثٔش‬ ‫حُل٠َ٣ش‬ ًِ‫ٝحَُٔح‬ ‫ِ٤ٔ٤ش‬.
‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُظوط٤ط٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓظٜخ‬ ‫أػيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ6‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫أًظٞر‬–ّٞ٤‫حُل‬
‫ٝٓي٣٘ش‬ ١ٝ‫حُٜلَح‬15‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ري‬ ‫ٝٓيٗ٤ش‬ ٕ‫رلِٞح‬ ٢‫حُـ٘ٞر‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٞ٣‫ٓخ‬
–‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ٍٓ٠خ‬ ٖٓ َٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝٓي٣٘ش‬ ْ٣ُٞٔ‫ح‬–‫حُوطؤ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ ، ‫حإلٓٔخػ٤ِ٤ش‬
‫ر٘٤ظٜخ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ّ‫ٝػي‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫طِي‬ ٞٔٗ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ئى‬ ُْ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬ ‫حَُٔؿٞس‬ ‫رخٍُٜٞس‬ ‫حٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬
‫الٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫ً٠ٍَٝس‬ ‫اٗ٘خثٜخ‬ ّٜٞ‫ٝٓل‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫ٌُِٔ٘ش‬ َ‫ًل‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُ٘ي٣ي‬ ٢ِ‫حُو‬

137. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
137
ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫ربٗ٘خء‬ ٢‫كو‬ ٢‫٣ؤط‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حالٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُل‬ ٞ‫ٝهل‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬
‫طٞح‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ظَطذ‬ ‫ؿخًرش‬ ‫حهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ً٤خٗخص‬ ‫ربٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬‫حًَُ٤ِس‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫ك‬ ‫ؿي‬
‫ٝحُويٓش‬ َ٠‫حألك‬ ٌُٖٔ‫ٝح‬ َ٠‫حألك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ‫حُظـٔؼخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طـي‬ ‫ٌٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُز٘٤ش‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬
. َ٠‫حألك‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطـٔ٤يٛخ‬ ‫حُظـَ٣ذ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ‫حُى٣خى‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬
‫ُِو‬ ً‫ح‬ٌ‫ٓظو‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬ٜٔٔٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬ٌ‫ٓ٘ل‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ً‫ال‬ٞ‫ٓٔج‬ٍ‫َح‬،ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٜٞ‫أؿ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ٠ٗ‫ػخ‬
‫حُـ٘٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٕٞ‫ٝحُلالك‬ ‫حَُٜٔس‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ َ‫ٓل‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ ٚ‫اٗظخؿ‬ ِٚ‫ٝطو‬
ْٛ‫ُوَح‬ ‫ٝحُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طـ٤َحص‬ ٖٓ ٙٞ‫أكيػ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔـخٍٝس‬
ْٜ‫ػٞىط‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ْٜ‫ٝطـٔؼخط‬.َ‫رخُو‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ُحىص‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫أٓخٜٓخ‬ َٝ‫ٝحٗو‬ ‫حُِٔٔلش‬ ‫ٓخٗش‬
ٖ‫حُِز‬ ‫ٝحُطٞد‬ ‫ٝحأله٘خد‬ ٍ‫حألكـخ‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٞحى‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ،
‫رخٛظش‬ ‫ٜٓخٍحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طلظٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔظٞٓطش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ٜٓخٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ‫ٜٓخٍس‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬
‫طَى‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُوخٍؽ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝٓٔظٍٞىس‬ ‫أٓؼخٍٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓزخُؾ‬ ‫ٓٞحى‬ َٔ‫طٔظؼ‬ ‫حُظٌخُ٤ق‬‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٞٓ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ‫٣ي‬
‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫رخُي‬ ِْٜٔ‫ػ‬.‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ػ٘ٞحث٤ش‬ ‫حٓظيحىحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫كوي‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫ٌِٗض‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حُٔزؼ٤٘خص‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٜق‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫ُز٘خء‬ ‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫طٞهق‬
٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬75‫١خر‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ َ‫ًظ‬ ‫ٝظَٜص‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٢ُ‫اؿٔخ‬ ٖٓ %٢‫ك‬ ٢‫ػ٘ٞحث‬ ‫غ‬
‫ٝآزخر‬ ًٍَٝ‫حُي‬ ‫رٞالم‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٝطوط٤طٜخ‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٜٔخ‬َُّٜ‫رخ‬ َٜ٤‫ك‬ ‫حُِٔي‬ ‫ٗخٍع‬ ‫ٝٓ٘طوش‬ ‫ش‬ٌٙٛٝ ،
‫ٓظٜخٌُش‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ‫كؤٛزلض‬ ‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔش‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ٍّٝ‫ٓي‬ ٢٤‫طوط‬ ١‫أل‬ ‫طو٠غ‬ ُْ ‫حالٓظيحىحص‬
ٓ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٞٛ ‫حُوزَس‬ ‫حُٔليٝى‬ ٢٤ٔ‫حُز‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٛل‬ْٛ‫خ‬
َ٤‫ًز‬ ٍ‫روي‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ٚ٣ٞ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬.

138. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
138
ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓ٘خ١ن‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼ٘ٞحث٤ش‬ ‫ٝحألك٤خء‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ١٘خص‬ ‫طٞحؿيص‬
‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطيحػ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬))‫حٓزخرش‬ ‫كخُش‬.
4/4( ‫انطاثؼخ‬ ‫انفزطح‬1980–1990: )
‫األصبنخ‬ ٍٛ‫ث‬ ‫انصطاع‬‫انزطا‬ ‫ثمٕانجٓب‬‫انغطثٛخ‬ ‫ثزٕعٓبرٓب‬ ‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫صٛخ‬.
‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫٣َٛي‬ َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حأل‬ ‫حُٔظظزغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٝحُل٠خٍحص‬ ‫حُؼوخكخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ىحهِٜخ‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫١ز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔظ٘خه٠ش‬
ِ‫ٓوظ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ، ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫ً٤خ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫ٝحُظٞؿٜخص‬‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٚ‫ؿٞحٗز‬ ‫ق‬
. ‫ٓظ٘خه٠خص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ‫َٗٛي‬ ‫حٗظوخُ٤ش‬ ‫رلظَس‬ َٔ٣ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٝحإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬
‫رل٤غ‬ َ‫طظلخػ‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫حُٔظزخ٣٘ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٗـي‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ٞ‫كخُظ٘خه‬
َ٣ٝ ، ٢‫ؿٔخػ‬ ٠‫ٝػ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُـش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬‫ٝػ٠ٞ٣ش‬ ‫كَ٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُظلخػ‬ ٖٓ ‫كَٓخٜٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ؿغ‬
‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓظـٔي‬ ٙ‫ٗـي‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ًَ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٍٛي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ٞ‫ٝحُظ٘خه‬ ‫ًخِٓش‬
‫حُٔخٟ٤ش‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ‫طٔ٤ِص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُؼالع‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫روطخػخطٜخ‬ٝ .‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أُٜٝخ‬
‫ك‬ ‫حُٜلٞس‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٣‫حُوي‬٢‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٕ‫ٝؿخٍى‬ ‫حُِٓخُي‬ ٢١‫ٝحُٔؼخى‬ْ‫ػ‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ َٜٓٝ
‫طِي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ ‫كظق‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٌُٖٝ ، ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫أك٤خء‬ ٢‫رخه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٞٓطش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُؼخُغ‬
ْ٤‫حُو‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ٙ‫ٝحُوخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ٝحُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُوَ٣ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ َ‫ٝطلخػ‬ َ‫طيحه‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬
ٜ‫رِٔز٤خط‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ‫ٝحُٔزخىة‬ ‫ٝحًُِٔٞ٤خص‬‫ٓٔخ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ُٟ‫ٝ٣ٞح‬ ،‫ٝا٣ـخر٤خطٜخ‬ ‫خ‬
٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ْ‫حُل‬ ‫طلظوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٓؼولش‬ َ٤‫ٝحُـ‬ ‫ٝحػ٤ش‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ٠ٔٔ٣

139. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
139
َ‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ‫حُـٔخػش‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ‫ٓ٘طِن‬ ٖٓ ْ٤ُٝ ‫حالٗلَحى٣ش‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٘طِن‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٝطظؼخ‬
٢‫ؿٔخػ‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ًٌ٤خ‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬‫ظخَٛس‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫طٜ٘ي‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬ ، ... ٢‫اٗظخؿ‬
ٍ‫حهظ٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞػ٤ش‬ ْٓ‫حأل‬ ‫ٝطـ٤ذ‬ ٞ‫ٝطظ٘خه‬ ‫حُٜالك٤خص‬ ‫طظؼيى‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬ ٞ‫حُظ٘خه‬
ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ٌ‫ٓظو‬ ٞٛ ٖٓ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ، ْٜ٘٤‫ر‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ن‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ‫ٝٛؼٞرش‬ ‫حإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ‫حألؿِٜس‬
‫حٓظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ًٙ‫الطوخ‬ ٚ‫ىكؼظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔزٍَحص‬. ًٙ‫الطوخ‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫٘ي‬
‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ ‫ُظظزؼ٘خ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ٝحُٔالكع‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؼز‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طَحٝكض‬ ٕٞ٣َٜٓ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓٔج‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬
‫ٓل‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿيٗخٛخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ُِٝؼَٝرش‬ ّ‫ُإلٓال‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ‫حٗظٔخثٜخ‬‫حُٜ٤جش‬ ٠٘‫ٝٓز‬ َٜٓ ‫طش‬
‫ُظ٤خٍحص‬ ّ‫حٗؼٌخ‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلَػٞٗ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ْ٤ٍٔٓ ‫ر٘خٍع‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٝٗوخرش‬ ‫رخُـ٤ِس‬ ‫حٍُِحػ٤ش‬
‫حُـ٤ِس‬ ‫ًٔلطش‬ ‫ك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ ‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫رخُل٠خٍس‬ ‫َٓطزطش‬
، ‫حإلٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝؿخٓؼش‬‫حُىٝحؿ٤ش‬ ٌَ٘٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬َُ‫رخ‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٖٓ ْ‫ؿ‬
‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٓٝ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ُْٜ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫حٓظؼِٔٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُٔلالص‬ ‫حُز٘ٞى‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫ظـخٍ٣ش‬.َ‫آه‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٞٛ ّ‫ٛخ‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٢
ْ٣ًَ ‫ٝٓ٤ي‬ ‫ٗل٤ن‬ ‫٣ٞٓق‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫َٝٗٛي‬ ً‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٍٝحى‬ ٍ‫ألكٌخ‬
‫ٓغ‬ َٕٔ‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ُْٜ ‫أط٤لض‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُٝحى‬ ٖٓ َْٛ٤‫ٝؿ‬ ٠ٗٞ٤ٔ‫ر‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٠٘٣ُِ‫ح‬ ٠٤‫ٝ٣ل‬
‫ُٞ٣ي‬ ‫ٝكَحٗي‬ ‫ىٍٝس‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫أثٔش‬‫ٍح٣ض‬‫ًٍُٝٞٞ٣ُٞر٤ش‬
ّٞ٤‫ٝحُظَؿَٝر‬.ٕٞ‫حُٔؼول‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫أؿٔغ‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ‫أُٓش‬ ‫ٜٗ٘ي‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٓخ‬
ٕٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬،‫ٝطظٞحؿي‬‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬.‫ػخٓش‬ ‫ػوخك٤ش‬ ‫أُٓش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬،
‫أٛزل٘خ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حألُٓش‬ ٠ٗ‫طؼخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ١ٍ‫ك٠خ‬ ٢‫ػوخك‬ ‫ٗظخؽ‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫ٗ٘ظؾ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُلخُ٤ش‬‫طَؿٔش‬ ٢ٛ
َ٤‫ٝطؼز‬٠‫ٝحُل‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ٟٞ‫ُِٔٔـظ‬ ّ‫ٝحٗؼٌخ‬ُِٔ ١ٍ‫خ‬٤ٗ‫٣ؼخ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٠ٗ‫طؼخ‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ ‫ـظٔغ‬ٚ.
ٌَ‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٟؤش‬ ‫كـٞس‬ ‫ٓـظٔؼ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٛزق‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬،ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫ٓٔخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حهظال‬ ‫ٝكيع‬ ٙ‫ٝهَح‬ ٚٗ‫ُٔي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ٟٞغ‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫٣زخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َ‫ؿؼ‬
ُْ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫٣َحٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ُؼٔخٍس‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ُٕ‫حُظٞح‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓوٞٓخص‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٛ‫طـخ‬ ‫اًح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ َ‫كؼ‬ ‫رَى‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ‫٣ؼي‬

140. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
141
٢‫ك‬ ‫َٗحٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٠ٟٞ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬ ‫حُ٘ظ٤ـش‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٝٓيٗخ‬ ‫هَحٗخ‬.٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطٔززض‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝه٤ٜٔخ‬ َٜٓ ‫ك٠خٍس‬ ‫أٛيٍص‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫هخُ٤ش‬ ‫رؼٔخٍس‬ َٜٓ ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ٚ٣ٞ٘‫ط‬.‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫ٝأٛزلض‬
ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظؤ‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ‫رخٍُٔٞٝع‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ْٜ‫ٝط٠خٍر‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ُظوز‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓـخ‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫حُٔظويٓش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫طٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤خ‬ ‫ٝطوِ٤ي‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬.‫ٓخ‬ ‫طِح٣ي‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ُ ‫ٓليىس‬ ‫ٝٛٞ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحٟق‬ ٚ‫طٞؿ‬ ‫ُزٍِٞس‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫رخَُٜحع‬ ٠ٔٔ٣‫ِلًَش‬
. ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬
ٖ٤ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ٖ٣‫رؼي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ٥‫ح‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ ‫طـٔيص‬ ‫ًٔخ‬(1)
:
: ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُزؼي‬‫ٝحَُٔحكن‬ ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ٖٓ َ‫ٛخث‬ ًْ َ٤‫ُظٞك‬ َ٤‫حُظؤؿ‬ َٔ‫طلظ‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُِٔلش‬ ‫حُلخؿش‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوخىٍس‬ ‫ٝحُظَك٤ٜ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘ٞكش‬ ‫ٝحُلَحؿخص‬ ‫رؤٗٞحػٜخ‬ ‫حُويٓخص‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝٓزخ‬‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ ‫حُلخؿخص‬ ‫اٗزخع‬
ٔ‫ٝحُ٘ل‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ألكَحى‬ ‫ٝحَُٝك٤ش‬ ‫٤ش‬‫حإلٌٓخٗ٤خص‬ ‫كيٝى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطٌخُ٤ق‬ َ‫رٞٓخث‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ،
٢ٟ‫حألٍح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١‫حُظؼي‬ ٕٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫حُظِٞع‬ ٖٓ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُللخظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫رخطِح‬ ٍ‫حإلهال‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُٔظخكش‬
. ‫حٍُِحػ٤ش‬
: ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُزؼي‬‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫طي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ ٞٛ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ َٛٝ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُلخُش‬ ، ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ‫٤ٜخ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ‫ٟٝؼق‬ ‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫اٗزخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٜٞ‫ه‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خطؾ‬
‫ٝحُـٔخػش‬ ٕ‫ٌُِٔخ‬ ‫رخالٗظٔخء‬ ْٜٓ‫اكٔخ‬ ‫ٝط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫ٓوخ١زش‬123
.
ٝ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٝؿيٗخ‬‫ٝط‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫رـٌٍٝٛخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫رَر‬ ٟ‫٣٘خى‬ ‫كَ٣ن‬َ٤ٛ‫ؤ‬
‫ٝحُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٜٔخ‬،‫ٓوَؿ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظؤ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣ـي‬‫خ‬َ‫ُل‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٝٓيه‬ ‫حألُٓش‬ ٖٓ
‫حَُحثيس‬ ‫حُطِ٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٛق‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜخ‬ ْ٤ٍٔٓٝ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫طـخٍد‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝحٟؼ‬ ،َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬
‫حُويٍحص‬ ْٜ٤ٗ‫ٓزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطـِض‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓوٞٓخص‬ ْٜ‫ػٔخٍط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طـٔيص‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫حألػ‬ َ‫حُٔؼ‬
123
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫"ط‬ ٕ‫رؼ٘ٞح‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ َٔ‫ُِٔئط‬ ّ‫حُٔوي‬ ٚ‫رلؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٠٤‫٣ل‬ .‫ى‬ َ٤٘٣
‫أرؼ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ "ً‫خ‬٤ٜ٘ٓٝ ً‫خ‬٤ِٔ‫ػ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔٔخٛٔش‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ٢ٌُ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ ‫خى‬
َ‫كظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٍ‫اىهخ‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬. ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ‫س‬ُْ‫(ػخ‬
‫حُز٘خء‬–ٞ٣‫ٓخ‬ ‫ػيى‬1985ٙ ،27–30. )

141. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
141
‫حإلريح‬ٝ ، ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٢‫ُِلَك‬ ‫ػ٤ش‬‫هخى‬ًَِٓ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُظوط٤ط٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬
ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬ ٢‫حُزخه‬ ‫ػزي‬ /١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٚٓ‫٣َأ‬،٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُيػٞس‬ ٠٘‫طظز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ " ‫حُز٘خء‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ " ‫ٓـِش‬ ًَُِٔ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٝ٣ٜي‬
‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ًَُِٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٗـق‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ َ٤ٛ‫طؤ‬
ُٝ‫ٓلخ‬‫ٝؿ‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُٚ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ َ‫حُٔو‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙ‫أكٌخ‬ ٍِٞ‫طز‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ش‬ٖٓ ‫٤َٛخ‬
‫ٝهخٍؿٜخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬.‫ٝٗـي‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌ٤ٓ‫طال‬ ٖٓ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫هٞس‬ ْ‫ٝ٣يػ‬
" َ٤ًُٞ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ‫ػزي‬ " ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ٔ‫رخُؼـ‬ ‫كالٝس‬ ‫ر٤ض‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬ ُْٜ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝحٟل‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬
‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٗخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬ ‫ؿخثِس‬ ٚ٘1980ٖٓ ‫ُِٔ٣ي‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ُٚ ٢‫طؼ‬ ُْٝ
ْ٤ِ‫حُل‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ " ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُ٣٘ذ‬ ‫رخُٔ٤يس‬ َ‫ُِطل‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُلي٣وش‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحع‬
َ‫حُزل‬ ‫ٗخ١ت‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤ٜ‫رخُو‬ ٢‫حُٔ٤خك‬ ‫ٝحُظـٔغ‬ " ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬" ٕ‫حُيٛخ‬ ٢ٓ‫ٍح‬ " ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حألك‬.
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُلي٣وش‬‫ؼوخ‬١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُ٣٘ذ‬ ‫رخُٔ٤يس‬ َ‫ُِطل‬ ‫ك٤ش‬ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُل‬ ‫ػزي‬ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ِ‫حُلخث‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ٞٛٝ ،
.‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫حالؿخهخ‬ ‫رـخثِس‬
‫حُؼ‬ ‫رؼٔخٍس‬ ٍٙ‫حٗزٜخ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫رؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ٟ‫٣٘خى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ُْ‫خ‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحطـخٛخطٜخ‬ ّ‫حُٔظوي‬ٌ‫أك‬ ‫ططز٤ن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙٞ٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ٝػ‬ ،‫ططٞ٣غ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٝٓزخىثٜخ‬ ‫خٍٛخ‬ّ‫٣ظالء‬‫ٓغ‬
ٕٝ‫ٝى‬ ، ٙ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝػخىحص‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ُٔوٞٓخط‬ ‫َٓحػخس‬ ٕٝ‫ٝى‬ ٢ِ‫حُٔل‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬
َ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ٝال‬ ، ‫ٝحُٔ٘خه٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ َٓ‫ُِؼٞح‬ ٍ‫حػظزخ‬ ٕٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَك٤ش‬ ‫ُِٜٔخٍحص‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حٓظـال‬
‫حُظ‬ ٚ‫ػٞحرظ‬ ُٚ ٢‫ػوخك‬ ‫ًز٘خء‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬‫رب٣ـخر٤خطٜخ‬ ‫ك٤لظلع‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٖٓ َ‫ط٘ظو‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫َحػ٤ش‬
٢‫َٗطز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ ّ‫حُٔظوي‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ك٠خٍس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ًظؼز‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ َ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ‫ِٓز٤خطٜخ‬ ٞ‫ٝطَك‬
‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫حإلريحع‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طٔ٤ي‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ِٚٔٔٗ ‫ال‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫رِـظٜخ‬ َٓ‫ٝٗظؼخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬
ُٓٞٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫ًخألىد‬ َٟ‫حأله‬‫ٌٛح‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫أٓؼِش‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٌٌٝٛح‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤٘ٔخ‬ ٠‫٤و‬

142. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
142
َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٗخ١ت‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُل٘يه‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬ ‫ًخ٣َٝرالُح‬ ‫ٝٓـٔغ‬ ‫رخُـ٤ِس‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫رَؽ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬
‫حُٔز‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُظـخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ًَِٓٝ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٓٞ‫ر‬ َ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖ٣َ‫ا٣لَؿ‬ ‫ٝرَؽ‬ٌَ‫ك‬ ‫طـٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫خ‬
ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬.
‫ح‬ ٞ‫ٝرؼ‬‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ " ‫رلًَش‬ ‫طؤػَٝح‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫رخُل‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُٔظؤػ‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُٔؼٔخ‬‫حُليحػش‬
‫ٓزخىة‬ ‫ٍك٠ٞح‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ " ٌِ٘٤‫ؿ‬ ٍُِ‫ٗخ‬ " ‫ٝحُ٘خهي‬ " ِ‫كَ٣ل‬ ٌَ٣‫ٓخ‬ " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٍٝحىٛخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ "
‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُظؼو٤ي‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحطـٜٞح‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ َُ‫حُط‬ ‫ٝأك٤ٞح‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
‫إل‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔزخىة‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫ٝحُِهَف‬ ُِٕٞ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؤً٤ي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ، َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝط‬ ‫ػَحء‬ ‫ػطخء‬
٠‫ٝه‬ ‫ٓلخٍرظٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ْٓ‫أ‬ ‫هخٓض‬َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ض‬،‫ًُي‬ ‫َٝٗٛي‬
َ‫ٓو‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬ ‫حُزَٜس‬ ‫١خثلش‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ٌَٟ‫ر‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُظؤػ‬
٢‫أٗز‬ " ‫ًَٗش‬ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓظلق‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ " ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫كخٍٝم‬ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ " ٍَٝ‫ُِزظ‬
ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حُِٓخُي‬ ‫رـِ٣َس‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حألٝرَح‬.
ٍَٝ‫ُِزظ‬ ٢‫أٗز‬ " ‫ًَٗش‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ١ٌَ‫ر‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ ‫رخُوخَٛس‬ :1986.
ُ‫ح‬ ‫اكيحع‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظٞٓط‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ ٞٛ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ‫ٝحُلَ٣ن‬ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُلي٣غ‬ ْ٣‫حُوي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ َٓ‫ظٌخ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫كظَس‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٔؼِش‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٔؼِش‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ُْ‫ؼخ‬
‫رٔزخىثٜخ‬ ٖ٣‫ٝ٣ظؼخ‬ٜٔ‫ك‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ٙ‫حالطـخ‬ ‫كٌٜح‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ،‫خ‬ٜٔ‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٠٘‫ُٔؼ‬‫خ‬‫ُِٔؼخَٛس‬
‫ٝهٞحٗ٤ٜ٘خ‬.‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُظَحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٞحرض‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ْ‫ػ‬‫َٝٓطزطش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓٔظٔيس‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُـش‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬
‫ٓظطٍٞس‬ ‫ٓؼخَٛس‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣َؿذ‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ . ‫ٝحُليحػش‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ْ٤ٛ‫رٔلخ‬

143. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
143
‫٣٘زغ‬ ‫١خرغ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞحك‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٝطظٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ػٞحرض‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬
‫ُِٝز٤جش‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٕ‫ُإلٗٔخ‬ ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ‫ٝٗـي‬ .. ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٝ١َم‬ ‫ٝٓٞحى‬ ، ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬
" َٙٔٓ ‫ٓـي‬ " ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ َٜٗ ‫رٔي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓٞح‬ ‫ًٔـٔغ‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُظ٤خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٗـخف‬
‫حُل٠َ٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬ " ٚ‫ًٔ٤ز‬ ٢ُ‫حُـِح‬ ٍٞ‫حُيًظ‬ " ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫رخُٜٔ٘ي‬ ٕ‫الى‬ ٖ‫ر‬ ‫ٝك٤ال‬
‫ٓ٘ظٔش‬ َ‫ٝٓو‬S.O.Sٍ‫ػخى‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ْ‫"كخط‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬".
‫ٝح‬ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ١‫َُِأ‬ ‫َٓحػخس‬ ٕٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُٔظزخ٣٘ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼيى‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُٞحهغ‬
َٜٓ ٖٓ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫أؿِحء‬ ‫كوي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬،‫ٝحُطخرغ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُ٘ٔن‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٓظـخٗٔش‬ َ٤‫ٝحُـ‬ َُ‫ٝحُط‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ٢٤ِ‫ه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطل‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ِ٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬
ُٞ‫ك‬ٌٙٛ ِْٔٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ، ‫ٝٝظخثلٜخ‬ ‫أٗ٘طظٜخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ‫حُوخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼخُـظٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٞحٟق‬ ٖ٣‫حُظزخ‬ ‫ًٝحص‬ ‫ٜخ‬
‫ٝظ٤لش‬ ‫ًحص‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫١ٞحرن‬ ‫ط٠خف‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫هخثٔش‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫كٞم‬ ٠٘‫طز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلٟخكخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼيى٣ش‬
ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ط٘خكَص‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ، ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حألِٛ٤ش‬ ‫حُطٞحرن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓوظِل‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝأِٓٞد‬
‫حُـي٣يس‬‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ‫حُظٞحكن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٔ‫ٗل‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـٜي‬ ُْٝ ‫حُوخُن‬ ‫ٛ٘غ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫ٓغ‬
َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ٓليىحص‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝطـخِٛض‬َ‫٥ه‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٖٓ ‫طوظِق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬‫ٝ١ز٤ؼش‬ ،
ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٝ١َم‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫ٝػخىحص‬‫ر٤جش‬ ٌَُ ‫ٝحُٔالثٔش‬ ‫حُٔظخكش‬ ‫ٞحى‬.
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫اريحػ‬ ‫ًٍٞى‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُلًَش‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔخص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخػي‬
‫ٝٓئطَٔحص‬ ‫ٝٓلخَٟحص‬ ‫ٝٗيٝحص‬ ٍٝ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖٓ ٚٔ‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ط‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔٔجُٞش‬
ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ر٘وخرش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗؼزش‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ‫ُِـخ٣ش‬ ‫ٓليٝى‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ‫ًٝحص‬ ٢‫ٝػوخك‬ ٌَٟ‫ك‬ ‫ًٍٞى‬ ‫رلخُش‬ َٔ‫ط‬
‫ُِؼوخ‬ ٠ِ‫حألػ‬ ِْ‫رخُٔـ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ُٝـ٘ش‬‫كش‬ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٝؿٔؼ٤ش‬‫حهظلخء‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ .
‫حُوَ٣طش‬ ٖٓ " ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ " ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫أرَُٛخ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ؿي‬ ‫هِ٤ِش‬ ‫رخٓظؼ٘خءحص‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ٔ‫حُٔؼ‬‫ٝحُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫خٍ٣ش‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍٛيٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ َٜٓ ‫حكظويص‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
٢‫ٝحُؼخُٔــ‬ ٢‫حُؼَرـ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔـخ‬ ‫حُٜؼ٤ي‬‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حإلٌٓخٗ٤خص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫طٔخ‬ ٞ‫٣ظ٘خه‬
٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ٝهظ٘خ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ٌ٘ٓ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ َٜٓ ‫كوزخص‬ ‫آػخٍٛخ‬ ‫طًَض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫ُِزالى‬
‫ٝٓٔـي‬ ٕٝٝ‫هال‬ ‫ٝٓـٔٞػش‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫ًٝخُش‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ١َ‫حُزل‬ َ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٝٓؼزي‬ َٜ‫حأله‬ ‫ٓؼزي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫َٗٛيٛخ‬
ٍٝ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُـَٗش‬ ‫ٝهَ٣ش‬ ٠ٔ٤‫حُٔل‬ ‫ٝر٤ض‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُِٔطخ‬‫حإلريحػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫رخُـِ٣َس‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔؼخ‬
‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ٝىكغ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫حٌُ٤خ‬ ٚ٣ٞ٘‫ط‬ ‫ا٣وخف‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طئًي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬

144. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
144
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخُؾ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ًٝحص‬ ‫ٓ٠ٜٔٞٗخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ٍحه٤ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٖٓ َُٙ‫طل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حػظخىص‬ ‫ٓخ‬ َُ‫ُظل‬
. ً‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ٝػخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝػَر‬ ً‫خ‬٤ِ‫ٓل‬
‫حٌُٔظذ‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔلض‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ‫رِ٣خىس‬ ٢‫حألؿ٘ز‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حالٓظ٘خ‬
‫ٌٝٓظذ‬ ٍ‫ٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُظـخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ًَِٓ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝS.O.M.

145. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
145
4/5‫انفزطح‬:‫انربيؽخ‬(1990–2005):
.‫ٔانًزؼٕنى‬ ًٙ‫ٔانطؼ‬ ٙ‫انؼشٕائ‬
َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حأله‬ ‫حُؼوي‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬‫حُؼ٘ٞحث٤ش‬ ‫ٝحألك٤خء‬ ‫حألر٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫رخٗظ٘خ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬
. ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٚ٣ٞ٘‫حُظ‬ ٖٓ ‫كَ٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓخٛٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
‫ٓ٤طَس‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓٔزٞهش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٝػخٛٔظٜخ‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٓٔي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫كخُش‬ ‫ِٝٛض‬
٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬.٢ٍٔٓ‫ٝحُال‬‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ‫ٝحٛزق‬
ْ٤ُُٝٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿِٜس‬ ‫حَٛص‬ ‫ٝر٤٘ٔخ‬ .‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔوططش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٢‫ك‬
٢ٛ َٜٔ‫ر‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ٢ُ‫حؿٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬50‫ك٤خى٣ش‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ ٍ‫ٜٓخى‬ ‫حٟٝلض‬ ،%
‫طـخُٝص‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٢ُٝ‫حُي‬ ‫حُز٘ي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٜٝٓيحه٤ش‬70.%ٍ‫حىٝح‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ‫طزٍِٞص‬ َٟ‫حه‬ ‫ؿٜش‬ ٖٓ
‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٕ‫ُِٔي‬ ٍ‫ُِـي‬ ‫ٓؼ٤َس‬ٖٓ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ١‫حٗٔخ‬ ‫ٓؼظٜٔخ‬ ‫حٓظ٠خف‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔٔظليػش‬ ‫ٝحُظـٔؼخص‬ ‫س‬
‫حُٔـِوش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬٢‫حُظ‬ٌٖٔ٣ٕ‫أ‬ْ‫طيػ‬٢‫كو‬‫ًٔ٤ش‬‫ٓليٝىس‬ً‫ح‬‫ؿي‬ٖٓ،ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬‫ٝال‬‫ٓ٤ٔخ‬
‫حٓظٜيحف‬‫ٓٔظِٜي‬‫حَُحه٤ش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ً‫ح‬‫ؿي‬.‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ألك٤خء‬ ١ٌٍ‫حُـ‬ َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ٍ‫ٓؼي‬ ‫حُىحى‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
ٛ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُٝـظٜخ‬ ‫ػَٔحٜٗخ‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ش‬ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ٝ‫أ‬َٜٓ‫حُـي٣يس‬‫رزٔخ١ش‬َ٤‫ؿ‬‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬‫ٛ٘خى‬.
ٍِٞ‫ٝرل‬ّ‫ػخ‬1992‫أػِ٘ض‬‫حُلٌٞٓش‬‫ٍٓٔ٤خ‬‫أٜٗخ‬‫ٓٞف‬‫طؼظَف‬‫ر‬‫ـٔ٤غ‬‫ٝحُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ‫حُٔٔظوَحص‬َ٤‫ؿ‬
‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬،ٝ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُزيء‬ ْ‫ط‬‫طِٝ٣يٛخ‬‫رخُز٘٤ش‬‫حُظلظ٤ش‬‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬‫ٝحُويٓخص‬‫حُ٠ٍَٝ٣ش‬.‫ريٍؿش‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬
ٌٞ‫ُِل‬ َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ ِ‫حُؼـ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣ؼٞى‬ ٠ٔ‫ػظ‬ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٝريء‬ ،ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬ َ‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔظؼخهزش‬ ‫ٓخص‬
‫حك٤خٗخ‬ ٢ٔ٣‫حالًخى‬ ‫حُوطخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػ٘ٞحث٤ش‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ح١ِن‬ ٢‫(حُظ‬ ‫حُالٍٓٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ٍِٞ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ‫ه٘خػخص‬
.ٖ٤ُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٢ٌٓٞ‫حُل‬ ِ‫حُؼـ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ َ٣‫ٝطٜي‬ ‫حالُٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓوَؽ‬ ٢ٛ ،)‫ىحثٔخ‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ٝح‬١‫ٝحى‬‫ًُي‬٠ُ‫ا‬
‫طٔخٍع‬ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬َ٤‫ؿ‬‫ك‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫هطخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬‫هخٛش‬ َٜٓ ‫ٓلخكظخص‬ ًَٝ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢ٕ‫أ‬‫حُ٘ؼذ‬

146. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
146
‫أٛزق‬َ‫أًؼ‬‫أٓ٘خ‬َٖٓ‫هط‬‫حُطَى‬ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ِ‫ػـ‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ً٘لض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .‫حُؼوخد‬ ٝ‫ح‬
ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ‫هيٍط‬ ‫ٟٝؼق‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔـٔٞػخص‬ ٌٛ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٤ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬
‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ًٖ‫حُٔٔخ‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ُٝ‫طظـخ‬ ‫حُظٌخُ٤ق‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫حٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ًٖ‫ُٔٔخ‬ ٍِٞ‫ك‬٤ٗ‫حُالاٗٔخ‬ ‫حُزـ٤٠ش‬‫ش‬٢‫ٝحُظ‬
.‫ٝحَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ‫حٍٝٝرخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫ٓ٘خٍ٣غ‬ ‫ٓؤٓخس‬ ٌٍَ‫ط‬
‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫رخُوخَٛس‬ ‫حالَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُـخٓؼش‬–.ْ٤ٛ‫حرَح‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُل‬ ‫ػزي‬
‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼز٤َح‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ُِظٔخإ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤َس‬ ‫ػٞىس‬ ‫ِٗلع‬ ٢ٔٓ‫حُٔئ‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
ُ‫حُطَح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٌٍَ‫ط‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ٍ‫ٝٓوخ‬ ‫حُـخٓؼخص‬ ‫ٝحكَع‬ ‫حُٔئٓٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬
ُ‫حُطَح‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٍ‫الرظٌح‬ َ‫حالًز‬ ‫حالٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔلخٍحص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬ ‫حُُٞحٍحص‬
‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٌٍ‫حرظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫رـ٘ٞد‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُيٓظٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔلٌٔش‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كٌخٗض‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬
‫حُِحثلش‬ ‫رخُؼٔخٍس‬ ٚ‫حٗز‬ ‫حرظٌحال‬ ٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬.ّ‫ك٤ـخ‬ ّ‫ال‬ ‫ك٘خىم‬ ‫الٗي‬ ٢ِٗ٣‫ى‬ ٢ٛ‫ٓال‬ ‫حؿ٘لش‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٕٝ‫ى‬ ،ٚ‫ػٔخٍط‬ ‫حٗظخؽ‬ ‫حػخىس‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٌ٤ٓ‫طال‬ ٌَٔ‫حٓظ‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُظؤ‬ ‫ٓلخٝالص‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ح١َٝكخط‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ٢‫كخٓل‬ ١ٌَ‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫حكخم‬ ‫١َف‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُظـي٣ي‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬
‫ٝٓزخىة‬ ‫ُـش‬ ‫طلُٞض‬ ٌْ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ر‬ .‫حُلوَحء‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫ُـش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬
‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٓ٤خم‬ ٠٠‫ٝحهظ‬ .‫ٝحُل٘يه٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خ١ج٤ش‬ ْٜ‫ٓ٘ظـؼخط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫ٝحُٜلٞس‬ ‫حالؿ٘٤خء‬
١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ َُٛ‫حال‬ ‫رلي٣وش‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ْ‫حُٔطؼ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ُِٔ٤خم‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬

147. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
147
‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ‫كخُش‬ ‫ًٌُي‬ .‫كَ٣ي‬ َ٤ٜٓ ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫حُيٛخ‬ ٢ٓ‫ٍح‬‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ١‫حُلٔطخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُوِف‬
.‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُوِف‬ ‫ُٔظلق‬ َٓ‫ػخ‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ٝط‬
.‫كَ٣ي‬ َ٤ٜٓ ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫حُيٛخ‬ ٢ٓ‫ٍح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ َُٛ‫حال‬ ‫رلي٣وش‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ْ‫حُٔطؼ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬
‫حُوي٣ٔش‬ ١‫حُلٔطخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوِف‬ ‫ٓظلق‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬-.َٓ‫ػخ‬ ٍ‫ؿٔخ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬

148. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
148
‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًٍِص‬ ‫حاله٤َس‬ ‫حُٔ٘ٞحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ٕ‫حالٌٓخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ٝحِٛٔض‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ‫ػخُ٤ش‬ ‫ُوطخػخص‬
.‫حُٔظٞٓطش‬ ‫ٝحُطزوش‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ١‫ُٔليٝى‬
.١ٝ‫حُٜلَح‬ ‫حالٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٍٝ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔظلق‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬

149. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
149
4/6‫انفزطح‬:‫انؽبزؼخ‬(2005–2014)
‫(صٕضح‬ ‫انضٕضح‬ ٌ‫ٔػًطا‬ ‫انؼٕنًخ‬ ‫رٛبضاد‬25‫ٔلبْطح‬50)
ٕ‫ح‬ َ‫حُٔظؤه‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬٤‫ٝطوط٤ط‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٓئَٗحص‬ ‫ٜٗيص‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٢‫ٗيػ‬‫ش‬ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٜٓيص‬
‫حُٔلض‬ّٞ٣ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كيع‬ ‫ُٔخ‬25ّ‫ػخ‬ ٖٓ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬2011٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حال‬ ،
‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓٔظٞ٣خص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ١ٞ‫ٓو‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ َ٤٘٣ ‫رخُوطغ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫ٝحُظوط٤ط‬
‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫كن‬ ‫ٓٞحؿٜش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِيُٝش‬ ٢‫حالهاله‬ ١ٞ‫حُٔو‬‫ٓٞحٛلخص‬ َ‫حه‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ٌٖٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٘١‫ُِٔٞح‬ ‫حالىٓ٤ش‬
٢‫ٝحُظوط٤ط‬ ١ٞٔ٘‫حُظ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٍؿخ‬ ‫ٓ٤طَس‬ ٖ‫طٞك‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬ .‫حالىٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬
.‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫ُِٝوخَٛس‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ َُٜٔ
ٞ‫حُظ٘خه‬ ‫ظخَٛٛخ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ٢ٛٝ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍٛيٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٛ٘خى‬
‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حُيه٤ن‬ ٚ‫حُلخك‬ ٕ‫كخ‬٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬ ّ‫حالٛظٔخ‬ ٕ‫حػال‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ .‫ٝحٗيٓخؿٜخ‬ ‫طٌخِٜٓخ‬ ‫٣ِلع‬
.‫ُِلوَحء‬ َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ ُْٛ‫رخٗل٤خ‬ ٚٓ‫ٝٗظخ‬ ‫ٓزخٍى‬ ‫حىػخء‬ ‫ُظؤً٤ي‬ ‫طؤٛ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫ٝحػخىس‬ ‫حُؼ٘ٞحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ َ٣ٞ‫رظط‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫كل‬2008َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٜ٘يٝم‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜيف‬ ،‫ٍٓٔ٤ش‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫حُٔٔظوَحص‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٛ٘يٝم‬ ْٓ‫ح‬
َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬‫ٝحُٔطِٞد‬ ‫آٓ٘ش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ َ‫طؼظز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٍٓٔ٤ش‬
َ٤‫ؿ‬ َ‫آه‬ ٍ‫ه٤خ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫٣ظَى‬ ‫ال‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ْ‫كـ‬ . ‫ٌٓخٜٗخ‬ َ٤‫ٝطٜـ‬ ‫حُحُظٜخ‬
.٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝحالٍطوخء‬ ‫حالػظَحف‬‫ًٔخ‬‫حُوزَحص‬ ‫ر٤٘ض‬‫حُٔخروش‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِـٞء‬ ٕ‫ح‬
ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٖ٤١ٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٝاػخىس‬ ‫اُحُش‬.َ٘‫حُل‬ ‫كظٔ٤ش‬ ‫ه٤خٍحص‬ ٢ُٛٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٍٞ‫حُو‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓٞؿِس‬ ‫ٝرٍٜٞس‬
ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلٌٞٓخص‬ َٓ‫ًخ‬ ِ‫ػـ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔي‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُحى‬ ٢‫حُؼ٘ٞحث‬
‫٣لون‬ ٢ٗ‫حٗٔخ‬ ٌٖٔٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ١‫حُٔٞح‬ ‫كن‬ ‫٣للع‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ْ‫حُٔالث‬ َ٣‫حُزي‬ ‫ح٣ـخى‬ ٖٓ ‫ػوٞى‬ ‫ػالػش‬
.ٚ‫حكظ٤خؿخط‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫طـٔي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬‫رِٝؽ‬ُ ‫ٓلخؿت‬‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ‫لٌَس‬
.‫ٝحُٔ٘خٓش‬ ‫ٝحُيٝكش‬ ٢‫ٝىر‬ ٢‫ظز‬ ٞ‫حر‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُوَ٣زش‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كيػض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔظٔخٍػش‬ ‫حُولِحص‬
‫حهظَحف‬ ‫ُٝٝي‬٢‫ٓوط‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬‫حُوخَٛس‬2050‫حُٔخرن‬ ّ‫حُ٘ظخ‬ ‫رٔؼَكش‬،‫ٓزخٍى‬ ‫رو٤خىس‬َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫ٓيػ‬ ْ٤‫حَُث‬ ٖ‫حر‬ٞ‫ٍؿخ‬ ٖٓ ‫رٔـٔٞػش‬ ‫ٓخ‬‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حًظ٘ق‬ ‫رخَُٔ٣ش‬ ْٔ‫حط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ٌُٖٝ .ٍ‫حالػٔخ‬ ٍ
،ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤٣‫حُٔال‬ َ‫ٗو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٞ‫٣٘ط‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫حُظوط٤ط٤ش‬ ٍٙ‫حكٌخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫طَٔ٣ذ‬َ‫ر‬‫طٔخٓخ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ِٚ‫حُظو‬
ْٜ٠٣ٞ‫طؼ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٛخٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٘خ١ن‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ْٜ‫ٝىكؼ‬.٢‫ك‬ّ‫ػخ‬2008،‫حهظَكض‬‫حُلٌٞٓش‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬‫هطش‬

150. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
151
‫ُٔؼخُـش‬َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬‫ح‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُز٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظوط٤ط٤ش‬ ‫ُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬
‫حُوخَٛس‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ٚ‫ٝٗو‬ َ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫ٗزٌخص‬ َٛ‫طٞح‬‫حُٔٔخكخص‬.‫حُو٠َحء‬‫٣ٜيف‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُٔوط‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠‫حىػ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
٠ُ‫ح‬‫طلو٤ن‬‫حُٔ٤طَس‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬٢‫ك‬‫حُوخَٛس‬٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٞٔٗ ٍٞٛٝ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬
‫ٓٔزٞهش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓؼيالص‬.ٝ‫ً٘لض‬"‫حُٜ٤جش‬‫حُؼخٓش‬‫حُظوط‬٢٤٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬"‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ٕٞ٘‫حُٔؼ‬‫حُوخَٛس‬
ّ‫ػخ‬2050.٢‫حُٔوط‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ٚ‫ٝحؿ‬‫حٗظوخىحص‬‫كٍٞ٣ش‬‫ٗخرغ‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ٖٓ٠ِ‫أػ‬٠ُ‫ا‬َ‫أٓل‬ٍٙ‫حٓظ٘خ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ُْ ،
.‫طؼ٘٤ٜخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫طيًٍٜخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ط٘ل٤ٌٛخ‬ ‫طزؼخص‬ ‫طيٍى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫كٞه٤ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٞٛ َ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬‫ُوي‬
‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫طٔٞ٣ن‬ ْ‫ط‬‫ًٞحكي‬‫حُٔ٘خٍ٣غ‬ ٖٓ‫حُ٠و‬‫ٔش‬٢‫حُظ‬١‫ٓظئى‬‫ُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٍٛٞس‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬
‫حالُظلخص‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬٠ُ‫ا‬‫طَ٘٣ي‬‫اػيحى‬‫ًز٤َس‬ٖٕٓ‫حٌُٔخ‬‫حَُؿزش‬ ‫ٓ٤طَس‬ َ‫ٓوخر‬َ٣ٞ‫ُظل‬‫حُوخَٛس‬٠ُ‫ا‬
"‫ٓي٣٘ش‬‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬".
‫حُوخَٛس‬2050.‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ُؼَٔح‬ ‫ًٗٔٞؿخ‬ ٢‫ىر‬ ‫ٝحػظٔخى‬
‫ٝرؼي‬١ٞ‫حُ٠ـ‬ ٖٓ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٢٤‫ُِظوط‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُٜ٤جش‬ ٍَ‫طل‬ٝ ‫حُلٞه٤ش‬ْ٤‫حَُث‬ ٖ‫حر‬ ٍ‫ٍؿخ‬ ‫ٓطٞس‬
‫ٓزخٍى‬‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫رؼي‬25‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫طز‬ ،َ٣‫٣٘خ‬2050٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤٤ُٜ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُـٔ٤غ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ١ُ‫حٓظلِح‬
ِٚ‫حُظو‬ َ‫أؿ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٗيُؼض‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ٝ٣زي‬ .ٚ‫ر‬ ٖ٤ِٓ‫حُؼخ‬ ْٜ٤‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
.‫حَُٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬٠٢٠٢‫رخُوطغ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ٔ‫حؿظ‬ ِْ‫ظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫ٓ٤ئى‬١‫ٝحهظٜخى‬ ٢‫خػ‬
٢ٓ‫ٝٓ٤خ‬ٜٞ‫ك‬٢‫ٓوط‬‫حُوخَٛس‬َ٣ٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫ػٔخُوش‬ ‫حُٝٞ٣ش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٌٚٔ‫٣ل‬ٍ‫حُؼوخ‬١‫ٗوزش‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٌْ‫ٝ٣ؼ‬ ،
‫حُوخَٛس‬ ِْٜ‫ٝحٓظ‬ .‫ٝحُلٌٞٓش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُيُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٍ‫ٍؿخ‬2050ٖٓ ‫حُظوط٤ط٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٍإ٣ظ‬
ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٕ‫ُٔي‬ ‫طـخٍد‬–٢ٗ‫ٓ٤ي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬2030،2020ٕ‫ُ٘ي‬ ،ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬2020ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ٓ٘ـخكٍٞس‬ ،

151. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
151
2050٢‫ظز‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ،2030ّ‫ػخ‬ ١‫ٝٗ٘ـٜخ‬2050ّ‫ػخ‬ ٞ٤ًٞ١ٝ ،2050--َ٤‫ٌُِؼ‬ ‫اىٓخؽ‬ ٕٝ‫ري‬ ٌُٖٝ
ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٍٝ‫حُظ٘خ‬ ٖٓ َ٤ِ‫حُو‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ ،‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ُـخُز٤ش‬ ‫حُلَؿش‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬ ٖٓ
‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُٝٔجخص‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫ُؼَ٘حص‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫طٞ١٘ٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٤‫حُلو٤و‬ ٖ٤٤ِ‫حُلؼ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ُ٢‫ظ‬
‫ٓ٤٘خ‬.‫ٌٓخٜٗخ‬ َ٤‫ٝطٜـ‬ َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ ٍ‫حالكال‬ ‫ُٜخ‬
‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحٍُٜٞس‬ "َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫"ىر‬ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٍٜٞ‫ُِظ‬ ‫طزؼخ‬ ‫ُِوخَٛس‬ ‫حُ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ُِٞحؿٜش‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬
‫حُؼخثالص‬ ‫حالف‬ .‫حُؼالع‬ ‫حالَٛحٓخص‬ ‫ٛ٠زش‬ ‫ٓ٘طن‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ١‫حُٔئى‬ َُّٜ‫ح‬ ‫ٗخٍع‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫إلػخىس‬
ِ٣‫ري‬ ‫ح١َٝكخص‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ّ‫٣وي‬ ُْٝ ‫حُظٍٜٞحص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ٍَ٠‫ٓظظ‬.‫ش‬

152. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
152
ً‫ف‬ ‫جانبٌه‬ ‫من‬ ‫به‬ ‫تحٌط‬ ‫السحاب‬ ‫وناطحات‬ ‫زاٌد‬ ‫الشٌخ‬ ‫شارع‬ ،ً‫دب‬ ‫مدٌنة‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫االشهر‬ ‫الشارع‬
.‫اوسطٌة‬ ‫الشرق‬ ‫المدٌنة‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫مسبوق‬ ‫غٌر‬ ً‫عمران‬ ‫تكوٌن‬
٢‫ٓوط‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُوخَٛس‬ّ‫ػخ‬2050،‫ٓٞف‬ْ‫٣ظ‬َ٣ٞ‫طل‬٢ٓٝ‫حُوخَٛس‬‫ر٘خ١لخص‬ ِ٤ٔ‫طظ‬ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬
‫حُٔلخد‬‫ٝكيحثن‬‫ًز٤َس‬.‫ال‬ٖٔ٠‫طظ‬ٌٙٛ‫حُظطٍٞحص‬‫حُـ‬‫ي٣يس‬‫حُويٍس‬٠ِ‫ػ‬‫حٓظ٠خكش‬‫ػيى‬َ٤‫ًز‬ٖٓ
ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ٕٞ٘٤‫٣ؼ‬‫ٛ٘خى‬،‫كخُ٤خ‬‫ٛئالء‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ُٖ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٢ٔٗٝ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ٍ‫حالٓؼخ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫حُؼٞىس‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤٤ِٛ‫حال‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬.‫ال‬‫طٞؿي‬‫حٓظؼيحىحص‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬‫ُٔخ‬ٌٖٔ٣ٕ‫أ‬‫٣ليع‬ٌُٜٙ،َٓ‫حأل‬
‫ٓٔخ‬ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ٕ‫أ‬‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ٓوط‬ّ‫ػخ‬2050٠ُ‫ا‬‫كي‬َ٤‫ًز‬‫٣و‬ّ‫ي‬‫ٜٓخُق‬‫حُ٘وزش‬‫حُٜـ٤َس‬.‫حَُإ٣ش‬
،‫حُ٤خطٜخ‬ َ٣َ‫ُٝظز‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُظوط٤ط٤ش‬َٝ‫طلظ‬ً‫خ‬ٟٕ٘ٔ‫ح‬‫حُؼي٣ي‬ٌٖٓٙٛ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬‫ُ٤ٔض‬ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓ٘ظـش‬
،١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٔخٛٔش‬‫طلظخؽ‬ ‫ٌُح‬ ٝ٠ُ‫ا‬١ٌٍ‫ؿ‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬.‫ٌٛح‬ٝ‫حالكظَح‬ْ٤ُ‫ىه٤وخ‬‫طٔخٓخ‬
‫ك٤غ‬‫ح‬ٕ‫ٛ٘خى‬‫هيٍح‬‫ًز٤َح‬ٖٓ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬١‫حالهظٜخى‬٢‫ك‬‫حُوخَٛس‬ٚ‫ه٤ٔظ‬ ٍ‫ٓوي‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ٝ‫ال‬‫طلٔذ‬ٙ‫ػٞحثي‬
٢‫ك‬‫حإلكٜخءحص‬‫حَُٓٔ٤ش‬.‫ٌٛح‬‫حالهظٜخى‬'َ٤‫ؿ‬٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬'‫ر‬ٌَ٘‫ٓؼوي‬‫ًَٝٓذ‬٢‫٣َطز‬‫ر‬‫خالهظٜخى‬
'٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬.‫رؤٌة‬‫القاهرة‬2151‫ونهجه‬‫ا‬ً‫ف‬‫التخطٌط‬‫كان‬‫من‬‫المفترض‬‫أن‬"‫ٌصعد‬"‫مكانة‬
‫ا‬‫لقاهرة‬‫تصبح‬‫جدٌدا‬ ‫عضوا‬ً‫ف‬‫النادي‬ً‫العالم‬‫للمدن‬‫العالمٌة‬‫العصرٌة‬،‫عربٌة‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫فعلت‬ ‫كما‬
‫والدوحة‬ ً‫دب‬ ‫اهمها‬ ‫اخرى‬.‫أمثلة‬‫على‬‫نسخ‬‫بنٌة‬‫من‬ً‫دب‬‫إلى‬‫القاهرة‬‫و‬‫كٌف‬‫مسحت‬‫بعض‬
‫المناطق‬‫الفقٌرة‬‫تماما‬‫من‬‫خرائط‬‫الخطط‬‫الرئٌسٌة‬‫الوجود‬ ‫ومن‬.‫الى‬ ‫باختصار‬ ‫المخطط‬ ‫هدف‬ ‫لقد‬
‫خلق‬"ً‫دب‬‫على‬‫طول‬‫نهر‬‫النٌل‬"Dubai along the Nile.

153. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
153
ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّٞ‫حُ٘ـ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ٞ‫ٗل‬ ٚ‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ َٝ‫ٓؼ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫كي٣ي‬ ‫ُحٛخ‬ ‫ٜ٤َس‬
.‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬

154. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
154
5
‫اخلامس‬ ‫اهباب‬:‫ادلؼاصرة‬ ‫ادلصريت‬ ‫اهؼمارة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫اهرئيسيت‬ ‫اهىقسيت‬ ‫اهقضايا‬

155. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
155
‫اخلامس‬ ‫اهباب‬:‫ادلؼاصرة‬ ‫ادلصريت‬ ‫اهؼمارة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫اهرئيسيت‬ ‫اهىقسيت‬ ‫اهقضايا‬
‫رًٓٛس‬
5/1‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫نهحطكخ‬ ‫انحبكًخ‬ ‫انفكطٚخ‬ ‫انطكٛعح‬ ‫لضٛخ‬
5/1/1. ‫ٔانًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫انضمبفٛخ‬ ‫انزجؼٛخ‬ ‫يفٕٓو‬
5/1/2. ٙ‫انًحه‬ ‫ٔرأصٛطْب‬ ‫انؼبنًٛخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫انفكطٚخ‬ ‫انسٔضح‬
5/1/3. ٘‫انًصط‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ٘‫انفكط‬ ‫انًٕلف‬
5/1/4.‫ٔانزحٕالد‬ ‫انزشبثكبد‬ :‫ٔانؼٕنًخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬
‫ٔرحسٚبد‬ ‫انؼٕنًخ‬‫يحسٔزح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ئيكبَبد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يأظق‬ :ٗ‫انًحه‬ ‫انٕالغ‬
‫انجسٚهخ‬ ‫انطؤٚخ‬ : ‫انؼٕنًخ‬ ‫لًٛخ‬
5/2ٙ‫انزطجٛم‬ ‫انٕالغ‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انمضبٚب‬
5/2/1‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬
‫أ‬-‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
‫ة‬-‫انربص‬ ُٗ‫ٔانًج‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬
‫ط‬-‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ‫أًْٛخ‬
‫ز‬-‫اشكبنٛخ‬‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انٕٓٚخ‬
5/2/2‫ا‬‫انؼبو‬ ‫نفطاؽ‬
‫أ‬-‫انؼبو‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
‫ة‬-‫انؼبو‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬ ‫ربضٚد‬
‫ط‬-ِ‫رؼجٛط‬ ‫ٔأًْٛخ‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ٙ‫االعزًبػ‬ ‫انجؼس‬‫األؼبؼٛخ‬ ‫انًفبْٛى‬ ٍ‫ػ‬
‫نهًغزًغ‬
‫ز‬-‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ٘‫االلزصبز‬ ‫انجؼس‬
‫ْـ‬-‫يصط‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انًشبكم‬
‫صٕضح‬ ‫فطاؽ‬ :‫انزحطٚط‬ ٌ‫يٛسا‬ ‫حبنخ‬25‫ُٚبٚط‬
ٛ‫انم‬‫نه‬ ‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫ًخ‬‫ف‬‫انؼبو‬ ‫طاؽ‬

156. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
156
‫متهيس‬
‫حَُحرغ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ،‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٖٓ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬،
‫ح‬‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ُٔ٘خم‬
‫حُٔٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ ٍ
ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬.٢‫ٝك‬‫حُزخد‬ ‫ٌٛح‬–ْٓ‫حُوخ‬ ‫حُزخد‬–ٍ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ٍٝ‫ٗلخ‬ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٛي‬
‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬‫ٝحإلٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫رخُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬ .
‫ُِلًَش‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حالٓظوَحء‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظوالٜٛخ‬ ْ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
ٖٓ ‫ريح٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬1900٠‫كظ‬2012ٖٓ ‫ٝحًزٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ،
‫طِي‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫أًز‬ ُٚ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٝحؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝػوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫أكيحع‬
‫طِي‬ ٚ‫أًيط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫اٟخكش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُلخىػش‬ ‫ٝحُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُلًَش‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓؼُِٝش‬ ‫رٌحطٜخ‬ ‫ٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٜٙٞ‫رو‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬
‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬‫ٝحُؼوخ‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ك٤ش‬.‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٛ َ‫ر‬
ًَ َ‫طلخػ‬ ‫ٝٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫ٓلِٜش‬ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ٌٙٛ.‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬
َ‫طٔؼ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حٌُز‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ط٘زغ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬
ْ‫ط‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫ٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ٖٓ ٍٙٞ١ ‫رٔخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ِٓٔل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔخىس‬
ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬‫رؤرؼخى‬ ٚ‫طوظ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫أُٜٝخ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ‫حُلخًٔش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حًَُ٤ِس‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ش‬.َ‫أًؼ‬ ٖٓ ٖ٤‫ه٠٤ظ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٝأًؼَٛخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ١‫رخَُأ‬ ً‫خ‬‫حُظٜخه‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬
‫ر‬ ٕ‫٣َطزطخ‬ ٖ٤‫ه٠٤ظ‬ ‫ٝٛٔخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُلَحؽ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢ُٛ‫خ‬٢‫حُظطز٤و‬ ‫ٞحهغ‬
‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔخٍٓش‬‫حالًخى٣ٔ٤ش‬ َ١‫حال‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٠‫ٝكظ‬.
‫١َف‬

157. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
157
5/1‫انًصطٚخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫نهحطكخ‬ ‫انحبكًخ‬ ‫انفكطٚخ‬ ‫انطكٛعح‬ ‫لضٛخ‬:
5/1/1‫ٔانًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫انضمبفٛخ‬ ‫انزجؼٛخ‬ ‫يفٕٓو‬
‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ٢‫طَطز‬،‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ ،ً‫خ‬‫ٝػ٤و‬ ً‫خ‬١‫حٍطزخ‬‫رظِي‬‫حألرؼخى‬
ُ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫حال١خ‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫ِؼٔخٍس‬َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫طلظوي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬
،‫ُِـخ٣ش‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫ٝرخٓظؼ٘خءحص‬ ،٢‫حُؼَر‬٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ْٓ‫حأل‬
‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝهٜٞٛ٤ظ‬ ِٙ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬‫أ‬ ‫ُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٌُ٤خٗخص‬َٟ‫ه‬.
ٕ‫ٝحُ٤خرخ‬ ‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓٔؼ‬ ّ‫حُٔظوي‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُ٘خِٓش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ َُ‫ٝ٣ز‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
ٍٝ‫ٝأ‬ٝ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫رخ‬،ُٚ ٢ٔ‫٣٘ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ٝ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬‫أكي‬ َ‫ٝطٔؼ‬ َٜٓ
ٚ‫ٝٓـظٔؼخط‬ ُٚٝ‫ى‬ ْٛ‫أ‬‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬.ٌٛ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢٘‫طؼ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫حُ٘خِٓش‬ ‫رخُظزؼ٤ش‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬َٔ٘٣ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ‫ح‬‫حُـٞحٗذ‬
ُٔ‫ح‬‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫٤خٓ٤ش‬.٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔظٞحؿيس‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔلَٟٝش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ٌٙٛٝ
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ؿخٗذ‬ ٍٝ‫ط٘خ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫طظزؼٜخ‬ َٜٔ٣ٝ ً‫خ‬‫ٟٝٞك‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫حإلكٔخ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬
‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ّ‫طوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼٞٗخص‬ ‫ُٔٔخػيحص‬
ّ‫حُٔظوي‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٖٓ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬،ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـٌحث٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٞٗخص‬ ‫كي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬.٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ً‫خ‬‫ِٓؼ‬ ‫طٜزق‬‫حٓظَحط٤ـ٤ش‬٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ‫حٓظوالُ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ٌٖٔ٣.‫طِي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬
‫ٗظخ‬ َٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫ٝاىٍحًٜخ‬ ‫كٜٜٔخ‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬َ‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫ثـٜخ‬ٖ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫رخُؼوخكش‬ ٢‫طز‬‫٣ٞٛق‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ،
ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝأٜٛٔخ‬ ٚٗٞ٘‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌْ‫٣٘ؼ‬ ٌَٟ‫ك‬ ٍ‫رخٓظوال‬ ٚ‫طٔظؼ‬ ّ‫ٝػي‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٚ‫رظزؼ٤ظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬٢ٛٝ ‫س‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬.
‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حألٟٝخع‬ ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٍ‫اٛٔخ‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ٌٙٛ ‫حٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخػي‬ ‫ٝهي‬٢‫حُؼَر‬
ٝ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫رـٞحٗزٜخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝحكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫ٝحُظو٘٤ش‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزؼي‬ ًَ ‫حُزؼ٤يس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫حُزؼؼخص‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓش‬ ٍ‫حٓظَٔح‬
‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حُٔظزخى‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؤػ‬ ١‫حالٍطزخ‬ ْٜ‫طل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُوخىٍس‬ ‫حُؼوِ٤ش‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ َٜٔ‫ط‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬‫ٍُٜٞس‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫ز٤جش‬‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ،.ٚ‫روٜخث‬ ٢‫حُٞػ‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬
ٌُٜٙ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫ٝٓؼَكش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظَٝف‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬

158. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
158
‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٖٓ ‫طظطِزٜخ‬ ٢‫ُظ‬‫ٝحُٜ٤ؾ‬ ‫ٝحألٓخُ٤ذ‬ ٍِٞ‫ُِل‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔيُٞالص‬ ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ،
‫حُظ‬ٌٙٛ ‫طل٠ِٜخ‬ ٢‫حالكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫طِي‬ َٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬.
5/1/2: ٙ‫انًحه‬ ‫ٔرأصٛطْب‬ ‫انؼبنًٛخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫انفكطٚخ‬ ‫انسٔضح‬
ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظطز٤و‬ ٍ‫ُِٔـخ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ َ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫طلٔ٤َٛخ‬ ‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ‫ُؼالهش‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬124
٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫ٍٛي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٞٛٝ .١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ْٓ‫ُأل‬ ‫حُؼٔ٤ن‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤ُٝ ‫ٝرَٜ٣خ‬ ‫ٌِٗ٤خ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬
.‫ٓخ‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػخُٔ٤خ‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣خ‬ ‫كٌَح‬ ‫حٗظـض‬‫ىحثٔخ‬ ‫حٓخٓ٘خ‬ ٍِٞ‫طظز‬ ‫ٓظٞحُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝرٍٜٞس‬‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ىٍٝس‬،
٣‫حُظـي‬ ‫ٝحُٔلخٝالص‬ ‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ‫حالؿظٜخىحص‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬ ‫كظَس‬ ًَ ‫طٜ٘ي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ي٣ش‬
‫أَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫أٍٝرخ‬ٌْ‫حُؼ‬ ٝ‫ح‬٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ػ‬،ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫طظـٔي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ َٜٓ ٚ٘ٓٝ‫ِٓز٤خص‬
‫حُٞحٍى‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝٓٔخٝة‬.‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞحرؼ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ُ٘ظخؽ‬ ّ‫حالٓظٔال‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٝػخىس‬
.١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ٍ‫ُإل١خ‬ ٚ‫ٓالءٓظ‬ ‫طٔظٌ٘ق‬ ‫ٗخهيس‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٚ‫ُٔٞحؿٜظ‬‫ٝحُ٘ل‬٢‫ك‬ ١ٞ‫حُو‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ًٞ
‫ٝهض‬ ‫أَٓع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ٝططز٤ن‬ ‫ُظَٝ٣ؾ‬ ً‫ح‬‫أً٤ي‬ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫ٟٔخ‬ ٠‫أػط‬ ‫حُ٘خٓ٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٓـظٔؼخص‬
ٌَ٘٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ ٌٖٔٓ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ًخٍػش‬.‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ـخص‬ َ٘٘‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬،‫ٝططزن‬
‫هـيٍحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ُظلي‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ْ‫حُؼخُـ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٝٓؼٔخٍ٣٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٓزيػ٤ٜخ‬ٖ٤٤ِ‫حُٔل‬.‫هخ‬ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٛش‬ٞ‫رؼ‬‫طِي‬
ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٓؼخُـش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُؼـِٛخ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ٟو‬ ً‫خ‬٠‫ٍك‬ ٚ‫طٞحؿ‬ ‫ٝٓخُحُض‬ ‫ٝحؿٜض‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬
‫ح‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬‫حألٍٝر٤ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ؼٞد‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ٍٞ‫ُظط‬.٠ِ‫ػ‬٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ٍَٝٓ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬
ٖٓ َ‫أًؼ‬ٖ٤‫ٓظ‬٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ْ‫حُليحػش‬‫ٍٝحىٛخ‬ ‫ٝٓزخىة‬ٗ‫ٜٗي‬ ‫أٗ٘خ‬ ‫اال‬ ،‫حُٔخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫خ‬
‫طٌ٘ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٝأٜٓٔخ‬ ‫ُٔزخىثٜخ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫َٓحؿؼش‬ ‫ٝٓلٌَ٣ٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗوخى‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ُْ‫ٓؼخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ُْ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ُْ‫ُِؼخ‬‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫أرؼخىٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كو٤َس‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬‫ٝأػطض‬ ،
ِٜٓٝ ‫ٍطخرش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ً‫ال‬‫أٌٗخ‬ ‫رظٌَحٍٛخ‬ٕ‫ٝحُٔي‬ ٖ٣‫ٝحُٔ٤خى‬ ‫حُ٘ٞحٍع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬.َٔ‫ك‬ ‫ٝهي‬‫ٍحؿغ‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬
‫ٓالكن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ِ‫ػـ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬‫طؤً٤ي‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ،
‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬‫أِٛٔض‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫اال‬ ‫ٝحُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞحك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓٞٔ‫ػ‬
124
‫ك‬ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُلِٔل٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظٞؿٜخص‬ ‫رخٓظؼ٘خء‬‫حُلوَحء‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٢،َٙ‫ك‬ ٝ‫ح‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫ػزي‬
‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫حالكظلخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حرَح‬ ْ٤ِ‫حُل‬،‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حالٗخٍس‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِ‫٣ؼـ‬ ‫حَُحٛي‬ ٕ‫كخ‬
.٢ٔ٤ِ‫حاله‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ‫حٗظـض‬ ‫ٓظٔخٌٓش‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬

159. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
159
‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞحك‬‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫ٝأٓوطض‬،‫ٝحُظخٍ٣ن‬ ‫م‬٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٢ٛٝ٢‫طؼط‬
٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُلخٍم‬ٞٔ٠ٓ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ًؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ًز٘خء‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬١َُِٓ‫ٝح‬ ٢‫حَُٝك‬ ‫ٜٗخ‬٢ٗ‫ٝحالٗٔخ‬.
‫طظزغ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝحهؼ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫كو‬ ْ٤ُ ‫حُظخَٛس‬ ٌٙٛ
‫ٝطٞؿٜخص‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ٌُٖٝ ١َُٜٔ‫ٝح‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫كخًٔش‬‫"ح‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬‫ُزخ‬ٝٝ‫ٛخ‬‫ٝٓيٍٓش‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬ "ّ
َ٤‫ٓظ‬ ٟ‫"حُي‬"،ْٜٔٛ‫ٝأ‬ ‫ٍٝٝحىٛخ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝكًَش‬ّٞ٤‫ٝحُظَؿٞر‬ٕٝ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ
ُٞٝ ٍٍٙٝ‫ى‬ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫ًٍٞر‬،ٞ‫ٓظ‬ ‫ٝحىٝحٍى‬ ُٕٞٔٞ‫ؿ‬ ‫ك٤ِ٤ذ‬ ٍ‫ٝأكٌخ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓٔؼ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ٕ
ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ "‫حُليحػش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫"ٓخ‬ ‫ٓيٍٓش‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ،‫ٗ٤ٞطَح‬ ‫ٍٝ٣ظ٘خٍى‬ ٖ٤٤ٍٗ‫ٓخ‬ َٝ٣‫ٝح‬ِ‫ؿَ٣ل‬ ٌَ٣‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣٤ٜخ‬
٢ٍٓٝ ٝ‫ٝحُي‬،.ٕ‫ح٣ِٗٔخ‬ َ‫ٝر٤ظ‬ ٢ٓٞ٘‫ط‬ ‫ٝرَٗخٍى‬ ‫كي٣ي‬ ‫ُحٛخ‬ ‫ٍٝٝحىٛخ‬ ‫حُظلٌ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝٝٛٞال‬‫ٌٝٛح‬
ُ‫رخ‬ ‫٣ٜ٤زٜخ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحالطـخٛخص‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ ‫طِي‬ ٍ‫حٗظوخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ‫حُظظزغ‬ٚ‫١ز٤ؼظ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ِ‫ؼـ‬
ٚ‫ٝٓليىحط‬ ٚ‫ٝر٤جظ‬‫ٝحُظو٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬.
‫ا‬‫ططٞ٣غ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ِّ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ًّٕ‫٣ظالء‬‫ٓغ‬
٢‫طَطز‬ ‫ال‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ،٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔؼخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ططز٤وٜخ‬ َ٘‫رل‬ ِّ‫حُـ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬
‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫رخالكظ٤خؿخص‬،‫حُظظزغ‬ َٜ‫أظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬
٢‫حُـَر‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ِٝ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٓخػيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫حُٞٓخث‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝطٌٔ٘٘خ‬،ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حألؿخٗذ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝأٜٛٔخ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٤طَٝح‬ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ‫ريح٣خص‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ش‬ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬ ،‫طِوٞح‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜٔ٤ِ‫طؼ‬‫رؤٍٝٝر‬‫طؼ‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ً‫ح‬‫حٓظيحى‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ‫َٓ٘ٝػخط‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿؼِٞح‬ ‫ٝأَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ‫خ‬ِٙٞٔ
‫حُـَد‬ ٍّ‫ٓيح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫ٝحػظويٝح‬.‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٌَ٤ُٜ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ،
ٕٞ٣َٜٓ ٕٞ٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓٔج‬ ،‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ُٔي٣٘ش‬،ٌ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝٓ٤طَس‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬َ
‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَس‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬،‫حُلَحؿ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤خؿش‬‫ٝحُوخٍؽ‬ َ‫حُيحه‬ ‫ٝٓؼخُـش‬
‫ٝٗٞػ٤ش‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫ٝطو٘٤خص‬‫حُٔٞحى‬.
5/1/3٘‫انًصط‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ٘‫انفكط‬ ‫انًٕلف‬
ٌْ‫٣ؼ‬ ٚ‫ُٔـظٔؼ‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫كؼخُ٤ظ‬ ٍٟٞٔٝ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ِٚ‫طو‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٟٞٔ‫ٝ٣ئًي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَخص‬ ‫طزؼ٤ظٜخ‬.

160. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
161
‫حُظـي٣ي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔلخٝالص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫ٝحالرظٌخٍ٣ش‬٢‫حُـَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٙ‫حهظٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫أٛزلض‬ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ،
‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُوَ٣طش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ً‫ح‬ُ‫حٗـخ‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٖٓ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ َٙ٤‫ٗظ‬ ‫ٓ٘غ‬ ُْٖٓ‫حُؼخ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫ٍ٣ش‬
ٚ‫هخٍؿ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظظزغ‬ .( ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫خٍ٣و‬1900–2014َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ )
٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٛلٞس‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حَُٝحى‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ،٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬
َ‫ؿز‬ ‫ُز٤ذ‬،‫حُل٤الص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬٢‫ك‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِزلٞع‬ ٢ٓٞ‫حُو‬ ًَُِٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔلِش‬ ‫ًَٗش‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝٓزخ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬
ٗ‫ًخ‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ‫الكوش‬ ‫كظَس‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ْٜ‫إلريحػخط‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ًْ‫حُلخ‬ ٞٛ ٢‫حُـَر‬ ْٜٜ‫طٞؿ‬ ‫ٞح‬
‫ٗل٤ن‬ ‫ٝ٣ٞٓق‬ ْ٣ًَ ‫ٓ٤ي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ٍ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ‫٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٌِٔ‫طظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬،ٕٙٝٞ‫ُ٣ظ‬ ‫ٝٛالف‬ ٍ‫ٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
َْٛ٤‫ٝؿ‬.
ٖٓ ‫ٝأٜٓٔخ‬ ‫أُٜٛٞخ‬ ٌ‫طؤه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ؿ٤زش‬ ‫حُلخُش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓخػي‬ ‫ٝهي‬
ٗ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ٚ‫رظَٝك‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٚ‫ًٝ٤خٗخط‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٔخه‬‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬ ‫رخُز٤جش‬ ٍ‫حإلهال‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫٤ش‬.‫ًٔخ‬
‫كخؿش‬ ‫ٓي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخىٍس‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝحُوخٛش‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ ٖ٤٘١‫حُٔٞح‬‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬‫حال‬ ٍٞ‫ٗؼ‬ ‫اػطخء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طلِق‬ ُْٝ ،ّ‫ٝحإلكٔخ‬ ‫ٗظٔخء‬
‫ٝحُـٔخ‬ ٕ‫رخٌُٔخ‬‫ػش‬.‫رخػظزخٍٛخ‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
ٟٞ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙ‫ٝحُىٛخ‬ ٚ٤‫ٍٝه‬ ٍٙ‫حٓظوَح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٙ‫٣ظز٘خ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُويٓش‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ‫ء‬
٢ٛٝ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬:
-‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬.
-٢‫حُظَحػ‬ ِٕٝ‫حُٔو‬.
-١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬.
-١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حُٔظخف‬.
ُ‫ٝرخ‬ٍٝ‫ُظ٘خ‬ ٍ‫حُو٤خ‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫رظؼَ٣ق‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓطزط‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ ُْ ٢ُ‫ظخ‬
‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخػش‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫ٓي‬ َٝ‫رـ‬ ٚ‫ربٌٓخٗخط‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ‫ٝٓؼخُـش‬‫ٗ٤ش‬‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬ .
ً‫خ‬ٜٔ‫ك‬ ٠٠‫٣وظ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حإلريحع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٌٍٖٓٝ‫ُِـ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ػٔ٤و‬
٠‫حُل‬‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫خٍ٣ش‬ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ َ٤ٛ‫طؤ‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫ُِظَحع‬ ‫ٝحػ٤ش‬ ‫هَحءس‬ ٠٠‫٣وظ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
‫حُٔـيى‬‫ػَٜٗخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٍ‫حالػظزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣ٌ‫آه‬‫ٓطِوش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٖ٤‫ٓليػ‬ ٌٕٞٗ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ‫ُحىص‬،

161. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
161
ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٞ٤‫ك‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ َٜ‫ٝظ‬ ‫حٛظٔخٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٜٓذ‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٗظ‬ ‫ؿؼِظ٘خ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬
‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالطـخٛخص‬. ‫حُٔليػش‬ ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
.‫حُٔ٤خٍحص‬ ١ٍ‫ًٝزخ‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬ ‫ٝٓ٤طَس‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حالٓظيحى‬ ‫ٝهٔٞس‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬
‫رطَ٣وش‬ ُٞٝ ‫ٝحٓظويحٜٓخ‬ ‫ٝحٓظ٤ؼخرٜخ‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ٍّٝ‫ى‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حٓظلخىس‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬ ٠‫طؤط‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘الص‬ َ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿِث٤ش‬.ٝ‫ٌٛح‬‫حال‬ ‫٣لون‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖٞٛٓ ‫ٝحُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬
ٚ‫ٝ١خرؼ‬ ٚ‫طَحػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔلخكظش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ٟ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٟٞ‫حُو‬ ٢‫حُظَحر‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٍ‫هال‬
‫ٝحُٔظـيىس‬ ‫حُٔظـ٤َس‬ ‫ُِلخؿخص‬ ‫حالٓظـخرش‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٝحُٔظ‬ ًْ‫حُٔظَح‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ِٚٗٝ‫ٝٓو‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬
‫ٝٗٔٞٛخ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٓٔ٤َطٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔؼخص‬.ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕٝ‫ٝري‬‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫اكٌخ‬ ‫طِىحى‬ ‫حألُٓش‬
ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٖٓ ٠ٗ‫حألى‬ ‫حُلي‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ّ‫ػي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗظؤًي‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫حُظؤُ٤ق‬ ‫كًَش‬ ِٚ‫ٝطو‬ ‫ٝحُٔئطَٔحص‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُ٘يٝحص‬ ‫ٗيٍس‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ٖ٤٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َُ٘٘‫ٝح‬٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫طٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ،١ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ‫هِن‬
ٍ٥‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫رظ٘خ‬ ‫٣ٔٔق‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫رلَ٣ش‬ ‫ٝ٣ٔٔق‬ ‫ٝطلخػِٜخ‬ ‫حء‬‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٍّ‫ٝحُٔيح‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫ح‬َ٤ِ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼَٟٜخ‬ ‫ُٔوظِلش‬.٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٓظَٔحٍ٣ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ِٓ٣ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٟ‫٣ئى‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٝؿ٤زش‬
‫حُ٘ظَ٣خص‬ َ٣‫طٜي‬ ٍ‫ٝحٓظَٔح‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُظزؼ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ِٝٓ٣ي‬ ١ٍ‫ٝحُل٠خ‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُظوِق‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
‫ٓو‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ َٜٓ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬‫ٝٓؼٔخٍ٣ٜخ‬ ‫ك٘خٗ٤ٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬ ‫خٝٓش‬.

162. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
162
‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫ٌُٔظزش‬ ٢‫حُليحػ‬ ٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ‫٣ٌظ٘ق‬ ٕ‫ريٍح‬ ْٓ‫ٍح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُظلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٤يٝ٣ش‬ ‫حَُٓٞٓخص‬
.٢ٓ‫حالٓال‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ٕ‫ُِؼَٔح‬ ‫حًَُٔذ‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٜ‫٣٘ل‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫رخألٍى‬ ‫حُ٤َٓٞى‬
.ٕ‫ريٍح‬ ْٓ‫ٍح‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫رخألٍى‬ ‫حُ٤َٓٞى‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫ٌُٔظزش‬ ٢‫حُز٘خث‬ ‫ٝحُظًَ٤ذ‬ ٢ِ‫حٌُظ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬
5/1/4‫ٔانزحٕالد‬ ‫انزشبثكبد‬ :‫ٔانؼٕنًخ‬ ‫انؼًبضح‬:
‫انؼٕنًخ‬‫يحسٔزح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ئيكبَبد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يأظق‬ :ٗ‫انًحه‬ ‫انٕالغ‬ ‫ٔرحسٚبد‬
ٍِٞ‫طز‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ػٔ٤وش‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫ٝرٔزذ‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٕٞ٠‫ؿ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٜٓطِق‬
( ‫رؤًِٜٔخ‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ِّٞ‫حُؼ‬ ‫أىر٤خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔٓٞم‬ ٚٗ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٌ‫ٝحه‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٝٓل‬Moredifage,
2001ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔٔٔٞع‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حَُٔث‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ‫ٓ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ًِٔش‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ ‫ؿؼِض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍؿش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ )
ٍ‫حٗظ٘خ‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ‫ٝحَُإ٣ش‬ ،َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رٔٔظـيحص‬ ّ‫ٝحإلُٔخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ٢‫ػوخك‬ ‫ٟٝغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ىالُش‬ ٞٛ ‫حٌُٔظٞد‬‫ح‬
‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫ٓـظٔؼخط٘خ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫أٓخٓ٘خ‬ ‫١َكض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫طيحػ٤خطٜخ‬ ‫ٝحٓظوَحء‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬

163. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
163
‫ٝٓئحَٓس‬ ‫كوخ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ط‬ ‫ٝٓلِ٤ش‬ ‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ًظخرخص‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬
‫ٝآىحد‬ ٕٞ٘‫ك‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔوظِق‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫ٍٝٛ٤يٛخ‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫ُِلظي‬ ‫طٔظؼي‬ ‫ٓلٌٔش‬
‫ٝػٔخٍس‬‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝحهظٜخى‬ٕ‫ٝٗٞٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫(ٓخٍط‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬1998)‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ .
‫طِي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؤًِٜٔخ‬ ‫رخُٔٔجُٞ٤ش‬ ٠‫٣ِو‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫اال‬ ‫ٓطِٞرش‬ ‫طلٌ٣َ٣ش‬ ‫ِٝٗػش‬ ‫ٜٓيحه٤ش‬ ٖٓ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ‫حُطَف‬
ٝ‫حُؼي‬ ٖٓ ‫هخىٓش‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٖ٤٘‫ٓطٔج‬ ‫ىحثٔخ‬ ‫حػظيٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ـؼِ٘خ‬ ‫هخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫أ١َحف‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔئحَٓس‬
ُ‫ح‬‫ٝحُ٘وي‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫رؼ٘خء‬ ‫أٗلٔ٘خ‬ ‫ٌِٗق‬ ‫ال‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٕ‫أك٤خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ُٔٛٞ‫ٝح‬ ٕ‫أك٤خ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٢‫حُلو٤و‬ ٢‫وخٍؿ‬
٢‫حُلو٤و‬ ‫ٓـٜٞىٗخ‬ ْ‫كـ‬ َ٣‫ُظوي‬ ‫ٛيهخ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُ٘ؼز‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢َُٔٓ‫ح‬ ٢‫ٝحُـٔخػ‬ ٢‫حٌُحط‬٢‫ك‬
‫(حَُءٝف‬ ّ‫ٝحُظوي‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬،2000،2004).
"ِ٘ٓ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٍ٣ي‬ ‫ال‬ٖٓ ٕ‫رخُـيٍح‬ ‫ٓلخ١خ‬ ٢ُ،‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ًَ
‫ٓٔيٝىس‬ ١ٌ‫ٝٗٞحك‬ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٍ٣ي‬ .٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫حألٝ١خ‬ ًَ ‫ػوخكخص‬ ‫طٜذ‬
‫كَ٣ش‬ ٌَ‫ٝر‬ ،‫حُـٜخص‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ٖٓ ،٢ٌُُِ٘ٓ٘٘ .ٕ‫أ‬ ٞ‫حٍك‬ ٢
"١ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٖٓ ‫حكي‬ ٢٘‫٣وظِؼ‬.
١‫ؿخٗي‬ ‫حُٜٔخطٔخ‬ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُزَ٘٣ش‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ َ٣َ‫طو‬ :2004:ٙ ،85.
‫ٌٛح‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬‫حٌُظخد‬‫ٝطلي٣خ‬ ‫اٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ‫ري٣ال‬ ‫١َكخ‬ ّ‫ٗوي‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣٘ـؼ٘خ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ص‬
‫ه٤ٔخ‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٟٗٞق‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫هخىٓش‬ ٍ‫أؿ٤خ‬ ّ‫ٝأٓخ‬ ‫أٗلٔ٘خ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٓٔجُٞ٤ظ٘خ‬ َٔ‫طل‬
َ٣‫حُزي‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ .َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُؼخى‬ ٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٠‫حَُه‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٔخٛٔش‬ َ‫ٝأًؼ‬ ‫ح٣ـخر٤ش‬ َ‫أًؼ‬
ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٚٓ‫ٗوي‬٢‫حإلريحػ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٞٛٝ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٜٚ‫ٝٗظو‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ْ‫ٜٗظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬‫ًٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٗٔظويٜٓخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ؼٔخٍس‬
‫حُوخٛش‬ ٚ‫ٝٓالٓل‬ ٚ‫طلي٣خط‬ ُٚ ٠ِ‫ٓل‬ ‫ٝحهغ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َحطٜخ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫اٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ١ٍ‫ك٠خ‬
‫ٝحُٔٔ٤ِس‬.ّ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬1998‫"كن‬ َ٤ُٜ٘‫ح‬ ‫ًظخرٜٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٗٞٓخ‬ ‫ٛخٍُي‬ ٝ ٖ٤‫ٓخٍط‬ َ‫ر٤ظ‬ ِٗ‫ٛخ‬ ٖٓ ًَ َ٘ٗ
٢ٓٝ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ‫رٜٔ٘ؾ‬ َٓ‫ٝطؼخ‬ ٢ٔ‫ٝر‬ َِ‫ك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ "‫حُؼُٞٔش‬‫حٌُظخرخص‬ ٖٓ ٞ٤‫ك‬
‫ٓٔخٛٔخص‬ َٔ٘٤ُ َٓ‫حأل‬ ٟ‫طؼي‬ َ‫ر‬ ٖ٤٤ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ ٖ٤٣‫حالهظٜخى‬ ٖٓ ٢‫كو‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ُْ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُظلِ٤الص‬
٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ‫ٗطخم‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫١َكض‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ . ٖ٤‫ٝحُٔزيػ‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝحُل٘خ‬ ‫ٝحُلالٓلش‬ ٖ٤٤‫حالؿظٔخػ‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔئحَٓس‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٝٓل‬ ‫ُلٌَس‬ ‫حٓظيح‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ ْ‫ط‬ ٢ٓ‫حُ٘خ‬‫ػوِ٘خ‬ ‫كٌٔض‬
‫ٛيكٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓلزٌش‬ ‫ٓ٘ظٔش‬ ‫ًٔئحَٓس‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫كَٔص‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ‫١ٞ٣ِش‬ ‫ػوٞى‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫ٝٝؿيحٗ٘خ‬
‫حُظوٞف‬ ‫ٓ٤طَس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٓخػي‬ ‫ٝهي‬ . ‫ٝحُظَحػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ًَ ١‫ٝآوخ‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ْٔ١

164. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
164
( ٖ٤‫ؿَ٣ل‬ َٟ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ "‫حألَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ‫"حُٜ٤ٔ٘ش‬ ٠ُٔٔٔ‫ح‬2000ٛ‫حُ٘ٞح‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٓٞؿٞىس‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ )‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ي‬
ًٞ‫حُ٘ل‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬٢ٌ٣َٓ‫حأل‬٢‫ك‬. ِّٞٔٓ ‫طَحؿغ‬
‫انجسٚهخ‬ ‫انطؤٚخ‬ : ‫انؼٕنًخ‬ ‫لًٛخ‬
َ‫ُٔٔظوز‬ ١‫حالهظٜخى‬ ٢ُ‫حَُأٓٔخ‬ ‫ٗوٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫طَٜٓٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ‫هٔٞس‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬‫حَُ٘حثق‬ ‫ٝٓوظِق‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ ‫ٝحُطزوش‬ ٍ‫حُؼٔخ‬ ‫أٟٝخع‬ ٍٞٛ‫طي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
‫ح‬( ٕ‫ٝٗٞٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓخٍط‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُيٍؿش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫الؿظٔخػ٤ش‬1996َٕ‫حُو‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ )
‫ٛ٘خى‬ ٌٕٞ٤ٓ ‫حُـي٣ي‬20٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُؼ‬ َ‫حُيه‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝحُل‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٌْٜ٘ٔ٣ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫كو‬ %
‫حُزخه٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫أٓخ‬ . ّ‫ٝٓال‬ ‫ٍؿي‬80ٌْٜ٘ٔ٣ ُٖ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ، ‫حُلخؿش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٠‫حُلخث‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ َ‫كظٔؼ‬ %
٤‫حُؼ‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٗ٘خ‬ ‫اال‬ .َ٤‫حُو‬ ٍ‫ٝأػٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُظزَػخص‬ ٕ‫حإلكٔخ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫اال‬ ٕ‫حُٔئُلخ‬ ‫َُإ٣ش‬ ‫طزؼخ‬ ٖ
‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألهٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٝططز٤وخطٜخ‬ ‫حالطٜخالص‬ ‫ُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬ ‫ٝرٔزذ‬ ‫أ٣٠خ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬
‫ً٤ق‬ ٍ‫حُٔئح‬ ٠‫ٝ٣زو‬ ‫ًٞٗ٤ش‬ ‫هَ٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٗؼ‬ ‫اٗ٘خ‬ ٠‫ٗيػ‬ ‫أٛزل٘خ‬ ‫حُٔلُٔٞش‬ ‫ٝحُٜٞحطق‬ ‫حالٗظَٗض‬ ‫ٝٗزٌش‬
ٖٓ َٟ‫أه‬ ‫َٓس‬ ‫ٝحهظَر٘خ‬ ‫ٝحُظٔخ٣ِحص‬ ‫ٝحُلٞحٍم‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ ًَ ‫حَٜٜٗص‬ َٛ ‫؟‬ ‫حُوَ٣ش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٖ٤‫ٗؼ‬
"ٍ‫حالٜٜٗخ‬ ‫"رٞطوش‬ ‫حُٜ٘٤َس‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ‫أ١َٝكش‬Society as a melting potّ‫أٓخ‬ ‫أٗ٘خ‬ ّ‫آ‬
"‫حُٔال١ش‬ ‫"١زن‬ ٞٛ ُٚ ‫ٝٛق‬ َ٠‫أك‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘٤خ‬ ‫طلي٣خ‬Society as a salad bowl.
ٍ‫حُلخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬َٜٛ ٞٛ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٛ٤خؿظ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٖ٤‫حأل١َٝكظ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫م‬
ٚ‫ٌٓٞٗخط‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ٓوظِلخ‬ ‫حؿظٔخػ٤خ‬ ‫ٝر٘خءح‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ‫هٞحٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٟ‫٣ئى‬ ٢ٌُ ‫ٝحُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫ٌُِحط٤ش‬
‫ؿٔخػ٤خ‬ ‫ا١خٍح‬ ‫٣طَف‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ‫أٓخ‬ ، ‫ٝٓٔظوِش‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ٚ‫ٝأؿِحث‬
‫ٝحُوَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ُْ‫(حُؼخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُللخظ‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ ِ٣‫رخُظٔخ‬ ‫٣ٔٔق‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫اال‬ )‫حٌُٞٗ٤ش‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٌٓٞٗخطٜخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ٝحالٓظيال‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ؿٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٓلِٜش‬،‫حَُءٝف‬ ‫(ػزي‬2004)
.‫(ٍٓٞى٣لخؽ‬ ‫ًخُ٤لٍٞٗ٤خ‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالهظٜخى‬ ً‫أٓظخ‬ ٖ٤‫ؿَ٣ل‬ ‫ً٤غ‬ ‫أٓخ‬2001‫ح٣ـخر٤خص‬ ْ‫٣يػ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ )
‫هخ‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫ٝ٣زلغ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬‫ح٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜلٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛش‬،ٕ‫ٝح‬
َ‫طظوز‬ ٢ٌُ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓظيكؼٜخ‬ ‫ٌُٜ٘خ‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخكخص‬ ٠‫٣ِـ‬ ُٖ ‫ػُٞٔ٤ش‬ ‫ػوخكش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬
ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫َٓؿٞد‬ ٢‫طِوخث‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٖ٤‫ؿَ٣ل‬ َٔ‫ٝ٣ل‬ . ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ‫حُظِحٓخص‬
َٙ٤ٔ‫طل‬. ‫ٝحُظـَ٣ذ‬ ‫ٝحُٜ٤ٔ٘ش‬ ‫حُٔ٤طَس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٍؿزش‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬
‫حُل٤خس‬ ٚ‫أٝؿ‬ ‫ًخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٝكو٤وش‬ ّٜٞ‫ًٔل‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬
.‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٞٔٗٝ ٍٞ‫ٝطط‬ ٌَٗ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬( ‫ً٤٘ؾ‬2004‫ُِؼُٞٔش‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ َ‫حَُٔحك‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٟٝق‬ )

165. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
165
‫ؿ‬ ‫ٗطخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ،‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ :‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ‫ػالع‬ ّ‫ٝهي‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫ـَحك‬
‫ُظخَٛس‬ ‫ٝطؼيى٣خ‬ ‫طخٍ٣و٤خ‬ ‫كٜٔخ‬ ‫٣وظَف‬ ٚٗ‫كخ‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ‫طِي‬ َ‫طيحه‬ ٖٓٝ .‫ٝحُليحػش‬ ٍ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬
َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫طٍٜٞحص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٚ‫٣ظطِز‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خه٘ش‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬
ٜ‫ٓٞحؿ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫اريحػخ‬.‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حأل١َٝكخص‬ ‫ش‬َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫اٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ٍِٞ‫طظز‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
٢‫ه‬ ‫ٝحالٓظٜالى‬ ٍ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘طن‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٢ٔٗٝ ٌَ‫ُِل‬ َٝ‫رخُظؼ‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫طِي‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ َ‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝٞكخ‬
‫ظخَٛس‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫ٝحُؼُٞٔش‬ .٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حَُٔٔف‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٞهغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ُِل‬ ‫َٗٓش‬ ‫اهِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓ٘خكٔش‬ َ‫ظ‬
‫أٛز‬ ‫ٝؿٞىٛخ‬ ٌُٖٝ ‫كي٣ؼش‬ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ .‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُِلظش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫حُلٌخى‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ق‬
‫حالٓظؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ريأص‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٌٛذ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُزخكؼ‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حال‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ْ‫ٗخػ‬ ‫حٗٔ٤خد‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ،‫حكظالال‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓخى٣خ‬ ‫طيهال‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُٔٞؿش‬
‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُالِٓٔٞٓش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬‫ٝٛؼزش‬ َ٤٤‫ُِظـ‬ ‫هخرِش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫ٝطؤػ٤َحطٜخ‬ ٕ‫ٝحإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٝحٌُٔخ‬ ‫ُؼوخكش‬
٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحُظوخُ٤ي‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٞ‫٣٘و‬ ٖ‫ٝك‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫ُِؼُٞٔش‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حالطٜخٓخص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َ‫ر‬ .‫حُٔوخٝٓش‬
٢ٛ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ .٢‫ىر‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫رو٤خىس‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٓلٔٞٓخ‬ ‫ٝٓزخهخ‬ ‫١ٔٞكخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫كخُش‬ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٖ٤٣‫ٓال‬ ‫طيكن‬ ٢‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫حًظ٘خف‬ ٌ٘ٔ‫ك‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫رخُٔٞؿش‬ ‫ػالهظٜخ‬
.‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ١‫ألٗٔخ‬ ًٖ‫ٝأٓخ‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫ُالٓظٜالى‬ ًٖ‫أٓخ‬ ‫ٝأٗظـض‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ْ٤ِ‫اه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
‫ٛ٘خى‬ َٛٝ ، ‫ٝحُِٔز٤ش‬ ‫حال٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ٝطيحػ٤خطٜخ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫كظٔ٤ش‬ َ‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ َ‫ٓٔظوز‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
‫طٞٛ٤خص‬‫حُوِ٤ـ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ُٜخُق‬ ‫ٝطٞظ٤لٜخ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ّ‫الٓظويح‬ ‫ٌٓٔ٘ش‬ ‫٥ُ٤خص‬ ‫ٝٓوظَكخص‬
ْ‫ٗل‬ ٞٔ٘‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ُِظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ ‫حًُ٘ٔٞؽ‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُوِ٤ؾ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ِ٣‫طظٔخ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ْ‫ػ‬ .‫ٝٓٔظوزِٜخ‬
ٖ٣َٔ‫ٝحُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫حُز٘ٞى‬ ‫طلخُق‬ ٖٓ ‫حُلَ٣ن‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ‫ٝ٣ي٣َٛخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ُٜٔٞخ‬ ‫ٝ٣طٍٞٛخ‬ َ‫ر‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬
.ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ٝحُؼوخ‬ ٖ٣ٍٞ‫ٝحُٔط‬
‫انؼًب‬‫انؼٕنًخ‬ ‫ػصط‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٙ‫صمبف‬ ‫كًُزظ‬ ‫ضح‬
ٚ‫كيٝػ‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حُزخٍىس‬ ‫حُلَد‬ ‫حٗظٜخء‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٙ‫ٜٗي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘طخم‬ ‫حُٞحٓغ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حالٗلظخف‬ ٕ‫ا‬
ٞٛ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُظ٘ٞع‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخكخص‬ ‫حُل٠خٍحص‬ ‫ط٘ٞع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؤً٤ي‬ ٚ‫ٗظخثـ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫َٝٓؿٞرخ‬ ‫طِوخث٤خ‬
‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٍ‫ٝحالرظٌخ‬ ‫حإلريحع‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ٍ‫حُلٞح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حال٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ُِٔٔخٛٔش‬
َ٤٤‫حُظـ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫رخُلؼ‬ َٝ‫طظؼ‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حُٞ١٘٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخكخص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ . ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٚ‫أكَُط‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬
ٞٛ ‫حُ٘٠ؾ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫ٗخٟـش‬ ٍ‫طزخى‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٞٛ ‫حُلخىع‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ‫ُِل٘خء‬ َٝ‫طظؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ َ‫ظ‬ ٢‫ك‬
٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ . ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓٔجُٞ٤ش‬‫ػوخكش‬ ًَ ٖٓ ‫حُٔٔخٝة‬ ‫ٝحٓظٌ٘خف‬ ‫حُٔ٘خكغ‬ ٍ‫طزخى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬
. ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُظ٘ٞع‬ ‫ػَحء‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خطـش‬ ‫حإلريحع‬ ‫هٞس‬ ‫ٓ٤ِ٣ي‬ ٖ١‫حُٔٞح‬ ٍ‫رخهظ٤خ‬‫حُٔخرن‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬

166. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
166
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حأل١َٝكخص‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫حإلريحع‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫ٝىٍٝٛٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ُِؼالهش‬
ُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫رٍِٞص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬َ٤‫طؼز‬ َ٠‫أك‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ١ٍ‫ك٠خ‬ ‫ًٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝطؼخِٓض‬ ‫ؼوخكش‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ّٜٞ‫ُٔل‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ‫١َكخ‬ ‫ٝٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫حٓظ٘ظخؽ‬ ‫٣ٌٔ٘٘خ‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٢ٗ‫أٗٔخ‬ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬
‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ‫ٝحإلريحع‬.٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼظٔي‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حال٣ـخر‬ ‫حُ٘ن‬ َٟٗ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫اٗ٘خ‬
‫ك٠خ‬ ْٜ‫ُل‬ ٚ‫ٝططِؼ‬ َ‫حأله‬ ٖ‫طؼط‬َٛ‫ٝحُظٞح‬ ٍ‫حالطٜخ‬ ‫طو٘٤خص‬ َ‫ٗٔظـ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ َ٤‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝػوخكش‬ ‫ٍس‬٢‫ك‬
‫رَإ٣ش‬ ‫حإلريحػخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫طَطز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫َٗ٣طش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫اريحػخط٘خ‬ َٝ‫ػ‬
ِ‫ط٘ل‬ ‫ٝال‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫طـَم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝأٛ٤ِش‬ ‫ػٔ٤وش‬ ‫كٌَ٣ش‬َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ َٛ‫طظـخ‬ ‫ٝال‬ َٟ‫حُلخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ض‬.
ٌ‫انًس‬ ‫ٔررطٛظ‬ ٌ‫ٔانؼًطا‬ ‫انؼٕنًخ‬
١‫حأل‬ َُ‫حر‬ ٖٓ،ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ُلوزش‬ ‫أٓٔض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ،‫ٓؼخَٛس‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫َٝكخص‬
‫كٍِٞ٣يح‬ ‫ٍ٣ظ٘خٍى‬ ‫حُظ٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓخص‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُزخكغ‬ ٢‫حُٔوط‬ ٚ‫ٛخؿ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٞٔ٘‫حُظ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬
(Richard Florida)١ٌُ‫ح‬ْٓ‫أ‬‫طوط٤طٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خٛؾ‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ُلوزش‬‫ٝأٓخُ٤ذ‬
‫كَٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫ٗٔٞٛخ‬‫كٍِٞ٣ي‬‫ح‬‫ر‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬ّ‫ػخ‬ َ٘ٗ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ "‫حُٔزيػش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫"ٗ٘ؤس‬ ٕٞ٘‫حُٔؼ‬ ٚ‫رٌظخر‬ ‫يأ‬2002
(The Rise of Creative Class)‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٗٔ٤ؾ‬ ْٜ‫ُل‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ‫١َكخ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ٍٝ‫ٝط٘خ‬٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬٢‫ك‬
‫ك‬ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫كوزش‬‫ز‬ُ‫خ‬‫حُلوزش‬ ‫طِي‬ ُٝ‫طـخ‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ َ‫لؼ‬‫ٝأٛزق‬َٛ‫طٞح‬ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬‫ٝحألٓٞحم‬
‫ٝحالٓظؼٔخٍحص‬٤ٗ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫حُليٝى‬ ٍ‫ٝحٜٜٗخ‬‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ًَ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ط٘ظَى‬ ‫ؿخُزش‬ ‫ٓٔش‬ ‫ٝحُــَحك٤ش‬ ‫ش‬
‫حُٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫حُٔظويٓش‬٠ُ‫ا‬‫ك٤خس‬َ٠‫أك‬.
"‫ٓي٣٘ظي‬ ٢ٛ ٖٓ" ٢ُ‫حُظخ‬ ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ٝك‬(Who‟s Your City?)‫كٍِٞ٣يح‬ ‫طؼٔي‬ ‫كوي‬ٕ‫أ‬‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬
‫٣ٌٛذ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ َ‫ر‬ َ‫حُؼخه‬ ‫رِـش‬ ٕ‫حُؼ٘ٞح‬ ٢‫ك‬٠ُ‫ا‬‫ػخُؼخ‬ ‫هَحٍح‬ ‫٣٠٤ق‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ‫حرؼي‬٠ُ‫ا‬ْٛ‫أ‬ٖ٣ٍ‫هَح‬
‫٣ظوٌٛٔخ‬ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬‫ربؿٔخع‬‫ٝحالؿظٔخع‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ػِٔخء‬،َٔ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫رٔخًح‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔظؼِو‬ ‫ٝٛٔخ‬
ٍ‫هَح‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫طيحػ٤خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗخرغ‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ٍ‫هَح‬ ‫كٍِٞ٣يح‬ ‫ٝ٣٠٤ق‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ٖٔ‫ٝر‬ٖ٣‫أ‬
ْ٤‫طو‬‫؟‬٠ُ‫ٝح‬١‫ا‬١ٞ٘‫ط‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫هَ٣طش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ٕ‫أ‬‫حُـي٣ي‬ ‫ٝ١٘ي‬ ٍ‫طوظخ‬‫؟‬‫ٌٝٛح‬‫حُِٜش‬ ‫ٝػ٤ن‬ ‫حُطَف‬
٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ٖ١‫رخُٔٞح‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍٜٞ‫رظ‬ٝ‫أ‬‫ٓخ‬‫أ١ِن‬٢ِ‫ػ‬‫أ٣٠خ‬‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬٠ُ‫ا‬ٖٓ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ ‫هطخع‬
‫أٛلخد‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔزيػش‬ ‫حُٔلٌَس‬ ‫حُٔـيىس‬ ٍٞ‫حُؼو‬ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬٠٢‫حُٔؼَك‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٔخٛٔظٜخ‬ٝ‫أ‬
َٟ‫رخألك‬٢‫حُٔؼَك‬ ‫حالهظٜخى‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ّ‫ًؤٓخ‬٢ُٜ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُ٘ـخكٜخ‬٢ٛ َٛ‫حُظٞح‬ ٌٙٛٝ ،‫ىكؼض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬
ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔزيػش‬ ‫حُطزوش‬ ‫َٛٝد‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٌٍ‫٣ل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫كٍِٞ٣يح‬‫ؼ‬‫طزؼخ‬ ‫ٝكخطٜخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١‫٣ئى‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ولش‬
َٙ٤‫ُظؼز‬.

167. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
167
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـي٣ي‬ ‫حُوطخع‬ ‫ٌٛح‬٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ؿـَحك٤ش‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ُِؼالهش‬ ‫ؿي٣يح‬ ‫طٍٜٞح‬ ‫٣ٜ٤ؾ‬
ُٝ‫٣ظـخ‬‫حإلرؼخى‬ٚ٘١ٞٔ‫ر‬ ‫٣ظٔٔي‬ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ َ‫طـؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخ١ل٤ش‬ٍٝ‫حأل‬َ‫ٝطـؼ‬‫حُظلَى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫هيٍط‬
ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ُٝ‫٣ظـخ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫هي‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫ؿـَحك‬ ‫ر٘طخم‬ ‫ٝٓو٤يس‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ٕ‫حألك٤خ‬ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ً٤ِٞٓظَحص‬ ‫ػيس‬
ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫هطخػخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٍ‫حُلخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٝٗ٘ؤط‬ ٙ‫ٓ٤الى‬٢‫ؼَر‬،ٌٖٙٛٓ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫حُلجش‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬٢ٗ‫حإلٗٔخ‬‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٓخُٜخ‬ ‫ططِؼخطٜخ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬‫ٝ١٘خ‬ ٍٙ‫طوظخ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ
‫ٝك٠خء‬‫إل١الم‬‫حُظـي٣ي٣ش‬ ‫ُويٍحطٜخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼ٘خ‬‫ٝحإلريحػ٤ش‬٢‫حُٔؼَك‬ ‫حالهظٜخى‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬٢‫ٝحإلريحػ‬
ٌُ‫ح‬١‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْٓ‫٣ظؤ‬ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ،ٌٌَٙٛ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿي٣ي‬ ٚ‫طٞؿ‬ ‫رٍِٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫ٓخ‬ ‫حُلجش‬
ٚ‫١َكظ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ٢‫حُظوط٤ط‬‫حألىر٤خص‬‫ح‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘خكٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ػ٘ٞح‬ ‫طلض‬٢‫ُظ‬‫كلِص‬ٕ‫ٓي‬ ًَ
‫ح‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ُ‫ظ‬٠‫طٔؼ‬ ٢٠ُ‫ا‬.ٖ٣َ٘‫ٝحُؼ‬ ‫حُٞحكي‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬ ‫هَ٣طش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ‫ٓٞهغ‬
‫حالٗظوخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُٜـَس‬ ٍ‫هَح‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ ٍُْ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬‫ىُٝش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ٌُٖٝ َ‫حألٝك‬ ٢ُ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫حُؼخثي‬ ‫حُٞك٤ي‬ ٚ١َٗ ‫ؿي٣يس‬
‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظٞٓش‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ٍ‫ػٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬‫حُٔئٓٔش‬ ٢ٛ
.٢‫ٝحإلريحػ‬ ٢‫حُٔؼَك‬ ‫حالهظٜخى‬ َٜ‫ػ‬ ‫إل٣وخع‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫ُٔـٔٞػش‬‫كٌَس‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ٌ٘ٓٝ
‫ٓ٤خٓخص‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ٖٓٝ ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ‫طظز٘خٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫ح٥ُ٤خص‬ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ ‫ٓظظخرؼخ‬ َٜ‫ظ‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظ٘خكٔ٤ش‬
ٕ‫ٝحإلٗٔخ‬ ْ‫ٓظ٘خك‬ ٢ُٔ‫ػخ‬ ‫َٓٔف‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طٞحؿيٛخ‬ ‫طَٓ٤ن‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔٔخٛٔش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫طٔٞ٣ن‬‫كن‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ُٚ
٤‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫حهظ٤خ‬ُِ‫ح‬ َ‫ر‬ ٢ٓٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٚ‫طؼَك‬ ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫ٓٔزٞم‬ َُْ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ًَ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫لظ‬
‫ٗؼٍٞح‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َ‫ٝط٘ؼ‬ ‫طؼَف‬ ٢ِ‫طلخػ‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫أٛزق‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫١َف‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ٛـ٤َس‬ ‫هَ٣ش‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬
.٢ِ‫حُلؼ‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫ٌٓخٗي‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫حألٓ٤خ‬ ‫ح٥الف‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ُٞ ٠‫كظ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ‫ُلظ٤خ‬٣‫ٍحى‬ َ‫حألًؼ‬‫ٌخُ٤ش‬
ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٢‫ٝػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ‫طـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ٓخًٍش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طلٞ٣ِٜخ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫طٔٞ٣ن‬ ‫ٓ٤خٓخص‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٜ‫ر‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼـز‬ ٖٓ ُْٜٞ‫ٝطل‬‫ػٜ٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝٓيحكؼ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٖ٣َٛ‫ٓ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫خ‬ٖ٣َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫اه٘خع‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤ُٞ‫ٝٓٔج‬ َ‫ر‬
.‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُظو٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حالٗطزخػخص‬ َ٠‫أك‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫رظ‬‫ك‬‫خُظٔٞ٣ن‬ٞٛ‫ٝحَُ٘حء‬ ‫حُز٤غ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬٢‫ك‬
٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘غ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔ٘ظـخص‬ َ٣ٞ‫رظل‬ ‫حُٔظؼِوش‬ ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٞظخثق‬ َٟ‫رخألك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٓٞم‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬
‫أٓخ‬ ،‫حُٔٔظِٜي‬‫ٓٔ٤ِس‬ ‫طٔٞ٣و٤ش‬ ‫ٗوٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬‫ُٜخ‬‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ًخُٔخًٍخص‬ ‫ٍِٓ٣ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬٢ٜ‫ك‬
‫ط‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ٕ‫حإل٣ٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝٝٛٞال‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ٙ‫حالٗظزخ‬ ‫ُٝلض‬ ‫رخُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫حُٞػ‬ ‫أُٜٝخ‬ َ‫َٓحك‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫ظط‬‫رٜخ‬
ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٕ‫ٓي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫كٞحٍحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٙ‫َٗٛي‬ ّ‫رلٔخ‬ ‫ٝه٤ٔظٜخ‬ ‫ٌٓخٗظٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُيكخع‬
.‫ٝٗ٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ٕ‫ُٝ٘ي‬

168. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
168
5/2: ٙ‫انزطجٛم‬ ‫انٕالغ‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انمضبٚب‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ٢‫حُظطز٤و‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ‫رخُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٌٜٙ‫ر‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬
ٝ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬.‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬ٖٓ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٌٖٔ٣ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬
‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ٍٞ‫ٓ٘ظ‬،‫حُٔئػَس‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِ٤ًَ‫حُظ‬ َٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كخُٝ٘خ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٟو‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُٜٔخ‬ ‫ُٔخ‬ ْٛ‫أرؼخى‬ ‫ٝطلي٣ي‬ ْٜ‫رٍِٞط‬ ‫ٝٓلخُٝش‬ ٖ٤‫ٛخٓظ‬ ٖ٤‫ه٠٤ظ‬
‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬.‫حُو‬ ٖ٤‫ٛخط‬.ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُلَحؽ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٛٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫٠٤ظ‬
5/2/1‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬
‫أ‬-‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
‫حُويٓخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ َ‫طٞحك‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ َ٠‫ٝحُظل‬ ٠‫حَُه‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫هي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣‫حُظؼخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ٝحإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظَك٤ٜ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُٜل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُي٣٘٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬،‫حُظـٔ٤ي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣٘ظؾ‬
ٔ‫حُٔؼ‬َ٠‫ٓظل‬ ٠ٌ٘ٓ ‫طـٔغ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ١‫أل‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫٣ظٞحؿي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُويٓخص‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ١ٍ‫خ‬
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫رخُٔزخ‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬.‫ٝػٔٞٓ٤ظٜخ‬‫ط‬‫أكَحى‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ َ‫هز‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓظؼٔخُٜخ‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ٢‫ؤط‬
ٚ‫ٝهطخػخط‬ ٚ‫١زوخط‬ ‫رٔوظِق‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬،‫ٝحُٔظخكق‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔظ٘ل٤خص‬ ‫حُٔٔخؿي‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫أٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
ٔٓ‫ٝحُٔئ‬‫ٝحٌُٔظزخص‬ ‫ٝحُز٘ٞى‬ ‫حإلىحٍ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُٔزخ‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ‫حُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫خص‬
‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬،َ‫حُل‬ ‫حُظـٔ٤ي‬ ٞٛ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬‫ٓخ‬ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ُِٔظطِزخص‬ ٢‫حؿ‬.
‫ة‬-‫انربص‬ ُٗ‫ٔانًج‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬
ٙ‫حُوخ‬ ٠٘‫ٝحُٔز‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلخٍم‬ ٕ‫أ‬،ٞٛ َ٤‫ٝحاله‬٠ٌ٘ٓ ٠٘‫ٓز‬‫حُلخالص‬ ‫أؿِذ‬ ٢‫ك‬،ٕ‫أ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫حألػ‬ َ‫أًز‬ ُٚ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٍٙ‫ُٝٝح‬ ٌُٖٔٔ‫ح‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ِ٤‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓليٝى‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ٗطخم‬ َ٤‫حأله‬
‫ٍٜٓ٘ٞس‬ ‫ٓوُٞش‬ ُٚ ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ُْٜٞ٤ٓٝ ْٜ‫ٝٗ٘ؤط‬ ‫حألَٓس‬ ‫أكَحى‬‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ػٔن‬ ‫طٟٞق‬
" : ٍٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ َ‫حألػ‬٠٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫هطٞس‬ ًَ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٠‫أر‬ ٍِ٘ٓ"125
.ُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫طوظِق‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍس‬
125
ٙ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ( ٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬14‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،‫ٍف‬1977. )

169. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
169
‫ٓليٝى‬ ‫ػيى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬،ٖٓ ‫ٝٓظؼيىس‬ ‫ٓظزخ٣٘ش‬ ‫هطخػخص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ َٜ٣ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬
ْ٤‫ه‬ ٖٓ ٚ٣ٞ‫٣لظ‬ ‫رٔخ‬ َ‫كظظؤػ‬ ‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كًَظٜخ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ُٚ َٝ‫طظؼ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬
‫ٍِٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٝٓيُٞالص‬ ‫ٝطٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ُٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حالٓظلخىس‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫طظؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ًُي‬ ‫٣ئى٣ٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ظ٤لش‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓٔـي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٓظلل‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫ٓيٍٓش‬. ‫حُن‬ ...
‫ط‬-‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ‫أًْٛخ‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫٣ئى٣ٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٞظ٤لش‬ ‫كيٝى‬ ٟ‫طظؼي‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُظؼَ٣لخص‬ ٖٓ
ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ١َُِٓ‫ح‬ ٍُٞ‫حُٔي‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫طئًي‬ َٟ‫أه‬ َٓ‫ػٞح‬ َ‫طظيحه‬ ‫ك٤غ‬١ٌَ‫حُل‬
ُ‫ح‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ٝاىٍحى‬ ٌَ‫ٝك‬ ٠‫ٝػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٚ‫٣زؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼخ١ل‬ٍٚٓ‫ٝطٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ ٖ٣‫طظؼخ‬ ٢‫ظ‬
ٚ‫ر‬ َ‫ٝط٘لؼ‬.١ٌُ‫ح‬ ُٚٞ٤ٓٝ ٚ‫ٝطًَ٤ز‬ َ‫حُطل‬ ‫ٗلٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔيٍٓش‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫َٗٛي‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ٟٝ‫٣ظٔخ‬َ‫ر‬
ُٔٔ‫ح‬ َ‫ُِطل‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ُٝ‫٣ظـخ‬ ‫ٝهي‬١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ٝحُل‬ ُِٚ٘ٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؼِش‬ٚ‫ر‬ ٌٖٔ٣،.
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫رخُٔظلق‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣َٓ ‫رٜخ‬ ٍِٝ٣ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣ؼخُؾ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٠‫رخُٔٔظ٘ل‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ُؼالهش‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٌٌٝٛح‬
‫ك‬ ١َ٣ٖ٤‫ٝحُ٘لخط‬ ٖ٣ٍُٜٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫اريحػخص‬ ٚ٤،١َ٣ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠‫ٓٞٓ٤و‬ ‫ػِف‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫٣ٔظٔغ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُوخػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫َٓٔك‬ ً‫خ‬َٟ‫ػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬.ٚ‫ٗخر‬ ‫ٓخ‬ٔ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ َ‫٣ظؤػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ٕٞٔ٠ٓٝ ‫خٍ٣ش‬
‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َّ‫ٝطـ‬ َٙ٠‫ٝطل‬ ٍٙٞ‫ٝطط‬ ٚ٤‫ٍه‬ ٖٓ ‫طِ٣ي‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝه‬ ‫ٍِٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٝىالالص‬ ٌَٟ‫ك‬
٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫طخٍ٣و‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫ٍٛيٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٙ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ٚ‫ُل٠خٍط‬ ٚ‫حٗظٔخث‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫رٌ٤خٗخص‬ ١‫ٝحالٍطزخ‬
‫ًؼ‬ ‫اُ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝحإلٗخٍس‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ُْٛ‫ٝحػظِح‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫رخُؼي٣ي‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ١‫حٍطزخ‬‫الٓخص‬
١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔظلق‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌُُي‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫ٝحَُٛ٤ي‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ِٕٝ‫حُٔو‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬
ٖٔ‫ك‬ ٕ‫حُِٔطخ‬ ‫ٝٓٔـي‬ ‫حألٝرَح‬ ٍ‫ٝىح‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٝٓـٔغ‬ ‫حُوخٍؿ٤ش‬ ‫ُٝٝحٍس‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٝؿخٓؼش‬
٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ ‫ٝٓٔـي‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٛالف‬ ‫ٝهِؼش‬ ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ َٜ‫ٝه‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫ًٝٝخُش‬
‫ػالٓخ‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ص‬‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ٝحُل٠خٍس‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ظ‬.

170. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
171
٠٘‫ٓز‬‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬.ٝ‫ٍ٣خ‬ ‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حػ‬ ْٛ‫ح‬ ٖٓ
‫ز‬-‫انؼبو‬ ُٗ‫انًج‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انٕٓٚخ‬ ‫لضٛخ‬
ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬،َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ‫ٝحطٔخع‬ ٚ٤ٓٞٔ‫ُؼ‬‫ػٔخٍس‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٟٞ‫٣ل‬
‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔظوزِ٤ش‬ ‫حُلخَٟس‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿخطٜخ‬ ٠‫ٝ٣ِز‬ ٚ‫ٝٓي٣٘ظ‬ ٚ‫ٓـظٔؼ‬
ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫ٍٓٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ؿٔخػش‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ُِظؼز‬ ‫ٝٓ٤ِش‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬
ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ً‫خ‬٣َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫ٗوي‬ ً‫ال‬‫طٔخإ‬ َ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬:ٗ‫ً٤خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬ٖ‫ٝػ‬ ‫٘خ‬
‫ك‬‫ٝػوخكظ٘خ‬ ‫ٝٛٞ٣ظ٘خ‬ ‫٠خٍط٘خ‬‫؟‬ًٝ‫خ‬‫َٓطزط‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ‫ىحث‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُزلغ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬
‫حُٔؼخُـش‬ ‫رٌ٤ل٤ش‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫ُِٔزخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿيٗخ‬ ‫ًٝٔخ‬ ،
ُٚ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ٚ‫ٝحُظٞؿ‬ ٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫طؤٍؿق‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬
‫ُٝٝحٍس‬ َٜٓ ‫كي٣ي‬ ‫ٌٓش‬ ‫ٓلطش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫كؼ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚٓ‫حٗؼٌخ‬
٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٝؿٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫حألٝهخف‬،٣َٟٝ ‫حُـ٤ِس‬ ‫كي٣ي‬ ‫ٌٓش‬ ‫ٓلطش‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬‫ٓؼي‬ ‫ق‬
٢ٗٞ‫حُلَػ‬ ُ‫حُطَح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍِٞ‫ُؿ‬‫رٍٜٞس‬ َ‫طيه‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ .
ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬‫حُٔـ‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ َ٤ٚ‫ٝآٌخٗخط‬ ٚ‫١خهخط‬ ْ٤‫ط٘ظ‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ‫ظٔغ‬.
ٖ٤‫ر‬ َ‫طلخػ‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ َ‫طؼظز‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫"ا‬
، ‫ٝحَُٝك٤ش‬ ‫حُٔخى٣ش‬ ٚ‫كخؿخط‬ ‫الٓظ٤لخء‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬
‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ٝطؼز‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫اظٜخ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٢ٛٝ
٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ "‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌُٜح‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤ش‬126
.
126
٢‫كظل‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬.‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬.ٙ:14‫حُٔؼخٍف‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ ،1977.

171. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
171
‫(كخُش‬ ‫طخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫كوذ‬ ‫ٓلَىحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٢‫حُٔطل‬ َٓ‫ُِظؼخ‬ ‫ًٗٔٞؿخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ؿ٘ٞد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُيٓظٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔلٌٔش‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬
.)‫حُلَػٞٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
ٍٝ‫ري‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝٓخثِٜخ‬ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ِ‫ًٍخث‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٞٛ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ
ُ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ‫ٝحُظؼو٤ي‬ ‫حُظًَ٤ذ‬ ‫رخُـش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٔ٤‫ٍث‬ُ‫ح‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫٘ـخف‬‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٠٘‫ٔز‬
٢ٛٝ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬:
1-‫حُؼوي٣ش‬‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬.
2-ٍ‫حإل‬َ٤٤‫ٝحُظـ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحَُؿزش‬ ‫حىس‬.
3-‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُطخهش‬.
‫طلي٣ي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤‫حُٔز‬ ٞٛ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ َٜٓ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫طٔظأل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظَحػ٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫ٛٞ٣ش‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٝٗوٜ٤ش‬‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ٖٓ ‫٣٘ظؾ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ‫ٝطلي٣ي‬ .
ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٞٛٝ ٙ‫هخ‬ ٚ‫رٞؿ‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
ٚ‫ٝهٜخث‬ ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬.‫ال‬ ‫أٓش‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼز‬ ٢ٌُ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫ٝحُٔز‬

172. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
172
٢‫٣َطز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ٍٝ‫ٗلخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٌُٖٝ ّ‫ُألٓخ‬ ‫حُظطِغ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ؿخٓيس‬ ‫رطَ٣وش‬ ‫ٝحُظوخُ٤ي‬ ٢ٟ‫رخُٔخ‬
. ١‫طـي٣ي‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ٤٣‫ٓوخ‬ ِ٣ِ‫ٝطؼ‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬
"‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ، ‫ُإلريحع‬ ‫حُٞحهؼش‬ ‫حُوٞس‬ ّ‫رٔوخ‬ ّٞ‫طو‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٝكيٛخ‬ ‫حُظوخُ٤ي‬
"‫حإلريحع‬ ‫اػخٍس‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٞ‫ط٘ط‬.
ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬١ً ٢ٗ‫حُ٤خرخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔوط‬ِٝ٘‫طخٗـ‬ٚ
‫أر٘٤ش‬ ٠‫ططـ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٍٞ‫٣ل‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
‫طظـخ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ َُ١ٝ‫ٝحُل٠خٍس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ََٛ‫طؼز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُوَ٣طش‬ ،
( ٖ٣َ٤‫حأله‬ ٖ٣‫حُؼوي‬ ‫حٗـخُحص‬ ٖ‫ػ‬1990–2012ٕ‫ُٔزخ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٗـي‬ )ٞ‫طظ٘خه‬ ‫ػخٓش‬
٣ٞٛ ‫ٓغ‬١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ٙ‫ٍٝٛ٤ي‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ش‬٢ٛٝ ‫حُٔظـيىس‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ َ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٝطلو٤ن‬ .
‫حال‬ ‫ٍَٟٝٝس‬ ‫حُظـي٣ي‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫حألٛخُش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔلخكظش‬ ‫ٍَٟٝس‬‫حإلريحع‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫رخُظَحع‬ ١‫ٍطزخ‬.ٖٔ‫ك‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬
ٝ‫ى‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ُ‫آ‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫ٓخى‬ ً‫ال‬ٔ‫ػ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫حُزالى‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬‫ٍٝف‬ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ٕ
ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬‫حُزالى‬ ‫طِي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖٔ٤ٜ‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫س‬.ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ُوخء‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬
ٝ ‫ٌٓٞٗخص‬ٕ‫حُِٓخ‬ ‫ٍٓٞٝػخص‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٟٞ‫ه‬.
".. ْ٤‫حُظ٘ظ‬ ‫َٜٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حُٔ٘٘ؤ‬ ‫آالٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫ُز٘خثٜخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢ُٔ٘‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٜ٘ؾ‬ ‫َٜٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٌُٜٝ٘خ‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ‫ٝآالٓ٤ش‬
‫ٝاٗظخ‬٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝٗٔو‬ ً‫ح‬ُ‫١َح‬ ‫ُ٤ٔض‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫آالٓ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ .. ‫ؿٜخ‬
‫ٝحإلٗظخؽ‬ ُٞٔ٘‫ٝح‬ ْ٤‫ٝحُظ٘ظ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ُِظ‬ ًْ‫كخ‬ ٕٞٗ‫هخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ِ‫ىحه‬ ‫ا٣وخع‬
"127
.
"ُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔ٘٘ؤ‬ ‫ػَر٤ش‬ ‫ك٠خٍط٘خ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ْ‫حُل‬ ‫آالٓ٤ش‬ .... ٕ‫ِٔخ‬
ٟٞ‫ٝحُٔلظ‬"128
.
127
ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬،ْ٤ِ‫حُل‬ ‫ػزي‬.ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬.٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُظٞٓغ‬ ‫طلي٣خص‬ ‫ٗيٝس‬،‫حُوخَٛس‬.‫ؿخثِس‬
ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬1984.
128
ٙ ، ) ‫حُٔخرن‬ ‫حَُٔؿغ‬ ( ‫حُٔـي‬ ٞ‫أر‬ ٍ‫ًٔخ‬ .‫ى‬72.

173. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
173
‫ك٠خٍط٘خ‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ‫طظَ٘د‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ػٔخٍط٘خ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝٝ ‫ٝحُوزط٤ش‬ ‫حُلَػٞٗ٤ش‬٤ٓ‫حإلٓال‬‫ش‬‫ٝحُٞ١٘٤ش‬
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫ٝحُؼٍٞ٣ش‬ٕ‫ٝأ‬‫ه٤ٜٔخ‬ َٛ‫ٝطؤ‬ ‫ٓؼخُٜٔخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طظؼَف‬.‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ا٣ـخى‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫أ‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ٜزق‬
ُ‫ٗ٘لخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ُٞ‫٣ـ‬ ‫كال‬ ‫ٝحُظـي٣ي‬ ‫حالٗطالم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔلخكظش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ُٕ‫حُظٞح‬ ٖٓ
٢ٟ‫ُِٔخ‬ٙ‫ٝكي‬ َ‫ُِٔٔظوز‬ ُ‫ٗ٘لخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٙ‫ٝكي‬.ٚ‫ٌٓٞٗخط‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ‫كخُظَحع‬ٚ‫ٝٝظخثل‬
ِ‫حُو‬ َٛ‫ٝػ٘خ‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحإلريحع‬ ‫ن‬‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حٓظ٘ي‬ٙٞ٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ْٜ‫ٝٛ٤خؿخط‬ ْٜ‫حريحػخط‬ ‫ٝأُٜٔض‬
.‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِز٤جش‬ ‫حُلَ٣يس‬ِْ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓ٘ظـخص‬ ‫ٗٔظٍٞى‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤‫ٗٔظؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬
‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫حالٓظ٤ؼخد‬ َ‫رَٔحك‬ َٔٗٝ ‫حُيحهِ٤ش‬ ‫هٞحٗ٤ٜ٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٝحُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤خ‬٢‫َك‬
‫إلٗظخؿٜخ‬.ٝ‫أ‬ ‫أٛ٤ِش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٟٞ‫ريػ‬ ‫ُِظَحع‬ ‫ٓطِوش‬ ‫ا٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫ٗٔ٘ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُوطؤ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ٌُ ‫ٓطِوش‬ ‫ا٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫طٔ٘ق‬‫كي٣ؼش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ١ٞ‫ريػ‬ َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓ٘ظـخص‬ َ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫رٍِٞس‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ .
‫ٝاٛالف‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫حٓظؼخىس‬ ٖٓ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬َٟ‫حُلخ‬
‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٢ٛٝ َٜ‫ٓز‬ َ‫رٔٔظوز‬ ‫ٝحُظ٘زئ‬ٚ‫ًحط‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬.
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحكي‬ ٞٛٝ )٢ٔ٤ِ‫حُظؼ‬ ٢‫حُؼوخك‬ ًَُِٔ‫(ح‬ ‫حألٝرَح‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬٢‫ك‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٗلٌص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حُؼو‬‫ٞى‬
‫حاله٤َس‬٤‫ك‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٓؼخ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ؼظز‬ ً‫ح‬ٌ٤‫ٝط٘ل‬ ً‫خ‬ٔ٤ٜٔ‫ط‬ ‫حُ٤خرخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓ٘لش‬ ٞٛٝ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫ٞ٣ش‬
. َٜٓ

174. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
174
5/2/2‫انؼبو‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬
‫اٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٓٔظوَس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕ‫ُؼَٔح‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُٔٞٗخص‬ ‫أكي‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫٣ؼي‬129
١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞػخء‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬
َْٛ‫ٝٗؼخث‬ ْٜ‫ٝحكظلخالط‬ ْٜ‫أٗ٘طظ‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٍٕٞٓ‫٣ٔخ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٌُٔخٜٗخ‬ ‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حإلكيحع‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػذ‬
ٖ‫ػ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َٕٝ‫ٝ٣ؼز‬ْٛ‫أٍحء‬ْٜ‫ٝٓؼظويحط‬‫ٝ٣ؼ٤ي‬ ‫حُؼٍٞحص‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫طُٞي‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٚٗ‫ح‬ َ‫ر‬ ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝأِٓٞد‬
‫حُ٘ؼٞد‬ َ‫ٓٔظوز‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬130
٠‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٝك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫ٝحُظظزغ‬ ،
ْٜ‫ٝكَ٣ظ‬ ٕ‫ٌُِٔخ‬ ‫رخالٗظٔخء‬ ْٜٓ‫ٝاكٔخ‬ ‫ٓـظٔؼخطٜخ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍحص‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٠‫ك‬ "‫"حألؿٍٞح‬ ٖٔ‫ك‬ .َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬‫حَُٝٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ "ٍّٞ‫ٝ"حُل‬ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫ٔي٣٘ش‬
"‫"رخُٔخكش‬ ‫ٍَٓٝح‬٢‫ك‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٠‫ك‬ "ٕ‫ُِٔ٤يح‬ "‫ٝٝٛٞال‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬131
‫ٍٛي‬ ٌٖٔ٣
‫ىٍح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طظؼخهذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حَُٔٔف‬ ٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ َٛ‫أل‬ ‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ٓخ‬،
٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬ ‫حألٍٟ٤ش‬ ٢َٛٝٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬‫ٓؼٜخ‬‫حُٞظ‬ ٚ‫أٗ٘طظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬َٙ‫ٗؼخث‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫٤ل٤ش‬
‫حُٔٞٓٔ٤ش‬ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحإلكٜخف‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُِـٔخػش‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٢ٛٝ ،
‫رٔخ‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ى٣ٔوَح١٤ش‬ ّٜٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫ٝطلون‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫حُظوخٍد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طٔخػي‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ َ‫طظلخػ‬ ٕ‫ٝح‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ظٜخ‬
ٞ‫ٝحُظ‬ ١‫ٝحالٍطزخ‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ‫٣ِ٣ي‬ُ‫ٝح‬ َٛ‫ح‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أكَحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ْ‫ظالك‬‫حٓخ‬ .٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬
‫حُٔٞحء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔي‬‫ك‬ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؽ‬ َٓ‫حٌُخ‬ ٍٞ‫حُظل‬ ‫ظٌ٘ق‬٢‫ك‬‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬
َ٤٤ٔ‫ُِظ‬ ‫حُ٤خثٔش‬ ‫حُٔلخُٝش‬ ٞٛ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٝحُٞك٤ي‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ُ‫حالٗـخ‬ ‫ٍَٓٝ٣ش‬ ‫ػويس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ٝٓي‬
ٖٓ ‫حُٔظيكوش‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٍحص‬ ‫ُٔٞحًذ‬ ْ‫حُٔ٘ظ‬ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ًَ ٠ُ‫ٝح‬ ٙ‫حطـخ‬ ًَ132
‫حُـٔخػش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ ُْٝ ،
‫حُٔؼخىُش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ِ٤ًَ‫ط‬ ٍٞ‫ٓل‬ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬133
.
129
‫ح‬ "ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫"حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ‫ٍحؿغ‬‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٠ٞء‬ ‫أُوض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔظٌخِٓش‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ ١ٌُ
‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬Carr, S., M. Francis, L. Rivlin &A. Stone. 1992, Public Space.
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
130
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُٝيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٔٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞحص‬ ‫طِي‬ َٜٗ‫أ‬ ٖٓ٢ٗ‫حألًَٝح‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّ‫هخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُزَطوخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬
‫َُٜ٘س‬ ‫حُزَطوخُ٤ش‬ ّ‫حألػال‬ ‫ٍحكؼش‬ ‫ً٤٤ق‬ ‫حألًَٝحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حالٓظوال‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حألُٞف‬ ‫ٓجخص‬ ‫طيكوض‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫ٜٗخ٣ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالٗظوخرخص‬ ‫ٗظخثؾ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ظ‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫اٍحىس‬ ‫ٝاُـخء‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُي٣ٌظخط‬ ‫حُٔي‬ ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔؼخٍٟش‬2004.
131
ٖٓ ‫ُِٔ٣ي‬‫ٍحؿغ‬ ٕ‫ُِٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٝٓؼخَٛس‬ ‫طخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫ألٓؼِش‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬Robert Gatje. 2010. Great Public
Squares: An Architect's Selection. W. W. Norton & Company.
132
ٞٓ‫ٜٓ٘ي‬ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٜٔخ‬ ٠ُٞ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُٔظزؼش‬ ‫حُلخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤ش‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ئًي‬
٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞحٛالص‬ ‫حُطَم‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿِث٤ش‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ُٔٔخص‬ ‫اٟخكش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٖ٤٤ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ َٜ‫٣وظ‬ ‫٘ٔخ‬
..‫طٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ٗلظ٤ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٗزخط٤ش‬ ‫طٌٞ٣٘خص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓخث٤ش‬ ‫ٗخكٍٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫ط٘ل‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ؿخُزخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؽ‬ ٠‫حُٞٓط‬ ‫حُـِ٣َس‬

175. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
175
‫أ‬-‫انؼبو‬ ‫انفطاؽ‬ ‫رؼطٚف‬
ٜٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ١‫أ‬ ٕ‫ُؼَٔح‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حٌُٔٞٗخص‬ ‫أكي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫حٓظ٘ظخؿ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫طِي‬ ٕ‫ٌُٔخ‬ ‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞػخء‬ْٜ‫أٗ٘طظ‬ ُٚ‫هال‬ ٍٕٞٓ‫٣ٔخ‬ ‫ٝك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬
‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ً‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ٝػَٔح‬ .ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫ٝأِٓٞد‬ ْٜ‫ٝٓؼظويحط‬ ْٜ‫آٍحث‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٕٝ‫ٝ٣ؼز‬ َْٛ‫ٝٗؼخث‬ ْٜ‫ٝحكظلخالط‬
‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُِظٜ٘٤لخص‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ق‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬‫حالُٝ٤ش‬"ُٖ٘ ٖ٤‫ً٤ل‬ ‫ٟٝؼٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬134
ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬–‫ػويس‬–
(Nodeً‫خ‬‫ٛيك‬ ‫طؼي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣وٜي‬ )ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٖ٤ِ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ ‫ُلًَش‬
‫ٓٔ٤ِس‬ ‫ػالٓخص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ١ٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٗٞػ٤ش‬ ًَِٔ‫ط‬ ًٖ‫ًؤٓخ‬ ‫ٓؼ٘ٞ٣ش‬
‫طلي٣ي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫طٔظوي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ٍٙ‫ُٝٝح‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬
ُِٔ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ‫ٓٞهغ‬ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔٞؿٞى‬ ٢٤‫ل‬‫ٝحُوَ٣ط‬ .‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ُٝٔي٣٘ش‬ َٜٓ ٕ‫ُٔي‬ ‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٕ‫ٝٓ٤يح‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٟٞ‫طلظ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ٕ‫ٝٓ٤يح‬ ‫ؼظزش‬
َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ٖ٤ًٍٗٞٝ ْ٤ٍٔٓ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ،‫حُِٞم‬ ‫ٝرخد‬ ٠ٌُٓٞٔ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔٞم‬ ‫حألٓٞحم‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُليحثن‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬ ،
‫ح‬ ‫ًلي٣وش‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ُْ‫ٝحألٗي‬ ‫ٝحَُِٛ٣ش‬ ‫ُلَ٣ش‬.
‫ة‬-‫ا‬ ‫ربضٚد‬: ‫انؼبو‬ ‫نفطاؽ‬
‫حُٔخروش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫ٝك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬ ‫٣ٌ٘ق‬ ٕ‫ُِؼَٔح‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُظظزغ‬ ٕ‫ا‬
‫رخألؿٍٞح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٠ٔٓ ‫حإلؿَ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ٢‫كل‬ .. ‫ٓـظٔؼخطٜخ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬135
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢٤‫ٝ٣ل‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٓ٘ٞكش‬ ‫ٓخكش‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ٓٝ ‫حُٔٞم‬٢ٗ‫زخ‬
ّٞ٣ُ‫ٝحُـ٤ٔ٘خ‬ ‫ٝحَُٔٔف‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ؿؼِٞح‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٌٓخٜٗخ‬ ‫رل٤خس‬ ٞ‫حُ٘خر‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫هِذ‬ ‫رٔؼخرش‬ ‫ًٝخٗض‬ ،
‫اال‬ ْٜ‫ر٤ٞط‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٕٞ٠‫٣و‬ ‫ال‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٕ‫ًٝخ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ْٜ‫ُل٤خط‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬
ٍ‫ُٔٔخ‬ ‫حألؿٍٞح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜٓٞ٣ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٕٞ٠‫٣و‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ َ‫أه‬َ‫أؿ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ‫ٓش‬‫ٝحُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ْٜٟ‫ح‬.
133
ٜٗ‫رؤ‬ ‫ٝٛلٜخ‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ُ٘ـخف‬ ‫أٓخٓ٤خ‬ ‫َٗ١خ‬ ‫أٛزق‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ك٤ٞ٣ش‬‫ٓ٘ـؼش‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ‫خ‬
‫ٍحؿغ‬ َ٤ِ‫حُظل‬ ٖٓ ‫ُِٝٔ٣ي‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬Gehi, Jan. 2010. Cities for People. (Island Press).
134
Kevin Lynch. The Image of the City. M. I. T. Press (1965) .
135
‫َٓرؼ‬ ‫ًز٤َس‬ ‫ٓخكش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫حألؿٍٞح‬ " ٕ‫حُٔي‬ ٢٤‫طوط‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ " ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ػز٤ي‬ ‫ٓلٔي‬ .‫ى‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ش‬
ٕ‫ٓزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ َ‫ٓخث‬ ‫ٝكُٜٞخ‬ ‫حُٔٞم‬ ‫ٝرٜخ‬ ‫ٓٔوٞكش‬ ‫َٓٔحص‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٢‫٣ل‬ ‫ُِٔ٘خس‬ ‫ٓوٜٜش‬ ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٓٔظط٤ِش‬
ٙ ، ‫ٝٓٔخٍف‬ ‫ٝٓالػذ‬ ‫ٝكٔخٓخص‬ ‫اىحٍ٣ش‬38، ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ِٞ‫حألٗـ‬ ،1981.

176. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
176
‫ٝهي‬‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ ٍ‫ٓيح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ُؼذ‬،‫ػخىحطٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
‫حكظلخال‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٍّ‫طٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤ـش‬ ٌَٗٝ ‫ٝطوخُ٤يٛخ‬‫طٜخ‬
‫ٍأ٣ٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ٝطؼز‬ ‫ٝٗؼخثَٛخ‬.ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔخكش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫حَُٝٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ٍّٝٞ‫رخُل‬ ‫ٔٔٔخس‬–
Forum–‫رؤٜٗخ‬ ‫َٓطزطش‬ ٢ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫ٝظ٤لظٜخ‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ‫حَُٝٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ‫طـٔ٤غ‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ٢ٛ
ٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫ُِٔلخًٔخص‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫ًز‬ ً‫ال‬‫ػو‬ ‫أػطض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ‫طِي‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ُٔلخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ٖ٣‫ٝحُي‬ ٕٞٗ‫ُِوخ‬ ‫ٓخكش‬‫حُو٠خء‬ ٍ
ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ْ٤ُ‫ٝطؼخ‬٠‫ٝك‬ .‫"حُٔخكش‬ ‫ٌِٗض‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬‫ٓؼِض‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ "ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬
ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ َ‫رؤًؼ‬ ‫حٍطزطض‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ‫ٝحُِوخء‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ًَِٓٝ ‫ك٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫رئٍس‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ُِٔي‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬
‫حُي٣٘٤ش‬ َ‫حُ٘ؼخث‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔٔـي‬ ٞٛٝ ٖ٤ُِٔٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫ؿٔخػخص‬ ّٞ‫ٗل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ش‬ ً‫ح‬َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬
ٍٞٓ‫أ‬ ‫ُٔ٘خه٘ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أكَحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُِوخءحص‬ ‫ٝحالكظلخالص‬ٝ ْٜ٘٣‫ى‬ْٛ‫ىٗ٤خ‬.‫رخُٔخكش‬ ٢‫حٍطز‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬
‫رٜخ‬ ١‫ٝأكخ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫أؿِحء‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُِٔٞٛش‬ ٖ٤٣‫حَُ٘ح‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫طظلَع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬
‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حألٗٞحع‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫حُظـخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼخٓالص‬ ٕ‫ٌٝٓخ‬ ‫حُٔٞم‬
ٔ٤‫ٝحُز‬ ٍّ‫ٝحُٔيح‬ ‫ٝحألٓزِش‬ ‫ًخًُٞخُش‬‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٕ‫خٍٓظخ‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ٖٓ.
‫ط‬-‫نهًغزًغ‬ ‫األؼبؼٛخ‬ ‫انًفبْٛى‬ ٍ‫ػ‬ ِ‫رؼجٛط‬ ‫ٔأًْٛخ‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ٙ‫االعزًبػ‬ ‫انجؼس‬
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ٛخ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫٣ِؼذ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُظظزغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٟٝق‬
ٓ ‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخػش‬ ‫حألٓش‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ٚ‫رٜ٤خؿخط‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٝٓؼظويحط‬ ‫حألٓخٓ٤ش‬‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٖ
‫ٌٝٓ٘الص‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُـٔخػش‬ ‫طِي‬ ٚ‫٣و‬ ‫ك٤ٔخ‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ‫ٝاريحء‬ ‫ٛٞ٣ظٜخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحإلكٜخف‬
ّ‫حُٔوخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫طؼز‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ١‫أل‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ِٚ٤ٌ٘‫ٝط‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫أٗ٘طظ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ ٚ‫ٛٞ٣ظ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؼز‬ ٚ٣‫ٍأ‬ ‫اريحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫كَ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ٚ٢‫حُظ‬
‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ٖٓ َٙ٤‫ؿ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ِٙ٤ٔ‫ط‬‫٣ظلخػِٞح‬ ٢ٌُ ٙ‫ٝأكَحى‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُلَٛش‬ ٢‫٣ؼط‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬ .
‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ْٛ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣ظ٘خًٍٞح‬،ُ٘‫ح‬ ٜٚٓٞ‫ٓل‬ ُٚ ّ‫ػخ‬ ٟ‫ٍأ‬ ‫٣٘٘ؤ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢ُٞٔ
ٚ‫ٌٝٓ٘الط‬.‫حُظوخٍد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣٘ـغ‬ ٕ‫ٌُِٔخ‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬‫أكَحى‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬
‫ٓوظِلش‬ ْ٤٣‫رٔوخ‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫طٞحؿي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬.‫حُٔـخٍٝس‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ٟٞ‫٣ل‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ًَٝ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ٢‫حُل‬ ٟٞ‫ٓٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬
‫ٓو‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝحُٔظالثٔش‬ ‫حَُٔطزطش‬ َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ّ‫٤خ‬.ٔٛ‫أ‬ ‫٣ظ٠ق‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬‫٤ش‬
ٖٓ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أكَحى‬ ٌٖٔ‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘ٞكش‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬

177. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
177
‫حُٔ٘خٓزخص‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٤ٞٓ٤ش‬ ْٜ‫طـٔؼخط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫ٍٛٞٛخ‬ ‫رٌخكش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ْٜ‫أٗطظ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ٝ‫أ‬
ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫طلل‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْٓ‫حُٔٞح‬.
‫ز‬-‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ٘‫االلزصبز‬ ‫انجؼس‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٕ‫ا‬ٖٓ ٚ‫حٓظوطخػ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ِ٤‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ُؼخ‬٢ٟ‫أٍح‬‫ٛخُلش‬
َ‫حُٔؼ‬ ‫َٓطلؼش‬ ‫ُِز٘خء‬ً‫خ‬٣‫حهظٜخى‬ ١‫حُٔـي‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،–‫ٌٛح‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫ُ٣خىس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫هخٛش‬
‫حُلَحؽ‬–‫حُٔـظ‬ ‫أكَحى‬ ‫ُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ً‫ال‬ِٞ‫ك‬ ٠‫٣ؼط‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ِ٤‫حُل‬ ‫ًُي‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٙ‫ٝؿٞى‬ْٜ‫حكظلخالط‬ ‫ٔغ‬
ْٜٓٞ‫ٝ١و‬ ْٛ‫ٝأػ٤خى‬.ً‫ٔخ‬‫حٍَُٔٝ٣ش‬ ‫حالهظ٘خهخص‬ ٖٓ َ‫٣و‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬‫حُلًَش‬ ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُ٠ـ‬ ‫ٝ٣ولق‬ ،
٢‫ك‬ ّ‫ٝحُظٌي‬ ‫حُوَٝؽ‬ ٕٝ‫ى‬ ‫حٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ْٜ‫طـٔؼخط‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ٍ‫حٓظوَح‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬
‫ري‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬‫رلؼ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ًٖ‫أٓخ‬‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫طِي‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٖٓ ٌْٜ٘ٔ٣ َ٣.‫ٓ٤ِس‬ ُٚ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ػ‬ ‫َٓٝٗش‬ ‫اٟلخء‬ َٟ‫ًز‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طَؿغ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـ٤َحص‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫طٌ٤ق‬ ‫آٌخٗ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٝاػطخث‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُ٘ٔ٤ؾ‬ ٠ِ
‫ٝحٓظ‬ ٕ‫حطِح‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝحُظٌُ٘ٞٞؿ٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ ١ٞ‫حُو‬‫ٓخ‬ ٠ٌ٘ٓ ‫ٓـظٔغ‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٍ‫وَح‬.
‫ْـ‬-‫انًشبك‬‫يصط‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫انؼبو‬ ‫نهفطاؽ‬ ‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫م‬
‫ا‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ُِٔي‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ‫ٍَٓٝ٣ش‬ ‫ػويس‬ ٠ُ
‫طِي‬ ‫طٜ٤ذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُيٍؿش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٖٓ ْ‫ٟو‬ ّ‫طٌي‬ ٚ‫ٝر‬ ‫حُظؼو٤ي‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬ ٍَٝٓ ‫ُلًَش‬ ‫ؿٌد‬ ‫رئٍس‬
ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ُ٤ئػ‬ ‫٣ٔظي‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬ ‫حٌٍُٝس‬ ‫كخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُظخ‬ َُِ٘‫رخ‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬‫ٝ١َم‬ ‫ٗٞحٍع‬ ٖٓ ‫رٜخ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠.
ٝ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٚ‫٣ِؼز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ِٚ‫طو‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫طوِٜض‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓ
‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫هيٍس‬ ‫ٝأؿٜ٠ض‬ ‫ؿٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫أٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜخكزٜخ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ‫ٝحالكظلخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬
ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ‫حُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ‫ٝاريحء‬ ‫حُٔ٘خًٍش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٕ‫رخٌُٔخ‬ ‫ٝحٍطزخ١ٜخ‬ ‫حٗظٔخثٜخ‬ َ‫ه‬ ٢‫ًٔخ‬ .
ٜ‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫ٝأٛزق‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫طِي‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ١‫ٝأٗٔخ‬ ‫حالٓظؼٔخالص‬ ‫طيحهِض‬ً‫خ‬٤ٗ‫ػَٔح‬ ‫خ‬
‫اٗٔخ‬ ‫كَحؿخص‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫ٍَٓٝ٣ش‬ ‫ػوي‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣٘زغ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝطوط٤ط‬‫ٗ٤ش‬.
ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُٞحهغ‬
ٝ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫الكظ٤خؿخطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤خؿش‬ ِٚ‫ىحه‬ ْ‫طظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١‫حُٔخى‬ ‫حُوخُذ‬ َ‫٣ٔؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ٖٓ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬
ُ‫هال‬ْٜ‫أٗ٘طظ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ٚ‫رٔزذ‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ح‬‫طؼو٤ي‬ ‫طِىحى‬ ‫حُوٜ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬ ،

178. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
178
‫ًِٜخ‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫ُِٝٔ٘طوش‬ َُٜٔ ‫ًؼخٛٔش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫طلظِٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫حألٛٔ٤ش‬.ٚ‫٣ٔظٞؿز‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬‫ٌٛح‬ٖٓ
ًٛ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٌٖٔٓ ٢ً٘ٛ ‫حٗطزخع‬ َ٠‫أك‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ظ٤ق‬ ‫رٞظخثلٜخ‬ ‫ه٤خٜٓخ‬ ْ‫٣الث‬ ٢ٗ‫ػَٔح‬ ٌَٗ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ٕ‫خ‬
‫ٝك٤ٞ٣ظٜخ‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٝكخػ‬ ً‫ال‬ٌٔٓ ً‫ح‬َٜ٘‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ‫ٓٔظؼِٔ٤ٜخ‬136
‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٕ‫ٌٓخ‬ ‫طِح٣ي‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬ .
‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫ٗٔزش‬ ‫طوِٜض‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘٘آص‬ ٕ‫حإلٌٓخ‬ ‫أُٓش‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُطِذ‬ ‫ٝحٍطلخع‬
‫ِٝٛض‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔلظٞكش‬٠ُ‫ح‬‫ُِلَى‬ ‫َٓرغ‬ َ‫ٓظ‬ ‫ٜٗق‬ ٖٓ َ‫أه‬.ْ‫كـ‬ ‫اىٍحى‬ ٌٖٔ٣ٝ
٢ُ‫كٞح‬ ‫٣زِؾ‬ ‫ٝأَٓ٣ٌخ‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫أٍٝرخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلَى‬ ‫ٜٗ٤ذ‬ ٢ٓٞ‫ٓظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ِْ‫ػ‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬16‫َٓرغ‬ َ‫ٓظ‬
.ً‫خ‬‫طوَ٣ز‬
ً‫خ‬‫ٝكو‬ ٢ٗ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫حُظُٞ٣غ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حُٔلظٞكش‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫طُٞ٣غ‬ ‫ٓٞء‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ليع‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ١ٞ‫ُِٔٔظ‬137
.‫ر‬ ٖ٤‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٓ٘خ١ن‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ًٖ‫حألٓخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ًَِ‫طظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫ٜخ‬
‫ٗيس‬ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ٗي٣ي‬ ٚ‫ٗو‬ ٖٓ ‫حُلو٤َس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ٠ٗ‫طؼخ‬ ‫ر٤٘ٔخ‬ ‫ٝحألؿ٘٤خء‬ ‫حُؼِ٤خ‬ ‫حُطزوخص‬
٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُلخ‬ ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ ً‫ال‬٣‫ري‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫طـي‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫أٗ٘طظٜخ‬ ‫ُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫ُظِي‬ ‫حكظ٤خؿٜخ‬
‫ٝح‬ ١‫حُ٘ٞحى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫ٗ٘خ١ٜخ‬ ٍّ‫طٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُـ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُطزوخص‬‫ٓز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫ٝحُٔطخػ‬ ‫ُل٘خىم‬ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤.
‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ٖٓ ‫رُٜٔٞش‬ ٌٖٔ‫طظ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ١‫ٝأ‬
ّ‫طٌي‬ ‫ٝٓ٘خ١ن‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬ ٍَٝٓ ‫ُلًَش‬ ‫ؿٌد‬ ٍ‫رئ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طلُٞض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬
‫ُوطخػخص‬ ‫ٝحالكظلخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ‫كويص‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ْ‫ٟو‬ ١َ٤ٛ‫ؿٔخ‬
‫حُ٘ؼ‬١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫ذ‬ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خى‬‫ٍٛيٛخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬‫كخُش‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ .ْ٤ٍٔٓ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬،ٝ‫ٌِٓ٘ش‬
٢‫طَر‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوطخٍحص‬ ًَ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طٜذ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ َٜٓ ‫كي٣ي‬ ‫ٌٓش‬ ‫ٓلطش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫حكظٞحث‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
ٖ٤ٓ‫حُوخى‬ ٖٓ ‫حألُٞف‬ ‫ٓجخص‬ ‫حُٔ٘طوش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣ـٌد‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫حُـٍٜٔٞ٣ش‬ ‫أٗلخء‬ ‫رٔوظِق‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬
٢ِ‫ٝ٣وظ‬ ٖ٣َ‫ٝحُٔٔخك‬‫حُٔلطش‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬‫حُٔ٘خس‬ٝ‫أ‬ ّ‫طَح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ْ٤‫أطٞر‬ ٖٓ َٟ‫حأله‬ َ‫حُ٘و‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ‫أٗٞحع‬ ًَ ‫ٓغ‬
٤ٓٚ‫ٝهالك‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫خٍحص‬.ٝ‫أ‬‫حُؼظزش‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬‫ك٤غ‬٠ٌُٓٞٔ‫ٝح‬ َُٛ‫حأل‬ ‫ٗٞحٍع‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫رٌٜح‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬
‫ٓ٤ي‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝٝحكي‬ ‫ٝحُوِؼش‬ ِ٣ِ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٝػزي‬ ٖ٤‫ٝحُـ‬ٍ‫حُوخُٗيح‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حألٝرَح‬ ٕ‫ح‬.ً‫ال‬٤ُ ‫٣٠ؾ‬ ٞٛٝ
136
ّ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ " ٚ‫رلؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕٞ‫ُ٣ظ‬ ‫ٛالف‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َ٤٘٣2000٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُظٞٓغ‬ ‫طلي٣خص‬ ‫ٗيٝس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ّ‫حُٔوي‬ "–
‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫كخُش‬1984‫ٝهخٛش‬ ‫ػ٘خَٛٛخ‬ ‫ٝػالهخص‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢٤‫طوط‬ ‫ٓٞء‬ ٞٛ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬ ًَ‫ٓ٘خ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ .
‫ٍٓ٘٘ٞحص‬ ... َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ‫ٝحكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫حُٔؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٓظطِزخص‬ ‫َٓحػخس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫طِظلض‬ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ ٖ٣‫ُٔ٤خى‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬
ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬ ‫ؿخثِس‬1984.
137
ْ٤ٛ‫ارَح‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫ٓؼي‬ .‫ى‬–‫حُوخ‬ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬ ‫ؿخثِس‬ ‫ٍٓ٘٘ٞحص‬ " ‫حؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٗظَس‬ " ‫َٛس‬.1984.

179. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
179
ٔ‫حُـ‬ ‫رلًَش‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ٜٝٗخ‬‫ٝحُٔزذ‬ ‫حُ٘خك٘خص‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ ّ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ ٙ‫حُوخ‬ َ‫حُ٘و‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ًَٝ ٍٜٞ
ٌُٓٞٔ‫(ح‬ ٚ٘ٓ ‫حُوَ٣زش‬ ‫رخألك٤خء‬ ‫حُـِٔش‬ ٍ‫طـخ‬ ُٕ‫ٓوخ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٞٛ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٌُٜٙ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬٢–‫رخد‬
‫حُ٘ؼَ٣ش‬–‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬–‫ح‬ ‫ٝٓٔـي‬ َُٛ‫حأل‬ ‫حُـخٓغ‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رخإلٟخكش‬ )َٔ‫حألك‬ ‫حُيٍد‬ٖ٤ٔ‫ُل‬
‫ُِزَ٣ي‬ ‫حًَُِٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحإلىحٍس‬ً ،‫ٝحُـِٞى‬ ‫ٝحأله٘خد‬ ‫ُألهٔ٘ش‬ ‫ًٝٝخالص‬ ‫أٓٞحم‬ ‫حُٔ٘طوش‬ ١ٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٔخ‬
‫حُٜل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحألىٝحص‬ ‫ٝحُؼطخٍس‬‫ٝحُيٛخٗخص‬ ‫ٝحُزٞ٣خص‬ ‫ٝحٌَُٜرخث٤ش‬.
‫كخُش‬ ٠‫ٝطزو‬ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬‫ك٤غ‬ .َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظلَىس‬ ‫حُلخالص‬ ٖٓ
ٍٝ‫ٓلخ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝحكي‬ ‫حٗطالهش‬ ‫ٗوطش‬ ٞٛ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫٣ؼي‬‫ح‬ ‫ٓي٣٘ش‬َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ‫ٗخٍع‬ ٞٛٝ ‫ُوخَٛس‬.
٤ُٞ‫ط‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ َ‫ٓو‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٌْ‫ٝحُل‬ ‫رخُِٔطش‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ٝ٣َطز‬‫حُِٔطش‬ ٚ
َٜ‫ه‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُوِؼش‬ ١‫َٓح‬ ٖٓ‫ٓ٘ش‬ ٖ٣‫ػخري‬1868،ٚ١‫أكخ‬ ٌْ‫ُِل‬ ً‫ح‬ًَِٓٝ ً‫خ‬٤ٍٔٓ ً‫ح‬َ‫ٓو‬ ِٚ‫ؿؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬
‫ٝحألػ‬ ‫ٝحالٓظوزخالص‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓزخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُ٘ك٤ش‬ ‫الٓظؼَحٟخص‬ ‫ػظ٤ٔش‬ ‫رٔخكش‬‫٤خى‬.‫حُ٘ٞحس‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
٢ٛ ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ ٕ‫ُٔ٤يح‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬‫ٓخكش‬‫ٗٔزش‬ ْٜٓ‫حأل‬ ‫رٌٜح‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ٌْ‫حُل‬ َٜ‫ه‬ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ ‫ؿخٓغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
َٜ‫ُِو‬ ‫حُٔالٛن‬.‫كؤٛزق‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلظَس‬ ‫حٗظٜخء‬ ‫رؼي‬ ٢‫كظ‬ ٌْ‫ُِٝل‬ ‫ُِِٔطش‬ ً‫ح‬ٍِٓ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ َٔ‫حٓظ‬ ‫ٝهي‬
ً‫ح‬َٜ‫ه‬ ٖ٣‫ػخري‬ َٜ‫ه‬‫ُِـٍٜٔٞ٣ش‬.‫حُل‬ ‫ُٔ٤خٓش‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٝٓغ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٌْ
‫حُلظَس‬‫ك٤غ‬ ‫حُٔخىحص‬ ٍٞٗ‫ح‬ ْ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٌْ‫ك‬ ٢‫حُظ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحألُٛٞ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخػخص‬ ‫كَٛض‬
٠‫كظ‬ ٞ‫ٝحَُك‬ ١‫حُظلي‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ُ‫إلرَح‬ ‫حألػ٤خى‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِٜالس‬ ‫ٓخكش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘ٞكش‬ ‫حُٔخكش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬
ٗ‫ال‬ ‫رٔ٘خ١ن‬ ‫ٓلخ١ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ر٘خء‬ ‫ُظلظ٤ض‬ ‫ه٠َحء‬ ‫ٓ٘خ١ن‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُلٌٞٓش‬ ٚ‫كُٞظ‬ٍ‫ظظخ‬
ُ٘‫ح‬ ٌٙٛ ‫اهخٓش‬ ‫ُٔ٘غ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٍحص‬ٞ‫حَُحك‬ ١َُِٓ‫ح‬ ٕٞٔ٠ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫ًحص‬ َ‫ؼخث‬.
‫حبنخ‬‫انزحطٚط‬ ٌ‫يٛسا‬
َٜ‫ٝحُو‬ َ٣َ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫كَد‬ ‫ٝ١ِؼض‬ ‫ٝحُـالء‬ ْ٤ٍٔٓ ٢ٛ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٗٞحٍع‬ ‫رؼيس‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬
‫حُ٘ي‬ ٍَُٝٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝكًَش‬ َ٤ٛ‫حُـٔخ‬ ‫ُـٌد‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ َٜ٘‫ٝحُؼ‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ٖ٤ًٍٗٞ ٖٓ ‫ٍٝٝحكي‬ ٢٘٤‫حُؼ‬ٞٛ ‫٣يس‬
٢ُ‫كٞح‬ ٖٓ ٌٕٞ‫٣ظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُُٞحٍحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬18ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٓـٔغ‬ ‫روالف‬ ‫ًُٝي‬ ‫اىحٍحطٜخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ُٝحٍس‬َ٣َ‫ظل‬
‫حٍُُٞحء‬ ِْ‫ٝٓـ‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ِْ‫ٝٓـ‬. ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢ٓٝ ‫ٓ٘طوش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ َ‫حُٔيه‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،‫٣ؼي‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬
‫حُٔلخ‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫ٝطـ٤َحص‬ ‫طلٞالص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫كيػض‬ ‫ٝهي‬ ‫حُظؼو٤ي‬ ‫رخُـش‬ ‫ٍَٓٝ٣ش‬ ‫ػويس‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ْ٤ٛ
ُٔ‫ح‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُلـٞس‬ ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ً‫الطوخ‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ٝحألٓخُ٤ذ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ٌ‫ٓظو‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫ؼٔخ‬
ٍ‫حُوَح‬‫َٗع‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ٍ‫ُظٔؼخ‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ‫كيحثو٤ش‬ ‫ٓخكش‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫كوي‬ ،

180. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
181
‫ه‬ ‫ػٌ٘خص‬ ‫ٝاُحُش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ّٝ‫هي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ‫أٛزق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كئحى‬ ‫حُِٔي‬َٜ
ٌَّٓ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝؿخٓغ‬ ٕٞ‫ٛ٤ِظ‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٝك٘يم‬ ٢ً‫حالٗظَح‬ ‫حالطلخى‬ ٠٘‫ٝٓز‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ؿخٓؼش‬ ‫ٝر٘خء‬ َ٤ُ٘‫ح‬
‫كٔخد‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ُِٔ٤خٍحص‬ ‫حٍَُٔٝ٣ش‬ ‫حُلخٍحص‬ ‫طٞٓ٤غ‬ ْ‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬‫حُو٠َحء‬ ‫ٝحُـِ٣َس‬ ‫حُٔ٘خس‬ ‫أٍٛلش‬
٠‫حُٞٓط‬.‫طِح٣ي‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٍحص‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خس‬ ‫كًَش‬ َٜ‫ك‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫أٛزق‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طِح٣ي‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
‫ح‬َ‫ُ٤٘و‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓؼِن‬ ١َ‫ىحث‬ ١َ‫ًٞر‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ْ‫كظ‬ ‫حٍَُٔٝ٣ش‬ ‫ٌُؼخكش‬ٍٝ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُٔ٘خس‬ ‫كًَش‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ‫حألٗلخم‬ َٝ‫ٓظ‬ ‫اٗ٘خء‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ،1980‫ٓغ‬ ٍٟٚ‫ُظؼخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫طيٍ٣ـ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خس‬ ١َ‫ًٞر‬ ‫اُحُش‬ ‫طظخرغ‬
‫رـئٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٥‫ح‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ٍٞ‫ٝطلـ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طٔخٓـ‬ َ‫أُ٣ـ‬ ٠‫كظ‬ َٝ‫رخُٔظ‬ ‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حإلٗ٘ـخث٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ٓ‫ٍَٝ٣ش‬
١‫أ‬ ّ‫حٓظويح‬ َٙ‫ك‬ ‫ٝحٗؼيٓض‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُو٠َحء‬ ‫حَُهؼش‬ ‫ٝطوِٜض‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ َ‫حُ٘و‬ ‫ٛ٤جش‬ ‫ُٔ٤خٍحص‬ ‫ٝٓٞهق‬
‫ٗؼخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫ػوخك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حؿظٔخػ‬ ٢ٗ‫اٗٔخ‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫أؿِحث‬‫هخٛش‬ ّٞ‫١و‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ‫ث‬
١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫رخُٔـظٔغ‬.
.ِٚ‫ٝٓيحه‬ ٙ‫كيٝى‬ ٚ٤ٌ٤ٓ‫ٝى٣٘خ‬ ٕ‫ُِٔ٤يح‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٜ٘ي‬ ٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫حُظ‬
ٓ َ٤‫طـ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫ٗـلض‬ ٖٛ‫ي‬25ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓ٤طَص‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٖٓ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬
‫حإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخػخص‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫طٔ٤ط‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٍحص‬ٜ‫ٝحٗظٔخءحط‬ ‫رؤُٞحٜٗخ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬‫خ‬‫حُٔظؼيىس‬
‫كَحؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ًِٚ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫ٍٝكخٗ٤ش‬ ‫أرؼخى‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫ٝحٌُٔخ‬ ٕ‫حإلٗٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ًٍٝس‬ َٜ‫ٝط‬
ُِٔٔ َ٤‫ًز‬ ّ‫ٓوي‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫حُظخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿٔؼش‬ ًَ َٜ‫ظ‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔٔ٤ل‬ ِْ‫٣لظ٠ٜ٘خ‬ ٍ‫ٝٓخُح‬ ‫ٜٗيٛخ‬ ٢‫ظ‬
ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬.‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝحالكظلخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫حٓظ٤ؼخد‬ ٠‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ُي‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫حٓظؼخىس‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ٙ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ٚ‫أٍحث‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫كَ٣ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحكظ٠خ‬ ٕ‫رخٌُٔخ‬ ١‫ٝحالٍطزخ‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ٍٝف‬ ‫ٝاػَحء‬

181. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
181
١ٝ َٙ‫ٝٗؼخث‬ٖٓ ٢‫حإلريحػ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ‫أُٝٞ٣ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ٠‫طؼط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ػَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ٚ‫ٝأكَحك‬ ٚٓٞ‫و‬
‫ح‬ َ‫هز‬ٖ٤‫ٝحُٔوطط‬ ٖ٤٤ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُٔؼٔخ‬‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ٝحُوخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬ ٕ‫ا‬ .
‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ‫ٝحُل٤ٞ٣ش‬ َٟ‫حٌُز‬ ‫حُو٤ٔش‬ ٢‫كو٤و‬ ‫رخىٍحى‬ ٕ‫أال‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ‫٣ٔظٞػذ‬ ُْ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬
َٛ‫حُظخ‬ ٢ٛٝ‫ُِٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٝ‫إلؿٜخ‬ ‫ٓظؼٔي‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝع‬ ٚٗ‫رؤ‬ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫٣لَٔٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫س‬
‫ٝ٣َٜم‬ ٢ِٜ٣ٝ ِٕ‫ٝ٣ل‬ ‫٣لَف‬ ‫ُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫حُٜخىم‬ ٞ‫حُ٘ز‬ ‫طٔظٞػذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُو٘ٞحص‬ ‫ٝطـل٤ق‬
ٍ‫أٓٞح‬ ‫هِق‬ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ‫رٔٔخٍٓخص‬ ٍ‫٣ٔظزي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍ‫كخ‬ ١‫رؤ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ٢‫ؿٔخػ‬ ‫ا٣وخع‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝ٣ظَٔى‬ َ‫ٝ٣لظل‬
‫ُطز‬ ‫حُٔـِوش‬ ‫حٌُٔ٘٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٔؼي‬ ‫ُطزوش‬ ‫حُ٘ؼز٤ش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خ١ن‬ ١ٍ‫كٞح‬ ّ‫ظال‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حألؿ٘٤خء‬ ‫وش‬
ٖ٤ُٜ٘ٔٔ‫ٝح‬.
‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫كخُش‬ ،ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫ٝحػخىس‬ ٕ‫حالٗٔخ‬25.َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬
‫ٝطخٍ٣ن‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ‫طـخُٝص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوالهش‬ ‫حُزَ٘٣ش‬ ‫حُطخهش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٕ٥‫ح‬ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬
‫حإل‬ ‫هيٍس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬َ٘٣ٝ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫ٓؼط٤خص‬ ّ‫ُ٤وي‬ ٚ‫ألٍحىط‬ ٚ‫ٝططٞ٣ؼ‬ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ‫اػخىس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫ٗٔخ‬
‫َٜٓ٣ش‬ ‫ك٠خٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُلوزش‬ ‫ٜٓي‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ٜٓي‬ ٞٛ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫كٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٓٔزٞهش‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫ُظلٞالص‬
.٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫ٝؿٔٞى‬ ‫ػٞحرض‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ُٝ‫طظـخ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍٟ‫٣ظٞح‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫كوزش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ِٕٞ‫ٓوز‬ ‫اٗ٘خ‬ ‫حػظوي‬

182. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
182
ُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ٌ‫ٓظو‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬١‫ٍأ‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٖ١‫ٓٞح‬ ٌَُ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫كوزش‬ ‫ٝٓ٘زيأ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٕٞ‫ٗج‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍٞ‫حُي٣ٌظخط‬ ٢‫لٞه‬
ّ‫ػخ‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٚٓ‫أكال‬ ْ٠٣ ٌٖٔٓ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ٕ‫رخٌُٔخ‬ ٚ‫ُؼالهظ‬ ٍٜٞ‫ٝط‬ٝ‫أ‬٢‫ؿٔخػ‬ ‫كَحؽ‬
. ‫ٝحُٞؿٞى‬ َ‫ر‬ ٍٞ‫ٝحُوز‬ ٞ‫ٝحَُك‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ٝهيٍط‬ ٌٚٓ‫ٝطٔخ‬ ٚ‫ٓـظٔؼ‬ ‫هٞس‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َٟ٣ ‫ٓلظٞف‬
‫للمٌدان‬ ‫المستقبلٌة‬ ‫الرؤٌة‬‫العالم‬ ‫وملتقى‬ ‫الحرٌة‬ ‫ورمز‬ ‫الشعب‬ ‫مٌدان‬ ‫التحرٌر‬ :
٢٘ٔ‫ك‬ ٍ‫اؿزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓليٝىس‬ ّ‫أ٣خ‬ َ‫ٝهز‬ ،َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ‫هِذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٞٛٝ ٚ‫حٗطزخػخط‬ ٕ‫كَ٣يٓخ‬ ّ‫طٞٓخ‬ ‫ًظذ‬
٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓ‫أٓخ‬ ٙ‫أٍح‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ْ٤ُ ‫ػخٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫أٍرؼ‬ ٖٓ ٚ٘‫ػ‬ ‫ٌٗظذ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢ٓٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حَُ٘م‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ،٢‫حُظ٘ل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓزخٍى‬
‫٣ِٔي‬ ٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫كـؤس‬ ،َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬١‫ا‬ ْ٤ُٝ ٕٞ٣َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٍَٙ‫ك‬ ‫حُلَحؽ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ‫كَح‬ ‫كَحؿخ‬
‫رظخٍ٣ن‬ ِٔ٣‫طخ‬ ‫(حُ٘٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ‫أؿ٘ز٤ش‬ ٟٞ‫ه‬7َ٣‫كزَح‬2011ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ‫كوخ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬ ٕ‫كَ٣يٓخ‬ ٚ٤ُ‫ح‬ َ٤٘٣ ‫ٝٓخ‬ .)
ٚٗ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫ٝحُظلخػ‬ ٍٙ‫حهظزخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٢‫كَحؿ‬ ١‫ٓخى‬ ‫طـٔ٤ي‬ ُٚ ٍِٓ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫ٍِٓح‬ ‫أٛزق‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬
‫كٌَس‬ ٖٓ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٗ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ّٞٔ‫ٝٓل‬ ِّٞٔٓ ٢‫كو٤و‬ ‫ٝحهغ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىػخث٤ش‬ ‫ٌِٗ٤ش‬
‫أٛزلض‬ ٚ‫كؼخُ٤خط‬ ٍٞ٠‫ٝك‬ ٚ‫ُ٣خٍط‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫حٌُٔخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٖ١‫حُٔٞح‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫ط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ‫ر‬
‫ػٍٞس‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ‫ٝرخُوطغ‬ .ٖ١ُِٞ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ىُ٤ال‬25‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫كخُش‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿؼِض‬ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬
ُ‫ٝح‬ ٕ‫ٝحإلٗٔخ‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫رو٠خ٣خ‬ ْ‫ٜٓظ‬ ٌَُ ‫كَ٣يس‬‫كَحؽ‬ ٖٓ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٝكُٞض‬ ،َ٠‫ٝحُظل‬ ٕ‫ظٔي‬
٠‫كظ‬ ٌَ٘‫٣ظ‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظؤػ‬ َ٤‫حُظـ‬ ٢ٌ٤ٓ‫ى٣٘خ‬ ١ٞ٘‫ٓؼ‬ ‫كَحؽ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٙ‫كيٝى‬ ‫٣ؼَف‬ ١‫ٓخى‬
ٖ٤ِ‫ٝٓلظل‬ ٖ٤ٗ‫ٝك٘خ‬ ٖ٤‫ٝرخثؼ‬ ٖ٤ٜٔ‫ٝٓؼظ‬ ‫ٝٗ٘طخء‬ ‫ٗزخد‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫ربٍحىس‬ ٢ٓٞ٤ُ‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
( ٢ٗ‫حإلرَح‬ ٍ‫طٔخإ‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬ ،ٖ٤‫ٝحُٔخثل‬ ٍ‫حُِٝح‬ ٖٓ ٠‫ٝكظ‬2011ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ َ‫ٓٔظوز‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ )
٢ٜ‫ك‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬ ‫حُظلَ٣َ"؟‬ ‫ُلظش‬ َ٣َ‫حُظل‬ ٕ‫ٓ٤يح‬ ًٌَ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ‫"ً٤ق‬ :ٍٞ‫طو‬ ٖ٤‫ك‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝػخ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣خ‬ ‫طٔخإال‬
ٍٞ‫حُؼو‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫طظلن‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫حُٞهض‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٟ‫حُٔخ‬ ‫٣وِي‬ ّٜٞ‫ًٔل‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ١ٍ‫حُظًٌخ‬ ‫حُٜ٘ذ‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ‫طئ٣ي‬
‫ػٍٞس‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝحُوِٞد‬25‫ك‬ ٙ‫طـٔ٤ي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ال‬ ٢ِ‫ٝٓٔظوز‬ َٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ ‫كيع‬ ٢ٛ َ٣‫٣٘خ‬٢ٓ‫ٍهخ‬ ‫َٛف‬ ٢
‫ٝحُٔـظٔغ‬ ٕ‫رخإلٗٔخ‬ ْٜ‫ٝػالهظ‬ ٠٘‫ٝحُٔز‬ ‫ٝحُٔي٣٘ش‬ ٕ‫حُٔ٤يح‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ًَ َ‫طـؼ‬ ‫حُؼٍٞس‬ ‫ى٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬ .‫رخٍى‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٍ‫طًٌخ‬ ‫ٜٗذ‬ ‫رـٞى‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫حالٓظـخرش‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ٝال‬ ‫ٝحإلىٍحى‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ َٔ‫ٓٔظ‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬
٤‫ك‬ ٖ٤ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ‫ػَ٘حص‬ ٕ‫رخُٔ٤يح‬ ‫ٝؿٞىٛخ‬ َٔ‫حٓظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ٚ‫ط٘خر‬ ‫ٍهخٓ٤ش‬ ‫هخػيس‬‫ٓوٜٜش‬ ‫ًخٗض‬ ‫غ‬
‫ػٍٞس‬ ‫َٗحٍس‬ ‫حٗيالع‬ ‫رؼي‬ ‫ٓظؤهَح‬ َٛٝ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ١ٞ٣‫حُوي‬ ٍ‫طٔؼخ‬ ٍ‫الٓظوزخ‬1952٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُظٔؼخ‬ ٠‫ٝرو‬
.‫حإلٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٓ٤٘خء‬ ‫أٍٛلش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُو٘ز‬ ٚ‫ٛ٘يٝه‬

183. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
183
‫نه‬ ‫انًؼبصطح‬ ‫انمًٛخ‬‫ف‬‫انؼبو‬ ‫طاؽ‬
ٞ‫٣و‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حػظخى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ِٚ‫طو‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؽ‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ّ
‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓ٤خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ر‬.‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٤خس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ًُي‬ ِٚ‫طو‬ ‫ِٓز٤خص‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫كَ٣ش‬ ٝ‫ٝاؿٜخ‬ ٕ‫رخٌُٔخ‬ ١‫ٝحالٍطزخ‬ ‫حالٗظٔخء‬ ‫ٍٝٝف‬ ‫حُ٘ؼذ‬ ‫هطخػخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝحُؼالهش‬
ٓٞ‫ٝ١و‬ َٙ‫ٝٗؼخث‬ ٙ‫ٝطوخُ٤ي‬ ٚ‫ػخىحط‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬‫حُل٤خس‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٝآٍحث‬ ٚ.‫طٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫رخُظخ‬ ٝ
‫حُل‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬‫ُل٤ٞ٣ظٜخ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ‫رخُ٘ٔزش‬ ‫ٝحػيس‬ ‫ػَ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠٤ش‬ َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫َحؽ‬
ٚ‫ك٤خط‬ ‫أٓخُ٤ذ‬ ٍ‫ٝحُىٛخ‬ ٚٔ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬ ٞٔٗٝ ِٚ‫ٝٓٔظوز‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ َٛ‫كخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؤػ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٝػٔن‬ ‫ٝأٛٔ٤ظٜخ‬
‫ٓؼ٤٘ظ‬ ‫ٝطو٘٤خص‬ٚ.‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢ٌُ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌُٝح‬
‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝأٛيحف‬ ‫أُٝٞ٣خص‬ ‫هخثٔش‬ ٍ‫٣ظٜي‬ ‫ٛيف‬ َ‫٣ؼظز‬٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ٝىكغ‬ ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫كًَش‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫طٜل٤ق‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ‫٣لون‬ ٢ٌُ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫ُلًَش‬
‫ٍكزش‬.

184. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
184
‫و‬ ‫تىصياث‬‫ذتاميت‬ ‫اطروحاث‬
‫واهؼمراوي‬ ‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫هوىقس‬ ‫مىهجيا‬ ‫اطارا‬ ‫حنى‬

185. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
185
ً‫ر‬‫ٓٛس‬
ٍ‫ي‬ ‫األٔل‬ ‫انغعء‬‫انكزبة‬ًّْٛ‫يفب‬ ... ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬ (،ِ‫لضبٚب‬
) ّ‫ٔيُبْغ‬ْٜ‫ُل‬ ‫حُ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬‫ح‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬،ْ‫ط‬ ‫ك٤غ‬٢‫ك‬
ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُزخد‬‫ٝط‬ ٚ‫ٝٝظ٤لظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كِٔلش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؼَف‬ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫خٍ٣و‬
ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬.٢ٗ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ٢‫ٝك‬‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٌٗخُ٤خص‬ ‫ٗٞه٘ض‬١‫ُِ٘٘خ‬ ‫حُٔٔ٤ِس‬
‫ٝحالطـخٛخص‬ ‫ُِٔ٘خٛؾ‬ ‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫حُؼخُغ‬ ‫حُزخد‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝأػوزٜخ‬ ،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬
.ً‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬‫حٓخ‬‫رحهٛهٛخ‬ ‫زضاؼخ‬ ‫فمسو‬ ‫انكزبة‬ ٍ‫ي‬ َٙ‫انضب‬ ‫انغعء‬
‫يصط‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫ٔانؼًطاَٛخ‬ ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫ٔانمضبٚب‬ ٘‫انُمس‬ ‫انًُبخ‬ ‫اؼزكشفذ‬ٞ‫ُزؼ‬ ًًَ ‫ٓغ‬
‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلخالص‬.٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫ُٞحهغ‬ٖ٤ٌُٗٞٔ‫ح‬ ٖ٣ٌٛ ٖٓ ‫حٓظ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ٖٓٝ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٌٖٔ٣
‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ‫ُِٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػٜخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُلَٟ٤خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬
َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬٢‫حُؼَر‬ ‫حُ٘طخم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ُِظطز٤ن‬ َ‫ٝحُوخر‬ ،.ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝٓوٞٓخص‬
ٖٓ ‫حُؼي٣ي‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ٍٝ‫طلخ‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝظخثق‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬‫طؼَ٣ق‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ٖٓ ،
‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٔز٤خص‬ ‫ٝٝٛق‬،٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـ٤يس‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٕ‫ٝحكظ٠خ‬ ‫ٝط٘ـ٤غ‬
ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬،ٖٓ ‫ػَ٣٠ش‬ ‫هخػيس‬ ٍ‫حُوَح‬ ٌ‫ٝٓظو‬ ٢‫ٝحُٔوط‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝٓ٘ق‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخىٍس‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬‫ٗخٟـش‬ ّ‫أكٌخ‬ ٍ‫ٝاٛيح‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬.ُٚ َٔ‫ٝ٣ل‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٍَ‫٣ز‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ْ‫ػ‬
ُٚٞ٤ٓٝ ٚ‫ًٝه‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬،٤‫رخالهظ‬ ‫ٝػالهخطٜخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓ٤ٞحؿٜٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫خٍحص‬َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬َ‫ٓٔظوز‬
‫ٝحُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬.ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٍٓخُش‬ َٜ‫ط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬ ّ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕٞٔ٠ٖٓٓ‫ٝحَُٓٞٓخص‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ٍ‫هال‬
ٍُٜٞ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُظٟٞ٤ل٤ش‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫طلٔ٤َحص‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ‫ش‬‫ٓظ‬ ‫ُٗٔٞ٤ش‬‫ٌخِٓش‬‫ُٟٔٞٞع‬
ٖ٤‫ٓؼ‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬،ّٜٞ‫حُٔل‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِ٘ظَ٣ش‬ ٞ‫ٍك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػ٤ش‬ ٠‫٣ؼط‬ ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ
ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ًظخد‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓٔخروش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓ٘ٝػ‬ ٕ‫أًخ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫حُٟٔٞٞع‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٚ‫٣طَك‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫حُٔـخالص‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬.‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ٚ‫٣ٜ٤ـ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍ‫ٝحإل١خ‬
‫حُؼٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫ٍس‬‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬ٌٕٞ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫رٍٜٞس‬
‫ػالػ٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫حٓخٓ٤ش‬ُ‫ح‬ٝ ‫٘خهي‬ُ‫ح‬‫ٜٔ٘ؾ‬‫ح‬‫ُ٘وي‬١ُٝ‫ح‬ٜ٣ ‫و٘ٞحص‬١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حُ٘ظخؽ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫ذ‬.
‫شكم‬

186. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
186
‫واهؼمراوي‬ ‫ادلؼماري‬ ‫هوىقس‬ ‫مىهجيا‬ ‫اطارا‬ ‫حنى‬
‫انًمزطػ‬ ٙ‫انًُٓغ‬ ‫اإلطبض‬ ‫صٛبغخ‬ ٌ‫أ‬‫رزجهٕض‬‫عْٕطٚخ‬ ‫رؽبؤالد‬ ‫صالس‬ ‫ئعبثخ‬ ٍ‫ي‬:
1-ٍ‫ُٔٔخ‬ ‫٣ِٜق‬ ٖٓ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٓش‬‫؟‬
2-‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ٢ٛ ‫ٓخ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٌ‫٣٘و‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫؟‬
3-‫حُٔـخال‬ ٖ٣‫أ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ص‬‫؟‬
‫نهؼًبضح‬ ً‫ا‬‫َبلس‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬
ٞٛ ٖٓ ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حَُؿزش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ‫حُو٠٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ُ‫ح‬ٍّ‫ٔٔخ‬َ‫حالٓؼ‬
ُ‫ح‬ ١‫ِ٘٘خ‬١‫ُ٘وي‬،ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ٝحُظؼخ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫أىٝحص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫هخٛش‬
‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓظ٘خه٠ش‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ١‫أ٣ي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أٛزلض‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫رٜ٤ـش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫هخٍؽ‬ ٖٓ ‫ُظوٜٜخص‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍ‫حُٔـخ‬.‫ٛئالء‬ ‫ٓويٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫٣ؤط‬‫ٝػِٔخء‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ٝػِٔخء‬ ٖ٤٤‫ٝحالؿظٔخػ‬ ٖ٤٤٘‫حُل‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔئٍه‬
٤‫ٝحُٜلل‬ ٍ‫ح٥ػخ‬‫٣زيأ‬ ‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ‫اال‬ ،‫ٝٓؼَٔس‬ ‫ٝػ٤وش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُظوٜٜخص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ٓغ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬ .ٖ٤
‫ٗوخى‬ ْٜٗ‫أ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٓ‫حُظؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٛئالء‬،َٓ‫رخٌُخ‬ ْٜ‫آٍحث‬ ‫ططخع‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ٞ‫حُظ٘خه‬ ‫ٗي٣يس‬ ‫ظخَٛس‬ ٢ٛٝ
‫طو‬ ‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ‫ٝكخُش‬َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٤ِٜخ‬.‫حُٔئٍم‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬٢٘‫حُل‬‫٣يٍى‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫طؼٞى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫ح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬ ‫ًزئٍس‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ٢‫ػ٘خث‬ ‫حُٔطق‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ً‫خ‬٣َٜ‫ر‬ ً‫خ‬ً‫اىٍح‬ ٢٘‫ُل‬،َٕٔ‫ٓظ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫حُلخىع‬ ٍٞ‫ٝحُظط‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫ُألػٔخ‬ ‫حٌُِ٘٤ش‬ ٙ‫حُوٞح‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫ٝهز‬‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ‫حُلوزخص‬ َٓ ٠
‫حُٔوظِلش‬.َ‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫حه‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ٝك‬‫حُ٘لض‬،٠٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ال‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬٢٘‫ر‬َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ‫ء‬ٙ‫٣ـي‬ ‫ٝال‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ِٚ٤ِ‫ٝطل‬ َٙ٤ٔ‫رظل‬ َ٣‫ؿي‬ٌَُ٘‫ح‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫طٔخٓي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼخِٓش‬ ٟٞ‫و‬‫رٔظخرؼش‬ ‫ٓطخُذ‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
ٓ ‫هطؼش‬ ‫إلٗظخؽ‬ ‫حُٜٔخكزش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ٍ‫حُلوخ‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫طٔؼخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َِٗٝ‫حُز‬ ٖ.‫ػ٘يٓخ‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫طؼٞى‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ـ٤ش‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٍ‫ُألػٔخ‬ ‫ٓظخرؼش‬.ٚٗ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬
٤‫٣و‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٝحُٞٓخث‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ٍرخػ٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ْ٤‫٣و‬‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ْ‫ٓٔخ‬ ،
‫ٗظ‬ َ‫٣ـؼ‬ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫رؼ٤يس‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ‫خثؾ‬‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ٢‫حُلو٤و‬.‫حالؿظٔخع‬ ‫ػِٔخء‬ ‫ٗـي‬ ‫كبٗ٘خ‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬

187. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
187
ٔٓ ٖٓ ْ‫حَُؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ٝػِٔخء‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗظَ٣خص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬ ْٜ‫خٛٔخط‬138
١‫حُ٘وي‬ ْٛ‫ؿٜي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫اال‬
‫حًُِٔٞ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ْٜ‫ك‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُِلَحؽ‬ ‫اىٍحً٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ٍٝ‫ُي‬ ‫طلٔ٤َحص‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٜ٘ذ‬
ُ‫ُِٔؼخ‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلَحؿخص‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ـخص‬.
ٝ ٠‫طِو‬ ٕ‫حٗٔخ‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٕ‫رخ‬ ‫ُِيػٞس‬ ١َٛٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝحُلخٍم‬‫حالػيحى‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِءح‬ ُٞ
،١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ُٜ٘ٔ‫ح‬‫اهَحؽ‬ ‫ٗؤٜٗخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ْ‫طظ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ْٜ‫٣ظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ًٖٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫كٌَس‬ ٖٓ ِٚ٣ٞ‫ٝطل‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬‫حُلَحؽ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓـٔي‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ٤ٔ‫حُؼ‬.ٕ‫ٝأ‬
‫١ز٤ؼ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍ‫هخى‬ ِٚ‫طـؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔؼَك٤ش‬ ‫حُوخػيس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٌِ‫٣َط‬ٕ‫ًخ‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ًَ‫ٝٓ٘خ‬ ‫ش‬
ًَ‫حُٔ٘خ‬ ‫طِي‬ َ‫رل‬ ‫ٓطخُذ‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬،ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ‫هِن‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٢ٛ "ٚ٤٣ُٞ‫"ًٍُٞٞر‬ ‫ػَكٜخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫أل‬
‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫حُظؼز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫ٍٝٝك‬ ٚ‫ٝػٞح١ل‬ ٚ‫ٜٓخٍحط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓؼظٔي‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ّٞ‫٣و‬ ‫ٝٓظلَىس‬
"Architecture is pure creation of the mind".‫طظ‬ ٢ٍٛٝ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ٝطؼز‬ َٜ
‫حُل‬ ْ٤‫ٝط٘ظ‬ ‫ٝحُظٌٞ٣٘خص‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ‫طٞظ٤ق‬ٍ‫حُـٔخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٍؿزش‬ ‫َحؿخص‬.ٞٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ًٕ‫ا‬
ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ ْٜ‫ٝ٣ظل‬ ‫أرؼخىٛخ‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ َ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ئٍم‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫٣٘وي‬ ٖٓ ‫أِٛق‬
‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫٣وَؽ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬،ٔٛ‫أ‬ ٢‫ٝ٣ؼ‬‫ًٔخ‬ ‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬ ‫٤ش‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رؤىحء‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٢‫كو٤و‬ َ٤ِ‫طل‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬َٜٙ‫رٔظ‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُوي‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬.
‫انًمزطػ‬ ٙ‫انًُٓغ‬ ‫اإلطبض‬ ‫يمٕيبد‬
: ‫أٔال‬ٙ‫انزبضٚر‬ ‫ٔانؽٛبق‬ ‫انؼًك‬
‫ُِو٠٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬‫حُؼَٔحٗ٤ش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬‫٣ٔٔق‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫طخٍ٣و‬ ً‫خ‬‫ػٔو‬ ‫٣ٞحؿٜٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٌٍٝ‫ؿ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخُظؼَف‬ ُٚ
ُٔ‫ٝح‬ ‫طُٞيٛخ‬ ‫ٝأٓزخد‬ ‫حٌُِٔ٘ش‬ُٚ‫هال‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗزؼض‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫٤خم‬.ًٕ‫ح‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ‫طلي٣ي‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬‫ح‬٤‫طخٍ٣و‬‫خ‬
‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِيٍحٓش‬،‫ٛخٓش‬ ‫أكيحع‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ُِظلٞالص‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ ‫حُظلي٣ي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ظ‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حالؿظٔخػ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞحص‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُظلٞالص‬ ٌٙٛ ‫طٜ٤ؾ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ َ٤‫طـ‬
‫ٝحُلٌَ٣ش‬‫طليع‬ ‫ٓظٔ٤ِس‬ ‫َٓؿؼ٤ش‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ٍٝ‫ٛي‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ،‫ؿٌٍ٣خ‬ ‫طلٞال‬٢‫ك‬ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬.٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
138
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣ِ٤ٔ‫حُٔظ‬ ‫ٝحالؿظٔخع‬ ْ‫حُ٘ل‬ ‫ػِٔخء‬ ٖٓ
Edward. T. Hall – Robert Gutman – James Gibson .

188. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
188
ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬١ٍَٝ٠ُ‫ح‬‫ٝحٓظٌ٘خف‬ ً‫خ‬٤‫طخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ‫طِي‬ َ٤ٛ‫طؤ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُِو٠خ٣خ‬ ُٚٝ‫ط٘خ‬ ‫ػ٘ي‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬
‫طٌٞ٣ٜ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫حُظط‬ ٕ‫ٝر٤خ‬ ‫طُٞيٛخ‬ ‫ٝأٓزخد‬ ‫ؿٌٍٝٛخ‬‫حُلظَس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫رخُلخىع‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ٝػالهش‬
‫طـ٤َحص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢ٓ‫حُٔ٤خ‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫أكيحع‬ ٖٓ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫طُٞيص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُِٓ٘٤ش‬
‫حهظٜخى٣ش‬.‫ًٌُٝي‬ٕ‫ر٤خ‬‫ٝحُؼوخثي‬ ‫حإل٣ي٣ُٞٞؿ٤خص‬ َ٤‫ٝطـ‬ ‫حُٔخثيس‬ ‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٝحُٔلخ‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ َ٤‫طـ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬
.‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ِ‫رٔوظ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٖ٤‫ٝ٣ٔظؼ‬‫ًٝظذ‬ ‫ٝٝػخثن‬ ٢‫هَحث‬ ٖٓ ‫حُالُٓش‬ ‫ٝرخُٔٞحى‬ َ٤‫ٝحُظٔـ‬ ‫حُظٞػ٤ن‬ ‫أىٝحص‬ ‫ق‬
ٍٞٛٝ٤‫كٞطٞؿَحك‬٢‫حُظخٍ٣و‬ ‫حُزؼي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ٤‫ُظيػ‬ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ‫ٓٞػوش‬ ‫ش‬.
‫انزصُٛفٛخ‬ ‫انسضاؼخ‬ : ً‫ب‬َٛ‫صب‬
‫حُٔوظ‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟ‫ًز‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ‫ُٜخ‬ ‫ٝطو٤٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫ٗويٛخ‬ ْ‫ٓ٤ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ٝحألػٔخ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫طٜ٘٤ق‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬‫َف‬.ٌٛ‫ح‬
ٌٕٞ٣ ‫هي‬ ‫حُظٜ٘٤ق‬‫ُ٘ٞػٜخ‬ ،‫ُطَحُٛخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬‫ح‬ ‫ألٛيحكٜخ‬ ،١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ُزَٗخٓـٜخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬.ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬ ٕ‫أل‬
ٚ‫ٝٗٞػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رظٜ٘٤ق‬ َ‫طظؤػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫أٓخٜٓخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْ‫٣ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ٚ‫ٝٝظ٤لظ‬ٚ‫ٝٛيك‬.١‫أ‬ٕ‫ح‬
ٞٛ ‫حُ٘خِٓش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬٢‫حًُ٘ٔٞؿ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫حُ٘ٞػ‬ ‫رخُ٘وي‬ ٠ٔٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ُ‫ا‬ َ‫٣٘ظ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ٝ‫أ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ٠
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طؼظٔي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َٝ‫حُـ‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظًَش‬ َٓ‫رخُؼٞح‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٍ‫روي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫طلَى‬
ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُظٌ٘٤الص‬ ْ‫ٗل‬ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬ ‫حُزَحٓؾ‬‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ ‫حألٗظٔش‬ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ٓز‬ َ‫ػ‬.
‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انطؤٚخ‬ ‫شًٕنٛخ‬ : ً‫ب‬‫صبنض‬
‫٣ظ‬ ‫كال‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫رُ٘ٔٞ٤ش‬ ٢٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫ُِ٘وي‬ ‫ٓؼُِٝش‬ ‫ًؤٛيحف‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ َٓ‫ؼخ‬
‫ٗخهي‬ ٖٓ ٍٞ‫٣ظل‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ٝحُز٤ج‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٖٔ٠‫٣ظ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ٢‫ر٤ج‬ ‫ٗخهي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬
٢ٗ‫ػَٔح‬‫ُٝٗٔٞ٤ش‬ ،‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬‫حُ٘وي‬١٢٘‫طؼ‬‫ٓٔظٞ٣خص‬ ‫ػيس‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬:
1-٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انؼًم‬ٙ‫انجُبئ‬ ّ‫ٔرطكٛج‬
َٛ‫ٝأًؼ‬ ‫حُٔٔظٞ٣خص‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬‫ٓزخَٗس‬ ‫خ‬‫ٟٝٝٞكخ‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫حٓظـخرش‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ٗ‫ُِـٞح‬‫ذ‬‫حُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬،‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ٚ‫ٛلخط‬ ٠ُ‫ٝا‬.‫ٝحُٔٞحى‬ ‫ٝحُ٠ٞء‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ ‫ٝٓؼخُـش‬ ْ‫كخُلـ‬
ٕ‫ٝحألُٞح‬،ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُيٍحٓخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫طيه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔلَىحص‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ٖٓ ‫ًُي‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬
ً‫خ‬‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ىٍحٓظٜخ‬ ‫ًٌُٝي‬ ‫ٓ٘لَىس‬ ‫طلِ٤ِٜخ‬ْ٤٤‫ُظو‬‫ٝكٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓخى٣ش‬ ‫طؤػ٤َحص‬ ٖٓ ٚٓ‫طوي‬ ‫ٓخ‬.ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫ًلًَش‬ ‫حُي٣٘خٓ٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٞحٗذ‬ ، ‫حُن‬ .. ٕ‫ٝأُٞح‬ ‫ٝٓٞحى‬ ٌَٗ ٖٓ ‫حألٓظخط٤ٌ٤ش‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬
ْ‫٣ظ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُظـَرش‬ ‫حُلَحؿخص‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ٍُٜٞ‫رخ‬ ‫طٞػ٤وٜخ‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫ش‬

189. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
189
‫حُوخ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ً‫ال‬ٓ‫ًخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝٛل‬ ٢‫ُظؼط‬ ‫ٝحُي٣خؿَحٓخص‬‫ريء‬ َ‫هز‬ ‫رٟٞٞف‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖٓ َ‫حُِحث‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٍة‬
ُ‫ح‬٢ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬ َٔ‫ؼ‬.
2-ّ‫ؼٛبل‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انؼًم‬َٙ‫انًكب‬
‫حُظ٘خٓن‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٚ‫ر‬ ‫حُٔل٤طش‬ ‫ٝحُز٤جش‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ ‫ِٝٓز٤خص‬ ‫ا٣ـخر٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ًُي‬ َٔ٘٣
َ‫ٝحُظ٘خك‬،‫حُٔل‬ ‫رخُز٤جش‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ٓوٜٞى‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ً‫ح‬‫ٓوٜٞى‬ ٕ‫ًخ‬ ‫اًح‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬‫ٓٞحء‬ ‫٤طش‬
ٟٞ‫طو‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫حُٜ٘خػ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حُطز٤ؼ٤ش‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٖٓ ‫ط٠ؼق‬ ٝ‫أ‬َ‫طوظز‬ ‫ح٣٠خ‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ .
.‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ك٤خس‬ ‫حػَحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٚ‫٣ِؼز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُي‬ ٢٤‫حُٔل‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ػالهش‬
3-ّ‫ؼٛبل‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انؼًم‬ٙ‫انضمبف‬٘‫انحضبض‬
‫ٝطٞحك‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ًُي‬ َٔ٘٣١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬ ‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ٚ‫و‬٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ٚ٘‫ػ‬ َ‫طؼز‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬
‫ٝاري‬ ‫ٝهزَحص‬ ‫ٜٓخٍحص‬ ‫أٗظـظٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُز٘خث٤ش‬ ٍ‫حألٌٗخ‬ ‫كٜ٤ِش‬َ‫ػز‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫أكَُٛخ‬ ‫حػخص‬
ٚ‫طخٍ٣و‬ٚٗ‫ح‬ ّ‫ح‬ ٍ‫ٝطٌَح‬ ‫طوِ٤ي‬ ٞٛ َٛٝ ‫حُظَحع‬ ‫رٌٜح‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ػالهش‬ َ‫٣وظز‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٢‫ٝك‬ .
ُ‫ح‬ ‫هيٍس‬ ،‫ح٣٠خ‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ َٔ٘٣ ‫ًٔخ‬ .‫ٝحٓظٌ٘خف‬ ّ‫حٓظِٜخ‬‫طلٔ٤َح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫كٜٔخ‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫ؼ‬
‫ُِٔ٤خم‬ ‫ػخًٔش‬ ‫َٓآس‬ ‫رخُوطغ‬ ٞٛ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٠٘‫كخُٔز‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٝك٠خٍس‬ ‫ُؼوخكش‬
.ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ َٟ‫رخألك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُل٠خ‬
4-ّ‫ؼٛبل‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انؼًم‬ًٙ‫انؼبن‬
٤ِ‫طل‬ ‫حٛٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫طؤط‬ ‫ٛ٘خ‬ ٖٓٝ .٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ٍ‫ُِلٞح‬ ‫حىحس‬ ‫حٛزلض‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ُْٞ‫حُٔظؼ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٘خ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ه٤ٔش‬ َ
٢ُٔ‫حُؼخ‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٌٓخٗش‬ ٍّ‫طي‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
ُ‫ٝحألٓخ‬ ‫ُِظ٤خٍحص‬ ‫حُيُٝ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘زٌش‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿِء‬ ٍٙ‫رخػظزخ‬ ٚ‫ٝٓٞهؼ‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٍّ‫ٝحُٔيح‬ ‫٤ذ‬
ٝ٣ٚ‫ٓٔخٛٔظ‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ٚ‫لل‬‫رٍِٞطٜخ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ططٞ٣َٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬٣َ١ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ٓٞحء‬ ،ٝ‫أ‬ ٞ‫حَُك‬ ٝ‫أ‬ َ٤‫حُظؤػ‬ ‫ن‬
ٍ‫حالرظٌخ‬.
5-ًٙٛ‫ٔاإلله‬ ٙ‫انًحه‬ ٕ٘‫انًؽز‬ ٗ‫ػه‬ ٘‫انفكط‬ ّ‫ؼٛبل‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انؼًم‬

190. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
191
‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ١َٗ ‫ك٤غ‬،ٟ‫ٓي‬ ١‫ٝأل‬.٢ُٓٞ‫كخ‬
‫ٝحهؼ‬ ‫رو٠خ٣خ‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٢ٔ٤ِ‫حإله‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫حُٔل‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١ٌَ‫حُل‬‫حُظَٝف‬ ٖٓ ‫ط٘زغ‬ ‫ِٝٓلش‬ ‫٤ش‬
‫حُٔلِ٤ش‬٣‫حُو٠خ‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ًخٗض‬ ٕ‫ٝا‬ ٠‫كظ‬ ،٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٟٗ ‫ًٔخ‬ ‫ػخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬ ٌْ‫طؼ‬ ‫خ‬
‫ٝطلٞالطٜخ‬ ‫حُـَر٤ش‬ ‫حُل٠خٍس‬ ‫ٝٛ٤ٔ٘ش‬ ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٜٞ٣ش‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُؼالهش‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫ه٠خ٣خ‬
‫حُظَحع‬ ‫ٝحكظ٤خؿخص‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫١ِذ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓذ‬ ُٕ‫حُظٞح‬ ‫طلو٤ن‬ ‫ٝه٠٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔ٣ؼش‬139
.
ٕ‫انغ‬ ‫ئزضان‬ : ً‫ب‬‫ضاثؼ‬‫انؼًم‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ‫ٔاناليطئٛخ‬ ‫انًطئٛخ‬ ‫اَت‬
‫حإلىٍحى‬‫ِِٓٔش‬ ٍ‫هال‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ٌٜٞٗخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالٗطزخػخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٟٝٓٞٞػ٤ش‬ ‫ٜٓيحه٤ش‬ ٖٔ٠٣ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫حُ٘خؿق‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٢‫٣ٌظل‬ ‫أال‬ ‫حُ٘خؿق‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ١َٝٗٝ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٚ‫كل‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حإلىٍحً٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬
ٍُٜٞ‫ٝح‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حَُٓٞٓخص‬ ٚ‫كل‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝآٍحء‬ ‫حٗطزخػخص‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫رظ‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬َ٣‫حُزي‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ٢‫كو‬ ‫ش‬
‫حأل‬ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝاٗٔخ‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫ُِز٤جش‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫طٟٞق‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحُٜلخص‬ ْ٤‫حُو‬ ٕ‫ر٤خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫ُؼـِٛخ‬ ٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ ‫ٟؼق‬
ِٓ‫ًخ‬ ‫ٓؼخ٣٘ش‬ ٖ٣‫٣ظؼخ‬ٚ‫ٓؼ‬ َ‫ٝ٣ظلخػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٓغ‬ ‫ٝكو٤و٤ش‬ ‫ش‬َٟ‫أه‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫طٌ٘ق‬ ‫حُٔؼخ٣٘ش‬ ٌٙٛ ٕ‫أل‬ ،
ُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫حُـٞحٗذ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ، َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٠ٌُِ‫ح‬ ‫حإلىٍحى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ١َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ‫ُٜخ‬‫ٝحُلَحٍ٣ش‬ ‫ط٤ش‬
.‫ٝحُلًَ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُِٔٔٞٓش‬ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫ُٝظلو٤ن‬ِِّ٣ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ‫حُٜٔ٘ؾ‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ُ‫رخالٍطٌخ‬‫حُظخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُوطٞحص‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬:
ُٗ‫انًج‬ ‫يغ‬ ٙ‫انحؽ‬ ‫انزفبػم‬
٢‫كو‬ ‫ُحٍٛخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫ٝ٣٘وي‬ ‫٣ٌظذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٝ ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫ٝأٗلؼ‬‫ٓوظِق‬ ‫ٝأىٍى‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٠٘ٓ
‫ؿٞحٗزٜخ‬.٣َ‫حُط‬ ٚ‫ط٘ز‬ ‫ُِٔٞهغ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ُٝ٣خٍس‬ٕ‫رؤ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ٢ِٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٚ‫٣ٞحؿ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫وش‬
‫ٓؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ؼ٤يٛخ‬‫ٜٝٓيحه٤ظٜخ‬ ‫َٓ٘ٝػ٤ظٜخ‬ ٌ‫ُظؤه‬ ِٚٔ.‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ُِٜٔيحه٤ش‬ ٠‫٣ٔؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫كخُ٘خهي‬‫ح‬‫ال‬
‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ُٞٛق‬ ‫حٌُٔظٞرش‬ ‫حٌُِٔش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫حألرؼخى‬ ‫ػ٘خث٤ش‬ ٍُٜٞ‫رخ‬ ٢‫٣ٌظل‬.ٖٝٓ َ٤‫ًؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫حػظٔي‬ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫طو٤٤ٜٔخ‬٤‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫ٝحَُٓٞٓخص‬ ‫ش‬
.٠٘‫ُِٔز‬ َٓ‫حُ٘خ‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ْ٤٤‫رخُظو‬ َ‫حه‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٢‫كو‬‫كخُش‬ َُ‫طز‬ ‫حُليحػش‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ٝك‬٠٘‫ٓز‬
ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْ٤ٓ ٚٔٔٛ ٌُٟ‫ح‬ ‫رَِٗٞٗش‬ َٝ‫ٓؼ‬،ٟٝ‫ٝٓي‬ ،‫حُظٜ٤َس‬ ‫ٝهض‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ َ‫٣وظز‬ ُْ
‫ٝؿ‬ ّ‫ػي‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝطل‬ ّ‫حُٔٔظوي‬ ‫حُِؿخؽ‬ ‫ٛالك٤ش‬ ٟ‫ٝٓي‬ ،‫حُٔٞحى‬ ‫ٓالثٔش‬‫طِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٙ‫أٗوخ‬ ‫ٞى‬
139
ٌٙٛ ‫ٍٛي‬ " ‫حإلٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔؼخص‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤ٛ‫ٝحُظؤ‬ ‫حُظـي٣ي‬ " ٚ‫ًظخر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٖ٣‫حُي‬ ‫َٓحؽ‬ َ٤‫آٔخػ‬ . ‫ى‬ ٍٝ‫كخ‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رؤٓؼِش‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫ٝحالٓظٜ٘خى‬ ‫ٝطلِ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬٢ٓ‫حإلٓال‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿٞىٛخ‬،ٕ‫حألؿخهخ‬ ‫ٍٓ٘٘ٞحص‬.1989.

191. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
191
ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ٖٝ‫ك٤ظ‬ ٕٞ‫ٓخٍ٣ٔظ‬ ْٔ٤‫ؿ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫ح‬‫حػظٔخى‬٘‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫كب‬٠ٌُِ‫ح‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬ِ‫ه‬ ٠
٠٘‫ُِٔز‬.ِ‫ٝػ‬‫حُـخى‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠‫ٓوظِلش‬ ‫أٝهخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ُ٣خٍس‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ظؤًي‬ ٕ‫أ‬،‫طؤى٣ش‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٢‫ٝك‬
‫ٝحكظلخالص‬ َٝٝ‫ػ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫طليع‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ٚ‫ُٞظ٤لظ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ٖٓ ‫ك٘ٞى‬ َ‫طٔظوز‬ ٝ‫ح‬
ٖ٤ِٔ‫حُٔٔظؼ‬ْ‫ٝحٌُ٘خث‬ ‫ٝحُٔٔخؿي‬ ‫ٝحُٔظخكق‬ َٝ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٝٛخالص‬ ‫حألٝرَح‬ ٍٝ‫ٝى‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍف‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬
.‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬
ُٗ‫انًج‬ ٙ‫يؽزؼًه‬ ‫يمبثهخ‬
‫رٔوخرِش‬ ٢‫٣ٌظل‬ ‫أال‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٓخُي‬ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ١ٍ‫حإلىح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٢ٗ‫حُٔزخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬
،‫ٝحُٔـظٔؼ٤ش‬ُ‫ح‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ‫ٓوخرِش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫٣ل‬ َ‫ر‬٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ٣‫ٍأ‬ ‫ُ٤ؼَف‬ ٖ٤٤‫لو٤و‬.
ٝ ‫أ١زخء‬ ٖٓ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫كَ٣ن‬ ‫ٓوخرِش‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٠‫ٓٔظ٘ل‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ً‫ال‬‫كٔؼ‬‫ًٌُٝي‬ ٖ٤َٟٔٓ
٠َُٟٔ‫ح‬ ‫ِٓٞى‬ ‫َٓحهزش‬‫ٝٓؼَكش‬ ٖ٤ِٓ‫ٝحُؼخ‬ ٖ٤‫حُٔٞظل‬ ‫ٓوخرِش‬ ّ‫حُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ١ٍ‫اىح‬ ٠٘‫ٓز‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ،
‫ٝهال‬ ‫ٝحُٜٞط٤خص‬ ‫ٝحُظٌ٤٤ق‬ ‫حإلٟخءس‬ ‫ٝٓٔظٞ٣خص‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫كَحؿخص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٜ٣‫ٍأ‬‫ٓوخرِش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ٚ‫ك‬
‫ح‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رٔويٍس‬ ً‫خ‬ِٔ‫ػ‬ ‫حأل١َحف‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ْٜٗ‫أل‬ ّ‫ٛخ‬ ‫رخُٜ٤خٗش‬ ٖ٤ِٓ‫حُؼخ‬ٚ‫ٝظ٤لظ‬ ‫ٝطؤى٣ش‬ َٔ‫ُؼ‬
ٚ‫ٝؿ‬ ًَٔ‫أ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬.
: ‫انزمٛٛى‬ ‫يطاحم‬
‫ػِٔش‬ ْٔ‫٣و‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬٢ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬٢‫ٜٗخث‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ١‫طٜٔ٤ي‬ ‫ٗوي‬ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ٖ٤‫َٓكِظ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬
٘٣‫ٓؼوُٞش‬ ‫ُٓ٘٤ش‬ ‫كظَس‬ ٍَٝٓ ٚ٤‫ك‬ َ‫ظظ‬‫ط‬ ‫ال‬ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫و‬ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ َٟ٤ُ ‫ٝحكيس‬ ‫ٓ٘ش‬ٍٜٞ‫حُل‬ َ٤‫ٝطـ‬
‫كخُش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔئػَس‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٍ‫حالٓظؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝ١َ٣وش‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫ٝطوِزخص‬ ‫ٝطـ٤َحص‬ ّ‫ٝحُظوخى‬
٠٘‫حُٔز‬‫ٝحُٔظٔخ٣ِس‬ ‫حُٔظـ٤َس‬ ‫حُظَٝف‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حالىحء‬ ٠٘‫ٝٓ٘ل‬.
‫انزٕصٛك‬‫انفٕرٕغطاف‬ٙ
َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬ًٝ ٢‫ُِؼٔخٍس‬ ‫اىٍحً٘خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ًز‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬،‫حُظـَرش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗوظَد‬ ‫٣ـؼِ٘خ‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬
‫ٍٛي‬ َ‫٣ظ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫حُلو٤و٤ش‬‫ح‬٣َٜ‫ر‬‫خ‬َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫حُالَٓث٤ش‬ َٟ‫حأله‬ ‫حُوزَحص‬ ُ‫ارَح‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣ٜؼذ‬ ٢‫كو‬
ً ‫حُلٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘خك٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٟٝٞكخ‬ َ‫حًؼ‬ َٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُلًَ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ٢‫حُلَحؿ‬ ّ‫حالكٔخ‬‫يٍؿش‬
‫حُ٠ٟٞخ‬ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٝحُلَحٍس‬ ‫رخُزَٝىس‬ ّ‫ٝحإلكٔخ‬ ‫ء‬‫٣ٜؼذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َٓ‫حُؼٞح‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬‫حى‬‫ٍحًٜخ‬

192. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
192
ٞ‫ك‬ٞ‫ط‬ً‫خ‬٤‫ؿَحك‬.‫ٝحٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلَحؿ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ٍٛي‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٢‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ ِ‫٣ؼـ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬
َ‫طئػ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬ ُْ٘‫ح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔٔغ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫حاله‬ ّ‫حُلٞح‬ ‫٣وخ١ذ‬ ‫ال‬ ٕ‫ح‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ُِٖٓ‫ح‬ َٜ٘‫رؼ‬ ‫ٝػالهظٜخ‬
ٕ‫ح‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ‫ٗي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٌُٖٝ .‫حٌُٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حك٤خٗخ‬َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫حُيػخٓخص‬ ‫أكي‬ ٞٛ ٢
‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫ألىد‬،‫حهظالف‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫حُ٘ظ‬ ‫رَٜف‬ ‫حُـٔ٤غ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ‫حُزَٜ٣ش‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫٣ٜ٘غ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬
ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ َ٘ٗ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫ٝ٣ؼ‬ ًٌَ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫٣ئػ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫ٝحُِـش‬ ‫حُؼوخكش‬
ًِٚ ُْ‫حُؼخ‬ ‫أٗلخء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِظطز٤ن‬ ‫هخرِش‬ ‫طٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍّ‫ٝٓيح‬ ‫ٝحطـخٛخص‬140
.ٚ‫طٞػ٤و‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬
‫حُلٞطٞؿَحك‬‫٣ظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٢َٔ‫رؼ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ‫ٝ٣ظ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُظـَرش‬ ‫ؿٞحٗذ‬ ‫ؿٔ٤غ‬ ‫طـط٤ش‬ ٖٓ ‫ؤًي‬
‫ح‬ ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػخص‬ٚ‫ٝهخٍؿ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َ‫ىحه‬ ٠‫طـط‬ ٢‫ُظ‬،ُٔ‫ح‬ٍ‫حُٜ٘خ‬ ‫ٝأػ٘خء‬ َ٤ُِ‫ح‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٠٘‫ز‬،
‫ٝحُٔ٤جش‬ ‫حُـ٤يس‬ ٞ‫حُـ‬ ‫كخُش‬،ُٔ‫ح‬ ّ‫حُىكخ‬‫حُن‬ ... ٚ٤ِٔ‫ٓٔظؼ‬ ٖٓ ِٙٞ‫ه‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫ز‬.
ً‫ب‬‫ذبيؽ‬:‫انزصًًٛٛخ‬ ‫انؼًهٛبد‬ ‫يغ‬ ‫االضرجبط‬
ُ٘ٔ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ْ٤‫ٝه‬ ٍ‫أكٌخ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼُِش‬ ٌَٔ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٍٝ‫ُ٤لخ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣وظَد‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٜؾ‬
ٔ٤ُ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٕ‫أ‬ َٜ‫ٝ٣ظ‬‫َٓ٣ش‬ ‫ػِٔ٤خص‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓؼـِحص‬ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ‫ض‬.ٖٓ ‫٣وظَد‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٚ٤ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
.‫حُٔوظِلش‬ َٙٛ‫ػ٘خ‬ ‫ٝىٍحٓش‬ ٚ‫ىٍحٓظ‬ ‫ُ٤ؼ٤ي‬ ٚ‫ٝرَٗخٓـ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ َٝ‫ؿ‬ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ١ٍَٝ٠ُ‫ح‬ ٖٓ ًٕ‫ا‬
‫ٝأ‬ َ‫هز‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ْٜٔٓ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ٚ٘٤‫ر‬ ‫طزخىُ٤ش‬ ‫ػالهش‬ ‫هِن‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٜ٣َ‫ك‬٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ٝرؼي‬ ‫ػ٘خء‬.
‫ٓغ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٓ‫طؼخ‬ ٢ٛ ٠ُٝ‫حأل‬ ٖ٤‫ه٘خط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫٣ٜذ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ َ٤‫طؤػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬
‫ٝحُؼخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ َ‫حَُٔحك‬ ٍٞ‫طط‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ٢ٔ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٚ‫ٜٝٓ٘ـ‬ ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ‫أٛيحف‬‫حُ٘خهي‬ َٓ‫طؼخ‬ ٢ٛ
٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ْٜٔٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ َ٤‫ٝطؤػ‬ ٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ‫حُٔ٘ظؾ‬ ‫ٓغ‬‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ٍِٞ‫طظز‬ ‫ٝٛ٘خ‬ .
ُْٜٔٔ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُلَى‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٢‫كو‬ َ‫ٓئػ‬ َ٤‫ؿ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ٞٛٝ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝظخثق‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ‫أكي‬ ‫ُ٘خ‬،ٌُٚ٘ٝ
‫حُو‬ ْ‫ٓؼظ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ ‫ُِٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫حُـٔخػ‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ‫ُ٤ئػ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ُٝ‫٣ظـخ‬‫ٝطٜٔ٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ ٍٞ‫ك‬ ‫َحٍحص‬
‫أ‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ػخٓش‬ ٚ‫طو‬َ‫آه‬ ٢٘‫ك‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ١‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ‫ٓٔخ‬ َ‫ًؼ‬‫ٓغ‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ .
140
ٍٝ‫ٓؼخ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ َ٘‫ط٘ظ‬ ‫حُلي٣ؼش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ ‫ٝحالطـخٛخص‬ ٍ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٖٓ َ٤‫حٌُؼ‬٤‫كٞطٞؿَحك‬‫حُظـخٍد‬ ٌُٜٙ ‫ش‬
‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓظلق‬ ‫٣و٤ٜٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫أٜٛٔخ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُـي٣يس‬ٍُٜٞ‫ح‬ ‫طِي‬ ٟٞ‫طل‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ‫ػٜ٘خ‬ َ٘٘٣ٝ ‫ٗ٤ٞ٣ٍٞى‬ ٢
ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حُٔؼزَس‬‫ريح٣خص‬‫ٓ٘ش‬ ْ٤‫أه‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ َٝ‫حُٔؼ‬ ٍٝ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫طِي‬1980‫ح‬ " ٕ‫٣ؼ٘ٞح‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ُظلٞالص‬
" ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬"Transformation in Modern Arch " Museum of Modern Art N.Y.

193. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
193
٢٤‫ٝحُظوط‬ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ْ٤ٜٔ‫حُظ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُـ٤يس‬ ‫حُٔلخٝالص‬ ٖ٠‫ٝطلظ‬ ‫ط٘ـغ‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬
ُٔ‫ح‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ُ‫ارَح‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫ٝطٞػ٤وٜخ‬ ‫ٝٝٛلٜخ‬ ‫رظٔـ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫ظٔ٤ِس‬.
‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انًؼبٚٛط‬ : ً‫ب‬‫ؼبزؼ‬
ٖٓ ‫ُٔـٔٞػش‬ ً‫خ‬‫طزؼ‬ َ‫ح٥ه‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ُظ‬ ‫ٓلخُٝش‬ ٢ٛ ‫طؼَ٣لخطٜخ‬ ٢ٔ‫أر‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝحُظو‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ػِٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ‫اؿَحء‬ ٖٓ ٌٚ٘ٔ‫ٝط‬ ‫كَٜٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫٣ـظٜي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬٢ٔ٤٤‫حُظو‬.١‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٝحُٜٔ٘ؾ‬٢ُُٞٔ٘‫ح‬
ْ‫ط٘ظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓـٔٞػش‬ ْ٠٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ًَِ‫ٝط‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٍٝ‫٣ظ٘خ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُطَ٣وش‬
٤‫٣ـط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫حُٞحؿذ‬ ‫حُٔٔخكخص‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌٙٛ ْٛ‫ٝأ‬ ِٚٔ‫ػ‬ ‫أػ٘خء‬ ‫ٜخ‬:
َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬‫حُز٤ج٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬
َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬
َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬
‫حُٔ٤خٓ٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬٤‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬‫ش‬
‫ٝحُظ٘خري‬ َ‫حُظيحه‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗٞع‬ ‫ر٤ٜ٘خ‬ ‫٣ٞؿي‬ ١‫أ‬ ٞ‫حُزؼ‬ ‫رزؼ٠ٜخ‬ ‫َٓطزطش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٌٙٛٝ.‫كخُش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫طـَرش‬ ‫هِن‬،‫ٓظٌخِٓش‬ٞٛ ‫ًٔخ‬ٍ‫حُلخ‬‫١خثلش‬ َٜ‫كظظ‬ ٍ‫رخُـٔخ‬ ٢‫طَطز‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬ ‫طِي‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬
ٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٜٓ٘خ‬ ‫ؿي٣يس‬ٍ‫حُٔؼخ‬ َ٤‫ز‬:
-‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالهظٜخى٣ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬.
-٣‫حُٔؼخ‬‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حالٗظلخػ٤ش‬ َ٤.
-‫حُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حإلٗ٘خث٤ش‬ َ٤٣‫حُٔؼخ‬.
‫انُمسٚخ‬ ‫انحطكخ‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٙ‫انًؽزمجه‬ ‫انجؼس‬ : ً‫ب‬‫ؼبثؼ‬
ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٕ‫ا‬٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬‫ح‬ ٠‫٣ؼط‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬‫حُظويٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُؼٍٞ٣ش‬ ‫حإلٌٓخٗ٤ش‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ َٜ‫٣وظ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ ،
ِٔ‫٣ؼ‬ ٌُٚ٘ٝ ‫كخَٟس‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓخٟ٤ش‬ ‫ألكيحع‬ ‫طلٔ٤َحص‬ ْ٣‫طوي‬‫ٓؼ‬ َٓ‫ٗظؼخ‬ ‫ً٤ق‬ ‫٘خ‬َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٜخ‬.‫حُزيح٣ش‬ ٢‫كل‬
‫ُِز٤جش‬ ‫ٓززض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫ِِٓٔش‬ ٠‫ٗؼ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬‫ػِ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُٔظٞحؿيس‬ ‫حٍُٜٞس‬ ‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬،ْ‫ػ‬ٍٝ‫حُي‬ ‫ٗيٍى‬

194. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
194
‫٣ٌظ‬ ‫ال‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ُِ٘خهي‬ ٢ِ‫حُٔٔظوز‬‫طخٍ٣و٤ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝطل‬ ْ٤٤‫رظو‬ ٢‫ل‬.٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٟٞ‫ٓلظ‬ ًَِ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ َ‫ر‬
ُ‫ح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫رٜخ‬ َ‫طئػ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ِ‫ػ‬ َٟ‫ٝحُلخ‬ ٢ٟ‫ٔخ‬َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ‫ٛ٤خؿش‬ ٠.٢ِ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٚ‫حُظٞؿ‬ ‫ٌٝٛح‬
َ‫أًؼ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫حُٔٔظوزِ٤ش‬ ٙ‫رؤرؼخى‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أل‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔخكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ُِظٞحؿي‬ ‫حُلو٤وش‬ ‫حإلٌٓخٗ٤ش‬ ٚ٤‫٣ؼط‬ ‫ُِ٘وي‬
‫حطوٌص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُوَحٍحص‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ َٜ‫٣وظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٖٓ ‫ه٤ٔش‬َ‫رخُلؼ‬ ‫ٗلٌص‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٕ‫حُٔزخ‬ ْ٤٤‫ٝطو‬.
‫رئٍس‬ ٞٛ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ‫ٝػ٘يٓخ‬ّ‫حٛظٔخ‬٢‫ًخ٥ط‬ ‫طٜزق‬ ٚ‫أُٝٞ٣خط‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬:
‫أ‬-‫طلي٣ي‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ْٛ‫ػ٘ي‬ ٌٕٞ٤ُ ‫ٝٓٔظؼِٔ٤ٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ٢‫ٓظِو‬ ‫ٝاػيحى‬ ِ٤ٜ‫طـ‬
ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ْٜ٤ِ‫ػ‬ َٝ‫٣ؼ‬ ‫ٝٓخ‬ ٜٚٗٞ‫٣ٞحؿ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ِ٤٤ٔ‫ٝحُظ‬ ْٜ‫ٓظطِزخط‬،٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
‫طو٤٤ٜٔخ‬.‫ٓظِو‬ ‫٣ؼي‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ًٕ‫ا‬٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ٢،٢‫ك‬ ٕٞ٘٤‫٣ؼ‬ ٖ٣ٌُ‫ح‬ ٖ٤٣‫حُٔال‬ ‫ٛئالء‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٜٚٔٔ٣ ‫ٓخ‬ ِٕٞٔ‫ٝ٣ٔظؼ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َٕٝ‫ٝ٣٘ظ‬.ٝ‫ٓؼَكش‬ ٖٓ ‫ٛئالء‬ ٌٖٔ‫٣ظ‬ ‫رل٤غ‬ٝ‫ٍإ٣ش‬
‫ٗخٟـش‬ ّ‫أكٌخ‬ ٍ‫ٝاٛيح‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ْٜ‫هيٍط‬ ‫ٗظ٤ـش‬ َ‫حُٔٔظوز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحكظٔخالطٜخ‬ ‫حُلخُ٤ش‬ ْٜ‫حهظ٤خٍحط‬
ٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ٓوظِلش‬ َٝٝ‫ٝػ‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٖٓ ْٜٜ‫٣ٞحؿ‬ ‫خ‬.
‫د‬-ٍ ٖٓ ٢‫حُٔظِو‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ٕ‫أ‬٠ُ‫ا‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣وَؽ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حٌُ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫إ٣ش‬‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬
َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫أٓجِش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝ٣ـ٤ذ‬:
-َ‫أه‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬ َِٔٔ‫ط‬ ٞٛ ‫ٓخ‬‫ُِٞحهغ‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ؿض‬‫؟‬
-َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٓخ‬‫ٝحُظٞٓغ‬ ُِٞٔ٘ ً‫ال‬‫هخر‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫َٓ٘ٝػ‬‫؟‬
-‫رٔ٘طوش‬ ٟ‫أى‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ‫ٓخ‬٢‫ٝحُظيحػ‬ ٍٞٛ‫حُظي‬ ٖٓ ‫كخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٓخ‬‫؟‬
‫ؽ‬-‫حُظ٘زئ‬ ٍٝ‫ٝ٣لخ‬ ‫٣ٔظٌ٘ق‬ ٕ‫أ‬ً‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ٝػخ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ِ‫ٓل‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ‫حُٔٔظوزِ٤ش‬ ‫رخُٜ٤خؿخص‬،ٕ‫ٝأ‬
‫ػخٓش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ٢٘‫حُل‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٗلٜٔخ‬ َٝ‫طل‬ ٟٞ‫ٝه‬ ‫طـ٤َحص‬ ٖٓ ُٚٞ‫ك‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫حُٔزيع‬ ٚ‫٣٘ز‬
ٓ ٢‫ك‬ َ٤‫ٝطـ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫رٜلش‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٔ٘خم‬ ٠ِ‫ٝػ‬ٚ‫ٝطو٘٤خط‬ ِٚ‫ٝٝٓخث‬ ٚ‫ٝأٛيحك‬ ٚ‫وٞٓخط‬.
‫يغبالد‬‫يًبضؼخ‬٘‫انًؼًبض‬ ‫انُمس‬َٙ‫ٔانؼًطا‬
‫حُٔو‬‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ٍّ‫٣ٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫رخُٔـخالص‬ ‫ٜٞى‬ٞٛ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬‫حُـٜي‬ ‫رٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُو٘ٞحص‬
ْٜ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ْٜ‫آٍحث‬ ‫رٔوظِق‬ ‫حُ٘وخى‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ‫ٝطٔظٞػذ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬‫حُو٘ٞحص‬ ‫ٝطِي‬ْ٠‫ط‬:

195. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
195
: ‫األؼجٕػٛخ‬ ‫ٔانًغالد‬ ‫انٕٛيٛخ‬ ‫انغطائس‬
َ٘٘٣ ‫٣ٞٓ٤ش‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫أٓزٞػ٤ش‬ َٜ‫طظ‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ٓٔخكش‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ َ‫٣لظ‬ ‫ك٤غ‬ٙ‫ٝٗوي‬ ٚ‫ٝطؼِ٤وخط‬ ٚ‫آٍحث‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬
‫ُ٣خىس‬ ‫روٜي‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُؼَ٣٠ش‬ ‫ُِوخػيس‬ ‫ٓٞؿٜش‬ ٚ‫ًظخرخط‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ً‫خ‬‫ٝؿخُز‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ُِو٠خ٣خ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬
‫رٌٜح‬ ِّ‫طِظ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔـالص‬ َٜٗ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ‫ٝط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫حُٞػ‬ٞ٤ُ٘‫ح‬ٝ ِٔ٣‫طخ‬ ‫٣ٍٞى‬ٖ‫حُٞحٗ٘ط‬
‫حألَٓ٣ٌ٤ش‬ ‫رٞٓض‬‫حُزَ٣طخٗ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ٝحُـخٍى٣خ‬ُٗٞٓٞٝ‫ي‬‫حألُٔخٗ٤ش‬ َ‫ٗز٤ـ‬ َ٣‫ٝى‬ ‫حُلَٗٔ٤ش‬.
‫انًزرصصخ‬ ‫انًغالد‬
‫ٝحُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ٝحُيٍحٓخص‬ ‫ٝحُظلِ٤الص‬ ‫حُٔوخالص‬ ٟٞ‫ٝطل‬ ‫ٝٗجٜٞٗخ‬ ‫رخُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢٘‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔـالص‬ ٢ٛ
‫ٓؼٜخ‬ َٓ‫٣ظؼخ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ٌٖٔ٣ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ٖ٤‫ٝحُٔلظَك‬ ٖ٤ٜٜ‫ُِٔظو‬ ‫ٓٞؿٜش‬ ٠ٛٝ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬‫حُٔظؼٔن‬ ‫حُوخٍة‬
،‫حُٔيهن‬ ‫ٝحُزخكغ‬‫حألٓؼِش‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ‫ح‬‫ُؼخُٔ٤ش‬٢ٌُِٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼٜي‬ ‫ٝٓـِش‬ ،ٖ٤٤ٌ٣َٓ‫حال‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓؼٜي‬ ‫ٓـِش‬
‫ٓـِش‬ ٝ ٖ٤٤ٗ‫حُزَ٣طخ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬َ‫ٝحُٔـ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٝحَُٔؿغ‬ ٖ٤٤ُ‫حالٓظَح‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫ُِٔؼٔخ‬ ٢ٌُِٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔؼٜي‬
‫رؼ٠ٜخ‬ ‫حُٔـالص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٓليٝى‬ ‫ػيى‬ ّ‫حٓخ‬ ‫ك٘ظٞهق‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼَر‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ٟٞ‫حُٔٔظ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حٓخ‬ .١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬
‫حُز‬ ُْ‫ٝػخ‬ ٕ‫ػَٔح‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ‫طٞهق‬.١ٍ‫ٝحُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫ٜٝٓ٘خ‬ ّ‫رخٗظظخ‬ ٍ‫٣ٜي‬ ٞ‫ٝحُزؼ‬ ‫٘خء‬
Architectural Review, Architectural Record, Progressive Architecture,
Domus, RIBA Journal.
: ‫انًؼًبضٚخ‬ ‫انًؽبثمبد‬ ‫رمٛٛى‬
ٖ٣ِ٤ٔ‫حُٔظ‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔزخٍ٣خص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٗٞع‬ ٢ٛ ‫حُٔٔخروخص‬،‫حَُث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُو٘ٞحص‬ ‫أكي‬ ٢ٛٝ
‫حُـي٣ي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ‫٣ٜذ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬،‫حُـخٗذ‬ ‫اػَحء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝأٓخٓ٤ش‬١ٍ‫حالرظٌخ‬‫ٝطَؿ٤ق‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ٢‫ك‬
‫حُظَؿ٤ق‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ْ‫ُيػ‬ ٢ٔ٤٤‫طو‬ ‫ٜٓ٘ؾ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫٣لظخؽ‬ ‫حُٔظويٓش‬ ٍِٞ‫حُل‬ ‫أكي‬.‫ٝٓ٘خه٘ظٜخ‬ ‫حُٔٔخروش‬ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
ٓ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٞٓ٤ش‬ ‫ؿَ٣يس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝطلِ٤ِٜخ‬ِ٤ٔ‫ٓظ‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ‫ؿٜي‬ ‫٣ظطِذ‬ ‫ٓظوٜٜش‬ ‫ـِش‬‫حُ٘خه‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝ٣ظطِذ‬ ،‫ىٍحٓش‬ ‫ي‬
‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُظٜٔ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ٍّ‫حُٔيح‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫ٝٓٞهؼٜخ‬ ‫ٝرَٗخٓـٜخ‬ ‫ٝٛيكٜخ‬ ‫حُٔٔخروش‬.٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٔٔخروخص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلي٣غ‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ‫ٓظلق‬ ‫ٝٓٔخروش‬ ٢ُٝ‫حُي‬ ‫حُز٘ي‬ َ‫ٓو‬ ‫ٓٔخروش‬ ‫ٝطلِ٤ِٜخ‬ ‫ٗويٛخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫حالٛظٔخ‬ ‫ٗخُض‬‫ٓي٣٘ش‬
‫ٓ٘طوش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ‫ٝٓٔخروش‬ ‫ٗظٞطـخٍص‬‫الك‬٣‫خ‬‫٤ض‬ٝ‫ح‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حًَُِٔ٣ش‬ ‫حٌُٔظزش‬ ٝ‫ح‬‫ٝٓٔخروش‬ ‫ًٍٞ٣خ‬ ‫حٝرَح‬
‫حُـي٣ي‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُٔظلق‬ ‫ٝٓٔخروش‬ ‫حالٌٓ٘يٍ٣ش‬ ‫ٌٓظزش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬َ‫هط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢ٓ‫حالٓال‬ ‫حُٔظلق‬ ‫ٝٓٔخروش‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔزيػش‬ ٍٞ‫حُؼو‬ ١ٞ‫حه‬ ‫حؿظٌرض‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼخُٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخروخص‬ ٖٓ ‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٢‫حرٞظز‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١ًَُِٔ‫ح‬ ‫ٝحُٔٞم‬
ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓـخ‬.

196. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
196
ٖ‫انكجط‬ ‫انًشطٔػبد‬ ‫رمٛٛى‬
‫حُظ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ‫رِي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ّ‫طوخ‬ ٢‫ُٜخ‬٢‫ك‬ ‫ػالٓش‬ َ‫طٔؼ‬ ١َ‫ًز‬ ‫ٓ٘خٍ٣غ‬ ‫ألٜٗخ‬ ‫هخٛش‬ ‫ٛزـش‬
‫حُزِي‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٕ‫ٝػَٔح‬ ‫ػٔخٍس‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬.‫ط‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫اٟخكش‬‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ‫ُو٠٤ش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ‫ٍإ٣ش‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ َ‫ؼز‬ٕ‫كب‬ ‫ٌُُٝي‬ ،
‫ِٓٔلش‬ ‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٖٓ ‫ػَ٣٠ش‬ ‫روخػيس‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞحؿ‬ َٔ‫ٝطل‬ َِ‫طل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘ٞػ٤ش‬ ‫طِي‬
ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫رخُويٍس‬ِ‫ك‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ ‫طِي‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ٖٓٝ ‫حُ٘خٟـش‬ ّ‫حألكٌخ‬ ٍ‫ٝاٛيح‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُلوزش‬ ٢
‫ٓ٘طوش‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬‫الى٣لخ‬َْٗ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬ ْ٣ٍ‫رخ‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُزلَ٣ش‬ ‫حُٞحؿٜش‬‫ر‬٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔلخٍحص‬ ٠‫ٝك‬ ‫حٗـِظَح‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ؤًٝالٗي‬
ٓٝ ‫حُٔؼٞى٣ش‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حٌُِٔٔش‬ٕ‫حُزَُٔخ‬ ٠٘‫ز‬ٖ٣‫ر٘ـالى‬ ٢‫ك‬‫حُيٝكش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُظؼِ٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔي٣٘ش‬ ‫َٝٓ٘ٝع‬
٣َ‫حُوط‬ ‫حُؼخٛٔش‬‫حالٓالٓ٤ش‬ ‫حُوخَٛس‬ َ٣ٞ‫ٝطط‬ ٖ٣َ‫حُزل‬ ‫ػخٛٔش‬ ‫حُٔ٘خٓش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ٣‫حُوي‬ ‫حُٔ٤٘ش‬ ‫هِذ‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ‫ش‬
.‫ٝؿ٤َٛخ‬
‫ٔانُشط‬ ‫انزأنٛف‬ ‫حطكخ‬
ٍِٞ‫طز‬ ‫ًظذ‬ ٖٓ ٚ‫٣٘ظـ‬ ‫رٔخ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫اػَحء‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ٍٝ‫حأل‬ ٍٞ‫حُٔٔج‬ ٞٛ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حالطـخٛخص‬،َٔ‫ٝطل‬‫حُٔظٔ٤ِس‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬،٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٍّ‫ٝطي‬‫ح‬ ٖ‫ٝهٜش‬ ْٜ‫ٝٓ٤َط‬ ٖ٣ِ٤ٔ‫ُٔظ‬
ْٜ‫ك٤خط‬.‫حٌُظذ‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ َ٤‫ٝحٌُؼ‬‫حُظخٍ٣ن‬ َٓ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٞ‫طل‬ ‫ٗوطش‬ ٌَٕٗ‫ح‬ ‫ٓزن‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
‫حٌُظخد‬ ٖٓ ٍٝ‫حال‬ ‫حُـِء‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حٓظؼَٟ٘خ‬.
٣‫ى‬‫خ‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ْٛ‫أ‬ ‫٣ٟٞق‬ ّ‫ؿَح‬.ٕ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬
‫المعماري‬ ‫النقد‬ ‫ممارسة‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫اهم‬
ً‫والعمران‬
‫الٌومٌة‬ ‫الجرائد‬
‫المتخصصة‬ ‫المجالت‬
‫المعمارٌة‬ ‫المسابقات‬ ‫تقٌٌم‬
‫والعمرانٌة‬
‫الكبرى‬ ‫المشروعات‬ ‫تقٌٌم‬
‫والنشر‬ ‫التألٌف‬ ‫حركة‬ ‫اثراء‬

197. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
197
‫ذتاميت‬ ‫اطروحاث‬
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫ا‬ٞٛ ٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬٢‫اريحػ‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬141
ٝ ٚ‫ٝٓ٘خٛـ‬ ٙ‫هٞحػي‬ ُٚ َ‫ٓٔظو‬،ٚ‫ٝه٘ٞحط‬ ٚ‫حُ٤خط‬ٞٛٝ
٢‫اريحػ‬ ١ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫ػ‬ ١‫أ‬ ‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٚ‫٣٘ز‬،‫حُٔزيػش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ً٠ٍَٝس‬ ٠‫طؤط‬ ‫ٍَٟٝٝس‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝحُٔظٔ٤ِس‬٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ‫اػَحء‬.٢‫ٝحُؼَر‬ ١َُٜٔ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫كخُش‬ ٕ‫كخ‬ ْٜ‫حُل‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ٖٓٝ
٤‫كو٤و‬ ‫ٜٗ٠ش‬ ٠ُ‫ح‬ ‫طلظخؽ‬ َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬.َٓ‫ٓظٌخ‬ ٢‫حريحػ‬ ١‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ٓؼَك‬ ‫َُٔ٘ٝع‬ ‫ٝحٍٓخء‬ ‫ش‬١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫١ز٤ؼش‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫ك٘٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫حُٔلخ‬ ٌَ٘٣ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫٣وظِق‬ ٍ‫ا١خ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طوغ‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬
‫ٝحُٞظ٤ل٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُـٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬ ٙ‫أرؼخى‬ ُٚ َ‫ٓٔظو‬ ٕ‫ً٤خ‬ ٢ٛ ‫كخُؼٔخٍس‬ ، ٚ‫ٝهالك‬ ‫ٝحُ٘لض‬ َ٣ٜٞ‫حُظ‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ َٟ‫أه‬
ٕٞٔ٠ٓ ِٚ‫ىحه‬ َٔ‫ٝ٣ل‬ٔ‫حُؼ‬ ِ٤ٔ٣ ١ٍِٓٝ ٌَٟ‫ك‬‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٖٓ ‫ؿ٤َٛخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫خٍس‬‫ٝحالريحػ٤ش‬ ‫حُل٘٤ش‬
َٟ‫حأله‬‫حط٠ق‬ ‫ٝهي‬ .‫ى‬ ٖٓ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٍحٓش‬‫حُلظَحص‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ظؼخظ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٍٝ‫ى‬ ٕ‫أ‬
‫حالطـخٛخص‬ ‫طؼيى٣ش‬ ‫طٜ٘ي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حالٗظوخُ٤ش‬،‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫رخُلًَش‬ ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ك٤ٜخ‬ ٍٝ‫٣لخ‬ ٢‫ٝحُظ‬‫كخُش‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍ٣ش‬
ٕ‫حالطِح‬ٍ‫ٝحالٓظوَح‬.١‫ٝحالهظٜخى‬ ٢‫ٝحُؼوخك‬ ٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ ‫رخُٔ٤خم‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ١‫ٗ٘خ‬ ٢‫٣َطز‬ ‫ًٔخ‬
٢‫ك‬ ‫ٓئػَس‬ ‫ٝطلٞالص‬ ‫حٗظوخالص‬ ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حألكيحع‬ ‫ٝطِؼذ‬ ٢ٓ‫ٝحُٔ٤خ‬ً‫خ‬٣َٛٞ‫ؿ‬ ً‫ح‬ٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫حُٔ٤خم‬ ‫ٌٛح‬
‫ًُي‬ ٢‫ك‬.
ْ‫ػ‬ ٖٓٝ‫ك‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٍ‫ٓٔخ‬ ‫طٜل٤ق‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ َ‫حُٔيه‬ ٕ‫ب‬‫ٝحُؼَر٤ش‬‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫ؿَٞٛ٣ش‬ ‫رٍٜٞس‬
‫كِوش‬ ٌَ٘‫ٝط‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٌٙٛ ‫ُ٘ظخثؾ‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ ‫طلٔ٤َحص‬ ّ‫طوي‬ ‫ٝٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓزيػش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬
٢‫ٝحُٔظِو‬ ‫حُٔزيع‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ٍ‫حالطٜخ‬،ٚ‫حُ٘و‬ ٚ‫ٝأٝؿ‬ ‫ٝحُِٔز٤خص‬ ‫ٓؼ٤٘ش‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ِ٤ٔ‫ط‬ ‫أٓزخد‬ ‫ٝطٜق‬ ‫ٝطؼَف‬
ُ‫ٝرخ‬ َٟ‫أه‬ ٍ‫أػٔخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫طظٞحؿي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬‫حُـ٤يس‬ ‫حألٓؼِش‬ ٖ٠‫ٝطلظ‬ ‫ط٘ـغ‬ ٢ُ‫ظخ‬ٌَ٘‫ط‬ ‫أٜٗخ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،ً‫خ‬٤‫ٝحػ‬ ً‫خ‬ٓ‫ػخ‬ ً‫خ‬٣‫ٍأ‬
141
( ١‫حُ٘ـ٤ي‬2008،)‫ح‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ه٤ٔش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ُٝ‫طظـخ‬ ٕ‫حالك٤خ‬ ٞ‫رؼ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ُٕ‫طٞح‬ ‫هي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ١‫ُ٘وي‬
.‫حُ٘وي‬ َ‫ٓل‬

198. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
198
ِ‫ٓظط‬ ‫اؿخرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫ٗـخف‬ ٟ‫ٓي‬ ْٜ‫ٝك‬ ‫ٝحُظٌٝم‬ ٍ‫حالهظ٤خ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُويٍس‬ ٙ‫ػ٘ي‬‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ٚ‫ٝحكظ٤خؿخط‬ ٚ‫زخط‬.ٕ‫أ‬
‫حُ٘خهي‬،‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍ‫حُلؼخ‬ ٢ٔ٤‫حَُث‬ ‫حُطَف‬ ٞٛٝ،ً‫خ‬ٜ٣َ‫ك‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ى‬ ْٜ‫٣ظل‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬
‫ٝر٤جظ‬ ‫حُؼوخك٤ش‬ ٚ‫هِل٤ظ‬ ٖٓ ‫حُ٘خرغ‬ ُٙ‫حٗل٤خ‬ َٜ‫٣ظ‬ ‫أال‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ٚ‫ٓٔجُٞ٤ظ‬ ٢‫٣ؼ‬ ٕ‫ٝأ‬ ‫ٝحُؼوخثي٣ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ٚ‫ٝطٞؿٜخط‬ ٚ
٣ٞ‫طلظ‬ ‫ٓخ‬ ٕ‫ٝر٤خ‬ ‫أرؼخىٛخ‬ ‫ٝطٟٞ٤ق‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ َ٤ٔ‫طل‬ ٖ‫ػ‬‫ٍِٝٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٝطٌ٘٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ْ٤‫ه‬ ٖٓ ٚ،
َّ‫٣ـ‬ ٜٞ‫ك‬ ً‫خ‬٠٣‫ٝأ‬‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ٝؿٔخُ٤ش‬ ‫ك٘٤ش‬ ْ٤ٛ‫ٓلخ‬‫حُلًَش‬ ‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ‫ٝٓٔجُٞ٤ش‬ ‫ػذء‬ َٔ‫٣ل‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،
ٜ‫رظخٍ٣و‬ ‫ٍٝرطٜخ‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬٢‫حإلريحػ‬ ‫خ‬.
‫حُ٘وي‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫ٗٔظ٘ظؾ‬ ً‫خ‬٤ُٔ‫ػخ‬ ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫ُالطـخٛخص‬ ‫حُظو٤٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫حَُٔحؿؼش‬ ٖٓ
‫ُِؼو‬ ّ‫حالكظٌخ‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ‫ٝحإلٗٔخٗ٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ ‫حألٗ٘طش‬ ‫ٓوظِق‬ َ‫ٓؼ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫ٝحُٔ٘طن‬ َ
‫ُِؼخ١لش‬ ّ‫حالكظٌخ‬‫ٓل‬ ٖ٤‫ٝر‬ ‫حٌُحط٤ش‬ ‫حُ٘وٜ٤ش‬ ‫حالٗطزخػخص‬ ٖ٤‫ر‬ ‫٣ظؤٍؿق‬ ٚٗ‫كب‬ َ‫آه‬ ٠٘‫رٔؼ‬ ،ٍُٞٛٞ‫ح‬ ‫خُٝش‬
َ٤٣‫ٓؼخ‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬١‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ّ‫أٓخ‬ ٌٕٞ‫ط‬ ‫ٟٓٞٞػ٤ش‬ٖٓ ‫حهظَد‬ ‫ًِٔخ‬ ‫طظِح٣ي‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ‫ٜٓيحه٤ش‬ ٕ‫كب‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬ ،
ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٢‫حُٟٔٞٞػ‬ ‫حُـخٗذ‬‫ُٜخ‬ َٝ‫٣ظؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ٍ‫ُألػٔخ‬ ٚٔ٤٤‫ٝطو‬ٕ‫ح‬ ٖ٤‫طز‬ ‫ُوي‬ .‫ٜٓ٘ـ٤ش‬ ‫ٗوي٣ش‬ ‫كًَش‬ ١‫أ‬
: ٢ٛ ‫ٍث٤ٔ٤ش‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ ‫ػالػش‬ ٠‫طـط‬ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫٣ـذ‬ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ْ‫ػ‬ َ٤ٔ‫ٝحُظل‬ ‫حُٞٛق‬ٖٓ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬
١ٍَٝ٠ُ‫ح‬‫طٔخٗي‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫ٝحًٌَُٝ٤خص‬ ‫حُي٣خؿَحٓخص‬ ّ‫ٝحٓظويح‬ ‫ٝحُظلِ٤الص‬ ‫ٝح٥ٍحء‬ ‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ ًًَ
‫حُٔـخالص‬ ٌٙٛ ٖٓ ًَ ٍِٞ‫ٝطز‬.٢‫حُٜ٘خث‬ ْ٤٤‫حُظو‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ٢ُ‫ٝرخُظخ‬٢ٗ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ٝ‫ح‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫َُِٔ٘ٝع‬‫ٗظ٤ـش‬
‫ٓ٘ط‬٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ َِٔٔ‫حُظ‬ ‫ٌٛح‬ ‫إلطزخع‬ ‫و٤ش‬ٝ .‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫حُٔوظَف‬ ٢‫حُٜٔ٘ـ‬ ٍ‫حإل١خ‬َٜٓ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬٢‫حُؼَر‬ ُْ‫ٝحُؼخ‬
ٖٓ ‫حٓظ٘ظؾ‬ ١ٌُ‫ٝح‬،ٖ٤٤ٓ‫حالٓخ‬ ‫حٌُظخد‬ ٢‫ؿِث‬َ‫أًؼ‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ً‫خ‬٣ٍ‫ٓؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘خهي‬ ٌٕٞ٣ ٕ‫أ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ئًي‬
‫حُ٘وي‬ َٔ‫ُِؼ‬ ٖ٤ٍٓ‫حُٔٔخ‬‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ٍ‫حألػٔخ‬ ‫ُ٘وي‬ ‫ٛالك٤ش‬ ١ْٜ‫ٝ٣ظل‬ ‫أرؼخىٛخ‬ ٌَ‫ر‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ‫٣يٍى‬ ٚٗ‫أل‬ ،
ُ‫ا‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ َٔ‫حُؼ‬ ‫٣وَؽ‬ ‫هالُٜخ‬ ٖٓ ٢‫حُظ‬ ‫حُؼِٔ٤خص‬‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٢‫ٝ٣ؼ‬ ‫حُٞحهغ‬ ٍٝ‫أ‬ ٠‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤٤‫طـ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ىٍٝٛخ‬
‫كُٞ٘خ‬ ٖٓٔ‫ر‬ ٚ٤‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ١ٌُ‫ح‬ ٍ‫حُوي‬ ْ‫ر٘ل‬ ٠٘‫حُٔز‬ ‫رؤىحء‬ ٙ‫ٗوي‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْ‫٣ٜظ‬ ٚٗ‫أ‬ ‫ًٔخ‬ ،٢‫حُوخٍؿ‬ ٌِٚٗٝ َٜٙ‫ظ‬.
١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ١‫حُ٘٘خ‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬ ٕ‫ا‬،٢ٗ‫ٝحُؼَٔح‬٤ٔٛ‫ٝأ‬‫ش‬٣‫ٗوي‬ ‫كًَش‬ ‫ٝؿٞى‬َ‫٣ـؼ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫ش‬
ُ‫ح‬ ّٖٜٓ‫خ‬٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫حُظؤً٤ي‬َٛ‫حُؼ٘خ‬ِ‫ػ‬ َٔ‫طؼ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ٝ ١‫حُ٘وي‬ ٌَ‫حُل‬ ‫ٝط٘ٔ٤ش‬ ‫اػَحء‬ ٠‫ٜٓ٘خ‬‫حُوخػيس‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ‫أٛٔ٤ش‬
‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬ ‫١َ٣ن‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ُِلًَش‬ ‫حُلخًٔش‬ ‫حألىر٤ش‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬ٍ‫ٓـخ‬ ٢‫ك‬ َُ٘٘‫ٝح‬ ‫حُظؤُ٤ق‬
‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫حُٔئُل‬ ٌٙٛ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫حُِـش‬ ّ‫ٝحٓظويح‬ ،‫ٓٔظؼِٔ٤ٜخ‬ ‫ىحثَس‬ ‫حطٔخع‬ ٕ‫ُ٠ٔخ‬ ‫خص‬ٝ .‫حُٔئٓٔخص‬ ٢٤٘٘‫ط‬
‫حُل‬ ًِ‫َٝٓح‬‫ٝٗؼزش‬ ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ًـٔؼ٤ش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫حُلًَش‬ ‫ىكغ‬ ٢‫ك‬ ْٛ‫طٔخ‬ ٢‫حُظ‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ٌَ
ٖ٤ٓ‫حُٜٔ٘ي‬ ‫ٗوخرش‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬،‫ٝحُوخٛش‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ٍٝ‫ٝحُٔؼخ‬ ‫ٝحُٔئطَٔحص‬ ‫حُ٘يٝحص‬ ٖٓ ٍ‫ٝحإلًؼخ‬

199. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
199
‫حُظ٤خٍحص‬ َ‫ٝطلخػ‬ ‫ح٥ٍحء‬ ٍ‫ٝطزخى‬ ‫حالكظٌخى‬ ‫كَٛش‬ ‫ُِ٣خىس‬ ‫حُٜخٓش‬ ‫حَُٔ٘ٝػخص‬ َٝ‫ػ‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ َٙ‫ٝحُل‬
‫ح‬ ‫حُلٌَ٣ش‬‫٣ؼظٔي‬ ٢‫ٛل‬ ‫ٓ٘خم‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُٔوظِلش‬ ‫ُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬َ‫ح٥ه‬ ١‫ٝحَُأ‬ ١‫حَُأ‬ ‫ٓ٘خه٘ش‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬‫ًٌُٝي‬ .‫اٗ٘خء‬
ٖ٤٣ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٛلٞس‬ ٠ُ‫ا‬ ‫رظ٘ظ٤ٜٔخ‬ ‫ٝ٣ؼٜي‬ َ‫أًؼ‬ ٝ‫أ‬ ‫ٓ٘ش‬ ًَ ‫طٔ٘ق‬ ‫َٜٓ٣ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫ؿخثِس‬ٖ٤٤ٔ٣‫ٝحالًخى‬
،‫حُٔـظٔغ‬ ٢ِ‫ٝٓٔؼ‬٠٘‫ٝحُٔز‬ ‫ٝحُزلغ‬ ‫ٝحٌُظخد‬ ١ٍ‫ًخُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫ٓظؼيىس‬ ‫ٓـخالص‬ َٔ٘‫ٝط‬ ‫ٝحٟلش‬ َ٤٣‫ٝرٔؼخ‬
‫حُٔ٘ل‬ٌٝ‫ٝحُٔـالص‬ ‫حألٓزٞػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُٔـالص‬ ‫حُـَحثي‬ ‫ٝهخٛش‬ ّ‫حإلػال‬ َ‫ٝٓخث‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُٔٔخٍٓش‬ ‫ط٘ـ٤غ‬
ٍ‫ٝحالهظ٤خ‬ ‫حُظٌٝم‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫هخىٍس‬ ٍٜٞٔ‫حُـ‬ ٖٓ ‫هخػيس‬ ٖ٣ٌٞ‫ط‬ ٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫٣ٔخػي‬ ‫ٝرٔخ‬ ‫حُٔظوٜٜش‬ ‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬
٠ِ‫ػ‬ ‫ٝهيٍس‬ ً‫ح‬ًٞ‫ٝٗل‬ ً‫ال‬‫ػو‬ ّ‫حُؼخ‬ ١‫َُِأ‬ ‫٣ٜزق‬ ‫ٝرل٤غ‬‫حُٔز٘٤ش‬ ‫حُز٤جش‬ َ٤ٌ٘‫ط‬ ٢‫ك‬ َ‫حُظيه‬.

200. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
211
‫ادلرتارة‬ ‫واهقراءاث‬ ‫ادلراجغ‬
‫انؼطثٛخ‬ ‫انًطاعغ‬
‫انكزت‬
.‫حُٞٛخد‬ ‫ػزي‬ ،١َ٤ُٔٔ‫ح‬2008.)ّ‫حُٔال‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ :‫(حُوخَٛس‬ .‫ٝحُؼٔخٍس‬ ٖ‫حُل‬ ٢‫ك‬ ِ٤‫حُظل‬ ‫اٌٗخُ٤ش‬ .
.ٚ٤‫ٍٝؿ‬ ،١‫ؿخٍٝى‬2003:١ .ٍ‫ػخى‬ ،‫حُؼٞح‬ ‫طَؿٔش‬ .‫حُل٠خٍحص‬ ٍ‫كٞح‬ .5‫ػٞ٣يحص‬ :ٕ‫ُز٘خ‬ ،‫(ر٤َٝص‬ .
. )‫ٝحُطزخػش‬ َُِ٘٘
ٕٞٔ‫طٞٓز‬ َ٤٘٤ٓ-٘‫ٍ٣ظ‬ْ٤ُ‫ا‬ ‫خٍى‬-.٢ٌٔ‫ىحك‬ َ٤‫آٍٝٗل‬1997‫ٓ٤ي‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ : ‫طَؿٔش‬ . ‫حُؼوخكش‬ ‫ٗظَ٣ش‬ .
، ‫ٝح٥ىحد‬ ٕٞ٘‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ُِؼوخكش‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ِْ‫حُٔـ‬ ، ‫حٌُٞ٣ض‬ .١ٝ‫حُٜخ‬‫ػيى‬ / ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫ِِٓٔش‬
223.
.‫ٓلٔي‬ ،‫ػٔخٍس‬1988.)‫حَُ٘ٝم‬ ٍ‫ىح‬ :‫(حُوخَٛس‬ .ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ ّ‫ٜٝٓ٘ي‬ ‫ٓئٍم‬ :‫ٓزخٍى‬ ٢ِ‫ػ‬ .
.‫طٞك٤ن‬ ،‫حُـٞحى‬ ‫ػزي‬1989َٜٓ ..‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ِٞ‫حالٗـ‬ ‫ٌٓظزش‬ .ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬ َٕ‫حُو‬ ٢‫ك‬ ‫حُؼٔخٍس‬
.‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٘٠ش‬ ‫ٌٓظزش‬ .‫حُل٤ال‬ ‫حٗظَحً٤ش‬ )‫طخٍ٣ن‬ ٕٝ‫(ري‬ .‫ٓ٤ي‬ ،ْ٣ًَ
.ٕ‫ٗٞٓخ‬ ‫ٛخٍُي‬ ، ٖ٤‫ٓخٍط‬ َ‫ر٤ظ‬ ْٗ‫ٛخ‬1998‫ػيى‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫ِِٓٔش‬ "‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫"كن‬ .238،
‫ٝح٥ىحد‬ ٕٞ٘‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ُِؼوخكش‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬ ِْ‫حُٔـ‬-.‫حٌُٞ٣ض‬
.‫ٓلٔٞى‬ ‫ٗـ٤ذ‬ ٠ًُ1997‫ٌُِظخد‬ ‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤جش‬ "َٜ‫حُؼ‬ ‫ٓٞحؿٜش‬ ٠‫ك‬ ‫"ػوخكظ٘خ‬ .–
.َٜٓ
.‫ٍٓٞٝى٣لخؽ‬ ‫ك٤ِ٤ذ‬2001ِّٞ‫ُِؼ‬ ‫حُ٘زخد‬ ‫ٓٞٓٞػش‬ ، ‫حُٔ٤ي‬ ٍ‫ًٔخ‬ :‫طَؿٔش‬ "‫"حُؼُٞٔش‬ .–.َٜٓ
َ‫رٞر‬،.ٍٍ‫ًخ‬2001‫حُؼخٓش‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫حُٜ٤جش‬ ،َ٤‫ٓٔظـ‬ ‫أكٔي‬ .‫ى‬ :‫طَؿٔش‬ "َ٠‫أك‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ٖ‫ػ‬ ‫"رلؼخ‬ .
‫ٌُِظخد‬–.َٜٓ
.٠ِ‫ػ‬ َ٤‫ٗز‬2001‫ػيى‬ ‫حُٔؼَكش‬ ُْ‫ػخ‬ ‫ِِٓٔش‬ "‫حُٔؼِٞٓخص‬ َٜ‫ٝػ‬ ‫حُؼَر٤ش‬ ‫"حُؼوخكش‬ .276ِْ‫حُٔـ‬ ،
‫ٝح٥ىحد‬ ٕٞ٘‫ٝحُل‬ ‫ُِؼوخكش‬ ٢٘١ُٞ‫ح‬-.‫حٌُٞ٣ض‬
،٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬.،ٕ‫ػَكخ‬1978 -‫ٗظَ٣خص‬،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ٍَ‫ٓو‬‫حُٔ٘ش‬٠ُٝ‫حأل‬‫ُطِزش‬،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ٍ‫ىح‬‫ٗخكغ‬‫ُِطزخػش‬
،َُ٘٘‫ٝح‬‫حُوخَٛس‬
،٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬،ٕ‫ػَكخ‬1976 -‫ٗظَ٣خص‬،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬(ٍَ‫ٓو‬‫حُٔ٘ش‬‫حُؼخُؼش‬‫ُطِزش‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬)،‫١زؼش‬،‫هخٛش‬ٍ‫ىح‬
‫ٗخكغ‬‫ُِطزخػش‬،َُ٘٘‫ٝح‬‫حُوخَٛس‬.
،٢ٓ‫ٓخ‬،ٕ‫ػَكخ‬‫ػٔخٍس‬َٕ‫حُو‬ٖ٣َ٘‫حُؼ‬‫حُـِء‬،‫حَُحرغ‬ٍ‫ىح‬‫ٗخكغ‬‫ُِطزخػش‬،‫حُوخَٛس‬ ،َُ٘٘‫ٝح‬.1978
‫ٔاالثحبس‬ ‫انطؼبئم‬
‫ػزي‬‫حَُءٝف‬،٢ِ‫ػ‬1991 -‫حُ٘وي‬١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬٢‫ك‬َ٣ٞ‫طط‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬‫ىٍحٓش‬
،‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬‫ٍٓخُش‬،َ٤‫ٓخؿٔظ‬ْٔ‫ه‬‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬،‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬‫ًِ٤ش‬،‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬‫ؿخٓؼش‬،‫حُوخَٛس‬‫حُوخَٛس‬.

201. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
211
،‫ٓلٔي‬‫ٍؿي‬‫ٓل٤ي‬2000 -‫حُ٘وي‬‫ٝحُ٘ظَ٣ش‬٢‫ك‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ٞ‫ٗل‬ٍ‫ا١خ‬َٔ‫ػ‬‫ُ٘وي‬‫ٗظَ٣خص‬‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ّ‫ٝه٤خ‬
‫ىٍؿش‬،‫طؤ٣٤يٛخ‬‫ٍٓخُش‬ٙ‫ىًظٍٞح‬٢‫ك‬،‫حُؼٔخٍس‬ْٔ‫ه‬‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬،‫حُٔؼٔخٍ٣ش‬‫ًِ٤ش‬،‫حُٜ٘يٓش‬‫ؿخٓؼش‬
‫حُوخَٛس‬.
‫انًمبالد‬
‫حُزلَ٣٘٤ش‬ ٢ُٓٞ‫ح‬ ‫ٛل٤لش‬ .١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ .ٍ‫حُـٞى‬ ٖٔ‫ػزيحَُك‬ ‫أكٔي‬-‫حُؼيى‬127-‫حُٔزض‬11َ٣‫٣٘خ‬
2003.
.‫ٍحٗي‬ ُّ‫كخ‬ ،١‫حُ٘ـ٤ي‬2008.٢‫حُؼَر‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬ ‫ٗوي‬.phphttp://omranet.com/vb/index
‫حَُءٝف‬ ‫ػزي‬،.٠ِ‫ػ‬2001، "‫حإلريحػ٤ش‬ ‫ٝحُظٞؿٜخص‬ ‫حُ٘وي٣ش‬ ‫حُو٠خ٣خ‬ : ‫حُٔؼخَٛس‬ ‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ‫"حُؼٔخٍس‬ .
ٞ٣‫ٓخ‬ ‫ػيى‬ ‫حُز٘خء‬ ‫رٔـِش‬ ٍٞ٘٘ٓ ٍ‫ٓوخ‬2001.
‫حَُءٝف‬ ‫ػزي‬،،‫حَُٜٔ٣ش‬ ّ‫حألَٛح‬ ‫ؿَ٣يس‬ "‫حُؼُٞٔش‬ ‫إلٌٗخُ٤ش‬ ‫ٓؼٔخٍ٣ش‬ ‫"ٍإ٣ش‬ .٠ِ‫ػ‬4َ٣َ‫ار‬
2000.
‫حَُءٝف‬ ‫ػزي‬،٠ِ‫ػ‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫ٝكخس‬ ِٕٞ٘‫٣ؼ‬ ٠‫ٓظ‬ ..‫لَحػ٘ش‬
http://www.aecplusm.com/download/201207/pharaohs/pharaohs.htm#.UuoDkefHlvA
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202. ‫والعربٌة‬ ‫المصرٌة‬ ‫الحالة‬
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203. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
213
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204. َٛ‫حُٔؼخ‬ ٕ‫حُؼَٔح‬ َ٣ٞ‫طط‬ ٢‫ك‬ ٍٙٝ‫ٝى‬ ١ٍ‫حُٔؼٔخ‬ ‫حُ٘وي‬
‫طلِ٤ِ٤ش‬ ‫ىٍحٓش‬
‫ادلؤهف‬ ‫مغ‬ ‫هوتىاصن‬
٢َٗٝ‫حالٌُظ‬ ‫حُزَ٣ي‬
alialraouf@yahoo.com
alialraouf@gmail.com
٢‫حالؿظٔخػ‬ َٛ‫حُظٞح‬ ‫ٗزٌخص‬
Facebook: Ali A. Alraouf
‫حُوخٛش‬ ‫حُٔيٝٗش‬
Blog: http://analchemyofarchitecture.blogspot.com/
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