This document is the Indian Standard code for wind load design of buildings and structures. It provides guidance on determining design wind speeds and pressures. The standard has been revised multiple times, with this version from 1987 making changes to the wind speed map, terrain categories, and coefficients for determining wind loads on buildings and individual structural elements. It aims to ensure structural safety of buildings from wind loads while avoiding overdesign. The standard also recommends instrumentation of tall structures to collect wind data to improve future revisions.
The document discusses ACI reinforcement limits for flexural members, including:
- ACI 318-02 provides a unified procedure for reinforced and prestressed concrete design.
- Beams must be designed as either tension-controlled or in the transition between tension and compression-controlled to ensure sufficient under-reinforcement.
- Strength reduction factors vary between 0.81-0.90 for beams depending on reinforcement strain, with more brittle compression-controlled sections having lower factors of 0.70.
The wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to the earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are mainly responsible for convection current either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind while ‘vertical winds’ are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs, which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above the ground. Before BNBC 1993 a simple empirical formula is used to determine wind load which does not consider the effect of surrounding objects and structure height in wind pressure. This shortcoming has been overcome in BNBC 1993 by introducing the concept of exposure category and gust factor. The effect of surrounding objects and the height of structures is further upgraded in the proposed BNBC 2020. This thesis aims the comparison of provisions of wind load analysis given in existing BNBC 1993 to that in proposed BNBC 2020. Both are studied and compared in terms of wind load using parameters termed as Basic wind speed, Height and exposure coefficient, Gust factor, Sustained wind pressure, External pressure coefficient, and Design wind pressure. This study reveals that wind load in urban areas according to BNBC 2020 found considerably higher than BNBC 1993. But wind load in obstructed and unobstructed open terrain type areas according to BNBC 2020 is found significantly lower than BNBC 1993.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, regularity criteria, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for concrete beam, column and shear wall, from EN 1998-1-1 and EN1992-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in concrete frames. It does not cover design rules for steel frames. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
The document describes an upcoming seminar on optimizing the modeling and design of steel structures using the ETABS software. The seminar will cover general modeling techniques, static and dynamic loading, steel frame design, composite beam design, vibration analysis, and pushover analysis. Eight example models will be presented to illustrate skills like modeling curved ramps, shear walls, composite beams, braced frames, and nonlinear dynamic analysis. Attendees will learn how to efficiently model complex steel structures and optimize the design in ETABS.
This document is the Indian Standard code for wind load design of buildings and structures. It provides guidance on determining design wind speeds and pressures. The standard has been revised multiple times, with this version from 1987 making changes to the wind speed map, terrain categories, and coefficients for determining wind loads on buildings and individual structural elements. It aims to ensure structural safety of buildings from wind loads while avoiding overdesign. The standard also recommends instrumentation of tall structures to collect wind data to improve future revisions.
The document discusses ACI reinforcement limits for flexural members, including:
- ACI 318-02 provides a unified procedure for reinforced and prestressed concrete design.
- Beams must be designed as either tension-controlled or in the transition between tension and compression-controlled to ensure sufficient under-reinforcement.
- Strength reduction factors vary between 0.81-0.90 for beams depending on reinforcement strain, with more brittle compression-controlled sections having lower factors of 0.70.
The wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to the earth’s rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The radiation effects are mainly responsible for convection current either upwards or downwards. The wind generally blows horizontal to the ground at high speeds. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small, the term ‘wind’ denotes almost exclusively the horizontal wind while ‘vertical winds’ are always identified as such. The wind speeds are assessed with the aid of anemometers or anemographs, which are installed at meteorological observatories at heights generally varying from 10 to 30 meters above the ground. Before BNBC 1993 a simple empirical formula is used to determine wind load which does not consider the effect of surrounding objects and structure height in wind pressure. This shortcoming has been overcome in BNBC 1993 by introducing the concept of exposure category and gust factor. The effect of surrounding objects and the height of structures is further upgraded in the proposed BNBC 2020. This thesis aims the comparison of provisions of wind load analysis given in existing BNBC 1993 to that in proposed BNBC 2020. Both are studied and compared in terms of wind load using parameters termed as Basic wind speed, Height and exposure coefficient, Gust factor, Sustained wind pressure, External pressure coefficient, and Design wind pressure. This study reveals that wind load in urban areas according to BNBC 2020 found considerably higher than BNBC 1993. But wind load in obstructed and unobstructed open terrain type areas according to BNBC 2020 is found significantly lower than BNBC 1993.
This document provides an overview of modeling a three-story L-shaped concrete building in ETABS. Key steps include generating grids, drawing wall objects to form bays, modeling an elevator core using fine grid snapping, assigning properties like slab thickness and loads, and performing both static and earthquake analysis according to UBC97 code. The example demonstrates ETABS capabilities for integrated object-based modeling of concrete structures with features like automatic load transfer, shear wall design, and modeling of floor diaphragms and cores.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, regularity criteria, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for concrete beam, column and shear wall, from EN 1998-1-1 and EN1992-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in concrete frames. It does not cover design rules for steel frames. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
The document describes an upcoming seminar on optimizing the modeling and design of steel structures using the ETABS software. The seminar will cover general modeling techniques, static and dynamic loading, steel frame design, composite beam design, vibration analysis, and pushover analysis. Eight example models will be presented to illustrate skills like modeling curved ramps, shear walls, composite beams, braced frames, and nonlinear dynamic analysis. Attendees will learn how to efficiently model complex steel structures and optimize the design in ETABS.
1. The document discusses regulations and standards for the design of structural glass, including glass floors, roofs, and overhead glazing.
2. It provides design principles for glass, including that glass is brittle until overloaded, does not fatigue like metals, and suffers from static fatigue from constant loading over time.
3. Methods are presented for calculating and testing glass floors, roofs, and overhead glazing to ensure adequate strength and serviceability based on expected loads and deflections. Standards for glazing thickness, safety glazing, load durations, and more are referenced.
This document discusses free vibration in multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) structural systems. It begins by introducing a simple 2-story shear building model and formulating the equations of motion for the system. It then defines the mass, stiffness, and damping matrices for a general N-story building. The document states that unlike single-degree of freedom systems, the motion of each mass in a MDOF system is not simple harmonic during free vibration. However, if the structure is displaced in one of its natural modes of vibration and released, it will undergo simple harmonic motion while maintaining the initial deflected shape. Natural modes are characteristic deflected shapes that the structure can vibrate in without changing form.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
The document provides a summary of modeling and analyzing slabs in ETABS, including:
1) Common assumptions made in slab modeling such as element type, meshing, shape, and acceptable error.
2) Steps for initial analysis including sketching expected results and comparing total loads.
3) Formulas and coefficients for calculating maximum bending moments in one-way and two-way slabs.
4) A process for designing solid slabs according to Eurocode 2 involving determining reinforcement ratios and areas.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on analyzing structures. It discusses how to determine the internal and external forces acting on trusses, frames, and machines. The objectives are to calculate the forces carried by various structures and determine if they can withstand these forces. It describes analyzing trusses using the method of joints and method of sections. Frames are introduced as structures with multi-force members. The document also distinguishes between determinate and indeterminate structures, with determinate structures having solvable equilibrium equations and indeterminate structures lacking sufficient equations.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
1. The basic principles of prestressing concrete by applying compressive stresses that counteract tensile stresses from loads. This allows for smaller member sizes.
2. The main advantages are smaller sections, reduced deflections, increased spans, and improved durability due to reduced cracking.
3. The two main methods are pre-tensioning, where strands are stressed before casting, and post-tensioning, where strands are tensioned after casting through ducts.
4. Uses include precast beams, slabs, piles, tanks, and bridges constructed with either precast or post-tensioned segments.
The document discusses the different section assignment options for slabs and walls in ETABS - membrane, shell, and plate. Membrane sections have no out-of-plane stiffness and cannot contribute to resisting bending moments, while plate sections have full out-of-plane stiffness but no in-plane stiffness. Shell sections have both. The effects of each assignment are verified in models of a simple slab. Membrane assignment results in zero slab moments and increased beam moments. Shell and plate assignments produce similar results that account for slab contribution, with lower beam moments. Recommendations are provided on appropriate usage of each section type.
This document contains an assignment on analyzing forces in truss structures using the method of joints and method of sections. It provides 10 problems analyzing different truss configurations, requesting the forces in specific members given load and support conditions. The problems include trusses with various spans, loads, and support types, including cantilever trusses.
This document discusses balanced, underreinforced, and overreinforced designs of reinforced concrete beams. It defines balanced design as when the concrete and steel reach their maximum strains simultaneously under the ultimate load. Underreinforced design has less steel than required for balance, causing the steel to yield before the concrete fails. Overreinforced design has more steel than required for balance, meaning the concrete will fail before the steel yields. The document also provides equations to calculate the balanced steel ratio and minimum steel reinforcement requirements.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF G+3 STORIED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING Abhilash Chandra Dey
This document provides an analysis and design summary for a G+3 storied reinforced concrete building project. It outlines the aims, requirements, methodology, codes, and steps used for the structural design. Load combinations are defined according to Indian codes for gravity, seismic, and limit state design. Analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software, including modal analysis and equivalent static analysis. Results such as member forces, reactions, and concrete quantities are presented and compared to hand calculations. The summary provides an overview of the process and outcomes of analyzing and designing the main structural elements of the multi-story building.
The document discusses concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial compressive loads. It summarizes that CFST columns have higher load capacity than hollow steel tubes due to the composite action between steel and concrete. Experimental tests were conducted on circular and square CFST columns with varying concrete grades and heights. The results showed that square CFST columns had higher load capacity than circular columns. Ultimate load also increased with higher concrete grade. Failure modes included local and overall buckling. CFST columns provide advantages like increased strength, reduced construction costs, and improved fire resistance compared to reinforced concrete columns.
Analysis of Truss, There are two major methods of analysis for finding the internal forces in members of a truss; the Method of Joints, which is typically used for the case of creating a truss to handle external loads, and the Method of Sections, which is normally used when dealing modifying the internal members of an existing truss.
Earthquake Load Calculation (base shear method)
The 3-story standard office building is located in Los Angeles situated on stiff soil. The
structure of the building is steel special moment frame. All moment-resisting frames are
located at the perimeter of the building. Determine the earthquake force on each story in
North-South direction.
1. The document discusses fiber modeling approaches for nonlinear modeling of structural components like beams, columns, and shear walls. In the fiber modeling approach, the cross-section is divided into fibers that are assigned uniaxial stress-strain relationships.
2. Material models like the Mander model for concrete and Park model for steel are presented to define the stress-strain relationships in the fibers. Fiber hinges can also be defined to represent coupled axial-flexural behavior.
3. Acceptance criteria like immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention are defined by points on the force-deformation relationship to evaluate performance.
This document provides an overview of STAAD Pro structural analysis software. It discusses the history and introduction of STAAD Pro, the types of structures that can be modeled including buildings, staircases, water tanks, shear walls, and steel structures. The document outlines the STAAD Pro work flow including creating geometry, assigning loads and properties, running analyses, designing structures, and creating reports. It also presents some example student projects modeled in STAAD Pro.
Is code steel structure design civil engineeringsharmajivijay99
This document is the Indian Standard code for general construction using steel structures (IS 800:2007). It provides guidelines and requirements for the design, fabrication, and erection of steel structures. Some key points:
- It outlines the materials, loads, structural analysis methods, limit state design approach, and design of members (tension, compression, bending) and connections.
- Factors like effective length, shear strength, stiffeners, plate girders, and combined forces are addressed.
- Fabrication, erection, inspection, fatigue, durability, fire resistance, and earthquake design are also covered.
- The standard aims to promote safe and economic steel construction in India based on the latest
1. The document discusses regulations and standards for the design of structural glass, including glass floors, roofs, and overhead glazing.
2. It provides design principles for glass, including that glass is brittle until overloaded, does not fatigue like metals, and suffers from static fatigue from constant loading over time.
3. Methods are presented for calculating and testing glass floors, roofs, and overhead glazing to ensure adequate strength and serviceability based on expected loads and deflections. Standards for glazing thickness, safety glazing, load durations, and more are referenced.
This document discusses free vibration in multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) structural systems. It begins by introducing a simple 2-story shear building model and formulating the equations of motion for the system. It then defines the mass, stiffness, and damping matrices for a general N-story building. The document states that unlike single-degree of freedom systems, the motion of each mass in a MDOF system is not simple harmonic during free vibration. However, if the structure is displaced in one of its natural modes of vibration and released, it will undergo simple harmonic motion while maintaining the initial deflected shape. Natural modes are characteristic deflected shapes that the structure can vibrate in without changing form.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
The document provides a summary of modeling and analyzing slabs in ETABS, including:
1) Common assumptions made in slab modeling such as element type, meshing, shape, and acceptable error.
2) Steps for initial analysis including sketching expected results and comparing total loads.
3) Formulas and coefficients for calculating maximum bending moments in one-way and two-way slabs.
4) A process for designing solid slabs according to Eurocode 2 involving determining reinforcement ratios and areas.
Economic Concrete Frame Elements to Eurocode 2Yusuf Yıldız
Eurocode 2'ye göre betonarme çerçeve elemanlarının ekonomik tasarımlarını ele alan dokümanın içerisinde yerinde dökülen, prekast, kompozit, ardgerme kolonlar, kirişler, döşemeler, perdeler ve merdivenlerin tasarımlarına dair bilgiler yer almakta.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on analyzing structures. It discusses how to determine the internal and external forces acting on trusses, frames, and machines. The objectives are to calculate the forces carried by various structures and determine if they can withstand these forces. It describes analyzing trusses using the method of joints and method of sections. Frames are introduced as structures with multi-force members. The document also distinguishes between determinate and indeterminate structures, with determinate structures having solvable equilibrium equations and indeterminate structures lacking sufficient equations.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
1. The basic principles of prestressing concrete by applying compressive stresses that counteract tensile stresses from loads. This allows for smaller member sizes.
2. The main advantages are smaller sections, reduced deflections, increased spans, and improved durability due to reduced cracking.
3. The two main methods are pre-tensioning, where strands are stressed before casting, and post-tensioning, where strands are tensioned after casting through ducts.
4. Uses include precast beams, slabs, piles, tanks, and bridges constructed with either precast or post-tensioned segments.
The document discusses the different section assignment options for slabs and walls in ETABS - membrane, shell, and plate. Membrane sections have no out-of-plane stiffness and cannot contribute to resisting bending moments, while plate sections have full out-of-plane stiffness but no in-plane stiffness. Shell sections have both. The effects of each assignment are verified in models of a simple slab. Membrane assignment results in zero slab moments and increased beam moments. Shell and plate assignments produce similar results that account for slab contribution, with lower beam moments. Recommendations are provided on appropriate usage of each section type.
This document contains an assignment on analyzing forces in truss structures using the method of joints and method of sections. It provides 10 problems analyzing different truss configurations, requesting the forces in specific members given load and support conditions. The problems include trusses with various spans, loads, and support types, including cantilever trusses.
This document discusses balanced, underreinforced, and overreinforced designs of reinforced concrete beams. It defines balanced design as when the concrete and steel reach their maximum strains simultaneously under the ultimate load. Underreinforced design has less steel than required for balance, causing the steel to yield before the concrete fails. Overreinforced design has more steel than required for balance, meaning the concrete will fail before the steel yields. The document also provides equations to calculate the balanced steel ratio and minimum steel reinforcement requirements.
This document provides a tutorial for modeling and analyzing a G+10 reinforced concrete building using the structural analysis software ETABS. It outlines the step-by-step process for creating an ETABS model, including defining materials, sections, geometry, loads, supports, and running the analysis. It also describes how to display and interpret the results tabularly and graphically. The tutorial uses the architectural plans and specifications of the example G+10 building to demonstrate modeling the building, assigning properties, meshing, applying loads, and checking the model before running the analysis in ETABS.
ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF G+3 STORIED REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING Abhilash Chandra Dey
This document provides an analysis and design summary for a G+3 storied reinforced concrete building project. It outlines the aims, requirements, methodology, codes, and steps used for the structural design. Load combinations are defined according to Indian codes for gravity, seismic, and limit state design. Analysis was performed using STAAD Pro software, including modal analysis and equivalent static analysis. Results such as member forces, reactions, and concrete quantities are presented and compared to hand calculations. The summary provides an overview of the process and outcomes of analyzing and designing the main structural elements of the multi-story building.
The document discusses concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial compressive loads. It summarizes that CFST columns have higher load capacity than hollow steel tubes due to the composite action between steel and concrete. Experimental tests were conducted on circular and square CFST columns with varying concrete grades and heights. The results showed that square CFST columns had higher load capacity than circular columns. Ultimate load also increased with higher concrete grade. Failure modes included local and overall buckling. CFST columns provide advantages like increased strength, reduced construction costs, and improved fire resistance compared to reinforced concrete columns.
Analysis of Truss, There are two major methods of analysis for finding the internal forces in members of a truss; the Method of Joints, which is typically used for the case of creating a truss to handle external loads, and the Method of Sections, which is normally used when dealing modifying the internal members of an existing truss.
Earthquake Load Calculation (base shear method)
The 3-story standard office building is located in Los Angeles situated on stiff soil. The
structure of the building is steel special moment frame. All moment-resisting frames are
located at the perimeter of the building. Determine the earthquake force on each story in
North-South direction.
1. The document discusses fiber modeling approaches for nonlinear modeling of structural components like beams, columns, and shear walls. In the fiber modeling approach, the cross-section is divided into fibers that are assigned uniaxial stress-strain relationships.
2. Material models like the Mander model for concrete and Park model for steel are presented to define the stress-strain relationships in the fibers. Fiber hinges can also be defined to represent coupled axial-flexural behavior.
3. Acceptance criteria like immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention are defined by points on the force-deformation relationship to evaluate performance.
This document provides an overview of STAAD Pro structural analysis software. It discusses the history and introduction of STAAD Pro, the types of structures that can be modeled including buildings, staircases, water tanks, shear walls, and steel structures. The document outlines the STAAD Pro work flow including creating geometry, assigning loads and properties, running analyses, designing structures, and creating reports. It also presents some example student projects modeled in STAAD Pro.
Is code steel structure design civil engineeringsharmajivijay99
This document is the Indian Standard code for general construction using steel structures (IS 800:2007). It provides guidelines and requirements for the design, fabrication, and erection of steel structures. Some key points:
- It outlines the materials, loads, structural analysis methods, limit state design approach, and design of members (tension, compression, bending) and connections.
- Factors like effective length, shear strength, stiffeners, plate girders, and combined forces are addressed.
- Fabrication, erection, inspection, fatigue, durability, fire resistance, and earthquake design are also covered.
- The standard aims to promote safe and economic steel construction in India based on the latest