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K-Lab UTokyo
III/GSII
東京⼤学⼤学院学際情報学府 三股猛
しっかり学ぶ数理最適化
第2章︓線形計画
越塚研究室・数理最適化勉強会 – 第1回
2021年04⽉15⽇(⽊)
ダイワユビキタス学術研究館
K-Lab UTokyo
Agenda
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例
2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似
2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解
2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化
2
K-Lab UTokyo
Agenda
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例
2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似
2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解
2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化
3
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
4
線形計画問題とは何か
⽬的関数が線形関数で,全ての制約条件が線形の等式もしくは不等式で与えられる基
本的な最適化問題.
⼤規模な問題例を現実的な計算⼿間で解く効率的なアルゴリズムが開発されている
線形計画問題
線形計画問題の定式化を本章では⾏う
この章では扱わないよ
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
5
線形計画問題の例
最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥#
栄養問題(diet problem)
n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種
類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ
だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか?
1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛
野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗
の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必
要量を𝑏#とすると…
条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!,
𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏",
…
𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$,
𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0
野菜の購⼊量が0以下にならない制約があ
ることに注⽬してほしい.このような条
件を⼀般的にい⾮負制約という
以下のようにまとめて表すことが多い
最⼩化 +
%&!
#
𝑐%𝑥%
条件 +
%&!
#
𝑎'%𝑥% ≥ 𝑏', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚
𝑥% ≥ 0, 𝑗 = 1 … 𝑛.
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
6
線形計画問題の例
最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥#
栄養問題(diet problem)
n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種
類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ
だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか?
1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛
野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗
の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必
要量を𝑏#とすると…
条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!,
𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏",
…
𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$,
𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0
また,⾏列とベクトルを⽤いると…
最⼩化 𝑐(
𝒙
条件
min 𝑐(
𝑥 𝐴𝑥 ≥ 𝑏, 𝑥 ≥ 0}
もしくは
𝑨𝒙 ≥ 𝑏,
𝒙 ≥ 0
𝑨 =
𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝒏
⋮ ⋱ ⋮
𝒂𝒎𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝒎𝒏
∈ ℝ𝒎×𝒏
, 𝒃 =
𝒃𝟏
⋮
𝒃𝒎
∈ ℝ𝒎
𝒄 =
𝒄𝟏
⋮
𝒄𝒏
∈ ℝ𝒏, 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟏
⋮
𝒙𝒏
∈ ℝ𝒏
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
7
線形計画問題の例
最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥#
栄養問題(diet problem)
n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種
類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ
だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか?
1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛
野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗
の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必
要量を𝑏#とすると…
条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!,
𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏",
…
𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$,
𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0
線形計画問題では線形関数のみを⽤いて⽬的関
数と制約条件を表す必要があるため,現実問題
を線形計画問題に定式化するのは難しい
まあでも正確さを犠牲にしたり,変数を追加し
たりすることで線形計画問題に落とし込める
ケースもあるよ(->2.1.3 & 2.1.4)
K-Lab UTokyo
Agenda
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例
2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似
2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解
2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化
8
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例
9
扱う問題の⼀覧
輸送計画問題(transportation problem)
ある企業ではある製品をmヶ所の⼯場からnヶ所の顧客に納⼊している.各⼯場の⽣産量を超えない範
囲で各顧客の需要を満たすように製品を輸送したい.ことのき輸送費の合計を最⼩化するにはどの⼯場
からどれだけの量の製品を輸送すれば良いだろうか?(製品は⼀種類とする)
⽇程計画問題(project scheduling problem)
n個の作業からなるプロジェクトに取り組んでいる.各作業の処理順序を表すネットワーク(DAG)が
与えられ,描く作業は先⾏する作業がすべて完了しない限り開始できない.また,各作業は費⽤を余分
にかければある程度まで処理⽇数を短縮できる.この時,プロジェクト全体をT⽇以内に完了させた上
で費⽤の合計を最⼩化するためには,どうすれば良いだろう?
⽣産計画問題(production planning problem)
ある⼯場ではm種類の原料からn種類の製品を⽣産している.また,顧客の需要と⽣産費が期により変
動するため⼯場の⽣産と倉庫の在庫を組み合わせて顧客に製品を卸している.この時,⽣産費と在庫費
の合計を最⼩化するためには,どの期にどれだけの量の製品を⽣産し,倉庫の在庫で賄えば良いだろう
か?
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
10
輸送計画問題
⼯場𝑖の⽣産量の上限を𝑎#,顧客𝑗の需要量
を𝑏$,⼯場𝑖から顧客𝑗への単位量あたりの
輸送量を変数𝑥#$,輸送費を𝑐#$で表すと右
のように定式化できる.
輸送計画問題(transportation problem)
ある企業ではある製品をmヶ所の⼯場からnヶ所の顧客に納⼊している.各⼯場の⽣産量を超えない範
囲で各顧客の需要を満たすように製品を輸送したい.ことのき輸送費の合計を最⼩化するにはどの⼯場
からどれだけの量の製品を輸送すれば良いだろうか?(製品は⼀種類とする)
最⼩化 +
'&!
$
+
%&!
#
𝑐'%𝑥'%
条件 +
%&!
#
𝑥'% ≤ 𝑎', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚
+
'&!
$
𝑥'% = 𝑏', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛
𝑥'% ≥ 0, 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚, 𝑗 = 1 … 𝑛
1番⽬の条件:⽣産量の上限を𝑎#を超えない
2番⽬の条件:需要とマッチする
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
11
⽇程計画問題
• 作業𝑖の標準の処理⽇数を𝑢',その費⽤を𝑐'と
する.
• 作業𝑖の実際の処理⽇数を変数𝑝'とする
• 作業𝑖を1⽇短縮するとかかる費⽤𝑔'
• 作業𝑖の費⽤は𝑐' + 𝑔'(𝑢' − 𝑝')
• ただし、処理⽇数は𝑙'以下にはならないよ
作業𝑖の開始⽇数を𝑠'で表現すると….
⽇程計画問題(project scheduling problem)
n個の作業からなるプロジェクトに取り組んでいる.各作業の処理順序を表すネットワーク(DAG)が
与えられ,描く作業は先⾏する作業がすべて完了しない限り開始できない.また,各作業は費⽤を余分
にかければある程度まで処理⽇数を短縮できる.この時,プロジェクト全体を𝑇⽇以内に完了させた上
で費⽤の合計を最⼩化するためには,どうすれば良いだろう?
最⼩化 +
'&!
#
𝑐' + 𝑔'(𝑢' − 𝑝')
条件 𝑠' + 𝑝' ≤ 𝑠%, 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛, 𝑖 ≺ 𝑗
• 𝑖 ≺ 𝑗は作業𝑖が作業𝑗に先⾏することを表す
• 1番⽬:作業iの完了⽇はjより早い
• 2番⽬:iの処理⽇数の条件
• 3番⽬:どんな頑張ってもSは0以下にならん
• 4番⽬:開始⽇数+処理にかかる時間 < 全体のお尻
𝑙' ≤ 𝑝' ≤ 𝑢', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛
こんなDAGを考えよう
𝑠! ≥ 0
𝑠' + 𝑝' ≤ 𝑇
K-Lab UTokyo
2.1 線形計画問題の定式化
12
⽣産計画問題
⽣産計画問題(production planning problem)
ある⼯場ではm種類の原料からn種類の製品を⽣産している.また,顧客の需要と⽣産費が期により変
動するため⼯場の⽣産と倉庫の在庫を組み合わせて顧客に製品を卸している.この時,⽣産費と在庫費
の合計を最⼩化するためには,どの期にどれだけの量の製品を⽣産し,倉庫の在庫で賄えば良いだろう
か?
割愛

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しっかり学ぶ数理最適化輪読回・第2章

  • 2. K-Lab UTokyo Agenda 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例 2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似 2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解 2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化 2
  • 3. K-Lab UTokyo Agenda 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例 2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似 2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解 2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化 3
  • 5. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 5 線形計画問題の例 最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥# 栄養問題(diet problem) n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種 類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか? 1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛 野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗 の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必 要量を𝑏#とすると… 条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!, 𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏", … 𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$, 𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0 野菜の購⼊量が0以下にならない制約があ ることに注⽬してほしい.このような条 件を⼀般的にい⾮負制約という 以下のようにまとめて表すことが多い 最⼩化 + %&! # 𝑐%𝑥% 条件 + %&! # 𝑎'%𝑥% ≥ 𝑏', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚 𝑥% ≥ 0, 𝑗 = 1 … 𝑛.
  • 6. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 6 線形計画問題の例 最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥# 栄養問題(diet problem) n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種 類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか? 1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛 野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗 の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必 要量を𝑏#とすると… 条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!, 𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏", … 𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$, 𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0 また,⾏列とベクトルを⽤いると… 最⼩化 𝑐( 𝒙 条件 min 𝑐( 𝑥 𝐴𝑥 ≥ 𝑏, 𝑥 ≥ 0} もしくは 𝑨𝒙 ≥ 𝑏, 𝒙 ≥ 0 𝑨 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝒏 ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 𝒂𝒎𝟏 ⋯ 𝒂𝒎𝒏 ∈ ℝ𝒎×𝒏 , 𝒃 = 𝒃𝟏 ⋮ 𝒃𝒎 ∈ ℝ𝒎 𝒄 = 𝒄𝟏 ⋮ 𝒄𝒏 ∈ ℝ𝒏, 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 ⋮ 𝒙𝒏 ∈ ℝ𝒏
  • 7. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 7 線形計画問題の例 最⼩化 𝑐!𝑥! + 𝑐"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑐#𝑥# 栄養問題(diet problem) n種類の野菜を原料とする野菜ジュースを作ろう.このとき,野菜ジュースに含まれるm種 類の栄養素の必要量を満たしつつ製造に要する原料費を最⼩化するには,どの野菜をどれ だけ購⼊すればいいだろうか? 1, 2, … 𝑗, … ,𝑛 野菜𝑗に含まれる栄養素𝑖の量を𝑎#$,野菜𝑗 の単位量あたりの価格を𝑐$,栄養素𝑖の必 要量を𝑏#とすると… 条件 𝑎!!𝑥! + 𝑎!"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎!#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏!, 𝑎"!𝑥! + 𝑎""𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎"#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏", … 𝑎$!𝑥! + 𝑎$"𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑎$#𝑥# ≥ 𝑏$, 𝑥!, 𝑥", … , 𝑥# ≥ 0 線形計画問題では線形関数のみを⽤いて⽬的関 数と制約条件を表す必要があるため,現実問題 を線形計画問題に定式化するのは難しい まあでも正確さを犠牲にしたり,変数を追加し たりすることで線形計画問題に落とし込める ケースもあるよ(->2.1.3 & 2.1.4)
  • 8. K-Lab UTokyo Agenda 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例 2.1.2 凸な⾮線形関数の近似 2.1.3 連⽴⼀次⽅程式の近似解 2.1.4 ⽐率の最⼩化 8
  • 9. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1.1 線形計画問題の応⽤例 9 扱う問題の⼀覧 輸送計画問題(transportation problem) ある企業ではある製品をmヶ所の⼯場からnヶ所の顧客に納⼊している.各⼯場の⽣産量を超えない範 囲で各顧客の需要を満たすように製品を輸送したい.ことのき輸送費の合計を最⼩化するにはどの⼯場 からどれだけの量の製品を輸送すれば良いだろうか?(製品は⼀種類とする) ⽇程計画問題(project scheduling problem) n個の作業からなるプロジェクトに取り組んでいる.各作業の処理順序を表すネットワーク(DAG)が 与えられ,描く作業は先⾏する作業がすべて完了しない限り開始できない.また,各作業は費⽤を余分 にかければある程度まで処理⽇数を短縮できる.この時,プロジェクト全体をT⽇以内に完了させた上 で費⽤の合計を最⼩化するためには,どうすれば良いだろう? ⽣産計画問題(production planning problem) ある⼯場ではm種類の原料からn種類の製品を⽣産している.また,顧客の需要と⽣産費が期により変 動するため⼯場の⽣産と倉庫の在庫を組み合わせて顧客に製品を卸している.この時,⽣産費と在庫費 の合計を最⼩化するためには,どの期にどれだけの量の製品を⽣産し,倉庫の在庫で賄えば良いだろう か?
  • 10. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 10 輸送計画問題 ⼯場𝑖の⽣産量の上限を𝑎#,顧客𝑗の需要量 を𝑏$,⼯場𝑖から顧客𝑗への単位量あたりの 輸送量を変数𝑥#$,輸送費を𝑐#$で表すと右 のように定式化できる. 輸送計画問題(transportation problem) ある企業ではある製品をmヶ所の⼯場からnヶ所の顧客に納⼊している.各⼯場の⽣産量を超えない範 囲で各顧客の需要を満たすように製品を輸送したい.ことのき輸送費の合計を最⼩化するにはどの⼯場 からどれだけの量の製品を輸送すれば良いだろうか?(製品は⼀種類とする) 最⼩化 + '&! $ + %&! # 𝑐'%𝑥'% 条件 + %&! # 𝑥'% ≤ 𝑎', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚 + '&! $ 𝑥'% = 𝑏', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛 𝑥'% ≥ 0, 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑚, 𝑗 = 1 … 𝑛 1番⽬の条件:⽣産量の上限を𝑎#を超えない 2番⽬の条件:需要とマッチする
  • 11. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 11 ⽇程計画問題 • 作業𝑖の標準の処理⽇数を𝑢',その費⽤を𝑐'と する. • 作業𝑖の実際の処理⽇数を変数𝑝'とする • 作業𝑖を1⽇短縮するとかかる費⽤𝑔' • 作業𝑖の費⽤は𝑐' + 𝑔'(𝑢' − 𝑝') • ただし、処理⽇数は𝑙'以下にはならないよ 作業𝑖の開始⽇数を𝑠'で表現すると…. ⽇程計画問題(project scheduling problem) n個の作業からなるプロジェクトに取り組んでいる.各作業の処理順序を表すネットワーク(DAG)が 与えられ,描く作業は先⾏する作業がすべて完了しない限り開始できない.また,各作業は費⽤を余分 にかければある程度まで処理⽇数を短縮できる.この時,プロジェクト全体を𝑇⽇以内に完了させた上 で費⽤の合計を最⼩化するためには,どうすれば良いだろう? 最⼩化 + '&! # 𝑐' + 𝑔'(𝑢' − 𝑝') 条件 𝑠' + 𝑝' ≤ 𝑠%, 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛, 𝑖 ≺ 𝑗 • 𝑖 ≺ 𝑗は作業𝑖が作業𝑗に先⾏することを表す • 1番⽬:作業iの完了⽇はjより早い • 2番⽬:iの処理⽇数の条件 • 3番⽬:どんな頑張ってもSは0以下にならん • 4番⽬:開始⽇数+処理にかかる時間 < 全体のお尻 𝑙' ≤ 𝑝' ≤ 𝑢', 𝑖 = 1, … 𝑛 こんなDAGを考えよう 𝑠! ≥ 0 𝑠' + 𝑝' ≤ 𝑇
  • 12. K-Lab UTokyo 2.1 線形計画問題の定式化 12 ⽣産計画問題 ⽣産計画問題(production planning problem) ある⼯場ではm種類の原料からn種類の製品を⽣産している.また,顧客の需要と⽣産費が期により変 動するため⼯場の⽣産と倉庫の在庫を組み合わせて顧客に製品を卸している.この時,⽣産費と在庫費 の合計を最⼩化するためには,どの期にどれだけの量の製品を⽣産し,倉庫の在庫で賄えば良いだろう か? 割愛