1. Many physiological changes during pregnancy can affect how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted from the body. This may increase or decrease their effects. 2. Some drugs taken during pregnancy can cause birth defects or other problems in the developing fetus. These are called teratogens and their effects depend on factors like dosage and the stage of pregnancy when exposed. 3. Guidelines categorize drugs into groups from A to X based on their risks during pregnancy, with Category X drugs having the highest risk of teratogenic effects like the drug thalidomide.

1. 1 : F F F 1
F F F
(Drug used in pregnancy and lactation)
. . F
F ˈ F (physiology) F F
(pathology) F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F (physiological change of pregnancy) F
F F F F (absorption) (distribution)
F (metabolism) F (excretion) F F
F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F 3-15 F F F F (heart burn) ˈ
F F F F F F F
(malformation) F F ˈ F ˈ F
F F F F F F
F F
1. (alteration in drug absorption)
1.1
F F pepsin F
mucus F F F
F F F F F (increase gastric
emptying time) F F (metabolism) F F ˈ
(absorption) F
F F F (peak concentration)
F F F
1.2
F F F F F F F F
(tidal volume) F 39% F F F F
halothane, F F F F F F
F F F
1.3
F F F
6 2 F F F F F F F

2. 1 : F F F 2
2. (alteration in drug distribution)
2.1 F
F F F 2
(increase plasma volume) F F F
Vd F F F F
F F ˈ (albumin) F ˈ F
F F (pregnancy-related hypoalbuminemia) F
F F plasma protein binding capacity F F
(free from) (action) F
2.2
F ˈ F ˈ
25% F F Vd F
2.3
F F F F F stroke volume ˈ
F F 1 (cardiac output) F F
F F F
3. F (alteration in drug metabolism)
F (metabolism) F ˈ F F
oxidation, reduction, dealkylation ˈ F ˈ (metabolites) F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F progesterone F metabolizing enzyme
(free from) F F F F
4. F (alteration in drug excretion)
4.1
F (excretion) (metabolites) F F ˈ F F
glomerular filtration, tubular secretion tubular reabsorption F
(renal plasma flow) F F glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
F 50 F F ˆ F (increase renal clearance) F F F
F F F F F F
4.2
F (unionized drug)
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F

3. 1 : F F F 3
1 F
• Gastric emptying time
• Intestinal motility
• Pulmonary function
• Cardiac output
• Blood flow to the skin
• Plasma volume
• Total body water
• Plasma proteins
• Boday fats
F
• Hepatic metabolism
• Extrahepatic metabolism
• Plasma proteins
• Renal blood flow
• Glomerilar filtration rate
• Pulmonary function
• Plasma proteins
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
-
+ -
2. F (drug metabolism)
F ˈ F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F
3. F (drug excretion)
F F F F ˈ
F F F F F F
F (renal blood flow) F 3 (fetal cardiac
output) F F F F F ˆ
F F F F F F F
F F
F ˈ
ˆ F F F F F
F F F ˈ
F F
F F
F
F
F F
F F
F F F
F F F
F F
F F F F
F F
1. (drug distribution)
F F
F F
(total body water) F F
F
F F F F
(free from) F

4. 1 : F F F 4
(Terminology)
Teratogen
Teratogen F Teras, Terat ˈ F F (monster) F
Teratogen F F (critical period) F
(usual pharmacologic dose) F F
F F (embryo) F F F F (congenital malformation)
(teratogenesis) F F
(congenital anormalies) F
terratogenesis F F F
terratogen F F F F (dead fetus in utero), F F F
(intrauterine growth restriction), F F (carconogenesis) F
F (malformation) ˈ F
Congenital malformation
F F F F F
F F (Physical well-being)
Congenital anormalies
F (congenital malformation) F (functional)
F F F F (physical growth retardation) ˆ F
(mental growth retardation) F
F ˈ F
Major congenital anormalies
F F F F ˈ F
ˈ F F F F F F
F F (congenital heart disease)
Minor congenital anormalies
F F F F F
F F ˈ F F
(behavioral disorder) ˆ F (mental retardation) F
F F
F ˈ ˈ F F
F F 2-3 F F ˆ
F F F F F F F
˂ F F F ˁ ˀ F F F
F F F F F ˈ F F ˆ
F F F F

5. 1 : F F F 5
1. F F F ˈ 3 F
1.1 Pre-embryonic period F F 17 ˈ
F F F terratogen ˈ All or None Effect
F F F F F F F F F
ˈ F F F terratogen F
F F F F
2 F F F
-
F
F
18-38
18-40
24-40
24-36
45-90
50-150
1.3 Fetal period F F 56 F F F F
F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F ˈ F F F F
2.
F F F F F
metabolites F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F Thalidomide
F F teratogen F F
(cocaine) F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F ˆ F ˆ (mental retardation) F
(fetal alcohol syndrome) F F F
F (cognitive ability)
Teratogenic agents threshold effect F F threshold F F
F F F F threshold 1 3 F F
50% F F F F
F F F F F
1.2 Embryonic period F
18 55 F F F ˈ
(critical period) F F F
F F
F ˈ F F
F (organogenesis) F
F F
F F F
F F F ( 2)

6. 1 : F F F 6
F F F F F ˈ 3
2.1 F F F ( 3) F ˈ F F
ˈ teratogen F F (teratogenic effect) F
3 F F F
(drugs) (teratogenic effect)
Alcohol Fetal alcohol sysdrome
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Severe neonatal renal insufficiency, Decrease skull ossification
Anticholinergic drugs Neonatal meconium ileus
Androgenic drugs Musculinization of female fetus
Diethyl stilbestrol Adenosis of the vagina of young women exposed in utero
Iodine Fetal thyroid agenesis (when exposed in early gestation)
Goiter, hypothyroidism (when exposed in late gestation)
Isotretinoin
Lithium Ebsteins anomaly of fetal heart, Fetal goiter,
Fetal nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Misoprostol Mobieus sequence
NSAIDs Consrtiction of ductus arteriosus, Necrotizing enterocolitis
Psychoactive drugs (ie.Benzodiazepine,
Barbiturate,Opioid)
Neonatal withdrawal symptom
Tetracycline (especially weeks 24-26) Teeth and bone anomalies
Warfarin Skeletal defect (chondrodysplasia punctata)
Central nervous system defect (mental retardation)
2.2 F F F ( 4) F
F F
4 F F F
(drugs) (teratogenic effect)
Antineoplastic, Cytotoxics Multiple congenital anomalies, Intrauterine growth retardation,
stillbirth, abortion
Paramethadione Multiple congenital anomalies
Sex hormone (ie. Androgen, Estrogen) Increase malformation, Vaginal adenosis, Hypotrophic testis,
Eppididymal cyst
Thalidomide Severe deformity of the limb, Blindness, Deafness, Phocomelia,
Cleft palate, Malformed internal organs
Trimathadione Multiple congenital anomalies

7. 1 : F F F 7
2.3 F F F F F ( 5)
5 F F F
(drugs) (teratogenic effect)
Aminoglycoside Ototoxicity
Anticonvulsant
Carbamazepine and Valproic acid
Phenytoin
Neural tube defect
Central nervous system defect, Growth retardation
Antithyroid drugs (PTU and Methimazole) Neonatal goitor and Hypothyroidism, Aplasia cutis
Chloramphenicol Gray baby syndrome
Corticosteriods Central nervous system defect
Hypoglycemic drugs Neonatal hypoglycemia
Methyldopa Neonatal meconium ileus, Reduced neonatal blood pressure
Propanolol Neonatal hypoglycemia, Neonatal respiratory depression,
Bradycardia
Reserpine Nasal congestion, Lethargy
Sulfonamides Hyperbilirubinemia, Hemolytic anaemia (in G-6-PD deficiency),
Competition of albumin sites-neonatal kernicterus
Thiazide diuretics Neonatal thrombocytopenia (rare)
3.
F F
F F F F F ˈ F F
F
4. F
teratogen F F F F
F F F (valiability in gene expression) F Thalidomide F
25% F F ˈ F
F Teratogen
F ˈ F ˈ Teratogen F F F 1-3
F 1, 2 4 F F F F F F F
1. F F 2 F F
2. F F F (organogenesis) F
3. F F

8. 1 : F F F 8
4. F F (rare environment exposeure) F
F F F F (rare defect)
5. F F ˈ teratogen F
6. ˈ teratogen F
7. F F F F
8. F F
9. F F F F F F
10. F F F F
11. F F F ˈ teratogen (anomaly) F F
F F F F F F F F F ˈ teratogen 6
6 F F F ˈ Teratogen
Aminopterin/Methotrexate
Androgens (ie. Danazol)
ACEIs
Anticonvulsant
Busulfan
Carbamazepine
Cocaine (abuse)
Coumarin derivatives
Cyclophosphamide
Diethylstibestrol
Ethanol (high dose)
Etretinate
Iodides
Isotretionin
Lithium
Live vaccines
Methotrexate
Methyl mercury (organic)
Paramethadione/ Trimethadione
Phenytoin
Polycholinates biphenyls (PCBs)
Tetracycline (esp.weeks 24-26)
Thalidomide
Valproic acid
Vitamin A (>18000 IU/day)
7 F F F F
(drugs) F F ˆ
Diazepam Oral cleft No increase in risk
Oral contraceptive Birth defect
Muculinizing effect of female fetus
No association between first
trimester exposure and malformation
Spermicide Limbs defect, hypospadia No increase in risk
Salicylates Congenital heart disease, Cleft palate No increase in risk
F Thalidomide F F
F F 1960 F (US FDA) F
F F F
F F F F F F ʾ . . 1979 F
F F F F
Teratogenity F F F ˈ 5 F F

9. 1 : F F F 9
Category A ˈ F F F F
F ˈ F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F (multivitamin)
Category B F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F
Category C F F F F F
F F F F F F F F
F F F F F
Category D F F F F F F F F F
ˈ F F F F F F F
F F F F , F (tricyclic
antidepressant)
Category X F F F F F F Thalidomide, DES
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F F F F ˈ
F F F F F F F F F F
ˈ Teratogen F Ethinyl estradiol F F Category X F F F
F F F ˈ Teratogen
F F ˈ F F F F
F F F F F Teratogen F
1.Toxicologic studies ˈ teratogen F (in vitro)
(embryo and organ culture) ˈ teratogen
F ˈ teratogenesis F F F F F
F F F F F F F ˂ (alert)
F F F F
2.Case reports ˈ F F F
ˈ teratogen F F (bias) F F F
F (randomized trials) F F F
F ˈ teratogen F F case report
3.Case-control studies ˈ F F ˈ
F F F F F

10. 1 : F F F 10
F F F F
F F F F (recall bias)
4.Prospective studies ˈ F 2 F F F
F F F F F ˁ F F
F F F F F F F F F F
F ˁ F
5.Historical cohort studies F Prospective cohort studies F F F
( F F ) F F F F
6.Randomised controlled studies ˈ F F F
F F F F F F F F F F F
ˈ teratogen F
F F
F F F ˁ F F F
F
ˈ F F F F F
F F F F ( 8) F F F ˈ 3
1. F F F F (heart burn) F
F
2. F F F F ˆ F
3. F F F F ˈ F F
8 F (drug of choice) F F
F F F F F
Analgesics Acetaminophen Acetaminophen
Anticoagulants Heparin, preferably LMWH Heparin, Warfarin
Anticonvulsants Phenobarbital Carbemazepine, Ethosuximide or
Valproic acid
Antidiabetics Insulin Insulin, Tolbutamide
Antihypertensives Methyldopa ACEI or CCB
Anti-infectives Penicillin, cephalosporin Penicillin, cephalosporin
Corticosteriods Prednisolone Prednisolone
Decongestants Oxymetolazine drops/ spray Oxymetolazine drops/ spray
GI protectants Magnesium hydroxide, Calcium carbonate,
Aluminium hydroxide, Ranitidine, Sucralfate
Sucralfate or Famotidine

11. 1 : F F F 11
Laxatives/Stool softeners Psyllium or docusate Psyllium or docusate

12. 1 : F F F 12
F (nausea, vomiting)
F ˈ F F F ( 80%) F F
F F 4 F
F F F F F Morning
sickness
F F F ˈ F HCG
(Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) F F
F F F F F (electrolyte imbalance),
F F
F F F F
F F F F F
ˈ F
F
F F F F F
F F
F F F F F F F F F F F
ˈ F F F F F 83% F F
F F F F
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) F 6 ˈ ˆ ˈ
F F F 6 50-200 mg F F F F
ˈ 6 F F F F F 2-3 ˈ F 6
F F F F 6 (plasma pyridoxal
5-phosphate, PLP) F F
F F 6
F F F 6 F F F F
(p=0.0008) F F F F F F 6 ˈ
F F
Promethazine 25 Cyclizine ˈ F F F F F F
F F teratogenic F F F F F ˈ
Meclizine ˈ F ˈ F F
F F teratogenic F F
Methoclopamide ˈ F F F F Extrapyramidal side effect F
F F F
Dimenhydrinate, Diphenhydramine ˈ F F F
F F F F F F F ˈ

13. 1 : F F F 13
Ondansetron F F
(heartburn) F F (indigestion)
F F F 70% F F F
F F (relaxation of lower esophageal
sphincter) (increase pressure from
the uterus onto the stomach) F F F
F F
F F F
F
F F (antacid) F
F F F F F F F Sucralfate F
F F F
F F F F F F F
F F
F F F F (indigestion) F F F (flatulance) F
Disfatyl, Simethicone F F
(headache)
F F F F 50 F
F F F (pregnacy category B) F
F (pregnacy category C D F 3 F) ˂
F intracranial hemorrhage bleeding F
F F F F F prostaglandin F F F
F (prolong labor)
F F F F NSAIDs (pregnacy category B D F
3 F) F F F F F
F F ˈ F F F
(migraine) ˈ F F F F F
F F F F NSAIDs F F Triptans (pregnacy
category B) F F F Sumatriptan, Naratriptan, Zolmitriptan,
Rizatriptan, Frovatriptan ˈ F F F F Ergotamine, Dihydroergotamine pregnacy category X
F F F
F ˂ F
F F F F F F F F Beta-blocker Tricyclic antidepressant
F F F F F F F Sodium valproate,

14. 1 : F F F 14
Phenobarbital, Phenytoin (pregnacy category D) F F
F F F F F F F
F (constipation)
F F F F F F 4 F
F (bleeding) F F F F
F F (lower abdominal pain)
F ˈ F ˈ F F F
F (decrease
peristalsis) ˈ F F F ˈ
F progesterone F F F
ˈ F F
F ˆ F F F F F ˆ F F
F F F F F F ˁ
F F ( F 25-30 F ) F F F
F F
F F 10-12 F F ( F ˈ F)
ˈ F F 20-30 F 3 F F
F F F
F 30 F ˈ F
F F F F F F F F
ˈ F F
F ˈ F F
F F F F
F2 F F F
F (bulk laxative) F psyllium, methyl cellulose F
F F F F F F
˂ F F
F F (stool softener) F dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate lactulose
F F F F F
F F F
F
ˈ F F mineral oil
F ano-rectal disorders F
F F F bisacodyl, senna F F
ˈ F F F (odd ratio 0.3, 95% CI 0.14-0.61) F

15. 1 : F F F 15
F F F F F F F ( F senna F
F F F F)
(leg cramps)
F F F F F
(nocturnal leg cramp) F F F F F
F F F F
F quinine ˈ F F F F
quinine F F ˆ F magnesium citrate F
F F magnesium citrate (equivalent to 300 mg magnesium salt) F
(diarrhea) F (abdominal pain) F F
ˈ F
F (Vaginal irritation)
F F Candida albicans Trichomonas
vaginalis F F F F F F F F
F, F (chorioamniotitis), F ,
F F
F F ˈ F ˈ Candida albicans
F imidazole F clotrimazole F F F fluconazole, itraconazole
ˈ F F (pregnacy category C) F F F
Trichomonas vaginalis ˈ F F F F F F
F F ˈ F F F F F ˈ
F F F T.vaginalis
ˈ F F F metronidazole 200 mg 3 7
F F metronidazole ˈ F (carcinogenic) F F
F ˈ F F (mutagenic) F F
metronidazole F F F F F F F F F
metronidazole F F F F F F F
ˆ (urinary tract infection)
F ˆ F F F
ˆ (ureter) F F F ˆ ˆ
F F F F F F F
F ˆ ˈ
• F F F F F F penicillin, cephalosporin nitrofuratoin
• F F trimetroprim cotrimoxazole
• F F F F F tetracyclines, quinolones

16. 1 : F F F 16
(common cold)
F F F F F F F ˈ
F ˈ teratogen F ˈ ˆ F (poly-
pharmacy) F F
F ˆ ˈ F
F F ˈ ˂ F
F F F F F F F ˈ
F F F ˈ F F
F F F ˁ F
F F ˁ ˈ F F F F F (antihistamine) F F F
F F chlorpheniramine tripolidine F F F brompheniramine F
F (birth defect) F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F (retrolental fibroplasia)
F F F F F F F F F F (second generation antihistamine) F
acrivastine, astemizole, azelastine, cetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine terfenadine F
pregnancy category B F F F F F F F ˈ F
F F cetirizine ˈ active metabloite hydroxyzine F
F F (teratogen risk) F terfenadine astemizole F
F F F (cardiovascular effect)
F (decongestants) F F F F
F (clubfoot) (inguinal hernia) F F
ˈ F F F F pseudoephedrine F F
phenylpropranolamine F F (physical deformation) F F F
F
F F dextrometrophan, guifenesin F
F F F F F F F F F F F
F Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAS ( FAS F F F
F (uterine growth restriction), (microencephaly), (micropthalmia),
(abnormal CND development) F F F F )
(hemorrhoids)
F ˈ F F F F F F
F F F F F (increase veneous
pressure) F ˂ F F

17. 1 : F F F 17
F F
F F F ˈ F

18. 1 : F F F 18
(hypertension)
F F(pregnancy-induced hypertension, PIH) F
F ˈ F F
F F F / ˆ
F
F F ˈ ˆ ˈ
F F F F
F F F F 16% F F F F F 40%
F F F ˈ 2
1. Pre-eclampsia F 140/90 mmHg F 20
F F ˆ ( F ˆ (proteinuria) F 300 mg/ 24
ˆ F 100 mg/dL F ˆ 2 F 6 ) / F
(pathologic edema) F F 2.3 / F
2. Eclampsia F ˁ pre-eclampsia F
ˆ pre-eclampsia F F F ˈ ( F 85%), F
, F (multiple gestation), pre-eclampsia , F
ˈ , F ˈ (essential hypertension) F
F
F pre-eclampsia F F prostaglandins
F (thromboxane A2 vs. prostacyclin) F F thromboxane A2
prostacyclin F F PIH prostacyclin F thromboxane A2
vasoconstriction
˂ pre-eclampsia F F F F
Aspirin (60 mg/day) F thromboxane A2 F prostacyclin F F
24-28 F F ˂ pre-eclampsia F F F
F F F F
˂ pre-eclampsia F ˁ , ˂
F F F F F F ,
ˆ 2 / F F ˆ
(diureitcs) 48 5 F F F F F ˁ
F F
Pre-eclampsia F 160/110 F
6 / F F F F ˆ F 4 g/ 24
ˆ F 2+ F (dipstick) / F ,

19. 1 : F F F 19
F (visual disturbance), ˆ F F 400 . . 24 ,
F ˁ F F F magnesium sulfate, IV or IM
4 g loading dose F 1-3 g/hr continuous infusion ˂ F
F F F ˁ F F F
4-7 mEq/L ( F F F 1g, calcium gluconate), F
(patellar reflex), F 10 / ˆ (urine output) F 25 mL/hr
F ˁ ( Systolic pressure F 160 mmHg
Diastolic pressure F 110 mmHg) ˈ F F
F (cerebrovascular accidents) F F Hydralazine, IV
5-10 mg F 5-10 mg 10-20 Diastolic pressure F 110 mmHg
F ˁ F Hydralazine F F (tachycardia) F (flushing)
(headache) (tremor, palpitation) F F F F propranolol
F hydralazine F F F propranolol
Diazoxide F F F F F
F F ,
Latetalol (α- and β- adrenergic blocker) ˈ F hydralazine (Latetalol
F F (tachycardia) F F F
F F hydralazine) F 10-20 mg, IV F 10-30 F F 300 mg
F
F F ˁ F F pre-eclampsia F methyldopa 250 mg
2-3 F F F clonidine hydralazine F F
F methyldopa F F
β- blocker ˈ F F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F F F
( F F ) F F F F 24-72
Calcium channel blocker ˈ F F F F F F
F F nifedipine F F F F F F F F
hypoxia, acidosis (decrease uterine bloood flow)
ACEI ˈ F F F F ˈ teratogen F (congenital
hypocalvaria, renal anomalies, nephrotoxicity, neonatal anuria, oligohydramnios pulmonary hypoplasia)
F F
Diuretics F F F F F F F F F
F F F F

20. 1 : F F F 20
F F thiazide F F F (neonatal hypoglycemia)
F F (electrolytes imbalance) F
(seizure disorder)
F ˈ F F
anticonvulsant F F 2-3 F
F F F F F F F
F F F
F
ˈ F F
ˆ F F F F F F F F
F F F F F F F
F F F ˈ F F F
3% F
F anticonvulsant F folic acid ˈ F
neural tube F ˆ F F folic acid
˂ F F F folic acid
5-10 mg/day
F epoxide ˈ intermediated metabolites
F hydrolyse F epoxide hydrolase F F epoxide hydrolase F
( F ) F F F
F
Phenytoin ˈ F ˈ F Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome
(FHS) F 7-11% F
(mental retardation) F (congenital heart disease) F F F
F F metabolism F F F
(Hemorrhagic disease of New Born: HDN) ˈ F F Vitamin K1 (phytonadione) 0.5-1.0 mg
˂ F
F F Phenytoin (nystagmus) (ataxia) (hirsutism)
(gingival hyperplasia) (megaloblastic anaemia)
F Carbamazepine F F (drowsiness) (ataxia)
(leukopenia) ˈ F (mild hepatotoxicity) F F (facial
dysmorphism) (neural tube defect)
Phenobarbital F F (drowsiness) (ataxia) F
(neonatal withdrawal) F

21. 1 : F F F 21
9 ˆ F F F
F
ˆ - F ˈ
- F
- F
-
(metabolism)
ˆ -
- pKa
-
-
- F
-
ˆ -
- pH F
- GI flora
- GI transient time
- bile salts
pancreatic enzymes
- F F
-
F F
Valproic acid F F (drowsiness) (ataxia) F (alopecia) ˈ
F (hepatotoxicity) F F (facial dysmorphism)
(neural tube defect)
F F
F ˈ F
F F F F
F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F F
F F F F F
F F F
F F F
F , ˈ unionized from F
lipid membrane F F
F , ˈ - F ˈ F F
F , (> 200-300)
F F F
ˈ F
F F
F F F F F
F F F F F F
F F
F F F
chloramphenicol F glucuronide conjugation
F F F
F F F F
F F F AUC
(Area Under the Curve) F F F F
Dinfant (mg/kg/day) = Cmaternal (mg/L) x M/PAUC x Vinfant (L/kg/day)
Dinfant (mg/kg/day) = F
Cmaternal (mg/L) = F F

22. 1 : F F F 22
M/PAUC = F AUC F
Vinfant (L/kg/day) = F ( 0.5 L/kg/day)
F F F F F 10% F F
F F ( 10)
10 F
M/PAUC F F
F
Acetaminophen 0.8 2.9-7.9 F F
Acyclovir ID 1.1 1.2 F F
Amiodarone* ID 37 F F
Amitriptyline 0.83 0.6 0.9 F F
, F
Amoxycillin ID 0.7 F F F
F F F
Amoxycillin/clavulonic acid
Aspirin 0.06 3.2 F
F Reyes syndrome F
Carbamazepine 0.36-0.39 2.8-7.3 F F F
F F
F F
Cephalosporin
- Cefaclor
- Cefalexin
- Cefotaxime
- Ceftriaxone
ID
0.09
ID
0.04
0.7
0.5-1.2
0.3
0.7-4.7
F F
F F 3rd
generation
cephalosporin F
GI flora F F F
Caffeine 0.5 - 0.8 0.6 21.0 F (80-100 )
Chlorpromazine ID 0.2 F , F
F
F F
Cimetidine 1.7 - 5.8 5.4 6.7 F F
F
Ciprofloxacin 2.17 4.8 F F Fluoro
quinolone F F
arthropathies F F
Clarithromycin 0.25 1.8 F F F
F GI flora
Codeine 2.16 6.8 F F
Despiramine ID 0.5 1.0 F F

23. 1 : F F F 23
, F
Digoxin 0.6 - 0.9 2.3 5.6 F F
Domperidone ID 0.05 F F
, F
ID = Insufficient data * = F F F F

24. 1 : F F F 24
10 F ( F )
M/PAUC F F
F
Enalapril 0.02 < 0.1 F F
Ethanol 0.9 3-4 ˈ F
F ˆ
Famotidine 1.5 1.6 F F
Fluconazole 0.75 11 F F
F
Haloperidol ID 0.15 2.0 F F
, F ,
F
Ibuprofen 0 < 0.6 F F
F
Indomethacin 0.37 < 1.0 F F
F 1
Lamotrigine ID 10 - 22 F
F
Loratadine 1.2 0.7 F F
F F
F F
Mefenamic acid ID 0.3 F F
Methadone 0.47 2.2 F F
Metoclopamide ID 4.7 11.3 F ,
Metronidazole 0.9 1.1 0.1 -36.0 F
F F F
F F
Minocycline ID 3.6 F F tetracycline
F ˆ
Morphine 2.46 0.4 F F
Naproxen ID 1.1 F F
Nitrofurantoin ID 0.6 6.0 F ˈ G-6-PD
F F hemolysis
Nortriptyline ID 0.53 F F
F
Nicotine* 2.92 ID F
ID = Insufficient data * = F F F F

25. 1 : F F F 25
10 F ( F )
M/PAUC F F
F
Phenobarbital ID 23 - 156 F F
F
Phenytoin 0.13 -
0.18
3.0 - 7.2 F F F
F F
F F ,
methemoglobinemia
1
Piroxicam ID 5-10 F NSAIDs F F
F F F
Prednisone ID 0.26 F F F 20 mg/day
Propranolol 0.32-0.76 0.2 0.9 F F
Pseudoephedrine 2.5 4.0 F
Quinapril 0.12 1.6 F F
Ranitidine 2.8 5.0 7.8 F F
F F ( F )
Verapamil 0.6 0.14 0.84 F F
Sodium valproate 0.05 1.8 F F (
F F hepatitis)
Sumatriptan 4.1 - 5.7 0.3 6.7 oral bioavaiability F F
F
F F F F F F
F F F
F 8
TMP/SMX 1.26/0.1 3.8-5.5/2-2.5 F
G-6-PD hyperbilirubinemia
Tetracycline 0.58 4.8 F tetracycline F
ˆ
Tripolidine 0.53 0.9 F F
Vigabatin ID < 1 F F F
Warfarin 0 <4.4 F
prothrombin time,PTT
F F F
PTT
F
Zopicone 0.5 4.1 F

26. 1 : F F F 26
12 F F
F F F
Copper 64
Gallium 67
Indium 111
Iodine 123
Iodine 125
Iodine 131
Technetium 99
50
2 F
20
36
12
2-14
15 3
ID = Insufficient data * = F F F F
F ˈ F F
F F F F F F
1. F F ˈ F F F ( 11)
11 F F F F F
Amiodarone
Amphetamine*
Bromocriptine*
Cocaine*
Cyclophosphamide*
Cyclosporine*
Doxorubicin*
Ergotamine*
Heroin*
Isotretinoin
Lithium*
Marijuanna*
Methotrexate*
Nicotine (smoking)*
Phencyclidine*
Phenindione
* American academy of pediatrics statement
2. F F F F F F
3. F F F
F F F F F
4. F F F F ˈ 1 3
F F F F F
F F F F F F F F (short
half-life) F F (nonextended-relesed dosafe from)
5. F F
F F F F F F
6. ˈ F F
F cancer chemotherapy ( 12) F F
F F
7. F F F radioactive compounds ( 12)
F ˈ 4-5 F F
ˈ F F F 98%
8. F F (long pediatric
half life) F Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine
F F F F F F F
9. F
F F F
F

27. 1 : F F F 27
F
1. . F F. : F, , .
. : F F ; 2538. F 49-56.
2. F . F F F . 3
(154422). 2543. F 1-18.
3. F. F . : F, ,
. . : F F ; 2538. F 1-22.
4. F . F F. : F, , .
F F. F 2. : ; 2543. F 345-53.
5. F. F F. : F, ,
. . : F F ; 2538. F 93-110.
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