The document discusses the importance of effective planning and analysis for achieving organizational goals. It emphasizes the need for flexibility in planning processes to adapt to changing circumstances and highlights various approaches and challenges in urban planning. Additionally, it addresses the relationship between planning and socioeconomic development within urban environments.

1. ‫م‬‫ع‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ط‬‫ي‬‫ط‬‫خ‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫ا‬
‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫ر‬
‫عدإد‬‫إ‬:
•‫بدوي‬ ‫إهمي‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫آ‬-‫جحازي‬ ‫إهمي‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫إ‬-‫يناس‬‫إ‬‫محمد‬
•‫إلنيب‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫محد‬‫آ‬-‫ينب‬‫ز‬‫عادل‬-‫سايم‬ ‫سامء‬
•‫محمود‬ ‫هيام‬‫ر‬-‫مؤمن‬‫إوي‬‫ر‬‫إلشع‬–‫بري‬‫رب‬‫إل‬ ‫محمد‬–‫مك‬ ‫يوسف‬‫رم‬‫إف‬‫رش‬‫إ‬ ‫حتت‬:
‫د‬/‫صديق‬ ‫إهمي‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫إ‬

2. ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫تع‬:‫إل‬ ‫معلية‬ ‫هو‬‫تفكري‬
‫تحقي‬‫ل‬ ‫بة‬‫و‬‫إملطل‬ ‫نشطة‬‫إل‬ ‫يف‬‫إلهدف‬ ‫ق‬
‫نشود‬‫مل‬‫إ‬.‫إلت‬‫و‬ ‫إلبحث‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫وهو‬‫حليل‬
‫متع‬‫جم‬ ‫يف‬ ‫تغيري‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إستباق‬‫و‬‫نا‬
‫حلل‬ ‫ا‬ ً‫يض‬‫آ‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫تخدم‬‫يس‬
‫إلعمل‬ ‫هيل‬‫تس‬‫ل‬‫و‬ ‫إملشالكت‬
‫تنبأ‬‫ي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫تنبؤ‬‫ل‬‫اب‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫هل‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫علي‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫مبا‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ه‬
‫متعددة‬ ‫يوهات‬‫ر‬‫سينا‬‫ل‬ ‫تقبل‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬
‫يع‬‫ر‬‫إملشا‬ ‫دإرة‬‫إ‬ ‫نيات‬‫تق‬ ‫مه‬‫آ‬ ‫من‬ ‫إحد‬‫و‬
‫إلوقت‬ ‫دإرة‬‫إ‬‫و‬.
‫للمنظامت‬ ‫بلية‬‫تق‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫الاهدإف‬ ‫حتديد‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫هتدف‬ ‫إلىت‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫الادإ‬ ‫إملهام‬ ‫هو‬
‫وضوح‬ ‫مع‬ ‫لها‬ ‫سري‬ ‫خط‬ ‫ورمس‬ ‫الاهدإف‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫حتديد‬ ‫وطرق‬ ‫إملؤسسات‬‫و‬
‫إملشالك‬‫و‬ ‫إلتطورإت‬‫و‬ ‫تجدإت‬‫إملس‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلعمل‬ ‫إثناء‬ ‫حيدث‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ميكن‬ ‫ملا‬ ‫إلتصور‬
‫إخلسائر‬ ‫إقل‬‫و‬ ‫إملاكسب‬ ‫إكرب‬ ‫تحقيق‬‫ل‬ ‫معها‬ ‫إلتعامل‬‫و‬
‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬

3. ‫هو‬ ‫ما‬
‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫إين؟‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬
‫جيمع‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫هو‬
‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫بني‬
‫إلتخصصات‬
‫إخملتلفة‬
‫إهجة‬‫و‬‫مل‬ ‫حماوةل‬
‫إلتحدايت‬
‫ومعاجلة‬
‫وطرح‬ ‫إملشالكت‬
‫تقب‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫إلرؤاي‬‫لية‬
‫إملاىض‬ ‫يدرس‬
‫يت‬‫و‬ ‫إحلارض‬‫و‬‫نبأ‬
‫تقب‬‫ملس‬‫اب‬‫ل‬
‫م‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫يتعامل‬‫ن‬
‫إم‬‫و‬‫إلع‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫ري‬‫إملتغ‬‫ل‬
‫إحملددإت‬‫و‬ ‫ثرة‬‫ؤ‬‫إمل‬
‫ىف‬ ‫نيات‬‫اك‬‫والام‬
‫ياسات‬‫إلس‬ ‫إطار‬
‫إلقومية‬
‫ص‬ ‫مناسب‬ ‫ماكن‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫هيدف‬‫احل‬
‫طب‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تتفق‬ ‫الانسان‬ ‫حلياة‬‫يعة‬
‫إملتال‬ ‫إلتطور‬ ‫إكب‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫و‬ ‫إحلياة‬‫حق‬
‫لوض‬ ‫إهن‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إلوضع‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلتحول‬‫و‬‫ع‬
‫إفضل‬
•‫يطر‬‫إلس‬‫و‬ ‫تنظمي‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫معلية‬‫عىل‬ ‫ة‬
‫خلل‬ ‫إخملتلفة‬ ‫إت‬‫ري‬‫إملتغ‬‫بيئة‬ ‫ق‬
‫الان‬ ‫حلياة‬ ‫بة‬‫مناس‬ ‫نية‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫مع‬‫سان‬

4. ‫خصائص‬
‫ية‬‫لعمل‬‫إ‬
‫ية‬‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫ية‬‫و‬‫ل‬‫و‬‫آ‬
‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫ية‬‫قع‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫إل‬
‫ية‬‫ل‬‫و‬‫شم‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫يق‬‫س‬‫تن‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫نة‬‫و‬‫إملر‬
‫إم‬‫ز‬‫ل‬‫إل‬

5. ‫ية‬‫لعمل‬‫إ‬ ‫هدإف‬‫آ‬
‫ية‬‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
Market
imperfection
‫عادل‬ ‫سوق‬
Public goods
.‫عامة‬ ‫سلع‬
Externalities
‫كف‬ ‫سلع‬ ‫توفري‬‫ائهتا‬
‫لسلع‬ ‫مشاهبة‬ ‫إقل‬
‫إعىل‬ ‫كفائهتا‬
Distributional
justice
‫إلتو‬ ‫وكفاءة‬ ‫عدإةل‬‫زيع‬
Institutional
change
‫مؤسىس‬ ‫تغيري‬

6. ‫ية‬‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫لعمل‬‫إ‬ ‫إحل‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫إلىت‬ ‫الاهدإف‬ ‫حتديد‬
‫إملنظومة‬ ‫تسعى‬
‫تحقيقها‬‫ل‬
‫تقي‬‫مي‬‫إحل‬ ‫إلوضع‬‫اىل‬
‫نت‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫بة‬‫نس‬‫ل‬‫اب‬‫اجئ‬
‫نشودة‬‫مل‬‫إ‬
‫ملا‬ ‫إضات‬‫رت‬‫إف‬ ‫حتديد‬
‫عليه‬ ‫تكون‬‫س‬
‫بلي‬‫تق‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫إلظروف‬‫ة‬
‫إفضل‬ ‫تبار‬‫خ‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫حتليل‬
‫إلبدإئل‬
‫تق‬‫و‬ ‫إخلطة‬ ‫نفيذ‬‫ت‬‫مي‬
‫نتاجئ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬

8. ‫التخطيط‬ ‫أنواع‬
‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫آ‬
‫ميى‬‫قل‬‫الا‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:‫ختطيط‬‫مناطق‬
‫وظروف‬ ‫إض‬‫ر‬‫إغ‬ ‫جتمعها‬ ‫اكمةل‬
‫مشرتكة‬
‫إلشامل‬ ‫إلقوىم‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:‫إ‬‫ر‬‫د‬‫سة‬
‫الاجامتعي‬ ‫إلساكن‬ ‫حلاةل‬ ‫شامةل‬‫ة‬
‫توز‬‫و‬ ‫يعية‬‫لطب‬‫إ‬ ‫إلبالد‬ ‫وحاةل‬‫يع‬
‫إلقومي‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫والاستامث‬ ‫إرد‬‫و‬‫إمل‬‫ة‬
‫إدلوىل‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:‫لية‬‫و‬‫إدل‬ ‫إلعالقات‬
‫إلبالد‬ ‫بني‬ ‫بط‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫إلىت‬ ‫إلعامة‬ ‫يات‬‫ياس‬‫إلس‬‫و‬
‫إخملتلفة‬(‫إتفاقيات‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫ممثةل‬ ‫تكون‬‫تعاون‬
‫تبادل‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إدلفاع‬ ‫إجتيات‬‫رت‬‫،إس‬ ‫دوىل‬)
‫إىن‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:‫بتوزيع‬ ‫وهيمت‬
‫ن‬‫ت‬ ‫خدمة‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إىض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫تعاملت‬‫إس‬‫ية‬
‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫إمل‬‫و‬ ‫إلطرق‬‫و‬ ‫ابملنطقة‬ ‫خاصة‬
‫إلعام‬ ‫توى‬‫إملس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملناطق‬‫و‬
‫إملدن‬ ‫ختطيط‬:‫إلساكن‬ ‫حاةل‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫تعاملت‬‫الاس‬ ‫توزيع‬‫و‬ ‫الاجامتعية‬
‫إملدينة‬ ‫دإخل‬ ‫إخملتلفة‬

9. ‫المميزة‬ ‫االساسية‬ ‫الصفات‬
‫العمرانى‬ ‫للتخطيط‬
‫المرونة‬
‫قد‬ ‫ما‬ ‫لمجابهة‬
‫من‬ ‫يحدث‬
‫غير‬ ‫تغيرات‬
‫متوقعة‬
‫وريط‬ ‫التفكير‬
‫المشكلة‬
‫بالمستقبل‬
‫التنسيق‬
‫المنهجى‬
‫المنظم‬

10. ‫التخطيط‬
‫العام‬
‫التصميم‬
‫العمرانى‬
‫والتفصيل‬‫ى‬
‫التصميم‬
‫البيئى‬
‫تخطيط‬
‫المشروعات‬
‫مراحل‬ ‫اربع‬ ‫على‬ ‫العمرانى‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫ويتم‬

12. ‫قدميا‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫نيف‬‫تص‬
‫خدلون‬ ‫بن‬‫إ‬ ‫عند‬ ‫ملدينه‬‫إ‬: ‫إل‬‫هو‬ ‫ساس‬
‫ابملدينه‬ ‫إن‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫إتساع‬ ‫مدى‬‫و‬‫إكامتل‬
‫إملدين‬ ‫إء‬‫و‬‫إحت‬‫و‬ ‫تنوعها‬‫و‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫إفق‬‫ر‬‫إمل‬‫عيل‬ ‫ه‬
‫إو‬ ‫إلتحرض‬ ‫مظاهر‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلكثري‬ ‫عىل‬
‫فقد‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫وعىل‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫إلصناعات‬ ‫تعدد‬
‫إىل‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫صنف‬
‫إل‬ ‫مدن‬‫ستبحرة‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫مصار‬
‫إلعامرة‬ ‫يف‬
‫إملتوسطه‬ ‫إملدن‬
‫عند‬ ‫إملدينه‬‫إط‬‫و‬‫إلوط‬: ‫إط‬‫و‬‫إلوط‬ ‫قسم‬
‫إىل‬ ‫مرص‬ ‫يف‬ ‫برشي‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إر‬‫ر‬‫تق‬‫الاس‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫هذإ‬ ‫وعىل‬ ‫يفي‬‫ر‬ ‫إن‬‫ر‬‫ومع‬ ‫حرضي‬ ‫إن‬‫ر‬‫مع‬
‫إىل‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫صنف‬ ‫قد‬
‫بية‬‫ر‬‫إحل‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫دإ‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إلصناع‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلتجا‬ ‫إملدن‬‫ية‬ ‫إلوظائف‬ ‫إملتعددة‬ ‫إملدن‬
‫تجمعات‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬‫ن‬‫تص‬(‫ملدن‬‫إ‬)‫يه‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬

13. ‫ثا‬‫ي‬‫حد‬ ‫نه‬‫ي‬‫ملد‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬‫ن‬‫تص‬:
‫مقومات‬
‫يف‬‫ن‬‫تص‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫إحلديث‬
‫للمدن‬
‫نيف‬‫لتص‬‫إ‬
‫إلوظيفي‬
‫إملوقع‬
‫به‬‫نس‬‫ل‬‫اب‬
‫إلقامئ‬ ‫للمدن‬‫ه‬
‫إلقاعده‬
‫الاقتصادي‬‫ه‬
‫للمدينه‬

14. ‫للمدن‬ ‫لوظيفي‬‫إ‬ ‫نيف‬‫لتص‬‫إ‬:-
‫تك‬ ‫قد‬ ‫ملدينه‬‫اب‬ ‫ية‬‫الاساس‬ ‫لوظيفه‬‫إ‬ ‫لكن‬‫و‬ ‫إكرث‬ ‫إو‬ ‫إحده‬‫و‬ ‫وظيفه‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫إء‬‫و‬‫س‬ ‫ملدن‬‫اب‬ ‫لوظائف‬‫إ‬ ‫إمه‬ ‫إز‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫إ‬ ‫هو‬‫إكرب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ئوهل‬‫مس‬ ‫ون‬
‫ملدينه‬‫اب‬ ‫لعمل‬‫إ‬ ‫بقوة‬ ‫به‬‫نس‬ ‫إكرب‬ ‫يه‬‫لوظيفه‬‫إ‬ ‫بتكل‬ ‫لعامهل‬‫إ‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫إن‬ ‫إو‬ ‫للمدينه‬ ‫عائد‬ ‫إو‬ ‫دخل‬.
‫يف‬‫ن‬‫تص‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫للم‬ ‫يفي‬‫ظ‬‫إلو‬‫دن‬
‫إملدن‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫الادإ‬
‫إملدن‬
‫ية‬‫ع‬‫إدلفا‬
‫إملدن‬
‫ثقافية‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫إملدن‬
‫تاجية‬‫ن‬‫إل‬
‫مدن‬
‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫إمل‬
‫إملدن‬
‫ي‬‫فهي‬‫رت‬‫إل‬‫ة‬
‫ياحة‬‫إلس‬ ‫ومدن‬ ‫إلعطالت‬ ‫قضاء‬ ‫ومدن‬ ‫نتجعات‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫تضم‬ ‫و‬
‫إحلكومية‬ ‫إدإت‬‫ر‬‫الاي‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫إدلخل‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫و‬ ‫إمص‬‫و‬‫إلع‬ ‫مثل‬
‫إلورش‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إليد‬ ‫إحلرف‬ ‫ومدن‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫تضم‬
‫إلفنون‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ومدن‬ ‫إحلج‬ ‫ومدن‬ ‫إدلينية‬ ‫ملدن‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إجلامعات‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫تضم‬ ‫و‬‫يل‬‫و‬‫إلتح‬‫و‬ ‫نتقال‬‫الا‬‫و‬ ‫تودعات‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إخملازن‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫مهنا‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلبح‬ ‫إعد‬‫و‬‫إلق‬ ‫و‬ ‫إحلاميات‬ ‫و‬ ‫إلقالع‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫مثل‬

15. ً‫ا‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫اث‬:‫ثه‬‫ي‬‫إحلد‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫ملاكين‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬‫ن‬‫تص‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:
‫ملدن‬‫إ‬ ‫من‬ ‫ملوقعها‬ ‫وفقا‬ ‫نفه‬‫مص‬ ‫إجلديده‬ ‫متعات‬‫جمل‬‫إ‬ ‫من‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫سه‬‫مخ‬ ‫رصد‬ ‫ميكن‬‫و‬‫ويه‬ ‫مئه‬‫ا‬‫لق‬‫إ‬ ‫لكبريه‬‫إ‬:
‫التصنيف‬
‫للمدن‬ ‫المكاني‬
‫الحديثه‬
‫جديدة‬ ‫مدن‬
‫مدن‬ ‫داخل‬
‫قائمة‬
‫النمو‬ ‫مراكز‬
‫العمراني‬
‫الجديده‬
‫مدن‬
‫ترفيهيه‬
‫جديده‬
‫التجمعات‬
‫القائمه‬
‫بذاتها‬
‫المدن‬
‫التابعه‬
‫قامئة‬ ‫ملدن‬ ‫ية‬‫رض‬‫إحل‬ ‫إحلدود‬ ‫دإخل‬ ‫نيهتا‬‫ت‬ ‫يمت‬ ‫متعات‬‫جم‬
‫فيه‬‫رت‬‫إل‬ ‫إو‬ ‫إلعالج‬ ‫إو‬ ‫ياحه‬‫إلس‬ ‫مهنا‬ ‫إلهدف‬‫و‬‫إلالزمه‬ ‫إخلدمات‬‫و‬ ‫نشطه‬‫الا‬‫و‬ ‫إلعنارص‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫وحتتوي‬ ‫ذإتيا‬ ‫مكتفيه‬ ‫تكون‬‫ل‬‫قامهتا‬.
‫م‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫من‬ ‫يبه‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إنتشا‬ ‫إجلديده‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫إن‬ ‫إكرث‬ ‫يه‬‫رض‬‫ح‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫وإلتحول‬ ‫نو‬‫لل‬ ‫قابهل‬ ‫انئيه‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫يف‬ ‫صغريه‬ ‫متعات‬‫جم‬

16. ‫ثالثا‬:‫الجديده‬‫للمدن‬‫االقتصادي‬‫التصنيف‬:
‫التابعه‬‫واملدن‬‫ذاتيا‬‫املكتفيه‬‫املدن‬‫هما‬‫نوعين‬‫الى‬‫التصنيف‬‫هذا‬‫حيث‬‫من‬‫املدن‬‫تنقسم‬‫ذاتيا‬‫مكتفيه‬‫الغير‬
.
‫الجديده‬‫املدن‬
‫املستقله‬
‫ذات‬‫املكتفيه‬‫يا‬
‫املدن‬
‫الجديده‬
‫املجتمعات‬
‫الجديده‬
‫املدن‬
‫الجديده‬
‫الحجم‬ ‫كبيره‬
‫مدن‬
‫الشركات‬
‫التنميه‬ ‫مدن‬
‫اكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫التنميه‬
‫الريفيه‬
‫املجتمع‬
‫الريفي‬
‫االقتصادي‬
‫اكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫التنميه‬
‫عه‬‫ر‬‫املتسا‬
‫مدينه‬‫أ‬‫فقيه‬
‫ر‬ ‫مدينه‬‫أ‬‫سيه‬
‫يه‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫إقتصاديه‬ ‫إعد‬‫و‬‫ق‬ ‫ذإت‬ ‫جديده‬ ‫نيه‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫مناطق‬
‫إخلاص‬ ‫إلقطاع‬‫و‬ ‫الاهليه‬ ‫إمجلعيات‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫يقام‬ ‫يع‬‫رس‬ ‫منو‬ ‫مركز‬
‫تكون‬ ‫حبيث‬ ‫صغريه‬ ‫كوحدإت‬ ‫إلبناء‬ ‫من‬ ‫متتابع‬ ‫نظام‬‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫إمل‬
‫الارض‬ ‫حتت‬ ‫مجيعها‬ ‫إلنقل‬ ‫بكه‬‫وش‬
‫عاليه‬ ‫كثافه‬ ‫ذإت‬ ‫مدينه‬‫تقلل‬‫و‬‫مفت‬ ‫إء‬‫رض‬‫خ‬ ‫مساحات‬ ‫ترتك‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫يا‬‫إلس‬ ‫تخدإم‬‫إس‬ ‫من‬‫وحه‬
‫إقامهتا‬ ‫يمت‬‫و‬ ‫كبريه‬ ‫ساكن‬ ‫إعدإد‬ ‫ذإت‬ ‫إحلجم‬ ‫كبريه‬ ‫متعات‬‫جم‬‫بعيدإ‬
‫إحلجم‬ ‫كبريه‬ ‫منطقه‬ ‫نيه‬‫لت‬ ‫جديد‬ ‫متع‬‫جم‬
‫تلكفه‬ ‫ابقل‬ ‫يقام‬ ‫متع‬‫جم‬‫عن‬‫ين‬‫ر‬‫مث‬‫ملست‬‫اب‬ ‫إخلاصه‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫للعامل‬ ‫مساكن‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫إدلوهل‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلساكن‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫لعاده‬ ‫جديد‬ ‫إين‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫متع‬‫جمل‬ ‫إه‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫تك‬ ‫هبدف‬ ‫تنشا‬
‫إملناط‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلعديد‬ ‫نيه‬‫ت‬ ‫يف‬ ‫عامه‬ ‫تنجح‬ ‫مدن‬‫عن‬ ‫ق‬
‫معينه‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫يف‬ ‫اكت‬‫رش‬‫إل‬ ‫إقامه‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
‫إحمليطني‬ ‫للساكن‬ ‫معل‬ ‫فرص‬ ‫توفري‬‫و‬ ‫كبري‬ ‫يفي‬‫ر‬ ‫متع‬‫جم‬ ‫نيه‬‫ت‬ ‫بغرض‬ ‫تنشا‬

17. ‫يا‬‫ت‬‫ذإ‬ ‫تفيه‬‫ملك‬‫إ‬ ‫غري‬ ‫تابعه‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إجلديده‬ ‫ملدن‬‫إ‬:
‫ن‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫يضم‬‫و‬ ‫لفعل‬‫اب‬ ‫قامئ‬ ‫متع‬‫جم‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إقتصاديه‬‫و‬ ‫يقيا‬‫زي‬‫ف‬ ‫متد‬‫تع‬ ‫مدن‬‫وع‬5‫ويه‬ ‫تلفه‬‫خم‬ ‫مناط‬‫إ‬
‫إجلديده‬ ‫إملدن‬
‫غري‬ ‫إلتابعه‬
‫ذإت‬ ‫إملكتفيه‬‫يا‬
‫اتبعه‬ ‫مدينه‬
‫مرتو‬ ‫مدينه‬
‫مي‬‫تقس‬
‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬
‫وحدإت‬ ‫نيه‬‫ت‬
‫خمططه‬
‫جديده‬ ‫مدينه‬
‫مدينه‬ ‫دإخل‬
‫قليهل‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫به‬‫نس‬‫و‬ ‫عاليه‬ ‫نيه‬‫اك‬‫س‬ ‫كثافه‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫كبري‬ ‫سكين‬ ‫إمتدإد‬
‫إملدينه‬ ‫تنظمي‬‫ل‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫إف‬‫ر‬‫إط‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫مي‬‫تقس‬‫يكون‬‫و‬ ‫ملساكن‬ ‫ميها‬‫تقس‬ ‫يمت‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫لتنظمي‬ ‫خاضعه‬ ‫غري‬ ‫كبريه‬ ‫إرض‬ ‫قطعه‬‫خدمات‬ ‫هبا‬
‫إجامتعيا‬‫و‬ ‫يئيا‬‫ب‬‫و‬ ‫نيا‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫إملتدهوره‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫وجتديد‬ ‫إحياء‬ ‫بغرض‬ ‫تنشا‬ ‫جديده‬ ‫منطقه‬
‫عامصه‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫ميثل‬‫و‬ ‫عنقوداي‬ ‫شالك‬ ‫يتخذ‬ ‫اتبع‬ ‫متاكمل‬ ‫متع‬‫جم‬

19. ‫الواجب‬ ‫القيم‬
‫في‬ ‫توافرها‬
‫التخطيط‬
‫الحضري‬
‫البيئي‬ ‫القيم‬‫ة‬
‫القيم‬
‫االجتماعية‬
‫الوظيف‬ ‫القيم‬‫ية‬
-‫االقتصادية‬
‫الجمالية‬ ‫القيم‬
‫االستدامة‬
‫كقيمه‬
‫حضارية‬
‫شاملة‬
‫المدن‬ ‫ازدهار‬
‫الحياة‬ ‫وجوده‬
‫علي‬ ‫القدرة‬
‫التحمل‬
‫والتعافي‬

20. ‫للتخطيط‬ ‫الزمني‬ ‫المستوي‬:‫ثالثة‬ ‫الي‬ ‫للتخطيط‬ ‫الزمنية‬ ‫المستويات‬ ‫المخططون‬ ‫يقسم‬
‫مستويات‬
‫قصير‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫المدى‬
‫التخطيط‬
‫المدى‬ ‫متوسط‬
‫التخطيط‬
‫المدى‬ ‫طويل‬
‫س‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫تتعدي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫قصيرة‬ ‫زمنيه‬ ‫بمدة‬ ‫يرتبط‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬‫نة‬
‫المس‬ ‫علي‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫االعالن‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫حكومية‬ ‫مشاريع‬ ‫او‬ ‫برامج‬ ‫تنفيذ‬ ‫هدفها‬ ‫ويكون‬ ‫واحده‬‫توي‬
‫المحلي‬
‫مابين‬ ‫تترواح‬ ‫ما‬ ‫وغالبا‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫او‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫عشر‬ ‫الي‬ ‫المدي‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫الخطط‬ ‫تستغرق‬10-
20‫االقتص‬ ‫لتطور‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫باالتجاهات‬ ‫التنبؤ‬ ‫طبيعة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ماتكون‬ ‫وغالبا‬ ‫سنة‬‫القومي‬ ‫اد‬
‫البعيد‬ ‫المدي‬ ‫في‬
‫يتعلق‬‫اغل‬ ‫وتستخدم‬ ‫وسبعه‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫بين‬ ‫تتراوح‬ ‫زمنية‬ ‫بمدة‬ ‫الغالب‬ ‫في‬‫الدول‬ ‫ب‬
‫ويكون‬ ‫سنوات‬ ‫خمس‬ ‫في‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫الخماسية‬ ‫الخطط‬‫لهذا‬‫النوع‬‫امكانات‬‫معتب‬‫رة‬
‫تنفيذه‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫او‬ ‫اعداده‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬

21. ‫الجغرافي‬ ‫الشمول‬ ‫درجه‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫مستوي‬:
‫مستوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إن‬
‫أو‬ ‫قرية‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬
‫يسمى‬ ‫مدينة‬ "
‫محلى‬ ‫تخطيط‬ " ‫أو‬
‫تفصيلى‬ ‫تخطيط‬ "
‫على‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وإن‬
‫يسمى‬ ‫قرية‬ ‫مستوى‬ "
‫قرى‬ ‫تخطيط‬ "
‫على‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وإن‬
‫يسمى‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫مستوى‬
" ‫تخطيط‬
‫على‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وإذا‬
‫بعينها‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫مستوى‬
‫يسمى‬ " ‫تخطيط‬
‫أقليمى‬ "
‫التخطيط‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
‫الدولة‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫على‬
‫يسمى‬ ‫ككل‬"‫تخطيط‬
‫شامل‬ ‫قومى‬

22. ‫التخطيط‬ ‫مستويات‬
‫القومي‬ ‫التخطيط‬:‫السياسة‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يحدد‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫المرافق‬ ‫و‬ ‫اإلسكان‬ ‫مجاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫للدولة‬ ‫العامة‬
‫الصناعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الترفيه‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعليم‬
‫والزراعة‬...‫إلخ‬
‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬:‫مستوي‬ ‫النوع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يشمل‬
‫ان‬ ‫فيمكن‬ ‫المحلي‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫جغرافي‬
‫محلي‬ ‫مجتمعات‬ ‫عده‬ ‫االقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫يمس‬‫ة‬
‫الب‬ ‫في‬ ‫يتمثل‬ ‫مشترك‬ ‫قاسم‬ ‫بينها‬ ‫ويكون‬‫عد‬
‫في‬ ‫التشابه‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫اساسية‬ ‫كخاصية‬ ‫الخغرافي‬‫طبيعة‬
‫و‬ ‫المجتمعات‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫االنشطة‬‫كل‬
‫يسه‬ ‫حتي‬ ‫اقاليم‬ ‫الي‬ ‫مجالها‬ ‫في‬ ‫تنقسم‬ ‫دولة‬‫ل‬
‫التطوير‬ ‫عملية‬
‫كل‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يرتكز‬ ‫و‬ ‫العمراني‬ ‫التخطيط‬‫من‬
‫عمرانية‬ ‫كوحدات‬ ‫القرية‬ ‫و‬ ‫المدينة‬,‫تؤدي‬ ‫و‬
‫و‬ ‫اجتماعيا‬ ‫و‬ ‫اقتصاديا‬ ‫المستمرة‬ ‫التطورات‬
‫با‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليهما‬ ‫تأثيرات‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تكنولوجيا‬‫لتالي‬
‫مجتمعهما‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫رد‬ ‫يحدث‬(‫مطالب‬ ‫و‬ ‫احتياجات‬
‫مستجدة‬)

23. ‫يت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫دراسات‬‫م‬
‫للتخطيط‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫عادة‬
‫انواع‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫بإجراء‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬
‫المصادر‬ ‫كل‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫من‬
‫اإلقليم‬ ‫تنمية‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬ ‫الالزمة‬
‫كالتالي‬
‫االقتصادية‬ ‫المصادر‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫المصادر‬ ‫دراسة‬
‫االجتماعية‬ ‫المصادر‬ ‫دراسة‬
‫المصادر‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫و‬
‫كذلك‬ ‫و‬ ‫الحالية‬ ‫االجتماعية‬
‫هذه‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫و‬ ‫مستقبال‬ ‫المتوقعة‬
‫اآلتي‬ ‫الدراسة‬
‫ف‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫توضيح‬‫ئات‬
‫المهنة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجنس‬ ‫و‬ ‫السن‬
‫لكل‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫التكوينات‬ ‫دراسة‬
‫ا‬ ‫الزراعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المشتغلين‬ ‫من‬ ‫فئة‬‫و‬
‫غيرها‬
‫تست‬ ‫التي‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫كثافة‬ ‫تحديد‬‫وعبها‬
‫على‬ ‫توزيعهم‬ ‫و‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫االرض‬
‫مدينة‬ ‫او‬ ‫قرية‬ ‫كل‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجال‬
-‫بتنقالت‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫تحديد‬
‫خارجه‬ ‫و‬ ‫االقليم‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫السكان‬(
‫و‬ ‫االقليم‬ ‫في‬ ‫االسكان‬ ‫دراسة‬
‫االجت‬ ‫للتركيب‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫مستوياته‬‫ماعي‬
‫الحضري‬ ‫مراكزه‬ ‫و‬ ‫االقليم‬ ‫لسكان‬‫ة‬
‫الريفية‬ ‫و‬

24. ‫اثلثا‬:‫إملصادر‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫يمت‬ ‫فهيا‬ ‫و‬ ‫الاقتصادية‬‫حتديد‬
‫إحلا‬ ‫الاقتصادية‬ ‫إملصادر‬‫و‬ ‫لية‬
‫تقبال‬‫مس‬ ‫إملتوقعة‬ ‫كذكل‬‫و‬
‫يت‬‫إل‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫تشمل‬
‫مية‬‫ق‬ ‫حتديد‬
‫رض‬‫إل‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫إحملاصيل‬
‫يف‬ ‫إخملتلفة‬
‫منطقة‬ ‫لك‬
‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫إمل‬
‫إلصناعية‬
‫إعها‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫بأ‬
‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫توايت‬‫مس‬
‫و‬ ‫إلفرد‬ ‫دخل‬
‫جور‬‫إل‬
‫مية‬‫لق‬‫إ‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫جيا‬‫إل‬
‫رض‬‫لل‬
‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫إمللكيات‬
‫و‬ ‫إخلاصة‬
‫إلعامة‬
‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬
‫هتالك‬‫س‬‫إل‬
‫سعار‬‫آ‬
‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬
‫إلزرإعية‬
‫إدلورإت‬
‫إلزرإعية‬ (
‫إو‬ ‫ثنائية‬
‫ثالثية‬
‫إلرثوة‬
‫يف‬ ‫نية‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫إحلي‬
‫الاقلمي‬
‫حتديد‬
‫قطاعات‬
‫الاقتصاد‬

25. ‫حت‬ ‫اليت‬ ‫التوجيهات‬‫دد‬
‫املستوى‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬
‫اين‬‫ر‬‫العم‬ ‫التخطيطي‬
‫استعماالت‬
‫االرض‬
‫الكثافات‬
‫السكانية‬
‫تفاعات‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫املباين‬
‫تغطية‬ ‫نسبة‬
‫للمباين‬ ‫األرض‬
‫املوقع‬ ‫ختطيط‬
‫تصميم‬
‫مشروعات‬
‫االساسي‬ ‫البنية‬‫ة‬
‫تصميم‬
‫مشروعات‬
‫العامة‬ ‫اخلدمة‬
‫مشروعات‬
‫اإلسكان‬
‫الطرق‬ ‫شبكات‬
‫الثالث‬ ‫املستوى‬ : ‫اين‬‫ر‬‫العم‬ ‫التخطيط‬

26. ‫لعمر‬‫إ‬ ‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إحل‬‫ر‬‫م‬‫إين‬
•‫يقص‬‫و‬‫إملدينة‬ ‫توى‬‫مس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫يكون‬‫و‬‫به‬ ‫د‬
‫إج‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫يضة‬‫ر‬‫إلع‬ ‫إخلطوط‬ ‫رمس‬‫ه‬
‫نيةموحضة‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫نية‬‫لت‬‫إ‬ ‫معليات‬
‫إضى‬‫ر‬‫لل‬ ‫ية‬‫ئيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫تعاملت‬‫الاس‬‫من‬ ‫ي‬
‫يايح‬‫وس‬ ‫وجتارى‬ ‫سكىن‬ ‫تعامل‬‫إس‬
‫وخدمات‬ ‫يي‬‫هي‬‫ف‬‫ر‬‫وت‬ ‫وصناعي‬
‫هيلكي‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
•‫من‬ ‫جلزء‬ ‫يعد‬ ‫إذلى‬ ‫إلتخطيط‬ ‫وهو‬
‫مرش‬ ‫إعدإد‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫يمت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫إملدينة‬‫وعات‬
‫للمناطق‬ ‫إلتفصييل‬ ‫إلتخطيط‬‫إليت‬
‫إلهيلكي‬ ‫إلتخطيط‬ ‫مهنا‬ ‫يتكون‬‫للمدينة‬
‫إملدي‬ ‫من‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫خيطط‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلق‬ ‫إو‬‫نة‬
‫تفصييل‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
•‫ي‬‫تنس‬ ‫يدرس‬ ‫إذلى‬ ‫إلتصممي‬ ‫وهو‬‫ق‬
‫إ‬ ‫تصممي‬ ‫إملدينةمثل‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إقع‬‫و‬‫إمل‬‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬
‫لرضي‬ ‫تخدمة‬‫إملس‬ ‫إد‬‫و‬‫إمل‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫إملم‬‫ات‬
‫إلتشجري‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬.
‫بييئ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلتصممي‬
•‫يع‬‫ر‬‫للمشا‬ ‫متزي‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلتخطيط‬ ‫وهو‬
‫إملتخصصة‬
‫إملرشوع‬ ‫ختطيط‬

27. ‫طابعها‬ ‫و‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫ارتفاعات‬
‫السكاني‬ ‫وكثافتها‬ ‫المعماري‬‫ة‬
‫الوحدات‬ ‫وعدد‬ ‫والبنائية‬.
‫موقع‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫االسكان‬
‫الت‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫االحياء‬ ‫ونوع‬‫ي‬
‫الكثافة‬ ‫تحقق‬
‫وتتابعها‬ ‫الفراغات‬ ‫تكوين‬‫بين‬
‫االنشطة‬.
‫والمحاور‬ ‫المراكز‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫والصناعية‬ ‫التجارية‬.
‫للمن‬ ‫التفصيلي‬ ‫التخطيط‬‫اطق‬
‫شكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫الخضراء‬
‫اشجار‬ ‫او‬ ‫خضراء‬ ‫مسطحات‬
‫تجميلية‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫اي‬ ‫او‬
‫اخرى‬.
‫و‬ ‫االرض‬ ‫استعماالت‬
‫المباني‬ ‫اشغاالت‬ .
‫ودراسة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫المرورية‬ ‫الحركة‬ .
‫انتظار‬ ‫اماكن‬ ‫وتصميم‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫اعداداها‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫السيارات‬
‫ومستوياتها‬ ‫وانواعها‬
‫وكفاءتها‬
‫السكنية‬ ‫الشوارع‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫من‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫ادنى‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫التي‬
‫المحالت‬ ‫على‬ ‫التخديم‬
‫المشاة‬ ‫ممرات‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫كمحاور‬ ‫والفرعية‬ ‫الرئيسية‬
‫السكان‬ ‫حركة‬ .
‫الخاصة‬ ‫االشتراطات‬
‫التاريخية‬ ‫بالمناطق‬
‫واالثرية‬ ‫.والسياحية‬
‫وتصنف‬‫في‬ ‫التخطيطات‬
‫التفصيلي‬ ‫التخطيط‬‫كما‬‫ي‬‫لي‬:

28. ‫دراسة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الهدف‬‫ت‬‫خ‬‫طيط‬‫المدن‬
‫التعرف‬‫المدن‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫مجال‬ ‫في‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫المحاوالت‬ ‫على‬
‫التعرف‬‫المختلفة‬ ‫العصور‬ ‫في‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫مخططات‬ ‫صاغت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫على‬.
‫انعكاسات‬‫المدن‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫مخططات‬ ‫تشكيل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫تلك‬.
‫معرفة‬‫المختلفة‬ ‫العصور‬ ‫في‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫على‬ ‫طرأت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫التخطيطية‬ ‫التغيرات‬.

29. ‫المدن‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫لدراسة‬ ‫االساسية‬ ‫العناصر‬
‫العناصر‬
‫االساسية‬
‫تخطيط‬ ‫لدراسة‬
‫المدن‬
‫هذه‬ ‫موقع‬
‫الحقبة‬
‫التاريخية‬
‫التاريخ‬ ‫من‬
‫االنساني‬.
‫اهم‬
‫االنجازات‬
‫والخصائص‬
‫االجتماعية‬.
‫نماذج‬
‫لتخطيط‬
‫المدن‬
‫وسماتها‬
‫التخطيطية‬.

30. ‫الكالسيكية‬ ‫ر‬‫العصو‬ ‫مدن‬

31. ‫الفرعوني‬‫العصر‬‫مدن‬
•‫رب‬ُ‫ت‬‫بال‬ ‫النيل‬ ‫نهر‬ ‫وادي‬ ‫َّز‬‫ي‬‫يتم‬‫صبة‬ ِ‫الخ‬ ِ‫ة‬
‫ع‬ ُ‫د‬‫ساع‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫ا‬َّ‫م‬ِ‫م‬ ،‫المعتدل‬ ‫والمناخ‬‫لى‬
‫مراني‬ُ‫ع‬ ٍ‫جتمع‬ُ‫م‬ ِ‫تكوين‬.‫ال‬ ‫وكان‬‫وادي‬
‫والص‬ ‫فالجبال‬ ،‫بالطبيعة‬ ‫ًّا‬‫ي‬‫محم‬‫حراء‬
ِ‫ل‬‫عم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫لمدة‬ ‫أدت‬ ‫والبحار‬
‫إقامة‬ ‫وتعزيز‬ ‫الغزو‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحماية‬
‫المجتمعات‬.

32. ‫ة‬‫شأ‬‫ن‬‫إملدن‬
‫ا‬‫أوال‬ ‫التجمعات‬ ‫نشأت‬
‫الصحراء‬ ‫حافة‬ ‫على‬
‫لتحاشي‬ ‫أمكن‬ ‫كلما‬
‫الفيضان‬ ‫مياه‬
‫أخرى‬ ‫تجمعات‬ ‫نشأت‬ ‫ثم‬
‫وعسكرية‬ ‫سياسية‬ ٍ‫ت‬‫العتبارا‬
‫وواديه‬ ‫النيل‬ ‫دلتا‬ ‫في‬ ‫وغيرها‬
‫الزراعية‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫على‬
‫من‬ ِ‫ارتفاع‬ َ‫ثر‬ِ‫إ‬‫و‬ِ‫ب‬‫سو‬
‫الزراعية‬ ‫األرض‬
‫نت‬ِ‫ف‬ُ‫د‬ ،‫باستمرار‬ٌ‫كثير‬
‫المراكز‬ ‫من‬
‫التي‬ ‫والتجمعات‬
‫بالسك‬ ‫ا‬‫ة‬‫عامر‬ ‫كانت‬‫ان‬
‫دائمة‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫بصف‬.

33. ‫إملد‬ ‫يط‬‫ختط‬‫ن‬‫إلتجمعات‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫إت‬‫رس‬‫إل‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫عرص‬ ‫يف‬
‫بنف‬ ‫سها‬‫نف‬ ‫وحتمك‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫عن‬ ً‫ةل‬‫منفص‬‫سها‬
‫ي‬ِ‫د‬ ٍ‫ساس‬‫آ‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫ُمك‬‫حل‬‫إ‬ ‫قام‬ ،‫مينا‬ ‫إملكل‬ ِ‫مك‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫بدإية‬ ‫ومنذ‬َّ‫مت‬ ‫حيث‬ ٍ‫ي‬‫ين‬
‫يف‬ ‫موضوعة‬ ‫مصاطب‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫ويه‬ ،‫للموىت‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫مدين‬ ‫بناء‬
‫تقاطعة‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫مت‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬ ‫تفصلهم‬ ‫منتظمة‬ ٍ‫صفوف‬
‫سامهو‬ ‫إذلين‬ ‫فيني‬‫ر‬ِ‫حل‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫بيد‬‫للع‬ ٍ‫مدن‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫مت‬ ‫مث‬‫إمات‬‫ر‬‫ه‬‫إل‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إ‬
‫ني‬‫مب‬ ‫خالاي‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫جح‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫ويه‬ ،‫إمللكية‬ ‫بر‬‫ا‬‫ملق‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫ابلطوب‬ ‫ة‬
‫دإ‬ ‫فناء‬ ‫حول‬ ‫تتجمع‬ ،‫إلشمس‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ف‬َّ‫ف‬‫ج‬ُ‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلينء‬‫حيث‬ ،‫خيل‬
‫إجت‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إرعها‬‫و‬‫ش‬ ‫إمتدإد‬‫و‬ ‫ختطيطها‬ ِ‫م‬‫نتظا‬‫اب‬ ‫تتصف‬،‫إلبوصةل‬ ‫اه‬
‫واكهون‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫إلعام‬ ِ‫ي‬‫ل‬‫ت‬ ‫يف‬ ‫بيك‬‫ش‬ ٌ‫ط‬‫ختطي‬ ‫فهناك‬‫إملوىت‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫ويف‬
‫م‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إحلصون‬ ‫ُقام‬‫ت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫إدلفاعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ظهرت‬ ‫كام‬‫دفاعية‬ ‫إقع‬‫و‬
‫ملوك‬ ‫بناها‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫يه‬ ‫إحلصون‬‫و‬ ‫إلقالع‬ ‫شهر‬‫آ‬‫و‬ ،‫متزية‬‫م‬‫إدلوةل‬
‫بة‬‫و‬‫إلن‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلوسطى‬.

34. ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫إلعام‬ ‫تل‬ ‫مدينة‬
‫مدينة‬ ‫طول‬ ‫يبلغ‬‫و‬
‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫إلعام‬ ‫تل‬
9‫عىل‬ ‫كيلومرت‬
‫ل‬ ‫بية‬‫ر‬‫إلغ‬ ‫إلضفة‬‫نيل‬‫ل‬ ‫ثالثة‬ ‫قها‬‫رت‬‫خي‬
‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬
‫و‬ ‫ا‬ًّ‫ي‬‫سب‬‫ن‬ ‫إسعة‬‫و‬‫متتد‬
‫م‬ ‫نيل‬‫لل‬ ً‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ز‬‫إ‬‫و‬ُ‫م‬‫ن‬
‫إجلنوب‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلشامل‬
‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫يتوسطها‬‫و‬
‫إملليك‬
‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫متتد‬‫و‬
،‫تقمي‬‫مس‬ ٍ‫بشلك‬
‫علهيا‬ ‫يتعامد‬‫و‬
‫عرضية‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬
ُ‫ء‬‫حيا‬‫آ‬ ‫تتجمع‬‫و‬
‫إخملتلفة‬ ‫إملدينة‬
‫إلقصور‬ ‫حول‬
‫إملعابد‬‫و‬ ‫إمللكية‬
‫إلرمسية‬ ‫إملباين‬‫و‬
‫إلعظام‬ ‫بيوت‬ ‫تقع‬‫ء‬
‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫عىل‬
‫هبا‬ ‫وحييط‬ ‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬
‫إحلدإئق‬

35. ‫ال‬َّ‫م‬ُ‫ع‬‫إل‬ ‫مدينة‬
‫إلعامر‬ ِ‫ي‬‫ل‬‫بت‬‫نة‬
‫نية‬‫سك‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫تعمر‬‫مس‬
‫عن‬ ‫بعيدة‬ ‫للعامل‬
‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينة‬‫ية‬
‫إلشلك‬ ‫بعة‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫بسور‬ ‫حماطة‬
ِ‫ي‬‫قس‬ُ‫ي‬ ‫حائط‬ ‫هبا‬‫م‬
‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملدينة‬
‫قسمني‬
‫للطبقة‬ ‫ول‬‫إل‬
ًّ‫ي‬‫سب‬‫ن‬ ‫إلعليا‬،‫ا‬
‫للطبقة‬ ‫إلثاين‬‫و‬
‫إلفقرية‬
‫فهيا‬ ‫إلشورإع‬‫و‬
‫إملساكن‬‫و‬ ‫متعامدة‬
‫تشاهبة‬‫م‬

36. ‫خنت‬ ‫نه‬‫ي‬‫مد‬
‫هاوس‬
‫ع‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬‫هد‬
،‫إبعة‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫رسة‬‫إل‬
‫إهجة‬‫و‬‫إل‬ ‫ُقابل‬‫ت‬‫و‬
‫للهرم‬ ‫قية‬‫رش‬‫إل‬
‫وشورإعها‬
‫مية‬‫تق‬‫مس‬
،‫ومتعامدة‬
‫عدة‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫مة‬ َّ‫قس‬ُ‫م‬‫و‬
‫قسام‬‫آ‬
‫هل‬ ‫مهنا‬ ٌ‫لك‬
ِ‫ه‬‫ب‬‫و‬‫ب‬ُ‫ح‬ ‫إمع‬‫و‬‫ص‬
‫ه‬ِ‫ت‬‫تودعا‬‫ومس‬
‫تكون‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫متل‬ ُ‫حي‬
ً‫ة‬‫سكني‬ ً‫ة‬‫مدين‬
‫معل‬ ‫إذلين‬ ‫للعامل‬‫إ‬‫و‬
‫إلهرم‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫يف‬
‫دير‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ق‬
‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬
‫يف‬ ‫قرص‬‫إل‬ ‫غرب‬ ‫بتقع‬
ِ‫ي‬‫ي‬ ُ‫ش‬ ،‫نعزل‬ُ‫م‬ ٍ‫د‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫دَت‬
‫يف‬ ‫إلعاملني‬ ‫ساكن‬‫ل‬
‫إملقابر‬ ‫فة‬‫ر‬‫وزخ‬ ‫بناء‬
‫إمللوك‬ ‫إدى‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫إملوجودة‬
.‫يف‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬‫رسة‬‫إل‬
‫إلـ‬18‫منت‬ ‫لكهنا‬‫و‬ ،
‫خالل‬ ‫إتسعت‬‫و‬
‫رسة‬‫إل‬19‫و‬20
‫خارج‬ ‫إمتدت‬‫و‬‫ل‬
‫صبح‬‫آ‬‫و‬ ،‫إرها‬‫و‬‫س‬‫آ‬
‫من‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلق‬ ‫يسكن‬
‫إلطبقات‬ ‫إدلإخل‬
‫إلعليا‬
‫تسكن‬‫و‬
‫إلطبقات‬
‫يطة‬‫بس‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫إر‬‫و‬‫س‬‫إل‬ ‫خارج‬

37. ‫اكهون‬ ‫مدينة‬
ِ‫لسكن‬ ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬
‫بناء‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إلعاملني‬
‫نورست‬‫س‬ ‫هرم‬
‫إملدي‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫تبلغ‬‫و‬‫نة‬
20ِ‫ي‬‫س‬ُ‫ق‬ ، ً‫فدإان‬‫ت‬َ‫م‬
‫يفصلهام‬ ‫قسمني‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬
‫إلعامل‬ ‫لفصل‬ ‫حائط‬
‫بقتني‬‫ط‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬
‫إملدينة‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫وش‬
‫إلشلك‬ ‫جنية‬‫ر‬‫شط‬
‫إجلهات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫تامتىش‬
‫إلرشق‬ ‫من‬ ‫صلية‬‫إل‬
‫إلشامل‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫للغرب‬
‫للجنوب‬
‫لك‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫ويف‬
‫قناة‬ ‫توجد‬ ‫شارع‬
‫إلعمق‬ ‫قليةل‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫جح‬
‫سعهتا‬55‫مس‬
‫للرصف‬ ‫تعمل‬‫س‬ُ‫ت‬
‫إلصحي‬
‫اكن‬ ‫إملساكن‬ ‫بعض‬‫و‬
‫من‬ ‫مبين‬ ‫سقف‬ ‫لها‬
‫عىل‬ ‫إلينء‬ ‫إلطوب‬
‫قود‬ُ‫ع‬ ‫شلك‬

38. ‫الرافدين‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫مدن‬

39. ‫ع‬ ‫والنبالءوبين‬ ‫الملك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫تام‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫كان‬‫امة‬
‫والنبال‬ ‫الملك‬ ‫معبد‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫فكان‬ ‫والعبيد‬ ‫الشعب‬‫ء‬
‫خاصة‬ ‫وشوارع‬ ‫السفلى‬ ‫بالطبقة‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫ومعبد‬
‫مساكن‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫كما‬ ‫واالحتفاالت‬ ‫والنبالء‬ ‫بالملك‬
‫المدينة‬ ‫اسوار‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫بالعبيد‬ ‫خاصة‬
‫بالمدينة‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫المركز‬
‫وتخطيطها‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫المناطق‬
‫وتحصينها‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫حدود‬
‫والمواصالت‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫تنظيم‬
‫العامة‬ ‫المبانى‬
‫بالمدينة‬ ‫المشهورة‬ ‫المبانى‬
‫اهتمت‬ ‫التى‬ ‫البالد‬ ‫من‬ ‫النهرين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫تعتبر‬
‫ب‬ ‫فتهتم‬ ‫بالدها‬ ‫كل‬ ‫فى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ونجد‬ ‫العمرانى‬ ‫بالشكل‬

40. ‫ين‬‫ر‬‫إلهن‬ ‫بني‬ ‫ما‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ية‬‫ب‬‫شع‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوت‬‫ب‬‫ل‬‫إ‬:
‫ب‬ ‫توى‬‫مس‬ ‫فع‬‫ر‬‫ي‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫صاحبه‬ ‫حياول‬ ‫بيت‬ ‫لك‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬‫يته‬
‫إلعام‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫توى‬‫مس‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إليشء‬ ‫بعض‬.
‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫إحد‬‫و‬ ‫طابق‬ ‫ذإت‬ ‫إضعة‬‫و‬‫مت‬ ‫بيوت‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬
‫.طابقني‬
‫جن‬‫ر‬‫شط‬ ‫ختطيطا‬ ‫اكن‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫ختطيط‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫جند‬‫يا‬
‫متعامدة‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫ي‬‫آ‬
‫ي‬‫ر‬‫بط‬ ‫نية‬‫مب‬ ‫بيوت‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ضيقة‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬‫إئية‬‫و‬‫عش‬ ‫قة‬
‫ما‬ ‫حد‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬.

41. •‫اك‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫إلف‬ ‫هنر‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫اببل‬ ‫تقع‬‫يف‬ ‫مير‬ ‫ن‬
‫إل‬ ‫من‬ ‫قها‬‫رت‬‫خي‬ ‫و‬ ً‫ا‬‫يب‬‫ر‬‫تق‬ ‫وسطها‬‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫شامل‬
‫إجلنوب‬
‫إيف‬‫ر‬‫إجلغ‬ ‫اببل‬ ‫موقع‬
•‫مثل‬ ‫يعية‬‫طب‬ ‫محميات‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫دى‬‫آ‬
‫الاجتاه‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلبحار‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫إجلبال‬‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫ات‬:
-‫و‬ ‫ابخلنادق‬ ‫إحملصنة‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ظهور‬
‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫إلشاهقة‬ ‫إر‬‫و‬‫س‬‫إل‬.-‫إلناحية‬ ‫منو‬
‫إملدينة‬ ‫بدإخل‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلعسك‬.-‫إملكل‬ ‫قرص‬
‫إلغزوإت‬ ‫من‬ ‫حامية‬ ‫إر‬‫و‬‫س‬‫ابل‬ ‫حماط‬ ‫اكن‬.
‫يعية‬‫لطب‬‫إ‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬
•‫بتع‬ ‫إلقدمي‬ ‫إيق‬‫ر‬‫إلع‬ ‫إدلين‬ ‫هتر‬‫إش‬‫و‬ ‫لهة‬‫آ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫دد‬
‫إملعا‬ ‫نتشار‬‫إ‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫دى‬‫آ‬ ‫مما‬ ‫إملعبودإت‬‫بد‬
‫مثل‬ ‫خفامة‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫عطى‬‫فأ‬:‫ع‬ ‫معبد‬‫تار‬‫ش‬
‫إحلرب‬ ‫و‬ ‫إحلب‬ ‫لهة‬‫آ‬‫آ‬ ‫هو‬ ‫و‬
‫إدلينية‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬
•‫إلقائد‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫مام‬‫آ‬ ‫كبري‬ ‫سوق‬ ‫نشاء‬‫إ‬.‫و‬‫جود‬
‫إملدين‬ ‫إر‬‫و‬‫س‬‫آ‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫إلزرإعية‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫إملدين‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إحلبوب‬ ‫ين‬‫ز‬‫خت‬ ‫مناطق‬‫ة‬
‫الاقتصادية‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬
•-‫إلطب‬ ‫عىل‬‫آ‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫و‬ ‫إلطبقية‬ ‫ظهور‬‫قات‬
‫إملد‬ ‫ختطيط‬ ‫و‬ ‫إحلامكة‬ ‫إلطبقة‬ ‫يه‬‫ينة‬
‫للتعارف‬ ‫و‬‫آ‬ ‫للتاليق‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫بدون‬
‫الاجامتعية‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬
•‫إدلو‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫ةل‬,‫اكن‬
‫جي‬ ‫لها‬ ‫اكن‬ ‫و‬ ‫حكومهتا‬ ‫و‬ ‫مليكها‬ ‫لها‬‫ش‬
‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫ذكل‬ ‫دى‬‫آ‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫خاص‬:
•-‫اك‬ ‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫دإخل‬ ‫إملكل‬ ‫قرص‬ ‫وجود‬‫ن‬
‫سو‬‫آ‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫اكن‬ ‫و‬ ً‫إ‬‫جد‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫نة‬‫اك‬‫م‬ ‫هل‬‫إر‬
‫حتيط‬
‫ية‬‫ياس‬‫إلس‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬

44. ‫الجغرافى‬ ‫نيبور‬ ‫موقع‬:‫اليمني‬ ‫الضفه‬ ‫علي‬ ‫تقع‬‫من‬
‫الفرات‬ ‫مجري‬
‫المناخ‬ ‫عامل‬:
‫ق‬ ‫المفاجأة‬ ‫الفيضانات‬ ‫وحدوث‬ ‫المناخ‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫بسبب‬‫امت‬
‫و‬ ‫المد‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫من‬ ‫للحماية‬ ‫ترابيه‬ ‫تله‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫المدينة‬‫قت‬
‫الفيضانات‬
‫الدينى‬ ‫العامل‬:
‫زاقورة‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫كان‬ ‫االلهة‬ ‫تعدد‬ ‫بسبب‬(‫معبد‬)‫تت‬‫باهى‬
‫المدينة‬ ‫فى‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫وكانت‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫باقى‬ ‫أمام‬ ‫بها‬
‫المعابد‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫تقام‬ ‫المقدس‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫حرم‬ ‫يسمى‬ ‫مكان‬
‫الكبرى‬

46. ‫يط‬‫ختط‬
‫ور‬‫آ‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫مد‬
‫ي‬‫و‬‫بيضا‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫ة‬
‫إلشلك‬
‫حييط‬ ‫اكن‬
‫سور‬ ‫ابملدينة‬
‫مزدوج‬
‫إق‬‫ز‬‫إل‬ ‫يضم‬ ‫اكن‬‫ورة‬
‫إبط‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫ميثل‬‫و‬‫بني‬ ‫ة‬
‫إلشعب‬‫و‬ ‫إلسامء‬

48. Greekcities ‫دن‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ق‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫غ‬‫لإ‬‫ا‬.
‫إل‬ ‫ند‬‫ع‬ ‫ية‬‫ع‬‫الاجامت‬ ‫ياة‬‫حل‬‫إ‬‫يق‬‫ر‬‫غ‬
‫إلعشرية‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫متد‬‫تع‬ ‫إئل‬‫و‬‫الا‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫الاغ‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الاجامتعية‬ ‫إحلياة‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬.‫مقدس‬ ‫ملكل‬ ‫عقيدهتم‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫ومل‬.‫إلناس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫يطرة‬‫س‬ ‫للكهنة‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫ومل‬.
‫مصاحل‬ ‫ورعاية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ئون‬‫ش‬ ‫يف‬‫رص‬‫ت‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إ‬‫و‬‫ك‬‫رت‬‫يش‬‫و‬ ‫ابلولء‬ ‫ساكهنا‬ ‫لها‬ ‫يدين‬ ‫ية‬‫ياس‬‫س‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫لك‬ ‫صبحت‬‫آ‬ ‫جتاراي‬ ‫إزدهارها‬‫و‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫ومع‬‫هم‬.‫الاقت‬ ‫إحلياة‬ ‫متركزت‬‫و‬‫قلب‬ ‫يف‬ ‫والاجامتعية‬ ‫ية‬‫ياس‬‫إلس‬‫و‬ ‫صادية‬
‫الاجورإ‬ ‫ومسوها‬ ‫خططوها‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫إملدينة‬.
‫خيي‬‫ر‬‫تا‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إجلزء‬.
‫عام‬ ‫إدلوريون‬ ‫من‬ ‫نيون‬‫و‬‫الاي‬ ‫مية‬‫ز‬‫ه‬ ‫بعد‬1000‫ق‬.‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إسلوهبم‬‫و‬ ‫إحلجر‬‫و‬ ‫ابلطوب‬ ‫بناء‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫مهنا‬ ‫إ‬‫و‬‫تبس‬‫ق‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫يتوس‬‫ميل‬ ‫و‬ ‫إفيسوس‬ ‫إلصغرى‬ ‫يا‬‫إس‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫نيون‬‫و‬‫الاي‬ ‫هرب‬ ‫طروإدة‬ ‫حرب‬ ‫يف‬ ‫م‬‫بيك‬‫إلش‬ ‫تخطيط‬
‫للمدن‬.‫يت‬‫ر‬‫ك‬ ‫يرة‬‫ز‬‫ج‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مرص‬ ‫حبضارة‬ ‫اتثروإ‬ ‫إدلوريون‬ ‫إما‬.
‫عام‬ ‫ومنذ‬7000‫ق‬.‫إثينا‬ ‫وخاصة‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫الاغ‬ ‫بالد‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫نيون‬‫و‬‫الاي‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلكثري‬ ‫وعاد‬ ‫يلتني‬‫لقب‬‫إ‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إج‬‫زت‬‫الام‬ ‫بدآ‬ ‫م‬.
‫عام‬ ‫ويف‬332‫ق‬.‫إلتجاري‬ ‫ابلزدهار‬ ‫متزي‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫إلهليين‬ ‫إلعرص‬ ‫بدآ‬ ‫م‬.

49. ‫إل‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫نيف‬‫تص‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫غ‬‫ق‬
‫وىل‬‫إل‬ ‫إملرحةل‬(‫هيبودإموس‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫ما‬)
‫إدلوريون‬ ‫إة‬‫ز‬‫إلغ‬ ‫إسسها‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫يه‬
‫مق‬ ‫يف‬ ‫تفعة‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫إقع‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫نيون‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫إل‬‫و‬‫م‬
‫إملدي‬ ‫ي‬‫آ‬ ‫كروبول‬‫آ‬ ‫علهيا‬ ‫طلق‬‫آ‬‫و‬ ‫إجلبال‬‫نة‬
‫يف‬ ‫وحصون‬ ‫مكدن‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫و‬ ‫إلعليا‬
‫إل‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إمتدإد‬ ‫لها‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مث‬ ‫إلوقت‬ ‫نفس‬‫سفح‬
‫دفاعية‬ ‫إر‬‫و‬‫س‬‫بأ‬ ‫حيطت‬‫آ‬‫و‬
‫نية‬‫ا‬‫إلث‬ ‫إملرحةل‬(‫هيبودإموس‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ما‬)
‫بعد‬500‫ق‬.‫إملهندس‬ ‫إخرتع‬ ‫م‬
‫إملنت‬ ‫بيك‬‫إلش‬ ‫إلتخطيط‬ ‫هيبودإموس‬‫ظم‬
‫اببل‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫حبضا‬ ‫ثرمه‬‫تأ‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نتج‬ ‫إذلي‬
‫إلصغرى‬ ‫يا‬‫س‬‫آ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫شور‬‫آ‬‫و‬.

50. ‫المدينة‬ ‫قلب‬(‫االجورا‬:)-
‫او‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫او‬ ‫ميدان‬
‫للمشاة‬ ‫مخصصة‬ ‫مستطيلة‬
‫مسقوفة‬ ‫ممرات‬ ‫بها‬ ‫يحيط‬
‫وحولها‬ ‫السوق‬ ‫وبها‬
‫والمسارح‬ ‫سائارالمباني‬
‫الشوارع‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫تنتهي‬ ‫وكانت‬
‫حركة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التداخل‬ ‫لمنع‬
‫المشاه‬
‫الشوارع‬:-‫لها‬ ‫متعامدة‬ ‫شبكية‬
‫غير‬ ‫متعامدين‬ ‫محورين‬
‫من‬ ‫وأعرض‬ ‫لها‬ ‫منصفين‬
‫وغالبا‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫شوارع‬ ‫باقي‬
‫عند‬ ‫االجورا‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫ما‬
‫تقاطعهما‬.
‫المساكن‬:-
_‫تتميز‬ ‫بسيطة‬ ‫مساكن‬
‫الكاملة‬ ‫بالخصوصية‬.
_‫بدون‬ ‫داخلي‬ ‫فناء‬ ‫حول‬ ‫تبنى‬
‫سوى‬ ‫الشارع‬ ‫على‬ ‫فتحات‬
‫المدخل‬.
_‫صغير‬ ‫مذبح‬ ‫بالمسكن‬ ‫يوجد‬
.
_‫كبيرة‬ ‫فروق‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫تكن‬ ‫لم‬
‫المدينة‬ ‫مساكن‬ ‫بين‬.
‫المدينة‬ ‫سور‬:-
‫وعلى‬ ‫لحمايتها‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫يحيط‬
‫الشبكي‬ ‫التحطيط‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرغم‬
‫مع‬ ‫يتالئم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫انه‬ ‫اال‬ ‫المتعامد‬
‫الموقع‬ ‫طبوغرافية‬.
‫االغريقية‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫معالم‬:-

51. Agora
Stoa
Acropolis

52. ‫االغريقية‬ ‫الحضارة‬ ‫مدن‬:-
TROY KNOSSES PRIENE
.(‫)أثينا‬ ‫ثانيا‬:-‫العواصم‬ ‫مدن‬ MILETUS
‫أوال‬:‫مدن‬‫القصور‬
_‫للمدينة‬ ‫االصلي‬ ‫النموذج‬ ‫تعتبر‬
‫االغريقية‬.
_‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫التالل‬ ‫بجانب‬ ‫وجد‬
‫والهياكل‬ ‫التذكارية‬ ‫النصب‬
‫المقدسة‬
‫المباني‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫الى‬ ‫ادت‬ ‫التي‬
‫منتظم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫بشكل‬.
‫ثالثا‬:-‫المستعمرات‬ ‫مدن‬

53. ‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫رو‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫دن‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬(.‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫رو‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ة‬‫ي‬‫ن‬‫د‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫ح‬‫م‬‫لا‬‫م‬)
_‫االيطال‬ ‫الجزيرة‬ ‫شبه‬ ‫الى‬ ‫االولى‬ ‫هجرتهم‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫اليونانيون‬ ‫أقامها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫بتخطيط‬ ‫الرومان‬ ‫تأثر‬‫بين‬ ‫فمزجوا‬ ‫ية‬
‫لقراهم‬ ‫منتظمة‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫واألنماط‬ ‫اليونانية‬ ‫الهلينية‬ ‫التكوينات‬.
_‫فعل‬ ‫كما‬ ‫والخطوط‬ ‫للكتل‬ ‫الجمالية‬ ‫والمواصفات‬ ‫بالخصائص‬ ‫يهتموا‬ ‫ولم‬ ‫الضخم‬ ‫بالمقياس‬ ‫اهتموا‬‫االغريق‬
‫التنفيذ‬ ‫سريعة‬ ‫وظيفية‬ ‫الكتل‬ ‫فكانت‬.
_‫وتو‬ ‫بالمياه‬ ‫االمداد‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫طوروا‬ ‫فقد‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫سكان‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫تزايد‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الناتجة‬ ‫التقنية‬ ‫المشاكل‬ ‫على‬ ‫تغلبوا‬‫ونظم‬ ‫زيعها‬
‫للرومان‬ ‫الهندسية‬ ‫االنجازات‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالحجارة‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫رصف‬ ‫وكان‬ ‫الصرف‬.

54. ‫الرومانية‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫نشأة‬:-
-‫االمبراطوريه‬ ‫كانت‬
‫هائال‬ ‫مشروعا‬ ‫الرومانيه‬
‫تركت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫إلنشاء‬
‫جزء‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ‫أثرها‬ ‫روما‬
‫إفريقيا‬ ‫وشمال‬ ‫أروبا‬ ‫فى‬
‫الصغرى‬ ‫واسيا‬.
-‫فى‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫كثر‬
‫االولى‬ ‫االيام‬
‫لتكون‬ ‫لالمبراطوريه‬
‫البالد‬ ‫فى‬ ‫دفاعيه‬ ‫مراكز‬
‫المفتوحه‬.
-‫تخطيطات‬ ‫الرومان‬ ‫جهز‬
‫عدد‬ ‫إلسكان‬ ‫الجديده‬ ‫المدن‬
‫حوالى‬ ‫للمدينه‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫من‬
50‫زاد‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫نسمه‬ ‫ألف‬
‫المدن‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫حجم‬
‫الصناعى‬ ‫نشاطها‬ ‫بسبب‬
‫والتجارى‬.
-‫كان‬ ‫كثيره‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫فى‬
‫يقوم‬ ‫الرومانى‬ ‫االستعمار‬
‫لتخطيط‬ ‫مماثل‬ ‫بنظام‬
‫تخطيط‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫المدن‬
‫الذى‬ ‫الزراعيه‬ ‫االرض‬
‫الطرق‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫شمل‬
‫قطع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الحقول‬ ‫وتقسيم‬
‫الشكل‬ ‫مستطيلة‬. ‫شكل‬ ‫توضح‬ ‫خريطة‬‫الت‬‫خ‬‫عند‬ ‫طيط‬‫الرومان‬

55. ‫التي‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫المعالم‬
‫الرومان‬ ‫استحدثها‬
‫السور‬:-‫أركان‬ ‫اربعة‬ ‫وله‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫يحيط‬
‫االغريقية‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫سور‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫على‬ ‫وهو‬
.‫ومحدد‬ ‫الموقعوقاطع‬ ‫بطبيعة‬ ‫مقيد‬ ‫غير‬
‫خارجها‬ ‫من‬ ‫للمدينة‬.
‫الفورم‬:-
‫يعترضها‬ ‫وال‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫لتجمع‬ ‫مخصصة‬ ‫ساحة‬
‫ولكن‬ ‫االغريقية‬ ‫األجورا‬ ‫وتشابه‬ ‫المرور‬
‫الفورم‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫كسوق‬ ‫تستعمل‬ ‫األجورا‬ ‫كانت‬
‫والدين‬ ‫للقانون‬ ‫كساحة‬ ‫تستعمل‬.‫كانت‬
‫في‬ ‫الفورم‬ ‫ومداخل‬ ‫جانبية‬ ‫االجورا‬ ‫مداخل‬
‫جوانبه‬ ‫منتصف‬.‫جانب‬ ‫على‬ ‫االجورا‬ ‫كانت‬
‫الشارع‬ ‫محور‬ ‫مواجه‬ ‫الفورم‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫الشارع‬
‫الرئيسي‬.
‫الشوارع‬:-
-‫ت‬ ‫متعامدين‬ ‫رئيسين‬ ‫شارعين‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫كان‬‫م‬
‫وقسمت‬ ‫متساوية‬ ‫أقسام‬ ‫أربعة‬ ‫الى‬ ‫تقسيمهما‬
‫مستطيالت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مربعات‬ ‫الى‬ ‫األجزاء‬ ‫هذه‬
‫فيها‬ ‫القياس‬ ‫وحدة‬40‫م‬.‫الشوارع‬ ‫ولهذه‬
‫مسقوفة‬ ‫وتقاطعاتهما‬ ‫الجانبين‬ ‫على‬ ‫بواكي‬
‫واسعة‬ ‫بميادين‬ ‫وتنتهي‬

56. ‫روما‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫منازل‬:
‫االولى‬ ‫الطبقة‬:-
‫صح‬ ‫فسيحه‬ ‫واسعه‬ ‫المنازل‬ ‫كانت‬‫يه‬
‫مجهزه‬ ‫النهار‬ ‫ضوء‬ ‫يمألها‬ ‫مشمسه‬
‫ال‬ ‫فى‬ ‫التدفئه‬ ‫ونظام‬ ‫بالحمامات‬‫شتاء‬.
‫الثانية‬ ‫الطبقة‬:-
‫فقر‬ ‫فى‬ ‫العظمى‬ ‫الغالبيه‬ ‫وفى‬‫تتكدس‬
‫مأوى‬ ‫فى‬
‫صحيه‬ ‫غير‬. ‫الطبقة‬‫األ‬‫ولى‬ ‫الطبقة‬‫الثانية‬

57. ‫إملدن‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫روما‬ ‫ثري‬‫تأ‬:-
-‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫الايطاليه‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعه‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫روما‬ ‫ثرت‬‫آ‬
‫مثل‬:‫ابرما‬ ‫و‬ ‫يفيا‬‫ل‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫و‬ ‫انبوىل‬.
-‫تبعها‬‫ت‬ ‫الاول‬ ‫إلقرن‬ ‫وىف‬:‫بريان‬-‫فريوان‬-‫نسا‬‫ر‬‫فلو‬.
-‫لك‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫حبيث‬ ‫مجيعا‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تصماميت‬ ‫وضعت‬ ‫وقد‬
‫إىل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫وحده‬ ‫لك‬ ‫مساحة‬ ‫اكت‬‫و‬‫بل‬ ‫من‬ ‫مدينه‬250‫بع‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫مرت‬
‫متت‬ ‫ليه‬‫و‬‫وط‬ ‫عرضيه‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫بكه‬‫ش‬ ‫ختطيط‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫وذكل‬‫د‬
‫إملتعامدين‬ ‫يسني‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫يقني‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫ومتعامده‬ ‫يه‬‫ز‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫م‬.

58. ‫الرومانية‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫لبعض‬ ‫أمثلة‬:-
‫روما‬ ‫مدينة‬
-‫التالل‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫يطلق‬
‫عام‬ ‫تأسست‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫السبعة‬
1000‫ق‬.‫عام‬ ‫مالى‬500‫ق‬.‫م‬
‫سب‬ ‫على‬ ‫رقعتها‬ ‫واستكملت‬‫عة‬
‫تالل‬.
-‫على‬ ‫األصلية‬ ‫روما‬ ‫تقع‬
‫جوار‬ ‫نهرتيبروالى‬ ‫ضفاف‬
‫روماني‬ ‫فورم‬ ‫اخر‬.
-‫التي‬ ‫العالية‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫ظهور‬
‫ثمانية‬ ‫الى‬ ‫ارتفاعها‬ ‫يصل‬
‫طوابق‬.

59. ‫تورينو‬ ‫مدينة‬:-
-، ‫السكنية‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫يتصل‬ ‫حصن‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هى‬
‫كبير‬ ‫حد‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سليما‬ ‫شوارعها‬ ‫نخطيط‬ ‫وبقى‬
‫تيمجاد‬ ‫مدينة‬
-‫وهى‬ ، ‫إيطاليا‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫الرومانية‬ ‫للمدينه‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫هى‬
‫أفريقيا‬ ‫بشمال‬ ‫رومانية‬ ‫مستعمرة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬.
-‫عام‬ ‫تراجان‬ ‫اإلمبراطور‬ ‫أنشأها‬100‫للجنود‬ ‫م‬
‫بالجيش‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫مدة‬ ‫قضوا‬ ‫الذين‬ ‫المسرحين‬.
-‫الشكل‬ ‫مربعه‬ ‫تقريبا‬350*375‫ومحصنة‬ ‫م‬
‫باألسوار‬.
-‫على‬ ‫منظم‬ ‫وتخطيطها‬ ‫مستوية‬ ‫أرض‬ ‫على‬ ‫مقامة‬
‫بواكى‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫طرقات‬ ‫ويضم‬ ‫الشطرنج‬ ‫رقمة‬ ‫شكل‬
‫عامة‬ ‫ومكتبة‬ ‫عامة‬ ‫ومراحيص‬ ‫وحمامات‬ ‫ومسرح‬
‫بالشوارع‬ ‫الصحى‬ ‫للصرف‬ ‫مجارى‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫إلى‬.
-‫على‬ ‫تحتوى‬132‫القطعة‬ ‫أبعاد‬ ‫مربعة‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫قطعه‬
22*25‫العامة‬ ‫المبانى‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫شغلت‬ ، ‫م‬20‫قطعة‬
‫للمساكن‬ ‫والباقى‬.
-‫سكانها‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫كان‬2000‫تقريبا‬ ‫نسمه‬.
‫بومبي‬ ‫مدينة‬
-‫عام‬ ‫اإلغريق‬ ‫أنشأها‬ ، ‫نابولى‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫بجوار‬ ‫تقع‬
600‫ق‬.‫م‬.
-‫تقريبا‬ ‫مساحتها‬ ‫تبلغ‬16‫فدان‬.
-‫الى‬ ‫تقسيمها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫اإلغريقى‬ ‫بالتخطيط‬ ‫تأثرت‬
‫ومستطيالت‬ ‫مربعات‬.
-‫ناحيتين‬ ‫من‬ ‫الشوارع‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫فى‬ ‫تباين‬ ‫هناك‬
‫واإلتجاه‬ ‫اإلتساع‬.
-‫خطوط‬ ‫طبيعة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫متماشيا‬ ‫بنى‬ ‫سورالمدينة‬
‫الكنتور‬.

60. ‫إ‬ ‫إلفرته‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫تطلق‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫سميه‬‫لت‬‫إ‬ ‫يه‬ ‫الاورويب‬ ‫إلتارخي‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلوسطي‬ ‫إلعصور‬‫إلقرن‬ ‫من‬ ‫إمتدت‬ ‫ليت‬
‫إمليالدي‬ ‫عرش‬ ‫إبع‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إلقرن‬ ‫حيت‬ ‫إخلامس‬.‫إلرو‬ ‫إطوريه‬‫رب‬‫الام‬ ‫ابهنيار‬ ‫ت‬‫بدآ‬ ‫حيث‬‫بيه‬‫ر‬‫إلغ‬ ‫نيه‬‫ا‬‫م‬
‫إلهنضه‬ ‫عرص‬ ‫حيت‬ ‫مترت‬‫س‬‫إ‬‫و‬
‫إت‬‫رت‬‫ف‬ ‫ثالث‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إلوسطي‬ ‫إلعصور‬ ‫نقسم‬‫ت‬‫و‬:‫ملتاخره‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ملتوسطه‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إملبكره‬ ‫إلفرته‬. :
‫الاقتصاديه‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬:-
‫إلصناعي‬ ‫نتاج‬‫الا‬ ‫وزإد‬ ‫إلعرص‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ره‬ ‫إلتجا‬ ‫إزدهرت‬
‫إخملتلفه‬ ‫فيه‬‫ر‬‫إحل‬ ‫إلصناعات‬ ‫نشطت‬‫و‬.
‫ذكل‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫ومثال‬:
‫هتر‬‫تش‬‫و‬ ‫هاما‬ ‫جتاراي‬ ‫إ‬‫ز‬‫مرك‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫نيه‬‫ا‬‫الامل‬ ‫وتزلر‬ ‫مدينه‬
‫جت‬ ‫حمالت‬ ‫وهبا‬ ‫يج‬‫إلنس‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫صناعات‬ ‫عده‬ ‫يف‬ ‫بتفوقها‬‫يه‬‫ر‬‫ا‬
‫فاهن‬ ‫إلهنب‬‫و‬ ‫للسلب‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫تعرضت‬ ‫مث‬ ‫للسوق‬ ‫ومركز‬‫ار‬
‫عد‬ ‫إخنفض‬‫و‬ ‫إلتجار‬‫و‬ ‫إلصناع‬ ‫وجهرها‬ ‫وصناعهتا‬ ‫إقتصادها‬‫د‬
‫ساكهنا‬.
‫الاجامتعيه‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫إلع‬:
‫الا‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إ‬‫ري‬‫تعب‬ ‫ابملسجد‬ ‫تبطا‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫إحلامك‬ ‫قرص‬ ‫اكن‬‫تباط‬‫ر‬
‫إملناط‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫و‬ ‫الاسالميه‬ ‫يعه‬‫رش‬‫ابل‬ ‫إحلمك‬ ‫بنظام‬‫ق‬
‫مس‬ ‫إما‬ ‫نبالء‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إلعظامء‬ ‫مساكن‬ ‫يه‬ ‫للقرص‬ ‫إجملاوره‬‫اكن‬
‫إملدينه‬ ‫حدود‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫فتقع‬ ‫إلعامه‬
‫إثر‬ ‫والاجامتعيه‬ ‫الاقتصادية‬ ‫إمل‬‫و‬‫للع‬ ‫اكن‬‫عيل‬
‫للمدن‬ ‫إلعام‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫تشكيل‬:-

61. 1-‫بسور‬ ‫وحماطه‬ ‫إحلدود‬ ‫إحضه‬‫و‬
2-‫لطبو‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫يف‬ ‫وضيقه‬ ‫متعرضه‬ ‫إلطرق‬‫إفيه‬‫ر‬‫غ‬
‫إملوقع‬
3-‫إلزرإعيه‬ ‫قعه‬‫ر‬‫ابل‬ ‫تبط‬‫ر‬‫وم‬ ‫حمدود‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫جحم‬
4-‫ين‬‫ر‬‫ابملد‬ ‫بطها‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫مييه‬‫قل‬‫إ‬ ‫بكه‬‫بش‬ ‫تبط‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ه‬
5-‫مجموعه‬ ‫لك‬ ‫نيه‬‫سك‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫مي‬‫تقس‬ ‫مت‬‫لها‬
(‫يسه‬‫كن‬-‫سوق‬-‫مياه‬ ‫مورد‬)
6-‫هنا‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫ف‬ ‫للحرف‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫إحياء‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫مي‬‫تقس‬ ‫مت‬‫ك‬
‫منطقه‬(‫إدلين‬ ‫لرجال‬-‫إلقرص‬ ‫لرجال‬-‫للصناع‬-)...

62. ‫آ‬‫نارص‬‫لع‬‫إ‬ ‫مه‬
‫ي‬‫يط‬‫تخط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ة‬
‫مكتب‬
‫إلعام‬ ‫إلنائب‬
‫إلسور‬
‫إابت‬‫و‬‫إلب‬
‫يسة‬‫لكن‬‫إ‬
‫إلسوق‬
‫إملباين‬
‫نية‬‫لسك‬‫إ‬
‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬
‫إلساحات‬
‫إملفتوحة‬

63. ‫إول‬:‫إلسور‬:‫دفاعي‬-‫إملوق‬ ‫اكن‬ ‫إذإ‬ ‫مايئ‬ ‫خبندق‬ ‫حياط‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫للمدينه‬ ‫إخلارجيه‬ ‫ابحلدود‬ ‫حييط‬‫حتاط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دفاعي‬ ‫ع‬
‫بسور‬ ‫إملدينه‬
‫نيا‬‫اث‬:‫إابت‬‫و‬‫إلب‬:‫عاليه‬ ‫إج‬‫ر‬‫إب‬ ‫لها‬‫حت‬‫جي‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫من‬ ‫وخارهجا‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫دإخل‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إلتصال‬ ‫مك‬‫وحمالت‬ ‫فنادق‬ ‫اورها‬
‫إبه‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫من‬ ‫إكرث‬ ‫إلسور‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫قد‬
‫اثلثا‬:‫يسة‬‫لكن‬‫إ‬:‫يا‬‫نفس‬‫و‬ ‫ودينيا‬ ‫يطيا‬‫ختط‬ ‫ينه‬‫ر‬‫للمد‬ ‫إه‬‫و‬‫ن‬–‫سلطه‬‫إسعه‬‫و‬ ‫إدلين‬ ‫رجال‬
‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫ملكيه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ومتحمكني‬
‫إبعا‬‫ر‬:‫إلسوق‬‫إلناميه‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫يف‬ ‫نتظم‬‫م‬ ‫غري‬ ‫بشلك‬ ‫عاده‬ ‫إق‬‫و‬‫الاس‬ ‫ت‬‫نشأ‬‫مت‬‫ميه‬‫تصم‬
‫إخليول‬ ‫جترها‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫إلعرابت‬‫و‬ ‫للمشاه‬‫إمل‬ ‫إغات‬‫ر‬‫إلف‬‫و‬ ‫إلساحات‬ ‫به‬ ‫ملحق‬‫فتوحه‬
‫خامسا‬:‫نيه‬‫لسك‬‫إ‬ ‫إملباين‬‫من‬3-4‫إر‬‫و‬‫إد‬‫ابحلدإئق‬ ‫حماطه‬ ‫إسعه‬‫و‬ ‫الاغناء‬ ‫مساكن‬
‫دفاعيه‬ ‫إض‬‫ر‬‫لغ‬ ‫متالصقه‬ ‫إملباين‬ ‫ضيقه‬ ‫إء‬‫ر‬‫إلفق‬ ‫مساكن‬-‫ت‬ ‫بناء‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إد‬‫و‬‫م‬‫إحملليه‬ ‫بيعه‬‫للط‬ ‫بعا‬

64. ‫إملدن‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫آ‬
‫إلعص‬ ‫يف‬‫ور‬
‫إلوسطى‬:
1:‫إلقالع‬ ‫مدن‬
2-‫متطوره‬ ‫مدن‬
‫إصل‬ ‫عن‬
‫روماين‬
3-‫إلنامي‬ ‫إملدن‬‫ه‬
4-‫ذإت‬ ‫مدن‬
‫يه‬‫ر‬‫دإئ‬ ‫طرق‬
5-‫ذإت‬ ‫مدن‬
‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫ختطيط‬‫يك‬
‫متعامد‬:
‫قلعه‬ ‫حتمهيا‬ ‫صغريه‬ ‫يه‬‫ر‬‫ق‬ ‫إصلها‬‫بع‬‫و‬‫د‬‫دخل‬ ‫إن‬‫إلصناع‬ ‫ها‬
‫منت‬ ‫إلتجار‬‫و‬
‫إمثلهتا‬ ‫ومن‬:
1-‫لنت‬‫ز‬‫بروت‬ ‫تات‬‫إش‬
2-‫بروج‬ ‫تز‬‫و‬‫ف‬
3-‫تات‬‫لش‬‫ر‬‫اك‬
‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫الا‬ ‫نتظمه‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫بكه‬‫ش‬ ‫إختفاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫ابلرمغ‬‫تبني‬ ‫ميكن‬ ‫ه‬
‫إملدينه‬ ‫مالمح‬‫نيه‬‫ا‬‫إلروم‬
‫إمثلهتا‬ ‫ومن‬:
1-‫شسرت‬
2-‫انخ‬ ‫كرويزت‬

65. 3-‫إلنامي‬ ‫إملدن‬‫ه‬
4-‫ذإت‬ ‫مدن‬
‫يه‬‫ر‬‫دإئ‬ ‫طرق‬
5-‫ذإت‬ ‫مدن‬
‫ب‬‫ش‬ ‫ختطيط‬‫يك‬
‫متعامد‬:

66. -‫قوإعد‬‫يط‬‫ختط‬‫إملدن‬:
-‫إملدينة‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫تيار‬‫خ‬‫إ‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫الارض‬ ‫وخصائص‬ ‫إملاء‬‫و‬ ‫إلرايح‬ ‫ثري‬‫تأ‬ ‫إعاة‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫إلعامة‬ ‫إملنافع‬ ‫تعممي‬
‫خمتلفة‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إملباين‬ ‫درجات‬ ‫مي‬‫تقس‬
‫يضة‬‫ر‬‫إلع‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫نشاء‬‫الا‬ ‫يكفي‬ ‫حبيث‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫جحم‬ ‫كرب‬.
‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫نقسم‬‫ت‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫إملؤدية‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬:‫إلصغرية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إملؤدية‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫و‬ ‫إحملصنة‬ ‫إلكبرية‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫مؤديه‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬
‫إهامتم‬ ‫بنقطه‬ ‫تنهتيي‬ ‫إن‬ ‫يفضل‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إدلفاع‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫نية‬‫ملنح‬‫إ‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫تساعد‬,‫تق‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫تودي‬ ‫بيامن‬‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إملباين‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫مية‬
‫إملدينة‬ ‫مباين‬ ‫إزيه‬‫و‬ ‫إمجل‬ ‫إملعبد‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫إن‬
‫إلطرق‬ ‫نيب‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إيك‬‫و‬‫إلب‬ ‫نشا‬‫ت‬
‫يه‬ ‫للميادين‬ ‫نة‬‫إحلس‬ ‫بة‬‫نس‬‫ل‬‫إ‬1:2‫إملباين‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫و‬1/3‫إمليدإن‬ ‫عرض‬
‫إلنرص‬ ‫إس‬‫و‬‫إق‬‫و‬ ‫إابت‬‫و‬‫إلب‬ ‫يه‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫به‬ ‫تنهتيي‬ ‫ما‬ ‫إحسن‬‫و‬ ‫إلتقاطعات‬‫و‬ ‫كباري‬ ‫جتمل‬

67. ‫للمد‬ ‫ية‬‫س‬‫ئي‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إملالمح‬‫نة‬‫ي‬:
‫إجلذب‬ ‫ومناطق‬ ‫الانشطة‬ ‫إقع‬‫و‬‫م‬.
‫إلعنارص‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إلعالقة‬:
‫إخلدمات‬‫و‬ ‫إلسكن‬:‫متو‬ ‫غري‬ ‫إلتاكمل‬‫إفر‬
‫متحقق‬ ‫غري‬ ‫إزن‬‫و‬‫إملت‬ ‫إلتوزيع‬‫و‬
‫إلصناعة‬‫و‬ ‫إلسكن‬:‫مي‬‫لسل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلعالقة‬‫غري‬ ‫ة‬
‫متحققة‬
‫إز‬‫و‬‫إملت‬ ‫تنظمي‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫تفتقد‬‫لعنارصها‬ ‫ن‬
‫منتظمة‬ ‫حياه‬ ‫لساكهنا‬ ‫توفر‬ ‫ول‬
‫إملدينة‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫تك‬.:
‫يه‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫تك‬ ‫وحدة‬1000*1000‫م‬
‫و‬ ‫الارس‬ ‫نشطه‬‫ل‬ ‫مالمئه‬ ‫غري‬ ‫ويه‬
‫إملرور‬ ‫يابية‬‫إنس‬
‫حيث‬ ‫من‬ ‫إزن‬‫و‬‫مت‬ ‫غري‬ ‫إين‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫يج‬‫نس‬
‫إخلرض‬ ‫إملسطحات‬ ‫سكنية‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫الا‬‫إء‬
,‫إخلدمات‬
‫إحلركة‬:
‫و‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫إلسلمي‬ ‫تنظمي‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫نعدإم‬‫إ‬‫زايده‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫الاجبا‬ ‫اكت‬‫ر‬‫إلتح‬.
‫إمل‬ ‫ملرور‬ ‫مالمئه‬ ‫غري‬ ‫إحلركة‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫مسا‬‫دينة‬:
‫إملتالقية‬ ‫إملرور‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫مسا‬
‫إمل‬ ‫حلركه‬ ‫بة‬‫ابلنس‬ ‫إلعرض‬ ‫ضيق‬‫رور‬
‫إملرور‬ ‫إع‬‫و‬‫ن‬‫إ‬ ‫إختالف‬
‫مبارشة‬ ‫مبدإخل‬ ‫بناء‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫ح‬ ‫تالمئ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إدلإخلية‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫باكت‬‫ش‬‫ركة‬
‫إلتقاطع‬ ‫تقارب‬‫و‬ ‫كرثة‬ ‫مع‬ ‫يارة‬‫إلس‬‫ات‬0
-‫نو‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يقة‬‫ر‬‫ط‬:
‫نية‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫حلقات‬
‫ئيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫طول‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إمتدإدإت‬‫ية‬
‫ابملباين‬ ‫وملهئا‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫مي‬‫تقس‬

68. ‫نمو‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إنما‬ ، ‫عفوي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫وتتطور‬ ‫المدن‬‫تنشأ‬ ‫لم‬‫ه‬‫االس‬‫العوامل‬‫من‬ ‫جملة‬‫نتيجة‬ ‫ا‬‫تراتيجيه‬
‫الس‬‫والعوامل‬ ‫باإلنتاج‬ ‫المتعلقة‬‫االقتصادية‬‫والعوامل‬ ‫والموضع‬ ‫بالموقع‬ ‫المتعلقة‬‫ياسية‬
‫اإلداري‬‫المرتبطةبالتقسيم‬.
1-‫لنمو‬ ‫رصيدا‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫المدينة‬‫فموقع‬‫ه‬‫وازد‬ ‫ا‬‫ه‬‫ار‬‫ه‬‫المن‬‫مع‬ ‫اعل‬‫تتف‬ ‫المدينة‬‫الن‬ ‫ا‬‫بها‬ ‫المحيطة‬‫اطق‬
‫االقت‬‫الحركة‬‫انتعاش‬‫إلى‬‫يؤدي‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫المحيطة‬‫المناطق‬‫في‬ ‫اإلنتاج‬‫ازدياد‬‫صادية‬
‫تج‬ ‫نقطه‬ ‫المدينة‬‫فتصبح‬ ، ‫زراعية‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫بالمدينة‬ ‫المحيطة‬‫المنطقة‬‫كانت‬ ‫اذا‬‫المنتجات‬‫لهذه‬ ‫مع‬.
‫تعتمد‬ ‫تجارية‬ ‫كانتالمنطقة‬
‫المد‬‫فتصبح‬ ، ‫والمواصالت‬ ‫ل‬‫النق‬‫خطوط‬‫على‬ ‫فتعتمد‬ ‫تجارية‬ ‫المنطقة‬‫كانت‬ ‫اذا‬‫اء‬‫التق‬‫نقطة‬ ‫ينة‬
‫لجميع‬ ‫وانتشار‬‫ه‬‫الشبكات‬‫ذه‬
،‫والمصرفية‬ ‫المالية‬‫والمؤسسات‬ ‫للخدمات‬ ‫ومركزا‬ ‫البضائع‬‫ولجميع‬
‫ال‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫منتجاتها‬ ‫لبيع‬ ‫إما‬ ، ‫مدينة‬ ‫إلى‬‫بحاجة‬ ‫انها‬‫ف‬ ‫صناعية‬ ‫المنطقة‬‫كانت‬ ‫وإذا‬‫العمال‬‫ستقطاب‬
.‫المخت‬‫االنشطه‬‫زادت‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫مداخلها‬ ‫وزادت‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫االقتصادي‬‫النشاط‬‫زاد‬ ‫لكما‬‫الطلب‬‫وزاد‬ ‫لفة‬
‫اليها‬‫للهجرة‬ ‫االرياف‬‫لسكان‬ ‫اتسقطاب‬‫مركز‬ ‫المدينه‬‫واصبحت‬ ‫العمران‬‫علي‬
‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬ ‫ة‬‫شأ‬‫ن‬‫منوها‬‫و‬:

69. ‫ثال‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫توسع‬ ‫نلخص‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫نا‬‫ميكن‬‫ث‬
‫إشاكل‬:
٣- ‫مدن‬ ‫حيان‬‫بعضال‬ ‫ويف‬ ‫جديدة‬ ‫حياء‬‫آ‬ ‫نشاء‬‫إ‬
‫جديدة‬ ( ‫إملدن‬ ‫من‬ ‫يھام‬‫ري‬‫وغ‬ ‫لندن‬‫و‬ ‫يس‬‫ر‬‫اب‬ ‫حول‬
‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬) .
٢-‫يھا‬‫ن‬‫ا‬‫مب‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫اب‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫توسع‬(‫إلسحاب‬ ‫انطحات‬
‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫قد‬٤١٠‫ب‬ ‫مرت‬١٠٩‫طابق‬) .
١-‫إملبارش‬ ‫إحيھا‬‫و‬‫ض‬ ‫ابجتاه‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫توسع‬‫بعيدة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
(‫تباع‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إيح‬‫و‬‫ض‬ ‫تتوسع‬ ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ‫حيدث‬‫دة‬
‫نيا‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫مع‬ ‫جتمعا‬ ‫تشلك‬ ‫حبث‬.

70. ‫ي‬‫ساس‬‫إل‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫ث‬‫ؤ‬‫إمل‬ ‫جياز‬‫إ‬ ‫ميكن‬‫للثورة‬ ‫ة‬
‫يف‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫منو‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬:
١.‫ظھر‬ ‫ومنھا‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلبخا‬ ‫ةل‬‫آ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ظھور‬ ‫يف‬ ‫سبب‬‫ت‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫إلبخار‬ ‫تعامل‬‫إس‬‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬ ‫ت‬
‫إلقاطارت‬‫و‬‫إملدن‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلقرى‬ ‫من‬ ‫ين‬‫ري‬‫إلكث‬ ‫ھجرة‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫جشع‬ ‫مما‬.
٢.‫ي‬‫ر‬‫جوھ‬ ‫إت‬‫ري‬‫تغي‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ببت‬‫تس‬ ‫مية‬‫لعظ‬‫إ‬ ‫إلطاقة‬ ‫ھذه‬ ‫بظھور‬‫و‬ ‫إلكهرابء‬ ‫إكتشاف‬‫ثورة‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬
‫كبرية‬ ‫علمية‬.‫مثل‬ ‫ابلكھرابء‬ ‫تسري‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫يعة‬‫رس‬‫إل‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫إمل‬ ‫إع‬‫رت‬‫إخ‬ ‫مكن‬‫آ‬ ‫حيث‬
‫تس‬ ‫إذلي‬‫و‬ ‫إملصعد‬ ‫إع‬‫رت‬‫إخ‬ ‫كذكل‬ ، ‫فقيا‬‫آ‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إتساع‬ ‫يف‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫إذلي‬‫و‬ ‫إملرتو‬‫يف‬ ‫بب‬
‫يا‬‫س‬‫آ‬‫ر‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إتساع‬.‫إلقدمية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫مفاھمي‬ ‫من‬ ‫متاما‬ ‫غري‬ ‫مما‬.
٣.‫بدور‬ ‫ساھمت‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫يارة‬‫إلس‬ ‫إع‬‫رت‬‫إخ‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫دت‬‫آ‬ ‫إليت‬‫و‬ ‫إدلإخيل‬ ‫إق‬‫رت‬‫الاح‬ ‫ةل‬‫آ‬‫آ‬ ‫إع‬‫رت‬‫إخ‬
‫تباعدة‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إلتصال‬‫و‬ ‫بط‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫معلية‬ ‫يف‬ ‫كبري‬.
٢-‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫نظرايت‬ ‫ميالد‬:١
-‫مع‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫ري‬‫نظ‬ ‫ميالد‬ ‫يبدآ‬‫بدإية‬
‫نتصف‬‫م‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إلثورة‬ ‫عرص‬‫إلقرن‬
‫رش‬‫ع‬ ‫إلثامن‬

71. ‫إمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلكثري‬ ‫يضا‬‫آ‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إلثورة‬ ‫حدثت‬‫يأ‬‫شالك‬
‫للمدن‬ ‫يطية‬‫لتخط‬‫إ‬.‫منھا‬:
١.‫إحلركة‬ ‫مشالك‬:‫إذل‬ ‫إجلديد‬ ‫إع‬‫رت‬‫الاخ‬ ‫لستيعاب‬ ‫مصممة‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫تكن‬ ‫مل‬‫ي‬
‫مسي‬
‫ومتعرجة‬ ‫ضيقة‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫بل‬ ، ‫يارة‬‫ابلس‬..
٢.‫إء‬‫و‬‫ي‬‫إل‬ ‫مشالك‬:‫يفيني‬‫ر‬‫لل‬ ‫فرصعمل‬ ‫إفر‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫ابملدن‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬ ‫ظھور‬ ‫دى‬‫آ‬
‫مر‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫ين‬‫ري‬‫إلكث‬ ‫ھجرة‬ ‫ىل‬‫إ‬ ‫دى‬‫آ‬ ‫مما‬ ، ‫تباعدة‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلقرويني‬‫و‬
‫إملساكن‬ ‫إمح‬‫ز‬‫ت‬ ‫يف‬ ‫تسبب‬ ‫إذلي‬

72. ‫يطية‬‫رش‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫بنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬ : ·
‫ئييس‬‫ر‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫نيب‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬ ‫و‬ ‫نية‬‫لسك‬‫إ‬ ‫إلتجمعات‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫تتلخص‬
‫إلهناايت‬ ‫مسدودة‬ ‫فرعية‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫من‬ ‫تتفرع‬ ‫و‬ ‫يةل‬‫و‬‫ط‬ ‫مسافات‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫متتد‬"‫قبة‬‫ر‬
‫نطة‬‫إلش‬"‫بط‬‫ر‬‫ي‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫ئييس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫إمتدإد‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إلتجمعات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫متتد‬ ‫و‬ ‫إملساكن‬ ‫لها‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫تبىن‬
‫بعضها‬‫ب‬ ‫إملدن‬
.
‫تخطيطة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬
‫للغا‬ ‫إلفكرة‬ ‫بتكل‬ ‫برز‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫مىت‬ ‫سوراي‬ ‫هندس‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫هو‬‫إلشلك‬ ‫ء‬
‫إسلوي‬ ‫إخذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫إملركزي‬
‫يطية‬‫رش‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينة‬
‫ية‬‫يط‬‫رش‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬–‫مىت‬ ‫سوراي‬

73. ‫للمدينة‬ ‫احلضري‬ ‫املشروع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إلعالن‬‫اخلطية‬1895.

74. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫إملدينه‬ ‫نيب‬‫ا‬‫ج‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫بيعة‬‫لط‬‫إ‬ ‫وجامل‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫جامل‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إحلصول‬
•‫إلوسطة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إملركزة‬ ‫للخدمات‬ ‫نقة‬‫ا‬‫إخل‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إملرك‬ ‫تاليف‬
•‫متاكئف‬ ‫سكنيةتوزيع‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫ضامن‬
•‫إملساكن‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫علهيا‬ ‫تطل‬ ‫إحده‬‫و‬ ‫إلية‬ ‫حبركة‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫بط‬‫ر‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫إملدينة‬ ‫لطول‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫ساكن‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إلتالف‬‫و‬ ‫تباط‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫حتقيق‬ ‫عدم‬
•-‫للضجيج‬ ‫مسار‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫ئييس‬‫ر‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫إجه‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫إملنازل‬
•‫إلصناعيةوغريها‬‫و‬ ‫سكنية‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إلعضوي‬ ‫إلفصل‬ ‫حتقق‬ ‫مل‬
•‫إلعامة‬ ‫إخلدمات‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلقرب‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إملساكن‬ ‫لك‬ ‫تساوي‬ ‫عدم‬
•‫ئييس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫إجتاه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إحد‬‫و‬ ‫إجتاه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إ‬‫و‬‫س‬ ‫تقبيل‬‫إملس‬ ‫إين‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫متدد‬‫ل‬‫اب‬ ‫لتسمح‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬

75. ‫توسع‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬
‫بيك‬‫ش‬‫ل‬‫إ‬(‫تضاعف‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫نديس‬‫له‬‫إ‬)‫لودجف‬
‫يلربزمير‬‫ه‬

77. ‫يوب‬‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•١.‫ذلكل‬ ‫إحلاجة‬ ‫دعت‬ ‫لكام‬ ‫إين‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫نو‬‫ل‬‫اب‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫ئييس‬‫ر‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫وجود‬
•٢.‫الازدحام‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫نية‬‫اك‬‫إلس‬ ‫إلكثافة‬ ‫إخنفاض‬
•٣.‫إلتلوث‬ ‫من‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إف‬‫ر‬‫إط‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬ ‫وجود‬
•٤.‫بني‬ ‫ما‬ ‫إوح‬‫رت‬‫ت‬ ‫إلعمل‬ ‫ماكن‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫مسكن‬ ‫إبعد‬ ‫من‬ ‫مسافة‬ ‫إقىص‬١٥‫ل‬٢٠‫عىل‬ ‫إ‬‫ري‬‫س‬ ‫دقيقة‬
‫الاقدإم‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬
•١.‫إملدينة‬ ‫دإخل‬ ‫إء‬‫رض‬‫إخل‬ ‫إملسحات‬ ‫ندرة‬
•٢.‫مجمو‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إن‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫إحد‬‫و‬ ‫إجتاه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫إين‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫الامتدإد‬‫عة‬
•‫ئييس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫تتكرر‬ ‫وحدإت‬

78. ‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إملدن‬(‫هاورد‬ ‫إر‬‫زن‬‫ب‬‫إ‬)
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ابلنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬:
‫لندن‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫فكره‬ ‫ظهرت‬1898‫نتظم‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلغري‬ ‫نو‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫و‬ ‫إزدحاهما‬‫و‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫قبح‬ ‫نتيجة‬‫إلزرإعة‬ ‫الارض‬ ‫قلب‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الاخري‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بعيده‬ ‫إلعاملية‬ ‫إلطبقات‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫لساكن‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫إرد‬‫و‬‫ه‬ ‫إقرتح‬‫و‬‫إعي‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬
‫إحلديثة‬ ‫يطيه‬‫لتخط‬‫إ‬ ‫الاجتاهات‬
‫ليه‬‫و‬‫الا‬ ‫إلفكره‬:‫متتكل‬ ‫كفيهتا‬ ‫لها‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫ختطيط‬6000‫مساحة‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫تشغل‬ ‫فدإن‬1000‫هبا‬ ‫حييط‬ ‫فدإن‬5000‫زرإعية‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫فدإن‬
‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫قطرها‬ ‫نصف‬ ‫إلشلك‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫دإئ‬ ‫إملدينه‬1100‫يقطعها‬ ‫مرت‬6‫ية‬‫ئيس‬‫ر‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬‫إملكرز‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تتقاطع‬‫إيل‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫تقسم‬‫ية‬‫ر‬‫رضو‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫جماورة‬ ‫لك‬ ‫يف‬ ‫سكنية‬ ‫جماورإت‬ ‫إو‬ ‫وحدإت‬
‫إملدينه‬ ‫مركز‬:‫ابملدينه‬ ‫إحمليط‬ ‫إدلئري‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫تقع‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬‫و‬ ‫إحلكوميه‬ ‫إملباين‬‫و‬ ‫إلقضاء‬ ‫كدور‬ ‫إلعامه‬ ‫إملباين‬ ‫حوهل‬ ‫تتجمع‬ ‫إحلدإئق‬ ‫تتوسطه‬ ‫ميدإن‬‫من‬‫إخلارج‬
‫يتشورت‬‫ل‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫ببناء‬ ‫معليا‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫بيق‬‫تط‬ ‫مت‬letch worth‫لندن‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إ‬‫و‬‫جب‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إسس‬:
‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫ملكية‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إلبدلية‬ ‫إف‬‫رش‬‫إ‬ ‫رضورة‬
‫حيت‬ ‫إم‬‫ز‬‫إحل‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫إلبناء‬ ‫مينع‬ ‫إخرض‬ ‫إم‬‫ز‬‫حب‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫إحاطة‬‫مع‬ ‫لتلتحم‬
‫إخري‬ ‫مدينة‬
‫حدإئقية‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫نشاء‬‫إ‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إمتدإد‬‫و‬ ‫إتساع‬‫إخري‬
‫عهنا‬ ‫منفصةل‬ ‫إو‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫تبطه‬‫ر‬‫م‬
‫إلتخطيطة‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬:
‫إلت‬ ‫هذين‬ ‫إي‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلق‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫تساؤ‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫ته‬‫ر‬‫فك‬ ‫هاوورد‬ ‫بين‬‫ميكن‬ ‫ينني‬‫و‬‫ك‬
‫مهن‬ ‫للك‬ ‫إن‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫وصل‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫اكمهل‬ ‫حياة‬ ‫ظروف‬ ‫نسان‬‫الا‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫إن‬‫به‬‫و‬‫عي‬ ‫ام‬
‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬ ‫بني‬ ‫جتمع‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫إلئقة‬ ‫إحلياة‬ ‫إن‬ ‫تخلص‬‫إس‬‫و‬ ‫إته‬‫زي‬‫مم‬‫و‬‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلق‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬
‫مدي‬ ‫إسامها‬ ‫إلغرض‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫لتحقيق‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫إقرتح‬ ‫ذكل‬ ‫وعيل‬‫إلغد‬ ‫نة‬
‫إحلدإئقية‬the garden city of tomorrow
‫رشوطها‬:‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫إلساكن‬ ‫عدد‬32‫نسمه‬ ‫إلف‬
‫ي‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫مرك‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫ابنشاء‬ ‫ذكل‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫إكرث‬ ‫ساكن‬ ‫الامر‬ ‫إحتاج‬ ‫إذإ‬‫سكهنا‬
‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬58‫نسمه‬ ‫إلف‬
‫صغرى‬ ‫مدن‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إملرك‬ ‫ابملدينة‬ ‫حييط‬
‫د‬ ‫بكة‬‫ش‬ ‫إسطة‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫إحمليطة‬ ‫ابملدن‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إملرك‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫تبط‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫إلسكة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إئ‬
‫إلطرق‬ ‫من‬ ‫إشعاعية‬ ‫بكه‬‫وش‬ ‫إحلديد‬
‫والا‬ ‫إرع‬‫ز‬‫ابمل‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫لك‬ ‫إحاطة‬ ‫يمت‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫و‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫بني‬ ‫بط‬‫ر‬‫لل‬‫إيض‬‫ر‬
‫بيعيه‬‫لط‬‫إ‬

80. ‫مثال‬:‫ولوين‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫مدينة‬
‫لمدينة‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الحداقية‬
‫ان‬ ‫شرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتقع‬ ‫ليتشورث‬‫جلترا‬

81. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
‫خدمي‬ ‫وفعاليات‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫بكة‬‫وش‬ ‫مدين‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫من‬ ‫إحلرضي‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫مقاومات‬ ‫لك‬ ‫وفهيا‬ ‫يفية‬‫ر‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫بشلك‬ ‫إسعه‬‫و‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫مصم‬‫ي‬‫ر‬‫وجتا‬ ‫صناعية‬ ‫نشاطات‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫ة‬
‫قليةل‬ ‫نية‬‫اك‬‫إلس‬ ‫إلكثافة‬
‫ذإتيا‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إكتفاء‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إعامتد‬‫هبا‬ ‫إلساكن‬ ‫لعمل‬ ‫نشاطات‬ ‫بتوفري‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬
‫وطابعها‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫شلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫إضعف‬ ‫مما‬ ‫معقوهل‬ ‫غري‬ ‫بة‬‫بنس‬‫و‬ ‫إحدة‬‫و‬ ‫ترية‬‫و‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إملتكررة‬ ‫إلوحدإت‬ ‫الاف‬ ‫ظهور‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫إدت‬
‫إدى‬ ‫مما‬ ‫تنفيذ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إثناء‬ ‫إلعمل‬ ‫إماكن‬ ‫إعاة‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫لعدم‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إملرك‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلعمل‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫مرك‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫إلتابعة‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ظهور‬‫إلطرق‬ ‫بكه‬‫ش‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إلضغط‬ ‫إيد‬‫ز‬‫ت‬ ‫إيل‬

82. ‫إلكبري‬ ‫بلوك‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬(‫تاين‬‫ش‬‫ورإيت‬)
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ابلنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬:
‫من‬ ‫وطوهل‬ ‫إجلهات‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫من‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫حتيط‬ ‫تطيةل‬‫مس‬ ‫مساحه‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫إلبلوك‬200:1800‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫وعرضه‬ ‫مرت‬60‫م‬
‫يطية‬‫لتخط‬‫إ‬ ‫إلفكرة‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئدي‬‫ر‬:‫تني‬‫ش‬ ‫الكرك‬clark stein‫إيت‬‫ر‬ ‫وهرني‬henry rihgt‫الاخذ‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫إ‬‫و‬‫انقش‬
‫إلكبري‬ ‫إلبلوك‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫والكرك‬ ‫هرني‬ ‫من‬ ‫لك‬ ‫إضاف‬‫و‬ ‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ختطيط‬ ‫ابسلوب‬super block‫مع‬ ‫ته‬‫ر‬‫فك‬ ‫إدخال‬‫و‬
‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫فكرة‬
‫إلعيوب‬:‫والامتد‬ ‫تقبيل‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫إلتوسع‬ ‫فهيا‬ ‫إعي‬‫ر‬‫ي‬ ‫مل‬‫إد‬
‫للمدي‬ ‫إحد‬‫و‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫نتيجه‬ ‫إملتاكئف‬ ‫إلتوزيع‬ ‫عدم‬‫نه‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬:
‫ح‬ ‫إكرث‬ ‫جعلها‬ ‫إيح‬‫و‬‫إلن‬ ‫مجيع‬ ‫من‬ ‫ابلطرق‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫إحاطة‬‫جتاراي‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫ي‬
‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫مل‬ ‫جيد‬ ‫إستامثر‬

84. ‫ية‬‫س‬‫سدإ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬

86. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬(‫ية‬‫ع‬‫نا‬‫لص‬‫إ‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬-‫نري‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ج‬ ‫توين‬)
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ابلنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬: -‫ي‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إحلضا‬ ‫نية‬‫لت‬‫إ‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إزن‬‫و‬‫ت‬ ‫معل‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫متدت‬‫ع‬‫إ‬‫إحمليط‬ ‫ف‬‫و‬ ‫إ‬
‫نو‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫و‬ ‫سكنية‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫لها‬‫ز‬‫لع‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫إف‬‫ر‬‫إط‬ ‫إىل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫ابملناطق‬ ‫إخلروج‬
‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫إمل‬:
‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الاساكن‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫فصل‬
٢.‫معلهم‬ ‫ماكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫ابلقرب‬ ‫للعامل‬ ‫جديدة‬ ‫سكنية‬ ‫مناطق‬ ‫توفري‬
-‫إلعيوب‬:
١.‫إلساكن‬ ‫إلهيا‬ ‫حيتاج‬ ‫إلىت‬ ‫إملرتكزة‬ ‫ية‬‫ئيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إخلدمات‬ ‫قةل‬
٢.‫ينة‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلتلوث‬ ‫معدل‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬
٣.‫إملدينة‬ ‫إهجات‬‫و‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إمجلالية‬ ‫ابلناويح‬ ‫الاهامتم‬ ‫عدم‬
‫يطية‬‫لتخط‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬
‫عام‬ ‫نري‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ج‬ ‫توين‬ ‫نرش‬١٩١٧‫إحلرض‬ ‫فصل‬ ‫ساس‬‫آ‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫خططت‬ ‫إليت‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫م‬‫و‬
‫إلس‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ئيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫ما‬‫آ‬ ، ‫إء‬‫رض‬‫خ‬ ‫حزمة‬‫آ‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫وذكل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ساكن‬‫إل‬‫كك‬
‫تعاملت‬‫الاس‬ ‫بني‬ ‫بط‬‫رت‬‫ل‬ ‫تخدمت‬‫إس‬ ‫فقد‬ ‫إحلديدية‬.

88. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬(‫إلغد‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫مد‬–‫يه‬‫ي‬‫كوربوز‬‫و‬‫ل‬)
‫إلغد‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫بنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬: ·
‫من‬ ‫عامره‬ ‫لك‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫انطحات‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫إت‬‫ر‬‫عام‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫وسطها‬ ‫حتتوي‬ ‫خضمه‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫إملدينة‬60‫دور‬‫إت‬‫ر‬‫إلعام‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تغطي‬5%‫من‬
‫إلفيالت‬ ‫إماكن‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫وخارج‬ ‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫إلوسط‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫يف‬ ‫يرتكز‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫مساحة‬
‫إلغري‬ ‫هيلك‬‫ل‬‫اب‬ ‫إمدينة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫متزيت‬‫و‬ ‫قة‬‫رش‬‫إمل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫إطلق‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫خمطط‬ ‫بوزيه‬‫ر‬‫ك‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫طور‬ ‫ذكل‬ ‫بعد‬‫ير‬‫و‬‫إلتط‬‫و‬ ‫إلتوسع‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫ساعد‬ ‫مما‬ ‫مقفل‬
‫بعضها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إملمزوجه‬ ‫إلعالية‬ ‫إملباين‬ ‫من‬ ‫مترة‬‫مس‬ ‫صفوف‬ ‫ذإت‬ ‫مدينه‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عباره‬ ‫تقبلويه‬‫ملس‬‫إ‬ ‫يف‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬:‫إملدينة‬ ‫وسط‬ ‫يف‬ ‫إلتكدس‬ ‫من‬ ‫إحلد‬
‫إيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إإمتدإد‬ ‫تخدإم‬‫إس‬‫إقل‬ ‫تغالل‬‫لس‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫انطحات‬ ‫معل‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬
‫ممكنه‬ ‫إرض‬ ‫مساحة‬
‫إلعيوب‬:‫إلس‬ ‫كثافه‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫ومل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫مشالك‬ ‫حيل‬ ‫مل‬ ‫بيق‬‫لتط‬‫إ‬‫فهيا‬ ‫اكن‬
‫تخطيطة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬:
‫و‬ ‫إملدينه‬ ‫بني‬ ‫إوج‬‫زت‬‫إل‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫نية‬‫مب‬ ‫كوربوزيه‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫إفاكر‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إل‬(‫إدلمج‬
‫بيهنم‬)‫إيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫الامتدإد‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫إكد‬‫و‬

91. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬(‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬‫نوذجية‬‫ل‬‫إ‬–‫نجه‬‫بك‬‫ام‬)

94. ‫إلعضوية‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬
‫ح‬ ‫من‬ ‫إحلى‬ ‫للاكئن‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إحلي‬ ‫فادلورة‬ ‫منوه‬‫و‬ ‫حياته‬ ‫تسري‬ ‫ىح‬ ‫اكئن‬ ‫ى‬‫ك‬ ‫حيوى‬ ‫عضوى‬ ‫إساس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫بكة‬‫ش‬ ‫تصممي‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تتلخص‬‫بكة‬‫س‬ ‫يث‬‫والاوردة‬ ‫إيني‬‫رش‬‫إل‬
‫للمدينة‬ ‫إلعضوى‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬ ‫إساسها‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫وضعت‬ ‫إلىن‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫وىه‬ ‫للجسم‬ ‫نة‬‫و‬‫إملك‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫تك‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫دورهتا‬ ‫ينظم‬ ‫إذلى‬ ‫وابلقلب‬
‫مهنا‬ ‫لك‬ ‫سعة‬ ‫نية‬‫سك‬ ‫خالاي‬ ‫من‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إلعض‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫تتكون‬‫و‬10‫إذل‬ ‫إلرمس‬‫و‬ ‫ىح‬ ‫كعضو‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إسة‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫بل‬ ‫ملدينة‬ ‫يا‬‫وهندس‬ ‫فيا‬‫ر‬‫زخ‬ ‫ختطيطا‬ ‫يست‬‫ل‬ ‫إلفكرة‬‫و‬ ‫نسمة‬ ‫إلالف‬‫ىف‬ ‫يؤخذ‬ ‫ى‬
‫كوحدة‬ ‫الانسان‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫هو‬ ‫إلتصممي‬ ‫عند‬ ‫تبار‬‫ع‬‫الا‬
‫عام‬ ‫نيا‬‫ا‬‫إمل‬ ‫ف‬ ‫إجيوف‬‫ر‬ ‫هانز‬ ‫يد‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إلعض‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫الاوىل‬ ‫الاحباث‬ ‫ظهرت‬ ‫وقد‬1925
‫نية‬‫ا‬‫إلت‬ ‫إلعاملية‬ ‫إحلرب‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫لني‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫ىه‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إلعض‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫فكرة‬ ‫علهيا‬ ‫طبقت‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫إول‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫بيقى‬‫تط‬ ‫مثال‬:
‫إجلديدة‬ ‫إمخيد‬ ‫مدينة‬
‫إمخي‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫رشق‬ ‫جنوب‬ ‫نيل‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫هنر‬ ‫رشق‬ ‫تقع‬‫و‬ ‫نشاء‬‫الا‬ ‫حتت‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫ىه‬‫هبا‬ ‫مير‬‫و‬ ‫د‬
‫إحل‬ ‫يبعد‬‫و‬ ‫جرجس‬ ‫مارى‬ ‫ودير‬ ‫إدى‬‫و‬ ‫إلغرىب‬ ‫إلشامل‬ ‫من‬ ‫وحيدها‬ ‫إدى‬‫و‬ ‫جنواب‬‫إلغرىب‬ ‫د‬
‫إىل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫إجلنوىب‬‫و‬ ‫الاوسط‬2‫إلش‬ ‫إلغرىب‬ ‫إحلد‬ ‫يقرتب‬‫و‬ ‫نيل‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫هنر‬ ‫من‬ ‫مك‬‫امىل‬
‫مبسافة‬1‫الاجاملية‬ ‫إملساحة‬ ‫تبلغ‬‫و‬ ‫نيل‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫من‬ ‫مك‬1.4‫فدإن‬ ‫إلف‬
‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫ر‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬‫ه‬:
‫اك‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫نية‬‫مب‬ ‫إفاكره‬ ‫لك‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬‫و‬ ‫إجيوف‬‫ر‬ ‫هانز‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬‫إحد‬‫و‬ ‫نسان‬
‫إلبعض‬ ‫بعضها‬‫ب‬ ‫إءه‬‫ز‬‫إج‬ ‫تيط‬‫ر‬‫ي‬‫و‬ ‫نو‬‫ي‬

98. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫ع‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إن‬ ‫إساس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫يطها‬‫ختط‬ ‫مت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫ابملدينة‬ ‫إىن‬‫ر‬‫إلعم‬ ‫نو‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫نة‬‫و‬‫مر‬‫نو‬‫ي‬ ‫ىح‬ ‫ضو‬
•‫يع‬‫رس‬‫إل‬ ‫إلعابر‬ ‫إملرور‬ ‫متنع‬ ‫نية‬‫لنج‬‫إ‬ ‫إلطرق‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫إملس‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلكثري‬ ‫هيدر‬ ‫إلعضوى‬ ‫إلشلك‬ ‫تحقيق‬‫ل‬ ‫نية‬‫ملنح‬‫إ‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫تخدإم‬‫إس‬‫عند‬ ‫احات‬
‫مي‬‫تقس‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬

99. ‫الجميلة‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫نظرية‬
‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬
‫يقول‬‫و‬ ‫إت‬‫ز‬‫بال‬ ‫إسعة‬‫و‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫وش‬ ‫مية‬‫عظ‬ ‫مناذج‬ ‫حتوى‬"‫ل‬ ‫وغالبا‬ ‫إلناس‬ ‫شعور‬ ‫يك‬‫ر‬‫لتح‬ ‫حسر‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫نه‬‫ا‬‫ف‬ ‫صغرية‬ ‫خمططات‬ ‫لتعمل‬‫إمعل‬ ‫إقعية‬‫و‬ ‫غري‬ ‫تكون‬
‫إلعمل‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إلسمو‬‫و‬ ‫الامل‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إلعلو‬ ‫هدفك‬ ‫ليكن‬ ‫كبرية‬ ‫خمططات‬"
‫إلك‬ ‫إت‬‫ز‬‫إلبال‬‫و‬ ‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫إسعة‬‫و‬‫إل‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إحملاور‬ ‫وخططت‬ ‫إملتحدة‬ ‫ابلولايت‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫مؤسسات‬ ‫من‬ ‫كتري‬ ‫ت‬‫نشأ‬‫إ‬‫ك‬ ‫إحلرض‬ ‫إكز‬‫ر‬‫وم‬ ‫ربى‬‫قام‬ ‫ام‬
‫عام‬ ‫هنام‬‫ر‬‫ب‬1919‫يةل‬‫و‬‫ط‬ ‫نني‬‫لس‬ ‫ياكغو‬‫ش‬ ‫مدإرس‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إخملطط‬ ‫هذإ‬ ‫يدرس‬ ‫واكن‬ ‫ياكغو‬‫ش‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ب‬
‫إمجليةل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬
‫حت‬ ‫كلك‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إملوجودة‬ ‫بيحة‬‫لق‬‫إ‬ ‫بيئة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫معاجلة‬‫عىل‬ ‫توى‬
‫خضمة‬ ‫إت‬‫ز‬‫بال‬‫و‬ ‫إسغة‬‫و‬ ‫إرع‬‫و‬‫ش‬
‫تخطيطة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬
‫ىف‬ ‫عقد‬ ‫إذلى‬ ‫إملعرض‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫قدم‬ ‫معامرى‬ ‫همندس‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫هنام‬‫ر‬‫ب‬ ‫نيال‬‫إ‬‫د‬
‫عام‬ ‫ياكغو‬‫ش‬1893‫وهامج‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إلثورة‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫بية‬‫لسل‬‫إ‬ ‫نب‬‫إ‬‫و‬‫إجل‬‫بيئة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إلعظمة‬ ‫شعاره‬ ‫واكن‬ ‫إلكربى‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫بيحة‬‫لق‬‫إ‬‫إلىت‬‫و‬ ‫نترصة‬
‫إمجليةل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫إسامها‬

100. ‫الجميلة‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫نظرية‬

101. ‫إبع‬‫و‬‫ت‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬
‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬
‫بني‬ ‫إلضاحية‬ ‫ساكن‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫إوح‬‫رت‬‫ي‬ ‫إن‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫متد‬‫تع‬12‫و‬18‫إلصن‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تشمل‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫خارجية‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫حبيث‬ ‫إلف‬‫اعات‬
‫ع‬ ‫إدلوةل‬ ‫إف‬‫رش‬‫إ‬ ‫رضورة‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫يؤكد‬‫و‬ ‫حية‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫يعة‬‫رس‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫يكة‬‫ش‬ ‫إسطة‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫الام‬ ‫ابملدينة‬ ‫بطها‬‫ر‬ ‫جيب‬ ‫لكن‬‫و‬‫وعىل‬ ‫الارض‬ ‫ىل‬
‫إرع‬‫و‬‫إلش‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫الاقتصاد‬ ‫ورضورة‬ ‫إقل‬ ‫تلكفة‬‫و‬ ‫إكرب‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫يوفر‬ ‫إذلى‬ ‫إلسلمي‬ ‫تخطيط‬‫ل‬‫إ‬
‫تخطيطة‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكرة‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬
‫إملش‬ ‫إلعبارة‬ ‫وصاحب‬ ‫لندن‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫الاساكن‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬ ‫هو‬ ‫نني‬‫و‬‫ي‬ ‫ند‬‫و‬‫مي‬‫ر‬‫هورة‬"‫فرط‬
‫و‬ ‫إ‬‫رت‬‫إجنل‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫يتة‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬ ‫طبقت‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫مكسب‬ ‫ابى‬ ‫ليعود‬ ‫إلزحام‬‫إدلول‬ ‫من‬ ‫غريها‬
‫نية‬‫ا‬‫إلت‬ ‫إلعاملية‬ ‫إحلرب‬ ‫بعد‬

103. ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬‫يوب‬‫ع‬‫و‬‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫الازد‬ ‫وقةل‬ ‫إحلركة‬ ‫سهوةل‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫يساعد‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إخلدمات‬ ‫متركز‬‫مناطق‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫حام‬
‫إخلدمات‬
•‫إء‬‫رض‬‫إخل‬ ‫إملناطق‬ ‫ندرة‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫إلصناعية‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إجدة‬‫و‬‫إملت‬ ‫إملشالكت‬ ‫حل‬
•‫إحلدإئقية‬ ‫للمدبنة‬ ‫بيعى‬‫ط‬ ‫إمتدإد‬ ‫نعترب‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫إت‬‫زي‬‫مم‬
•‫إبع‬‫و‬‫إلت‬ ‫إملدن‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫إخلدمات‬ ‫قةل‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫يوب‬‫ع‬

104. ‫الاحتادية‬ ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫يةإملد‬‫ر‬‫نظ‬–‫ج‬ ‫يك‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫لودن‬
‫الاحتادية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫بنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬:
-‫عام‬ ‫جلودن‬ ‫يك‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫نرش‬١٩٢٦‫إملدن‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫قامئة‬ ‫وىه‬ ‫الاحتادية‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ته‬‫ر‬‫فك‬ ‫م‬
‫إبع‬‫و‬‫إلت‬)‫إىح‬‫و‬‫إلض‬(‫الامهي‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫تسا‬‫م‬ ‫متعددة‬ ‫خالاي‬ ‫من‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫تتكون‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ز‬‫إلالمرك‬ ‫حنو‬ ‫إلفكره‬ ‫تتجه‬‫و‬ ، ‫إدل‬‫و‬‫إلت‬‫و‬ ‫نقسام‬‫الا‬ ‫إساس‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫وقامئه‬‫و‬ ‫إحدة‬‫و‬ ‫إة‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫ليس‬‫و‬ ‫ة‬‫خلية‬ ‫لك‬
‫إلقطر‬ ‫حمددة‬(٢‫ك‬.‫م‬)‫إل‬ ‫يتعدى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫إلساكن‬ ‫من‬ ‫حمدد‬ ‫لعدد‬ ‫وخمصصه‬١٠٠، ‫جديدة‬ ‫خالاي‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫تك‬ ‫إسطة‬‫و‬‫ب‬ ‫إتساعها‬‫و‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫منو‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫حبيث‬ ‫ومقفةل‬ ‫نسمة‬ ‫إلف‬
‫ب‬‫بش‬ ‫بعضها‬‫ب‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫تبط‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫كام‬ ، ‫إلبعض‬ ‫بعضها‬‫و‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫بني‬ ‫ندماج‬‫إ‬ ‫إو‬ ‫تدإخل‬ ‫حيدث‬ ‫فال‬ ، ‫إملقفوةل‬ ‫حدودها‬ ‫عند‬ ‫خليه‬ ‫لك‬ ‫منو‬ ‫ينهتيى‬‫و‬‫خطوط‬ ‫كة‬‫وحييط‬ ، ‫إليه‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬
‫إملسا‬ ‫تدإخل‬ ‫إو‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تدإخل‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ؤكد‬ ‫وت‬ ، ‫إلساكن‬‫و‬ ‫إملساحة‬ ‫حمددة‬ ‫إخلليه‬‫و‬ ‫إء‬‫رض‬‫خ‬ ‫مساحات‬ ‫إخلالاي‬ ‫هذه‬‫حات‬‫مل‬‫إ‬‫إملساحات‬ ‫ىف‬ ‫بنية‬
‫إر‬‫ر‬‫مت‬‫س‬‫اب‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫منو‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫تساعد‬ ‫كام‬ ‫إء‬‫رض‬‫إخل‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫تكل‬ ‫وعيوب‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬:
-‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫إمل‬:
‫إر‬‫ر‬‫مت‬‫س‬‫اب‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫منو‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تساعد‬
‫إء‬‫رض‬‫إخل‬ ‫إملساحات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بنية‬‫مل‬‫إ‬ ‫إملساحات‬ ‫تدإخل‬ ‫عدم‬
-‫إلعيوب‬:
.‫حوهل‬ ‫نو‬‫ت‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫للمدينة‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫ل‬
.‫إملفقة‬ ‫حدودها‬ ‫عند‬ ‫خلية‬ ‫لك‬ ‫منو‬ ‫ينهتيي‬
‫إفاك‬ ‫لك‬ ‫نت‬‫اك‬ ‫و‬ ،‫جلودن‬ ‫يك‬‫ر‬‫إ‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬‫رة‬
‫مدينه‬ ‫خلق‬ ‫عىل‬ ‫نية‬‫مب‬
‫ابلق‬ ‫تتصل‬ ‫جديدة‬ ‫إاي‬‫و‬‫ن‬ ‫ين‬‫و‬‫بتك‬ ‫متتد‬ ‫مقفةل‬‫تسع‬‫ت‬ ‫ول‬ ‫دمي‬
‫من‬ ‫لكرت‬١٠٠‫خشص‬ ‫إلف‬

105. ‫نة‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬‫إسعه‬‫و‬‫إل‬the broad acres city(‫نك‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫إيت‬‫ر‬ ‫يد‬‫و‬‫ل‬)
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ابلنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬:
‫عيل‬ ‫إرع‬‫ز‬‫إمل‬‫و‬ ‫الاجامتعية‬ ‫إخلدمات‬‫و‬ ‫إملتاجر‬‫و‬ ‫إلصناعات‬ ‫همثل‬‫خملتلف‬‫إ‬ ‫الانشطة‬ ‫توزع‬ ‫فهيا‬ ‫إسعه‬‫و‬‫إل‬ ‫إملدينه‬‫ية‬‫يس‬‫ئ‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إلطرق‬ ‫إمتدإد‬
‫إيل‬‫و‬‫ح‬ ‫مساحهتا‬ ‫الازدحام‬ ‫من‬ ‫للتخلص‬ ‫خضمه‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫إيت‬‫ر‬ ‫نك‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ف‬ ‫إقرتح‬ ‫وقد‬‫إلعام‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫إلط‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫ممتده‬‫و‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬‫م‬ ‫ميل‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬:
‫إملساحات‬ ‫يف‬ ‫الاتساع‬
‫الازدحام‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إلبعد‬
‫إلتلوث‬ ‫مصادر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫إلبعد‬
‫إلعيوب‬:‫إملدينه‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تنفيذ‬‫ل‬ ‫به‬‫و‬‫إملطل‬ ‫إلشاسعه‬ ‫إملساحات‬ ‫يف‬ ‫ترتكز‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬:
‫يف‬ ‫وحاول‬ ‫ية‬‫و‬‫إلعض‬ ‫إلعامرة‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬ ‫إيد‬‫ر‬ ‫يد‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫نك‬‫إ‬‫ر‬‫ف‬ ‫هو‬‫ته‬‫ر‬‫فك‬
‫كوربوز‬‫و‬‫ل‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إل‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫إملدينة‬ ‫ينقل‬ ‫إن‬‫يه‬
‫إحل‬ ‫بني‬ ‫نرها‬‫و‬‫إرع‬‫ز‬‫إمل‬ ‫بني‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫إملص‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫يق‬‫ر‬‫ط‬ ‫عن‬‫قول‬

107. ‫متركز‬‫ل‬‫إ‬ ‫ية‬‫ل‬‫عا‬ ‫نه‬‫ي‬‫إملد‬(‫جودمان‬)
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫ابلنظ‬ ‫يف‬‫ر‬‫إلتع‬:
‫ي‬ ‫إذلي‬ ‫الاريض‬ ‫إجلور‬ ‫تشغل‬ ‫وماكتب‬ ‫نع‬‫ا‬‫ومص‬ ‫متاجر‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫ميل‬ ‫إيل‬ ‫قطره‬ ‫يصل‬ ‫خضم‬ ‫مبين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عباره‬‫إيل‬ ‫إره‬‫و‬‫إد‬ ‫صل‬25
‫إخلرض‬ ‫إيض‬‫ر‬‫الا‬ ‫من‬ ‫شاسعه‬ ‫مساحات‬ ‫مبين‬‫ل‬‫اب‬ ‫وحييط‬ ‫يه‬‫ورإس‬ ‫إفقيه‬ ‫إصالت‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫إملبين‬ ‫وخيدم‬ ‫دور‬‫فهييه‬‫رت‬‫إل‬ ‫إملباين‬‫و‬ ‫إء‬
‫إرع‬‫ز‬‫م‬ ‫هبا‬ ‫حييط‬ ‫نية‬‫سك‬ ‫مباين‬ ‫ابللك‬ ‫حييك‬ ‫مث‬ ‫إلثقافيه‬‫و‬
‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إاي‬‫ز‬‫م‬:
‫الاض‬ ‫مساحه‬ ‫عيل‬ ‫كبري‬ ‫حزي‬ ‫لتشغل‬
‫إء‬‫رض‬‫إخل‬ ‫إملساحات‬ ‫وفرة‬
‫إلعيوب‬:‫إمل‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫إحلضاري‬ ‫إملركز‬ ‫بناء‬‫ل‬ ‫إلتلكفه‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫إ‬‫دينة‬
‫يطيه‬‫لتخط‬‫إ‬ ‫إفاكره‬‫و‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫إلنظ‬ ‫إئد‬‫ر‬
‫معقد‬ ‫حضاري‬ ‫عنحل‬ ‫عباره‬ ‫مان‬ ‫جود‬ ‫الاخوة‬ ‫فكرة‬
‫لتخ‬ ‫إيس‬‫ر‬‫إل‬‫و‬ ‫الافقي‬ ‫إلنقل‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫تعملني‬‫مس‬‫هيلك‬ ‫دم‬
‫در‬ ‫إعيل‬ ‫لتوفري‬ ‫مصممه‬ ‫إلفكره‬‫و‬ ‫خضم‬ ‫نشايئ‬‫إ‬‫إلكفاءه‬ ‫جات‬
‫هتالك‬‫الاس‬ ‫ف‬

109. Urban
planning
movements

110. TheNollimap

111. Gardencity

112. Thesetback
principle

113. Broadacrecity

114. Radiantcity

115. psych
geography

116. The
megaregion

117. Thetranset

118. New
urbanism
It is an approach for successfully
reducing environmental impacts by
altering the built environment to
create and preserve smart cities that
support sustainable transport.
definition
seeks to
create sustainable
urban environments
with long-lasting
structures, buildings
and a great liveability
for its inhabitants
goals
-Residents in compact urban
neighborhoods drive fewer
miles
-have significantly lower
environmental impacts
across a range of measures
compared with those living
in sprawling suburbs.
pros Critics of New Urbanism have argued that
its environmental aspect is too focused on
transport and excessive individual mobility.
The real problem with the unsustainable
nature of modern cities is not just about
cars and too much driving - it is about the
entire urban metabolism of the city (of
which auto-mobility is less than half of the
overall ecological footprint and accounts for
about half of the GHG emissions/carbon
footprint)
argues

119. Modernism
– modernism can be defined as a physical design movement of the early- through
mid-twentieth century that sought to respond to the environmental and social
inefficiencies of the nineteenth-century city. The movement held to the goal of
generating ever-new forms of building that made the highest use of latest
technology while providing healthful and comfortable living for all the inhabitants
of a city
– Art historian Mark Crinson defines the characteristics of modernist architecture
as “that embrace of technology, that imagined escape from history, that desire
for transparency and health, that litany of abstract forms.” notes that modernism
created a universal architectural language that had the promise of delineating a
“common trajectory” and architectural/aesthetic language for all cities that enter
the political and economic social structures associated with globalization.

120. Development of Casablanca’s port over time

121. The Modern/Postmodern Divide and Urban Planning
– Modernists call it urban planning; postmodernists call it urban
design. The difference signifies a transition, from the twentieth-
century modernist ideal of large-scale, technical, and efficient city
plans, and the International Style of functionalist, no-frills
architecture, guided by the 'less-is-more' and 'form follows
function' aesthetic of Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe, to a late twentieth-century postmodernist
conception of urban life as being highly resistant to this approach.
Urban design is preoccupied instead with a collage or pastiche of
past styles within a fragmented, ephemeral, diverse environment.
Derrida, for example, sees collage/montage as the essential form of
postmodern discourse.

122. Urban renewal
Definition
Urban renewal refers to a set of plans and activities to upgrade neighborhoods and suburbs that are
in state of distress or decay. Urban renewal programs address the physical aspects of urban decay.
Urban problems such as deteriorating housing, poor physical infrastructure (including water and
sanitation services), and poor community services such as sports and recreational amenities are
addressed through such programs.
Description
Urban renewal can be distinguished from urban regeneration. The latter is a wider ranging, more
holistic policy intervention that incorporates physical, social, and environmental regeneration
(Lang, 2005). Urban renewal was considered as an alternative to the unpopular policy of “slum
clearance” involving demolishing decaying housing and slum areas and relocating the people living
there to other parts of a city. Slum clearance programs had their origins in the United Kingdom and
the United States of America, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, respectively (Carmon, 1999). The
consequence of slum clearance policies was the reproduction of slums in other areas of the city as
people were displaced from one area to another.

123. Urban renewal programs have also undergone policy shifts from pure top-down
initiated programs characterized by physical upgrading and social exclusion, urban
renewal programs that incorporate community participation where there are minimal
changes to the population-demographic in the area but also little change to the
perceived status of the area (by those living outside of it) following implementation of
the program. A third-generation approach focuses on public-private partnerships and
the gentrification of selected districts in cities, often occurring with some
displacement of people. Carmon (1999) notes that these urban renewal approaches
all have weaknesses with lessons to be learned. Lessons include the need to adopt a
more nuanced approach to urban renewal that takes into account unique differences
that exist in neighborhoods and which requires different kinds of interventions,
balancing people-oriented development with physical-environmental development,
adopting strategies to prevent income segregation of residents, working on goals of
social equity and development, partnerships between the private and public sectors,
and the preservation of old social and physical systems where appropriate.

124. Quality of life researchers have been able to measure the impacts of urban renewal and
urban development on residents’ well-being. Various theoretical models have been
developed to measure the local impact of urban renewal and development programs, for
example, Shye (1989) and Sirgy and Rahtz (2006). In the case of Sirgy and Rahtz (2006), an
empirically tested model drawing initially from the work of Andrews and Withey’s (1976)
bottom-up-spillover theory can be applied to measure the impact of urban renewal. Their
model incorporates a range of local-level components to explain general satisfaction with life,
interalia: satisfaction with government; nonprofit and business services; satisfaction with
community aspects in general, including environmental indicators such as the quality of the
natural environment; social relations in the community; and satisfaction with neighborhood
and the housing situation. Evaluations of the impact of environmental quality, resulting from
urban renewal programs while such programs are taking place and anticipated improvements
in environmental quality after such programs have been completed, have also received
attention from quality of life researchers (see Cheung & Leung, 2007). These researchers
found that to sustain subjective quality of life of residents who are exposed to urban renewal
requires ensuring environmental quality during and after urban renewal has taken place.
Urban planners have also applied quality of life and social indicators to measure the impact of
urban renewal, such as is the case with Australia’s New Living Program (see Walker et al.,
2003).

125. Metropolis Planning & Design
is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political,
and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional
or international connections, commerce, and communications. The term
is Ancient Greek and means the "mother city" of a colony (in the ancient
sense), that is, the city which sent out settlers. This was later generalized to a
city regarded as a center of a specified activity, or any large, important city in a
nation.
A big city belonging to a larger urban agglomeration, but which is not the core
of that agglomeration, is not generally considered a metropolis but a part of it.
The plural of the word is metropolises, although the Latin plural is metropoles,
from the Greek metropoleis
For urban centers outside metropolitan areas that generate a similar attraction
at smaller scale for their region, the concept of the regiopolis ("regio" for short)
was introduced by German academics in 2006.

126. Urban Renewal:-
Urban renewal refers to a set of plans and activities to upgrade neighborhoods and suburbs that are in state of
distress or decay. Urban renewal programs address the physical aspects of urban decay. Urban problems
such as deteriorating housing, poor physical infrastructure (including water and sanitation services), and poor
community services such as sports and recreational amenities are addressed through such programs.

127. Urban renewal can be distinguished from urban regeneration. The latter is a wider ranging, more holistic
policy intervention that incorporates physical, social, and environmental regeneration (Lang, 2005). Urban
renewal was considered as an alternative to the unpopular policy of “slum clearance” involving
demolishing decaying housing and slum areas and relocating the people living there to other parts of a city.
Slum clearance programs had their origins in the United Kingdom and the United States of America,
beginning in the 1930s and 1940s, respectively (Carmon, 1999). The consequence of slum clearance
policies was the reproduction of slums in other areas of the city as people were displaced from one area to
another. Urban renewal programs have also undergone policy shifts from pure top-down initiated programs
characterized by physical upgrading and social exclusion, urban renewal programs that incorporate
community participation where there are minimal changes to the population-demographic in the area but
also little change to the perceived status of the area (by those living outside of it) following implementation
of the program
A third-generation approach focuses on public-private partnerships and the gentrification of selected
districts in cities, often occurring with some displacement of people. Carmon (1999) notes that these urban
renewal approaches all have weaknesses with lessons to be learned. Lessons include the need to adopt a
more nuanced approach to urban renewal that takes into account unique differences that exist in
neighborhoods and which requires different kinds of interventions, balancing people-oriented development
with physical-environmental development, adopting strategies to prevent income segregation of residents,
working on goals of social equity and development, partnerships between the private and public sectors,
and the preservation of old social and physical systems where appropriate.

128. Regionalism (the regional planning association of America)
‫إقليمي‬ ‫تخطيط‬Regional planning ‫الفوارق‬ ‫إلذابة‬ ،‫االعتبار‬ ‫بعين‬ ‫التنمية‬ ‫لعملية‬ ‫المكاني‬ ‫البعد‬ ‫يأخذ‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫األسلوب‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫بأنه‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫تعريف‬ ‫يمكن‬
‫والبشرية‬ ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫للموارد‬ ‫استغالل‬ ‫أحسن‬ ‫لتحقيق‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫وتطبيق‬ ،‫الدولة‬ ‫أقاليم‬ ‫بين‬ ‫واالجتماعية‬ ‫االقتصادية‬.
‫المزايا‬ ‫بحسب‬ ،‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫اإلنتاجي‬ ‫التخصص‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ،‫الطبيعية‬ ‫للموارد‬ ‫األكمل‬ ‫االستغالل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫للتوصل‬ ‫مدروسة‬ ‫محاولة‬ ‫إنه‬ ،‫شديد‬ ‫وباختصار‬‫ال‬‫أ‬ ‫من‬ ‫إقليم‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫طبيعية‬‫قاليم‬
‫الدولة‬.
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫محلي‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫تخطيط‬ ‫ظهوره‬ ‫مراحل‬ ‫أول‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫بدأ‬(‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ذاتي‬)‫األق‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تنشيط‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫وأدى‬ ،‫مستغلة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫غنية‬ ‫طبيعية‬ ‫بموارد‬ ‫تتمتع‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫غالب‬ ،‫معينة‬ ‫ألقاليم‬‫اليم‬
‫المجاورة‬ ‫لألقاليم‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫ضرورة‬ ‫في‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫دعا‬ ‫مما‬ ،‫منها‬ ‫ا‬‫غنى‬ ‫أقل‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫ألقاليم‬ ‫إضعاف‬ ‫مراكز‬ ‫أصبحت‬ ‫إنها‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫وتنميتها‬.‫بسب‬ ،‫ا‬‫ا‬‫كافي‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫ح‬ ‫يكن‬ ‫لم‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ولكن‬‫ب‬
‫باعتب‬ ،‫الشامل‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫من‬ ‫النابع‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫من‬ ‫البد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ومن‬ ،‫المختلفة‬ ‫أقاليمها‬ ‫خطط‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المتناقضات‬ ‫من‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫ظهور‬‫ار‬‫يحقق‬ ‫القومي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫أن‬
‫بها‬ ‫ّر‬‫ض‬‫ت‬ ‫قد‬ ‫منافسة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تعارض‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫وتنميتها‬ ‫نموها‬ ‫ويكفل‬ ،‫بينها‬ ‫التوازن‬ ‫ويحقق‬ ،‫المختلفة‬ ‫بأقاليمها‬ ،‫للدولة‬ ‫التنمية‬.‫م‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫هو‬ ،‫هنا‬ ‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ودور‬‫تكافىء‬
‫التلقائية‬ ‫االتجاهات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الناجمة‬ ‫العيوب‬ ‫من‬ ّ‫د‬‫والح‬ ،‫بينها‬ ‫واالجتماعية‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫الفوارق‬ ‫على‬ ‫القضاء‬ ‫على‬ ‫يساعد‬ ،‫الدولة‬ ‫أقاليم‬ ‫بين‬‫في‬‫الخدم‬ ‫وتوزيع‬ ،‫الهجرة‬ ‫مجاالت‬‫ات‬
‫الصناعة‬ ‫وتوطن‬.
‫مستويات‬ ‫بأربعة‬ ‫تمر‬ ‫التخطيطية‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫إن‬ ‫القول‬ ‫المفيد‬ ‫ومن‬:
‫القومي‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ال‬‫أو‬.
‫القطاعي‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬.
‫المشروع‬ ‫مستوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثالث‬.
‫اإلقليمي‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫رابع‬

129. • Social justice is a political and
philosophical theory which asserts
that there are dimensions to the
concept of justice beyond those
embodied in the principles of civil or
criminal law, economic supply and
demand, or traditional moral
frameworks. Social justice tends to
focus more on just relations between
groups within society as opposed to
the justice of individual conduct or
justice for individuals.

130. • 1. Self Love and
Knowledge.
• 2. Respect for Others.
• 3. Issues of Social
Injustice.
• 4. Social Movements and
Social Change.
• 5. Awareness Raising.
• 6. Social Action.

131. • In socialist economies, social justice
forms a foundational principle of
economic policy. Socialist
governments commonly carry out vast
programs of forced redistribution of
land, capital, and other assets, such
as the great leab forward and
the holodomor, in the name of social
justice.

132. • When you think about the
environment, your mind might conjure
up images of rambling rivers, peaceful
woodlands or scenic mountains.
However, a broader definition
of environment is the surroundings
or conditions in which a person lives.
By this definition, the environment
would include your home, place of
work, schools, and community parks.
These are the places you spend your
time, and they play a big role in your
overall health, happiness and well-
being.

133. •
All people and communities
have the right to equal
environmental protection
under the law, and the right
to live, work and play in
communities that are safe,
healthy and free of life-
threatening conditions.

134. • Environmental justice affirms the sacredness of Mother
Earth, ecological unity and the interdependence of all
species, and the right to be free from ecological
destruction.
• Environmental justice demands that public policy be
based on mutual respect and justice for all peoples,
free from any form of discrimination or bias.
• Environmental justice mandates the right to ethical,
balanced and responsible uses of land and renewable
resources in the interest of a sustainable planet for
humans and other living things.
• Environmental justice calls for universal protection from
nuclear testing, extraction, production and disposal of
toxic/hazardous wastes and poisons and nuclear
testing that threaten the fundamental right to clean air,
land, water, and food.
• Environmental justice affirms the fundamental right to
political, economic, cultural and environmental self-
determination of all peoples.

135. • Environmental justice demands the cessation of the
production of all toxins, hazardous wastes, and
radioactive materials, and that all past and current
producers be held strictly accountable to the people for
detoxification and the containment at the point of
production.
• Environmental justice demands the right to participate
as equal partners at every level of decision-making
including needs assessment, planning, implementation,
enforcement and evaluation.
• Environmental justice affirms the right of all workers to
a safe and healthy work environment, without being
forced to choose between an unsafe livelihood and
unemployment. It also affirms the right of those who
work at home to be free from environmental hazards.
• Environmental justice protects the right of victims of
environmental injustice to receive full compensation
and reparations for damages as well as quality health
care.

136. • Environmental justice considers governmental acts of
environmental injustice a violation of international law, the
Universal Declaration On Human Rights, and the United
Nations Convention on Genocide.
• Environmental justice must recognize a special legal and
natural relationship of Native Peoples to the U.S.
government through treaties, agreements, compacts, and
covenants affirming sovereignty and self-determination.
• Environmental justice affirms the need for urban and rural
ecological policies to clean up and rebuild our cities and rural
areas in balance with nature, honoring the cultural integrity of
all our communities, and providing fair access for all to the
full range of resources.

137. • Environmental justice calls for the strict
enforcement of principles of informed consent,
and a halt to the testing of experimental
reproductive and medical procedures and
vaccinations on people of color.
• Environmental justice opposes the destructive
operations of multi-national corporations.
• Environmental justice opposes military
occupation, repression and exploitation of lands,
peoples and cultures, and other life forms.
• Environmental justice calls for the education of
present and future generations which
emphasizes social and environmental issues,
based on our experience and an appreciation of
our diverse cultural perspectives.
• Environmental justice requires that we, as
individuals, make personal and consumer
choices to consume as little of Mother Earth's
resources and to produce as little waste as
possible; and make the conscious decision to
challenge and reprioritize our lifestyles to insure
the health of the natural world for present and
future generations.

138. SUSTAINABILITY:-
What is sustainability?
development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs.

139. SUSTAINABLE URBAN
PLANNING
Sustainable urban planning involves many disciplines, including
architecture, engineering, biology, environmental science,
materials science, law, transportation, technology, economic
development, accounting and finance, and government, among
others. This kind of planning also develops innovative and
practical approaches to land use and its impact on natural
resources.
New sustainable solutions for urban planning problems can
include green buildings and housing, mixed-use developments,
walkability, greenways and open spaces, alternative energy
sources such as solar and wind, and transportation options. Good
sustainable land use planning helps improve the welfare of people
and their communities, shaping their urban areas and
neighborhoods into healthier, more efficient spaces.

140. Sustainability and Development to Achieve a Better Present and
Future:-
to a safe and comfortable urban environment,
thus, the motivation for adopting the concept
of sustainability in the urban sector is no
different from the motives that led to the
emergence and adoption of the concept of
sustainable development with its
interconnected environmental, economic and
social dimensions.

141. Sustainable Design Principle:-
Futurity :- because
we owe future
generations an
environment at
least as rich and
opportunities at
least as good as
those available
today;
Environmental
diversity :- because
maintenance and
enhancement of
various forms of
natural capital
underpin notions of
sustainability;
Carrying capacity :-
because by
remaining within the
carrying capacity of
environments,
activities can be
accommodated in
perpetuity;
The precautionary
principle:- because
environmental
impacts are by
their nature
uncertain and
because prevention
is better than cure;
Equity / quality of
life :- because
sustainability
extends to the
needs of people in
that environments
which fail to meet
human needs and
in which resources
are poorly shared
are unlikely ever to
be sustainable;
Local empowerment
:- because
sustainability is a
process as much
as an objective,
requiring the
acquiescence and
preferably the
active involvement
of communities;
The polluter pays :
- because those
responsible should
pay for the
consequences of
their actions .

142. Advantages of sustainable planning -:
Is beautiful,
distinctive,
secure, healthy
and which
fosters a
strong sense of
pride, social
equity, cohesion,
and identity
Supports a
vibrant,
balances,
inclusive and
equitable
economy
Treats land as
a precious
resource;
reusing land,
promoting
compactness at
a human scale
and
concentrated
decentralization
regionally
Supports city
regions as a
functioning
integrated
networks and
systems, with an
integrated view
of the urban
and regional
landscape
Strategically
locates new
development to
address
resource
conservation,
biodiversity,
public health
needs and
public transport
efficiency
Promotes mixed
use development
to maximize the
benefits of
proximity,
vitality, security
and adaptability
of the built
form.

143. Solutions to a sustainable city:-
-Reduced dependency on the vehicle
(especially the private car).
-Increased physical compression in urban
development.
-Conservation and restoration of natural
systems in the city and surrounding area.
-Reducing resource consumption and pollution
production in the city and its related area.
-Improving viability of urban communities .
-Sustain and strengthen the urban economy .
-Reforming the city’s administrative and
governance system.

144. Example of a sustainable city:-
Freiburg
city:-
The city has over 400 km of cycle paths,
separate bike paths, and over 9,000
bicycle parking spaces, including "bike and
ride" lots at transit stations. And also has
an extensive pedestrianised zone and a
tramway network together with feeder
buses. 70% of the population lives within
500 meters of a tram stop, and the trains
appear every 7.5 minutes during rush
hours with ticket costs subsidized to
encourage use.
Traffic modes in Freiburg showing how cycling and walking has
increased and car use decreased, a trend that is projected to
continue into the future.

145. Plannersand
theirtheories

146. Robertmoses
 One of the more divisive figures in modern urban
development, Robert Moses is responsible for much of
the growth New York City underwent in the post-
Depression era. Known as "The Power Broker‚" in
certain circles, Moses had little to no formal
architecture or city planning training, yet held twelve
offices at once without ever being elected and
influenced urban planning the world over. His policies,
often rooted in racism and prejudice, resulted in
today's urban sprawl, and his preclusion of highways
over public transportation is responsible for the decline
and destruction of numerous low-income
neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the man left an indelible
impression on the New York City landscape

147. JaneJacobs

148. PatrickGeddes
 Geddes' work stands, eccentrically, at the intersection of a
developing tradition of multidisplinary nineteenth-century urbanism
and a susequent narpower and professionalized urban planning
framework which is not attetive to, or capable of providing, the 'life
managemen capacities which remain fundamental to urban of
goverance. It is proposed that Geddes atempts at the convergence of
the displines of geography, economics and anthropology through his
adaptations of Frderic Le Play's wor on the Europan family provides
more adequate basis for both analysing and managing the
contemporary imperatives of governance in rapidly transforming
urban and civic domains. The imperatives include the understanding
of urban life-style
 and culturl patterns; the nature of the city as an economic unit in
post-industrial economics, and the need for strategic and integrated
approaches to urban policy development and planning

149.  There are four chief features of the Appalachian project
1. The Trail
 The beginnings of an Appalachian trail already exist. They have been established for several years — in various localities
along the line. Especially good work in trail-building has been accomplished by the Appalachian Mountain Club in the
White Mountains of New Hampshire and by the Green Mountain Club in Vermont
2. Shelter Camps —
These are the usual accompaniments of the trails which have been built in the White and Green
Mountains. They are the trail’s equipment for use. They should be located at convenient distances so as to
allow a comfortable day’s walk between each. They should be equipped always for sleeping and certain of
them for serving meals — after the function of the Swiss chalets.

150.  3. Community Groups —
 These would grow naturally out of the shelter camps
and inns. Each would consist of a little community on
or near the trail (perhaps on a neighboring lake) where
people could live in private domiciles. Such a
community might occupy a substantial area — perhaps
a hundred acres or more
4. Food and Farm Camps —
 These might not be organized at first. They would come
as a later development. The farm camp is the natural
supplement of the community camp

151. NormanKrumholz
 Krumholz became a widely known advocate for
equity planning, which holds that planners should
work to improve life for the city’s poorest residents
rather than serve powerful interests in big
development projects.
 Krumholz put his philosophy to work as
Cleveland’s city planning director from 1969 to
1979, during the administration of Carl Stokes,
the first black mayor of a major American city, and
succeeding administrations of Ralph Perk and
Dennis Kucinich.

152. Rittel and webber (wicked problems)
In 1973, design theorists Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber introduced the term "wicked problem" in
order to draw attention to the complexities and challenges of addressing planning and social policy
problems. Unlike the “tame” problems of mathematics and chess, the wicked problems of planning
lack clarity in both their aims and solutions. In addition to these challenges of articulation and internal
logic, they are subject to real-world constraints that prevent multiple and risk-free attempts at
solving. As described by Rittel and Webber, wicked problems have 10 important characteristics:
1) They do not have a definitive formulation.
2) They do not have a “stopping rule.” In other words, these problems lack an inherent logic that
signals when they are solved.
3) Their solutions are not true or false, only good or bad.
4) There is no way to test the solution to a wicked problem.
5) They cannot be studied through trial and error. Their solutions are irreversible so, as Rittel and
Webber put it, “every trial counts.”
6) There is no end to the number of solutions or approaches to a wicked problem.
7) All wicked problems are essentially unique.
8) Wicked problems can always be described as the symptom of other problems.
9) The way a wicked problem is described determines its possible solutions.
10) Planners, that is those who present solutions to these problems, have no right to be wrong.
Unlike mathematicians, “planners are liable for the consequences of the solutions they generate; the
effects can matter a great deal to the people who are touched by those actions.”

153. Climate change, like problems in education policy and public health, is a
wicked problem. It avoids straightforward articulation and is impossible to
solve in a way that is simple or final. Our changing conversations around
climate science and conservation, the unique regional factors that determine
the local consequences of climate change, and our ability to present endless
possible solutions (as well as the irreversibility of these solutions) require we
approach climate change with holistic and collaborative reasoning in search of
long-term, future focused solutions.

154. Saskia Sassen (global cities)
‫العالميه‬ ‫المدينه‬:‫العالمي‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫النظام‬ ‫في‬ ‫هام‬ ‫مركز‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المدينه‬ ‫هي‬
Saskia sassen
-‫العالميه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫نظريه‬ ‫رائده‬ ‫هي‬
-‫وضعت‬7‫الحديثه‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫افتراضات‬:
1-‫المعامل‬ ‫يعتبر‬ ‫االنشطه‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫لمثل‬ ‫التكامل‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫،مع‬ ‫عولمه‬ ‫يدعي‬ ‫والذي‬ ‫االقتصاديه‬ ‫االنشطه‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحضري‬ ‫التشتت‬
‫المركزيه‬ ‫الوظائف‬ ‫واهميه‬ ‫النمو‬ ‫لزياده‬ ‫الرئيسي‬
2-‫خارجيه‬ ‫بمصادر‬ ‫تستعين‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫للشركات‬ ‫المقرات‬ ‫اصبحت‬ ‫ان‬ ‫الي‬ ‫معقده‬ ‫اصبحت‬ ‫المركزيه‬ ‫الوظائف‬ ‫هذه‬
3-‫االقتصادي‬ ‫للتكتل‬ ‫تخضع‬ ‫تعقيدا‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫االسواق‬ ‫اكثر‬ ‫في‬ ‫نشترك‬ ‫المتخصصه‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫الشركات‬ ‫هذه‬
4-‫محدده‬ ‫الغير‬ ‫االسواق‬ ‫وخاصه‬ ‫وظائفها‬ ‫في‬ ‫خارجيه‬ ‫بمصادر‬ ‫تستعين‬ ‫المقرات‬ ‫من‬ ‫اكبر‬ ‫عدد‬
5-‫الحدوديه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫وصفقات‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫وتعزيز‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫تزود‬ ‫ان‬ ‫تحتاج‬ ‫المتخصصه‬ ‫الشركات‬ ‫هذه‬
6-‫التاليه‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫بالتوابعاو‬ ‫متصله‬ ‫غير‬ ‫اصبحت‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫لهذه‬ ‫االقتصاديه‬ ‫الثروات‬
7-‫النظام‬ ‫قمه‬ ‫في‬ ‫شركات‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫بان‬ ‫لها‬ ‫تسمح‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بها‬ ‫الربح‬ ‫معدالت‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫بها‬ ‫ولجذب‬ ‫تزيدالطلب‬ ‫موارد‬ ‫بها‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫بعض‬

155. ‫العالميه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫حول‬ ‫االراء‬:
1-‫داخلها‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫بنيائي‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫باي‬ ‫يرتبط‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫االقتصاد‬ ‫المدينه‬ ‫تكامل‬
2-‫واالسواق‬ ‫والتسويق‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫لمنظمات‬ ‫اساسيه‬ ‫كنقاط‬ ‫الرئيسيه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫تستخدم‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫حول‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫العواصم‬
3-‫العالميه‬ ‫للمدن‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫الوظيفي‬ ‫التحكم‬
4-‫العاصمه‬ ‫في‬ ‫والتراكم‬ ‫التركز‬ ‫اماكن‬ ‫هي‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫المدن‬
5-‫للواليه‬ ‫الماليه‬ ‫القدره‬ ‫من‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫والتي‬ ‫اجتماعيه‬ ‫تكاليف‬ ‫يولد‬ ‫العالميه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫نمو‬
‫العالميه‬ ‫المدن‬ ‫نظريه‬ ‫عيوب‬:-
1-‫الراقيه‬ ‫بالشركات‬ ‫المرتبطين‬ ‫والمحترفين‬ ‫والشركاء‬ ‫المالكين‬ ‫يد‬ ‫في‬ ‫الثوره‬ ‫عي‬ ‫تركيز‬ ‫هي‬
2-‫ومنطقتها‬ ‫المدينه‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفجوه‬ ‫زياده‬
3-‫السكاني‬ ‫التعداد‬ ‫زياده‬

156. David harvey
‫صاحب‬‫وكتاب‬ ‫نظريه‬‫المتمرده‬ ‫المدن‬
‫متمردة‬ ‫مدن‬:‫الحضر‬ ‫ثورة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحق‬ ‫من‬
‫بأطروحته‬ ‫لوفيفر‬ ‫هنري‬ ‫سبقه‬ ‫فقد‬ ،‫هذا‬ ‫كتابه‬ ‫في‬ ‫مرة‬ ‫ألول‬ ‫هارفي‬ ‫ديفيد‬ ‫يطرحه‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫جدي‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫م‬‫مفهو‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحق‬:‫ف‬ ‫الحق‬‫واهتمت‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫ي‬
‫وتنظيمات‬ ‫جمعيات‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫باألمر‬.‫عام‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫للحق‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫الميثاق‬ ‫بصدور‬ ‫االهتمام‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ج‬ ّ‫وتو‬2003‫المواطنة‬ ‫لحقوق‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫التطبيق‬ ‫يكفل‬ ‫الذي‬
‫أن‬ ‫اا‬‫د‬‫مؤك‬ ‫ومستوياتها‬"‫الحضرية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫وتطوير‬ ‫تنمية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتساوية‬ ‫المواطنين‬ ‫لمشاركة‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫هو‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحق‬."
‫هارفي‬ ‫يعيد‬‫قراءة‬ ‫كتابه‬ ‫في‬‫حلول‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الماركسية‬ ‫ثنايا‬ ‫في‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ث‬‫باح‬ ‫وتوضيحه‬ ‫الحق‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫لتحليل‬ ‫الماركسية‬ ‫األدبيات‬..‫تك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫مثل‬‫وليس‬ ‫المدينة‬ ‫ون‬
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫بد‬ ‫الحركات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫طليعة‬ ‫هم‬ ‫والمهاجرين‬ ‫والمؤقتين‬ ‫المنظمين‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫اآلمنين‬ ‫غير‬ ‫العمال‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الثورية‬ ‫الحركات‬ ‫نواة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫المصنع‬‫عم‬ ‫من‬‫ال‬
‫القديم‬ ‫بشكلها‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫تعد‬ ‫لم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المصانع‬.
‫ل‬ ‫العليا‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫بمركز‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫لعلم‬ ‫وأستاذ‬ ‫بريطاني‬ ‫أصل‬ ‫من‬ ‫ماركسي‬ ‫وجغرافي‬ ‫اجتماعي‬ ‫ر‬ّ‫منظ‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الكتاب‬ ‫مؤلف‬ ‫هارفي‬ ‫وديفيد‬‫مدينة‬ ‫جامعة‬
‫العالم‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجغرافيين‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫وأحد‬ ‫نيويورك‬.‫ا‬ ‫كالعدالة‬ ‫متنوعة‬ ‫مواضيع‬ ‫هارفي‬ ‫يتناول‬ ‫واألثنروبولوجية‬ ‫الجغرافية‬ ‫كتاباته‬ ‫بجانب‬‫منطق‬ ،‫الجتماعية‬
‫عام‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫الرأسمالية‬ ‫وانتقاد‬ ،‫الحداثة‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫ما‬ ،‫المبنية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫إطار‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫الرأسمالية‬.‫للرأسمالية‬ ‫نقده‬ ‫في‬ ‫هارفي‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫تكمن‬-‫خاص‬‫شكلها‬ ‫في‬ ‫ة‬
‫النيوليبرالي‬-‫تناوله‬ ‫في‬ ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫للطبقة‬ ‫الماركسي‬ ‫المفهوم‬ ‫مركزية‬ ‫وفي‬.

157. Judy innes
• Innes authored, co-authored, or edited four books, more than 50 articles and book chapters, and two major monographs. Often
ahead of the times, Innes’ writings were frequently controversial, but eventually many of them became required reading.
• Planning professor Patsy Healey of Newcastle University, who got to know Innes during a visit to UC Berkeley in the mid-1980s and
became a close colleague and friend, said of Innes, “The stream of papers she wrote over twenty years now occupy a position as core
literature in our field.”
• Innes’ most recent book, Planning with Complexity: An Introduction to Collaborative Rationality for Public Policy (Routledge/Taylor
and Francis, Oxford with David E. Booher) is now in its second edition and is widely considered a classic. The book draws upon the
authors’ decades of experience in planning and public policy, analyzes the roots and the emerging practices of collaboration, and
presents an overarching theory of collaborative rationality to help make sense of the new practices.
• Innes was active throughout her career in leadership positions for the planning profession and the university. She was a member
of the Planning Accreditation Board, reviewing academic planning programs in universities across the US. She also was a prominent
leader in the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning.
• At UC Berkeley, she served two terms as director of the Institute of Urban & Regional Development, a campus-wide organized
research unit, where she helped to secure and manage extramurally funded projects that included community development efforts,
action research, and community-based learning. She was a member of key committees of the Berkeley Division of the Academic
Senate and was active in the Women’s Faculty Club.

158. Hayden, Dolores 1945–
• Dolores Hayden, urban historian and poet, is professor emerita at Yale University. Her books on the American landscape include
The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History and Building Suburbia. Her poems appear in many journals and
anthologies including Poetry, Raritan, Ecotone, Yale Review, The Common, and Best American Poetry. She is the author of three
poetry collections: American Yard, Nymph, Dun, and Spinner, and Exuberance, set in the earliest years of American aviation when
daredevil pilots—women and men—thrilled spectators who had never seen an airplane.
• Dolores Hayden is professor emerita of architecture, urbanism, and American studies at Yale University. A renowned scholar of
the history of the American urban landscape and the politics of place, her works have been translated into over a dozen
languages.
• She is the author of many award-winning books including Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000
(Pantheon, 2003), A Field Guide to Sprawl (with aerial photographs by Jim Wark, W.W. Norton, 2004), and Redesigning the
American Dream: Gender, Housing, and Family Life (W.W. Norton, 1984, rev. ed., 2002), titles that have been featured in The
New York Times, The Wall Street, Journal, The Boston Globe, CNN and The Diane Rehm Show.
• Earlier works include Seven American Utopias: The Architecture of Communitarian Socialism, 1790-1975 (MIT Press, 1976), a
study of the building process in model towns, and The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American
Homes, Neighborhoods, and Cities (MIT Press, 1981), which introduced the concept of material feminism.
•
•

159. Social justice
• Definition:Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society, as measured by
the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges. Social justice assigns rights and
duties in the institutions of society, which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of
cooperation. The relevant institutions often include taxation, social insurance, public health, public school, public
services, labor law and regulation of markets, to ensure fair distribution of wealth, and equal opportunity.[9]
• Principles of social justice: Primacy of the Common Good.
• Reciprocal rights and responsibilities.
• Dignity of work and rights for workers.
• Fundamental option for the poor and vulnerable.
• Urban Planning and Social Justice
• Since the primary way in which urban planning affects social justice is through spatial arrangements, spatial
justice constitutes the focus of the discussion. Making justice a primary goal for urban policy rests on both moral
and practical arguments. Within the scholarly literature a critique of urban planning as unjust, rooted in Marxist
political economy, began in the 1970s. Reforms that promote justice can be achieved within democratic capitalist
political economies when popular movements back progressive leadership. Within the left the possibility of
achieving greater equity within global capitalism has been subject to disagreement since the nineteenth century.
The chapter begins by addressing the question of why justice should be given priority, examines the role of
planners in effecting or blocking its application, looks at the history of value emphases in planning, considers
current debates, and concludes by discussing what can be done.

160. Advocacy planning(paul Davidoff)
• Theory:advocacy planning was a necessary method for representing the
low-income and minority groups who were not always on equal footing
with the rich and powerful.[1]
• Benfits of the theory:First is the raising of the public’s awareness
• Secondly, this ideal structure for advocacy planning allows planners to
compete among themselves while representing the views of their clients
• Finally, rather than critiquing the planners and institutions that support
them, those that are critical are given the opportunity to instead provide
input and feedback on the plans with which they disagree. Creating an
environment that encourages positive attitudes towards constructive
participation.

161. (charles Lindblom) incrementalism
• Theory:is a method of working by adding to a project using many
small incremental changes instead of a few (extensively planned)
large jumps. Logical incrementalism implies that the steps in the
process are sensible
• Advantages:Politically expedient
• Simplicity
• Gradual change
• Disadvantages:Beagle Fallacy
• Failure to account for change

162. charles lindblom (incrementalism)
• Theory:Incremental planning is a pragmatic piecemeal approach to developing solutions to
problems as they arise rather than planning for them in a comprehensive, overarching way as
rational planning does
• Charles Lindblom developed the notion of Incrementalism that closely follows the principle of
satisficing. According to Lindblom, rational planning was ineffective, slow, and costly in
responding to unforeseen changes that often arise in the world of planning. Through an
incremental approach, decisions can be made swiftly to address current needs and problems.
• BRIEF OVERVIEW:
• decisions are based on the principle of satisfice rather than optimization
• lacks the vision and long-term solutions of rational planning fundamentals
• solutions based on current problems, not visionary or future goals and projections
• decisions are made quickly through limited alternatives, analyses, and evaluation
• small, piecemeal solutions to often larger and more complex problems

163. megacity
• A megacity is a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million
people
• Megacities are a distinctly modern phenomenon, the proliferation of which has
spread with the large-scale urbanisation that has occurred in many countries
around the world. Whereas only 3% of the global population lived in cities in
1800, by the end of the 20th century that figure had risen to 47%. This figure is
predicted to rise to more than 70% by the second half of the 21st century, a
number made even more startling by the fact that the human population is
expected to have increased by two billion by that point.
• Historically, the growth of big cities first occurred during the industrial revolution,
when large numbers of people moved to cities in order to find work - a trend
broadly associated with developed nations. In contrast, contemporary megacity
development is predominantly focused in areas of the world that are the least
developed, such as Mumbai.

164. • William H. Whyte was a journalist
and anthropologist whose pioneering
techniques for understanding how
people use urban environments
changed the way planners, designers,
and city officials think about cities. For
over forty years Mr. Whyte
researched and wrote about urban
growth and the use of urban spaces,
and seeking ways to improve people’s
experience of the city.

165. • City: Rediscovering the Center (Doubleday,
1988): University of Pennsylvania Press,
paperback (2009), e-book (2011); foreword by
Paco Underhill.
• The Last Landscape (Doubleday,
1968): University of Pennsylvania Press,
paperback (2002); e-book (2012); foreword by
Tony Hiss.
• The Organization Man (Simon & Schuster,
1956): University of Pennsylvania Press,
paperback (2002); e-book (2012); foreword by
Joseph Nocera.
• The Social Life of Small Urban
Spaces (Conservation Foundation, 1980):
Project for Public Spaces, 2001.
• The Essential William H. Whyte (Fordham
University Press, 2000), edited by Albert
LaFarge; foreword by Paul Goldberger.

166. • Georg Simmel was an early German
sociologist and structural theorist who
focused on urban life and the form of
the metropolis. He was known for
creating social theories that fostered
an approach to the study of society
that broke with the then-accepted
scientific methodology used to
examine the natural world. Simmel is
widely taught alongside his
contemporary Max Weber, as well as
Marx and Durkheim, in courses on
classical social theory.

167. • "On Social Differentiation" (1890)
• "The Problems of the Philosophy of
History" (1892)
• "Introduction to the Science of Ethics"
(1892-1893)
• "The Philosophy of Money" (1900)
• "Sociology: Investigations on the
Forms of Sociation" (1908)

168. • Dr. Fishman is a professor of
architecture and urban
planning, teaching in the urban
design, architecture and urban
planning programs at Taubman
College of Architecture and Urban
Planning at the University of
Michigan. He is a noted urban
historian and has traced the story
of the suburb from its origins in
nineteenth-century London to its
twentieth-century demise in
decentralized cities, like Los
Angeles, in books such as
"Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and
Fall of Suburbia." His lecture is an
update on his latest research into
the relationship between the city
and the suburb.

169. Bent Flyvbjerg:-
He is a leading international expert within the field of programme
management and planning. His book Megaprojects and risk: an
anatomy of ambition is considered essential reading for project
managers, sponsors and those involved in megaprojects.
Flyvbjerg's Iron Law
(a) Realistic planning, including de-biasing of all cost,
schedule, and benefit estimates.
(b) High-quality delivery teams.
(c) Governance structures with incentives for realistic
plans and for delivering those plans to time, budget, and
benefits; and with early-warning-sign systems to
immediately capture and act on things that go wrong,
which they invariably do in megaprojects, due to their
sheer size and complexity

170. John F. Forester:-
John F. Forester is a planning theorist with a
particular emphasis on participatory planning
john Forester's (Planning in the Face of
Power) book
apply critical social
theory to the study of
planning
make sense of the
micro processes
that constitute
planning practice
help planners be
progressive
practitioners

171. Friedrich Hayek:-
Friedrich August von Hayek was an Austrian-British economist “ pioneering
work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and penetrating
analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional
phenomena"
Hayek's view of free markets and
government planning:-
the problem of
communism was that
knowledge is diffuse .
central planning
assumes the planners
know everything
necessary to run
society.
free markets allow
people to each
decisions based on
their area of expertise
, resulting in a
"spontaneous" order.

172. William Levitt:-
William Jaird Levitt was an American real-estate developer. As
president of Levitt & Sons, he is widely credited as the father of
modern American suburbia.
Levittown:-
17,000 houses were built in the
first Levittown and 82,000 people
lived there. One swimming pool
was built for every 1,000 houses.
There were five schools.
The first Levitt house could not
have been simpler. It had 4 1/2
rooms and was designed with a
young family in mind. The lots
were 60 by 100 feet, and Bill
Levitt was proud of the fact the
house took up only 12 percent
of the lot. The living room was
12 by 16 feet. There were two
bedrooms and one bathroom. A
family could expand the house
by converting the attic or adding
onto the outside. The house was
soon redesigned with the kitchen
in the back so that the mothers
could watch their children in the
yard.

173. Clarence Stein and Henry Wright:-
Clarence Samuel Stein was an American urban planner,
architect, and writer, a major proponent of the Garden City
movement in the United States.
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright collaborated on the plan for Sunnyside Gardens, a neighborhood of the New
York City borough of Queens. The 77-acre (310,000 m2) low-rise pedestrian-oriented development and took
the garden city ideas of Sir Ebenezer Howard as a model. This neighborhood has retained its special
character and has been listed on the National Register of Historical Places.

174. Benton MacKaye:-
The father of the Appalachian Trail:-he was an
American forester, planner and conservationist.
Benton MacKaye published An Appalachian Trail: A Project in Regional Planning, an article that proposed the
creation of a long-distance trail running through the Appalachian Mountains from Georgia to Maine. This trail
would connect a series of new rural communities and draw Americans away from the industrial metropolises
that had boomed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Young lawyer Myron Avery led the building of the
trail, and it was completed in 1937.

175. Jane Jacobs:-
what are the main components that lead to
urban diversity?
1-The district
must serve more
than one
primary use,
and preferably
more than two.
2-Most blocks
must be short.
3-Buildings must
be mingled in
their age,
condition, and
required
economic yield.
4-A dense
concentration of
people.

176. • is an English town planner, urbanist and geographer. He is the
Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at The Bartlett,
University College London and President of both the Town and
Country Planning Association and the Regional Studies
Association.
• He is an internationally renowned authority on the economic,
demographic, cultural and management issues that face cities
around the globe. Hall has also been for many years a key
planning and regeneration adviser to successive UK governments.
• Peter Hall’s academic and policy writings date from 1960 and are
still piling up. They encompass over sixty authored and edited
books in various editions, about as many book chapters, nearly
200 substantive journal articles, hundreds of short contributions
Peter hall

177. QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS

178. The difference between rational comprehensive planning
and incrementalism planning :

179. •‫االستراتيجي‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫مفهوم‬:
‫الخا‬ ‫ّرات‬‫ي‬‫المتغ‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫في‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ويأخذ‬ ،‫المدى‬ ‫بعيد‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫هو‬‫ّة‬‫ي‬‫رج‬
‫المنافس‬ ‫لطرق‬ ً‫ة‬‫إضاف‬ ،‫المستهدفة‬ ‫والقطاعات‬ ‫الشرائح‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫بتحديد‬ ‫ويقوم‬ ،‫ّة‬‫ي‬‫والداخل‬‫هذا‬ ‫يقوم‬ ، ‫ة‬
ّ‫ي‬‫المستقبل‬ ‫الرؤية‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫في‬ ً‫ا‬‫آخذ‬ ،‫ماضون‬ ‫نحن‬ ‫أين‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫سؤال‬ ‫على‬ ‫باإلجابة‬ ‫التخطيط‬‫للمؤسسة‬ ‫ة‬
‫المختلف‬ ِ‫ة‬‫األنشط‬ ‫إلى‬ ً‫ة‬‫إضاف‬ ،‫المنظمة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫جوانب‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫واالرتباط‬ ‫التكامل‬ ‫وعالقات‬‫بها‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫التي‬ ‫ة‬
‫بها‬ ‫المحيطة‬ ‫بالبيئة‬ ‫المنظمة‬ ‫تربط‬ ‫التي‬ ‫والعالقة‬.
•‫أهميته‬:
‫المساعده‬‫المتاحة‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫تخصيص‬ ‫على‬.
‫الموازنات‬ ‫تقييم‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬ ‫سليم‬ ‫منطق‬ ‫تقديم‬.

180. ‫الشامل‬ ‫التخطيط‬
•‫لتحقيق‬ ،‫وجه‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫على‬ ،‫االقتصادي‬ ‫المجتمع‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتاحة‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫هو‬‫أفضل‬
‫النتائج‬.‫الجزئ‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫بخالف‬ ،‫القومي‬ ‫االقتصاد‬ ‫قطاعات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ويشمل‬ْ‫أي‬ ،‫ي‬
‫اآلخر‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫دون‬ ،‫القطاعات‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتاحة‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫تخطيط‬.
•‫م‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫نظا‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫على‬ ‫للمنظمة‬ ‫ينظر‬ ‫إذ‬ ‫النظم؛‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫على‬ ‫الشامل‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫ويستند‬‫يتألف‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ح‬‫فتو‬
‫النظام‬ ‫عناصر‬ ‫تمثل‬ ‫جزيئات‬ ‫من‬.‫أج‬ ‫لكل‬ ‫الشامل‬ ‫التخطيط‬ ‫وشمول‬ ‫عمومية‬ ‫من‬ ‫الرغم‬ ‫وعلى‬‫زاء‬
‫المنظمة‬,‫حصي‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫الشاملة‬ ‫الخطة‬ ‫فشل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫منه‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تحقيق‬ ‫في‬ ‫فشل‬ ‫أي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إال‬‫لة‬
‫المنظمة‬ ‫منها‬ ‫تتكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الجزيئات‬,‫المعلوم‬ ‫بتوفير‬ ‫المتعلقة‬ ‫الصعوبات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ناهيك‬‫الفنية‬ ‫ات‬
‫شاملة‬ ‫لمهمة‬ ‫والخبرات‬.

181. Dolores Hayden's three models of home: haven vs. industrial vs.
neighborhood
Divided into three parts (The Evolution of American housing –Rethinking Private Life—Rethinking Public Life )
• Redesigning the American Dream illuminates the gendered features of the American housing crisis
• Hayden recounts the evolution of the housing strategies that culminated in the predominant American form:
the home as haven model, the architectural symbol of women's relegation to the private realm. She begins
with discussion of the Puritan's collective village model which effectively balanced individual desires for
privacy with the community's need for solidarity through the creation of public commons, shared agricultural
tracts, and spaces for privately owned homes and farms
• Hayden explains that as the eighteenth century drew to a close, the model gave way to one reflecting the
Jeffersonian sentiment that individual ownership of a small family farm was the ultimate manifestation of the
pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness. Then, as large numbers of foreigners flooded into major urban areas
during nineteenth century waves of immigration, the Jeffersonian ideal lost its relevance.
• Extreme overcrowding, filth, disease, and crime plagued urban centers, so those who could afford to do it,
moved out into the suburbs and purchased homes with yards. Men commuted to the city for work. Women
stayed behind. Convinced that the suburban home was a sacred haven, government entities, housing
authorities, real estate developers, builders, and even sociologists touted suburban life as the ideal life for all
Americans. Financial and spatial limitations were ignored as the home as haven archetype was crowned
symbol of the American Dream.

182. oJane Jacobs' view of
"diversity"
June Manning Thomas' view of
"diversity"
•“Cities have the capability of
providing something for
everybody, only because, and
only when, they are created by
everybody.”
•Jacobs’s four principles for a
city as a vibrant system and
maintaining a “sidewalk ballet
₋A street or district must serve
several primary functions.
₋Blocks must be short.
₋Buildings must vary in age,
condition, use and rentals.
₋Population must be dense.
•Led the way in advocating for
a place-based, community-
centered approach to urban
planning
has succeeded in helping to reshape
the conversation about diversity in
the metropolis. Although,in some
ways, diversity has remained an
importanttopic in discussions about
metropolitan economicdevelopment
for some time, quite often, the
purpose of existing literature has
been to document inequities or to
call for diversity without hard
evidence of its benefits.This is in
contrast to the creative-cities
approach, whichfocuses on the
importance of diversity as a positive
wayto enhance economic growth and
development.thomas’s model forces
a reconsideration of the dynamics of
race, ethnicity, and other forms of
diversity.

183. What is Tragedy Of The Commons?
• is an economic problem in which every individual has an incentive to consume a resource
at the expense of every other individual with no way to exclude anyone from consuming.
It results in overconsumption, under investment, and ultimately depletion of the resource
• the tragedy of the commons occurs when individuals neglect the well-being of society in
the pursuit of personal gain.
• The tragedy of the commons is a very real economic issue where individuals tend to
exploit shared resources so the demand greatly outweighs supply, and the resource
becomes unavailable for the whole
• In economic terms, the tragedy of the commons may occur when an economic good is
both rivalrous in consumption and non-excludable. These types of goods are called
common-pool resource goods (as opposed to private googs, club goods, or puplic
goods).
• A good that is rivalrous in consumption means that when someone consumes a unit of
the good, then that unit is no longer available for others to consume; all consumers are
rivals competing for the good, and each person’s consumption

184. The Economics of Tragedy of the
Commons
• It is this combination of properties (scarcity, rivalry in consumption, and non-
excludability) that creates the tragedy of the commons. Each consumer maximizes the
value they get from the good by consuming as much as they can as fast as they can
before others deplete the resource, and no-one has an incentive to reinvest in
maintaining or reproducing the good since they can not prevent others from
appropriating the value of the investment by consuming the product for themselves.
The good becomes more and more scarce and may end up entirely depleted.
• One possible solution is top-down government regulation or direct control of a
common-pool resource. Regulating consumption and use
• Assigning private property rights over resources to individuals is another possible
solution, effectively converting a common-pool resource into a private good.
• In particular, collective action can be useful in situations where technical or natural
physical challenges prevent convenient division of a common-pool resource in to
small private parcels, by instead relying on measures to address the good’s rivalry in
consumption by regulating consumption

185. Prisoner’s Dilemma
• The “dilemma” faced by the prisoners here is that, whatever the other does, each is
better off confessing than remaining silent. But the outcome obtained when both
confess is worse for each than the outcome they would have obtained had both
remained silent
• A common view is that the puzzle illustrates a conflict between individual and group
rationality. A group whose members pursue rational self-interest may all end up worse
off than a group whose members act contrary to rational self-interest
• More generally, if the payoffs are not assumed to represent self-interest, a group
whose members rationally pursue any goals may all meet less success than if they had
not rationally pursued their goals individually.
•‫المرغوب‬ ‫واإليثار‬ ‫األناني‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫االختيار‬ ‫لتمثيل‬ ‫اللعبة‬ ً‫ال‬‫قلي‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫يأخذ‬‫ا‬ً‫ي‬‫اجتماع‬.‫الخطوة‬
‫ل‬ ‫المقابلة‬ ‫الحركة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ، ‫اآلخر‬ ‫يفعله‬ ‫عما‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬ ، ‫الممثل‬ ‫تفيد‬ ‫لالعتراف‬ ‫المناظرة‬‫تفيد‬ ‫لصمت‬
‫اآلخر‬ ‫الالعب‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫يفعله‬ ‫عما‬ ‫النظر‬ ‫بغض‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫الالعب‬.‫أن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫دائ‬ ‫المفيد‬ ‫من‬ ‫ليس‬ ، ‫الحال‬ ‫بطبيعة‬‫المرء‬ ‫يفيد‬
‫ه‬ ‫في‬ ‫ولكن‬ ، ‫األخالقية‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫دائ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ب‬‫مطلو‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫حسابه‬ ‫على‬ ‫اآلخرين‬ ‫منفعة‬ ‫أن‬ ‫كما‬ ، ‫نفسه‬‫اللعبة‬ ‫ذه‬
‫األنانية‬ ‫التحركات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫على‬ ‫اإليثارية‬ ‫التحركات‬ ‫مع‬ ‫النتيجة‬ ‫الالعبين‬ ‫كال‬ ‫يفضل‬.‫دفع‬ ‫وقد‬‫المالحظة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ت‬
‫ديفيد‬‫غوتييه‬‫األخالق‬ ‫طبيعة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ا‬ً‫م‬‫مه‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ئ‬‫شي‬ ‫ليقولوا‬ ‫السجين‬ ‫معضلة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وآخرين‬