1. Open Access from the Point of View of the Coalition for Action 'Copyright for Education and
Research' / By Rainer Kuhlen, Chair of Information Science, University of Konstanz; Spokesman for
the Coalition for Action ‘Copyright for Education and Research’ (Aktionsbündnis ‘Urheberrecht für
Bildung und Wissenschaft’)
從教育與研究著作權行動聯盟看開放近用 / 萊納・庫倫，康斯坦茨大學資訊科學系主任；教育
與研究著作權行動聯盟發言人
The Coalition for Action ‘Copyright for Education and Research’ (Aktionsbündnis ‘Urheberrecht für
Bildung und Wissenschaft’, ABU) was formed in the context of the current debate surrounding the
reform of German copyright law. It aims to represent the interests of education and science and
scholarship in a liberal treatment of knowledge and information dissemination vis a vis the legislator.
The basis of the ABU is the Göttingen Declaration of 2004, signed by 6 academic organisations, 328
learned societies and 5 500 individuals (as of April 2007). Its central message is as follows: ‘In a
digitised and networked information society, access to global information for the purposes of education
and science must be guaranteed at all times from any place!’ This is certainly compatible with the goals
of Open Access.
因應改革德國著作權法的爭議，成立'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟(Aktionsbündnis 'Urheberrecht
für Bildung und Wissenschaft', ABU)。它代表教育和科學和學術領域的利益，與立法者討論自由
應用知識和資訊散播的議題。'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟的基礎是 2004 年的哥廷根宣言，至
2007 年 4 月止，已有 6 個學術組織、328 個學會和 5,500 人簽署該宣言。其中心思想是：'在數位
化及網路化的資訊社會裡，必須保證隨時隨地均可近用全球的資訊，供教育和科學之用'；此目
思想完全與開放近用的目標相容。
The ABU can only indirectly promote the implementation of the principle of Open Access in education
and science. Generally, Open Access is not impaired by copyright. Copyright grants authors publishing
rights. An Open Access publication, however, means that the author’s exploitation rights are no longer
exclusive. However, it is the authors’ decision whether to also make their work available for
commercial exploitation through contractual agreements.
'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟祗能在教育和科學範圍內，間接地推動執行開放近用原則。一般來
說，開放近用不致損害著作權，著作權授予作出版的權利，開放近用的出版品係指作者不再獨
享延伸的權利。然而，這是作者自己的決定，經由合約將其作品做為商業性延伸使用。
In any case, the author’s personal/moral rights are not affected by Open Access. Some of the problems
in the overlapping areas of Open Access and copyright are as follows:
在任何情況下，作者個人的權利及道德的權利都不受開放近用的影響。有些問題在開放近用與
著作權之間，係重疊的：
• It would be easier for many authors to start applying Open Access if Section 38 of the German
Copyright Law was changed so that authors of contributions to periodically published
collections could have their exploitation rights (for non-commercial purposes) restored after a
maximum period of six months from the date of the commercial publication of their work and
so that one could not even waive this right contractually. The time delay may not be in the spirit
of Open Access, but this regulation could inspire many authors to make their work freely
available after an embargo period of this type.
如果順利修訂德國著作權法第 38 條後，事情會更容易些。商業出版其作品後，經過最多
六個月的禁錮期後，作者可以取回他們在非商業用途的延伸權，他們甚至不能放棄此權
利。禁錮期或許還不符合開放近用的精神，至少此條款可以刺激很多作者，在禁錮期後
自由地使用其作品。

2. • A difficult question is whether, in addition to being encouraged to make their work available for
Open Access publication, authors should also be obliged to deposit, in parallel at least, any
work resulting from research supported by public funds in the Open Access repositories of their
institutions. This is currently a controversial issue, since, for some, not only the questions of
‘whether’, ‘when’and ‘how’ constitute academic freedom, but also the question of ‘where’. For
others, the question of ‘where’ should not be left exclusively to the free choice of the individual.
The ABU tends to support the latter opinion, so that, in line with the goal of the Göttingen
Declaration, all of the knowledge produced with the help of public funds can be made publicly
available. Of course authors should continue to be allowed to choose freely where they publish
their work commercially, so long as the Open Access publication is guaranteed without delay.
一個困難的問題是，除了受到鼓勵，自動將作品以開放近用方式授權，作者也應有義務
將公帑贊助的研究成果典藏在其所屬機構的開放近用典藏所。這是一個有爭議的問題，
對某些人來說，學術自由不祗是'做嗎?'、'何時?'、'如何?'的問題，也是'在那?'的事。另一
群人認為不該讓個人自由選擇'在那'典藏開放近用文獻。'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟傾
向支持後者的意見，因此，根據哥廷根宣言的目標，所有在公帑幫助下產生的知識，應
該公諸於世。當然，只要開放近用出版品沒有被延誤，應繼續允許作者有權自由選擇將
作品做業用途。
• A considerable part of the knowledge that should be openly accessible is contained in so-called
‘orphaned’ works. On the basis of their publication dates, these works are still protected by
copyright, but their authors can only be located with great difficulty or not at all. Due to this
uncertain legal situation libraries often do not dare to digitalise these culturally important items,
whatever their media form, and make them freely accessible to the public. So far, legislators
have not solved the problem of orphaned works. The ABU has been active in this area with
suggestions, and has in principle joined the German Research Foundation’s (DFG) demand on
the EU to solve this situation by considering and treating these works as if they were in the
public domain until a rights holder objects. From the point of view of the DFG and the
Coalition for Action, it is imperative for the freedom of research and education that the
digitalisation of orphaned works or works in the public domain does not justify the creation of
new copyrights or exploitation rights of the digitalised original. A similarly liberal solution
should be found for works that are no longer in print.
還有相當應該公開的知識，卻處於'孤兒'的地位。從出版日期看，這些作品仍然受著作權
保護，但已難連絡其作者。在這種不確定的法律狀況下，不論其媒體型式為何，圖書館
往往不敢數位化這些具有重要文化價值的作品，使用自由被公眾使用。到目前為止，立
法者並沒有意願解決這個孤兒作品的問題。'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟積極參與此領
域，與德國研究基金會(DFG)聯手，向歐盟提出建議，將此類作品視為公版著作直到著
作所有權人提出異議。從德國研究基金會與行動聯盟的角度來看，對研究與教育的自由
而言，數位化孤兒作品及公版著作，不會產生新的著作權，也不會衍生出數位權利。那
些絕版的作品也應有類似的自由解決方案。
The ABU sees Open Access as well as free licensing forms such as ‘creative commons’ that support
authors’ information autonomy as promising solutions to the regulatory impasses of current copyright

3. law without fundamentally questioning it.
'教育與研究著作權'行動聯盟將開放近用與'創用 CC'之類的自由授權，視為支持作者資訊自主的
技術，在不質疑當前著作權法僵局的前提下，不失為解決方案之一。
p.105-106
開放近用 : 機會及挑戰, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9
Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5
Open Access : Chancen und Herausforderungen : ein Handbuch. -- Bonn : Deutsche UNESCO-
Kommission, 2007. -- 136 Seiten. -- ISBN 3-927907-96-0.
http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kommunikation/Handbuch_Open_Access.pdf