1. Open Access from the Point of View of the Coalition for Action 'Copyright for Education and
Research' / By Rainer Kuhlen, Chair of Information Science, University of Konstanz; Spokesman for
the Coalition for Action ‘Copyright for Education and Research’ (Aktionsbündnis ‘Urheberrecht für
Bildung und Wissenschaft’)
“教育与研究版权”行动联盟的开放获取观点 / 赖纳·库伦（康士坦茨大学之信息科学主席；“教育
与研究版权”行动联盟发言人）
The Coalition for Action ‘Copyright for Education and Research’ (Aktionsbündnis ‘Urheberrecht für
Bildung und Wissenschaft’, ABU) was formed in the context of the current debate surrounding the
reform of German copyright law. It aims to represent the interests of education and science and
scholarship in a liberal treatment of knowledge and information dissemination vis a vis the legislator.
The basis of the ABU is the Göttingen Declaration of 2004, signed by 6 academic organisations, 328
learned societies and 5 500 individuals (as of April 2007). Its central message is as follows: ‘In a
digitised and networked information society, access to global information for the purposes of education
and science must be guaranteed at all times from any place!’ This is certainly compatible with the goals
of Open Access.
“教育与研究版权”行动联盟（Aktionsbündnis 'Urheberrecht für Bildung und Wissenschaft', ABU）
是在围绕当前改革德国版权法争议的背景之下成立的，它致力于代表教育、科学和学术界的利
益，与立法者面对面讨论自由处理知识和传播信息的议题。ABU 的基础是 2004 年的哥廷根宣
言，至 2007 年 4 月止，已有 6 个学术组织、328 个学会和 5,500 人签署该宣言。其中心思想
是：“在数字化及网络化的信息社会里，必须保证随时随地均可获取全球的信息，供教育和科学
之用！”此思想完全与开放获取的目标兼容。
The ABU can only indirectly promote the implementation of the principle of Open Access in education
and science. Generally, Open Access is not impaired by copyright. Copyright grants authors publishing
rights. An Open Access publication, however, means that the author’s exploitation rights are no longer
exclusive. However, it is the authors’ decision whether to also make their work available for
commercial exploitation through contractual agreements.
ABU 只能在教育和科学范围内，间接地推动执行开放获取原则。一般来说，开放获取不会受损
于版权。版权授予作者出版的权利，但开放获取出版意味着作者不再独享开发的权利。然而，
是否经由合约将其作品用于商业性开发，则由作者自己决定。
In any case, the author’s personal/moral rights are not affected by Open Access. Some of the problems
in the overlapping areas of Open Access and copyright are as follows:
在任何情况下，作者的个人及道德权利都不受开放获取的影响。有些问题处于开放获取与版权
之间的重叠区域：
* It would be easier for many authors to start applying Open Access if Section 38 of the German
Copyright Law was changed so that authors of contributions to periodically published collections could
have their exploitation rights (for non-commercial purposes) restored after a maximum period of six
months from the date of the commercial publication of their work and so that one could not even waive
this right contractually. The time delay may not be in the spirit of Open Access, but this regulation
could inspire many authors to make their work freely available after an embargo period of this type.
* 对很多作者而言，如果德国版权法第 38 条更改了，开始采用开放获取会更容易，因为在商
业出版其作品后，经过最多六个月的禁锢期，期刊论文作者可以取回他们在非商业用途的开发
权，他们甚至不能以合约方式放弃此权利。禁锢期或许还不符合开放获取的精神，但至少此规
定可以鼓激很多作者，在禁锢期后自由地提供其作品。

2. * A difficult question is whether, in addition to being encouraged to make their work available for
Open Access publication, authors should also be obliged to deposit, in parallel at least, any work
resulting from research supported by public funds in the Open Access repositories of their institutions.
This is currently a controversial issue, since, for some, not only the questions of ‘whether’, ‘when’and
‘how’ constitute academic freedom, but also the question of ‘where’. For others, the question of
‘where’ should not be left exclusively to the free choice of the individual. The ABU tends to support
the latter opinion, so that, in line with the goal of the Göttingen Declaration, all of the knowledge
produced with the help of public funds can be made publicly available. Of course authors should
continue to be allowed to choose freely where they publish their work commercially, so long as the
Open Access publication is guaranteed without delay.
* 一个困难的问题是，除了受鼓励以开放获取方式提供其作品外，作者是否也应有义务将任
何受公共资助的研究成果，至少同时存放在其所属机构的开放获取典藏库。这是一个目前有争
议的问题，因为对某些人而言，学术自由不只是“是否做”、“何时做”、“如何做”的问题，也
是“在哪儿做”的问题。另外一些人则认为，“在哪儿做”的问题不应该单独留给个人自由选
择。ABU 倾向于支持后者的意见，因此，根据哥廷根宣言的目标，所有在公共资金帮助下产生
的知识，应该公诸于世。当然，只要保证开放获取出版没有被延误，应继续允许作者自由选择
在何处商业发表其作品。
* A considerable part of the knowledge that should be openly accessible is contained in so-called
‘orphaned’ works. On the basis of their publication dates, these works are still protected by copyright,
but their authors can only be located with great difficulty or not at all. Due to this uncertain legal
situation libraries often do not dare to digitalise these culturally important items, whatever their media
form, and make them freely accessible to the public. So far, legislators have not solved the problem of
orphaned works. The ABU has been active in this area with suggestions, and has in principle joined the
German Research Foundation’s (DFG) demand on the EU to solve this situation by considering and
treating these works as if they were in the public domain until a rights holder objects. From the point of
view of the DFG and the Coalition for Action, it is imperative for the freedom of research and
education that the digitalisation of orphaned works or works in the public domain does not justify the
creation of new copyrights or exploitation rights of the digitalised original. A similarly liberal solution
should be found for works that are no longer in print.
* 有相当部分应该可以公开获取的知识，却处于“孤儿”的地位。从出版日期看，这些作品仍
然受版权保护，但已难联系其作者。由于其法律状况不确定，不论其媒体型式为何，图书馆往
往不敢将这些具有重要文化价值的作品数字化，让公众自由使用。到目前为止，立法者尚未解
决孤儿作品问题。ABU 积极参与此领域，原则上与德国研究基金会（DFG）联手，向欧盟提出
解决此一情况的建议，即将此类作品视为公共领域作品，除非版权所有者提出异议。德国研究
基金会与行动联盟的观点是，对研究与教育的自由而言，数字化孤儿作品及公共领域作品，不
会产生新的版权或数字化原件的开发权。那些绝版的作品也应有类似的自由解决方案。
The ABU sees Open Access as well as free licensing forms such as ‘creative commons’ that support
authors’ information autonomy as promising solutions to the regulatory impasses of current copyright
law without fundamentally questioning it.
ABU 将开放获取与“知识共享”之类的自由授权，视为对作者信息自主的支持，在基本上不质疑
当前版权法的前提下，不失为打破立法僵局的有希望的解决方案。
p.105-106
开放获取 : 机会及挑战, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9

3. Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [开放获取 : 机会及挑战] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5
Open Access : Chancen und Herausforderungen : ein Handbuch. -- Bonn : Deutsche UNESCO-
Kommission, 2007. -- 136 Seiten. -- ISBN 3-927907-96-0.
http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kommunikation/Handbuch_Open_Access.pdf