ON THE TRAIL OF THE EARLIEST PEOPLE
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Early humans depended on nature for survival by hunting animals, catching fish and birds, and gathering fruits, roots, nuts and other plant parts. They used stone tools and moved continuously as they searched for seasonal foods, explored the jungle, and looked for resources necessary to survive. Early humans settled near water sources and areas with good quality stones for tool making, using techniques like stone on stone and pressure flaking.
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On the trail of the earliest people
Hunter-gatherers lived in South Asia as early as 2 million years ago, hunting and gathering food as they moved from place to place for various reasons such as following animal migrations and seasonal availability of plants. Archaeological evidence such as stone tools and sites near water sources provide information about these early people. Stone tools were made using two techniques - striking flakes off cores using hammerstones, or pressure flaking using bone or stone tools. Fire was in use, and traces have been found in caves. Around 12,000 years ago, environmental changes led to the development of grasslands and grain-bearing grasses, influencing early human settlement and activities. Rock paintings and engraved ostrich eggshells depict aspects of their lives and culture.
From Hunting Gathering to Growing food
Hunter-gatherers began transitioning to farming and herding around 10,000 years ago. They started domesticating plants like wheat and barley by selecting seeds from productive crops to sow. They also domesticated animals like sheep and goats. This led to the establishment of permanent settlements like at Burzoham in Kashmir, where archaeologists have found evidence of pit houses and grain storage. Sites like Mehrgarh in present-day Pakistan provide evidence of early farming through remains of domesticated crops and animals.
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Early people began domesticating plants and animals around 12,000 years ago. They started looking after edible plants and taming animals by providing them with food. Over time, this led people to adopt a settled lifestyle, growing crops like wheat and barley and raising domesticated animals like dogs, goats and sheep. They stored food grains for future use and lived together in small tribal communities, with families of two or three generations residing in settlements.
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Hunter-gatherers moved frequently in search of resources as animals and plants moved or became scarce. Around 12,000 years ago, the climate changed and grasslands expanded, allowing some groups to begin herding animals. People also started intentionally growing edible plants, leading to the first domestication of crops like wheat and barley and animals like dogs, sheep, and goats. This allowed for more settled lifestyles in places like Mehrgarh, Iran, where the earliest evidence of farming and herding has been found in excavated stone tools, housing structures, and burial sites.
On the trail of earliest people
Hunter-gatherers lived in the Indian subcontinent two million years ago. They hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, and gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks, and eggs for food. They moved from place to place in search of food and water sources and to hunt animals. Archaeological evidence of early hunter-gatherer sites are located near river valleys and include stone tools, cave settlements, and rock paintings. Stone tools were used to cut meat and bone, scrape bark and hides, chop fruits and roots, make spears and arrows, and construct huts and other tools.
Early humans
Human beings evolved in Africa over millions of years and slowly spread across continents as hunter-gatherers. During the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) from 500,000 BCE to 4,000 BCE, early humans were nomadic, subsisting as hunter-gatherers who used crude stone tools and weapons, lived in caves or natural shelters, and wore clothing made of animal skins or plant materials. They created some of the earliest art in vivid cave paintings between 40,000-35,000 BCE, and accidentally discovered how to control and use fire which provided protection and allowed cooked food.
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Hunter-gatherers lived in South Asia as early as 2 million years ago, hunting and gathering food as they moved from place to place for various reasons such as following animal migrations and seasonal availability of plants. Archaeological evidence such as stone tools and sites near water sources provide information about these early people. Stone tools were made using two techniques - striking flakes off cores using hammerstones, or pressure flaking using bone or stone tools. Fire was in use, and traces have been found in caves. Around 12,000 years ago, environmental changes led to the development of grasslands and grain-bearing grasses, influencing early human settlement and activities. Rock paintings and engraved ostrich eggshells depict aspects of their lives and culture.
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Early people began domesticating plants and animals around 12,000 years ago. They started looking after edible plants and taming animals by providing them with food. Over time, this led people to adopt a settled lifestyle, growing crops like wheat and barley and raising domesticated animals like dogs, goats and sheep. They stored food grains for future use and lived together in small tribal communities, with families of two or three generations residing in settlements.
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Hunter-gatherers moved frequently in search of resources as animals and plants moved or became scarce. Around 12,000 years ago, the climate changed and grasslands expanded, allowing some groups to begin herding animals. People also started intentionally growing edible plants, leading to the first domestication of crops like wheat and barley and animals like dogs, sheep, and goats. This allowed for more settled lifestyles in places like Mehrgarh, Iran, where the earliest evidence of farming and herding has been found in excavated stone tools, housing structures, and burial sites.
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Hunter-gatherers lived in the Indian subcontinent two million years ago. They hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, and gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks, and eggs for food. They moved from place to place in search of food and water sources and to hunt animals. Archaeological evidence of early hunter-gatherer sites are located near river valleys and include stone tools, cave settlements, and rock paintings. Stone tools were used to cut meat and bone, scrape bark and hides, chop fruits and roots, make spears and arrows, and construct huts and other tools.
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Syllabus
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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