The document introduces square and cube numbers. Square numbers result from multiplying a number by itself, such as 4 x 4 = 16. Cube numbers result from multiplying a number by itself three times, such as 3 x 3 x 3 = 27. It provides the first 10 square numbers and first 5 cube numbers as examples. It explains that we write exponents like 11^2 instead of writing out 11 x 11 to show squaring a number.