The document provides an overview of the spine's structure, functions, and common health issues related to spinal health. It details the components of the spine, including vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and the spinal cord, as well as various conditions that can affect them, such as arthritis, herniated discs, and spinal cord injuries. Additionally, it outlines symptoms that may indicate spine-related problems and offers contact information for further assistance.

1. Spine Treatment in India
Spine Structure and Function
The spinal cord, discs, nerves, and vertebrae (bones) are important components of the
spine. Your spine helps you walk, turn, and move by supporting your body. Age or
trauma can cause the discs that protect vertebrae to compress, which can result in a
herniated disc. Exercises can strengthen the core muscles that protect the spine,
reducing the risk of back pain and injury.
What is the spine?
Your body's main supporting structure is your spine, also known as your backbone. It
links several musculoskeletal system components. Your spine supports you as you sit,
stand, walk, bend, and twist. Back injuries, disorders affecting the spinal cord, and other
issues can harm the spine and result in back discomfort.

2. Parts of the spine:
Vertebrae: The spinal canal is formed by 33 stacked vertebrae, which are tiny bones. The spinal canal is
a tunnel that contains and safeguards the spinal cord and nerves from harm. To enable range of motion,
the majority of vertebrae move. Sacrum and coccyx, the lowest vertebrae, are fused together and
immobile.
Facet joints: The cartilage (a slick connective tissue) at these spinal joints allows the vertebrae to move
past one another. Facet joints offer flexibility and stability while allowing for twisting and turning. These
joints may experience arthritis, which could result in neck or back pain.
Intervertebral disks: These round, flat cushions serve as the spine's shock absorbers and sit in the
space between the vertebrae. The nucleus pulposus, the soft, gel-like centre of each disc, is encircled by
a malleable outer ring (the annulus). The pressure on the intervertebral discs is constant. The gel
substance that makes up the nucleus can leak out if a herniated disc tears. Disks that have herniated
(also known as bulged, slid, or burst discs) might hurt.
Spinal cord and nerves: The spinal cord is a column of nerves that travels through the spinal canal. The
cord extends from the skull to the lower back. Thirty-one pairs of nerves branch out through vertebral
openings (the neural foramen). These nerves carry messages between the brain and muscles.
Soft tissues: Ligaments connect the vertebrae to hold the spine in position. Muscles support the back
and help you move. Tendons connect muscles to bone and aid movement.

3. Segments of Spine:
Five different spine segments are formed from the 33 vertebrae. These components, which
begin at the neck and move toward your buttocks (back end):
Cervical (neck): The top part of the spine has seven vertebrae (C1 to C7). These neck vertebrae allow
you to turn, tilt and nod your head. The cervical spine makes an inward C-shape called a lordotic curve.
Thoracic (middle back): The chest or thoracic part of the spine has 12 vertebrae (T1 to T12). Your ribs
attach to the thoracic spine. This section of the spine bends out slightly to make a backward C-shape
called the kyphotic curve.
Lumbar (lower back): Five vertebrae (L1 to L5) make up the lower part of the spine. Your lumbar spine
supports the upper parts of the spine. It connects to the pelvis and bears most of your body’s weight, as
well as the stress of lifting and carrying items. Many back problems occur in the lumbar spine. The lumbar
spine bends inward to create a C-shaped lordotic curve.
Sacrum: This triangle-shaped bone connects to the hips. The five sacral vertebrae (S1 to S5) fuse as a
baby develops in the uterus, which means they don’t move. The sacrum and hip bones form a ring called
the pelvic girdle.
Coccyx (tailbone): Four fused vertebrae make up this small piece of bone found at the bottom of the
spine. Pelvic floor muscles and ligaments attach to the coccyx.
Conditions and disorders affect the Spine;
• Arthritic conditions, such as enclosing spondylitis (AS).
• Back strains and sprains.
• Birth defects such as spina bifida.
• Bone spurs (jagged edges on vertebrae that put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves).
• Curvatures of the spine (scoliosis and hypnosis).
• Neuromuscular diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
• Nerve injuries, including spinal stenosis, sciatica and pinched nerves.
• Osteoporosis (weak bones).
• Spinal cord injuries, including spinal fractures, herniated disks and paralysis.
• Spine tumors and cancer.
• Spine infections like meningitis and osteomyelitis.
Symptoms of Spine;
• Back pain with fever.
• Bowel or bladder control issues.
• Leg weakness or pain that moves from your back down your legs.
• Pain that worsens, causes nausea or sleeplessness or interferes with daily activities.
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