High purity specialty gases play a pivotal role across the spectrum of gold mining and the subsequent metallurgical processing, purification and refining of ore into gold bars.
The contribution of industrial gases across the entire petrochemical processing spectrum is fast becoming absolutely critical to optimal outcomes. From extraction to distribution, these gases play a pivotal role throughout the value chain.
SOx and NOx Emissions Abatement, Technology and ExperienceTurun kauppakamari
This document discusses technologies for reducing SOx and NOx emissions from ships. It notes that while the shipping industry has concerns about emissions reduction technology, the technologies are actually mature and have been used successfully since the 1930s on land. The document examines the various fuel and technology options available now and in the future for meeting emissions regulations. It acknowledges technical, regulatory, and contractual challenges but emphasizes that solutions need to be considered on a case-by-case basis depending on a ship's operations and finances.
The role of material in fertilizers industries with energy savingPremBaboo4
In Fertilizers industries the material plays a very important role. Right material can save energy as well as plant life and wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In urea plant very corrosive chemicals are used for urea production. The raw material of urea plant is Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide gas which makes very corrosive chemical ammonium Carbamate. For reduced corrosion passivation air is used in reactor as well as stripper according to material of selection different quaintly of air is used. Controlled and less quantity of passivation air is required for Titanium and Zirconium material and hence saving of energy because the huge amount of ammonia is waste with venting of inerts, i.e. saving of energy and environments also. Passivation oxygen given in CO2 is directly proportional to ammonia losses in MP section. This paper intended how to increase life of urea reactor liner and energy saving with low passivation air and high N/C ratio, Ammonia is the noncorrosive and ammonia to CO2 Ratio is an important parameter for process optimization occurring less losses and less explosion probability in urea reactor because it affects the amount of produced urea and corrosion to the material in the reactor. Generally we are using urea reactor liner 316L (urea grade), now adopted 2RE69 for large capacity plant (world largest) and Duplex stainless steel.
The document discusses a weep hole monitoring system installed in a urea plant reactor and stripper vessels to detect any leakage from the vessels. The system works by connecting each weep hole internally through grooves to another weep hole, with nitrogen passed through one hole of each pair and the other hole connected to bubblers for continuous monitoring to ensure nitrogen flow through all pairs. The Microgenie-Scan scanner monitors the resistance of each weep hole pair to detect leaks below 3k ohms and openings above 20k ohms. Safety risks of high pressure equipment in urea plants are also discussed.
Transmission structure painting is a physically demanding job that requires specialized training due to the dangerous and energized nature of the work. Most tower painters retire around age 35 due to the toll on the body. Traditional coating methods for corroded structures involve multiple climbs to complete surface preparation and apply primer, intermediate, and finish coats. Using the most cost-effective method can reduce the number of climbs and thereby reduce labor costs. Standards such as ISO and SSPC provide guidance on selecting coatings and surface preparation methods suited for transmission structures.
An Overview of Phenomenon of BOD and CODIRJET Journal
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are common methods for measuring water quality. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in water over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds in water, providing a faster analysis than BOD. Both BOD and COD are important for assessing the organic pollution load of wastewater and the efficiency of treatment plants. While COD correlates well with BOD, it does not distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter. Real-time monitoring of BOD and COD can provide information on pollutant
The contribution of industrial gases across the entire petrochemical processing spectrum is fast becoming absolutely critical to optimal outcomes. From extraction to distribution, these gases play a pivotal role throughout the value chain.
SOx and NOx Emissions Abatement, Technology and ExperienceTurun kauppakamari
This document discusses technologies for reducing SOx and NOx emissions from ships. It notes that while the shipping industry has concerns about emissions reduction technology, the technologies are actually mature and have been used successfully since the 1930s on land. The document examines the various fuel and technology options available now and in the future for meeting emissions regulations. It acknowledges technical, regulatory, and contractual challenges but emphasizes that solutions need to be considered on a case-by-case basis depending on a ship's operations and finances.
The role of material in fertilizers industries with energy savingPremBaboo4
In Fertilizers industries the material plays a very important role. Right material can save energy as well as plant life and wrong selection of material may lead to catastrophic failures and outage of plants & even loss of Human lives, Right selection of material leads to long life of plant. In urea plant very corrosive chemicals are used for urea production. The raw material of urea plant is Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide gas which makes very corrosive chemical ammonium Carbamate. For reduced corrosion passivation air is used in reactor as well as stripper according to material of selection different quaintly of air is used. Controlled and less quantity of passivation air is required for Titanium and Zirconium material and hence saving of energy because the huge amount of ammonia is waste with venting of inerts, i.e. saving of energy and environments also. Passivation oxygen given in CO2 is directly proportional to ammonia losses in MP section. This paper intended how to increase life of urea reactor liner and energy saving with low passivation air and high N/C ratio, Ammonia is the noncorrosive and ammonia to CO2 Ratio is an important parameter for process optimization occurring less losses and less explosion probability in urea reactor because it affects the amount of produced urea and corrosion to the material in the reactor. Generally we are using urea reactor liner 316L (urea grade), now adopted 2RE69 for large capacity plant (world largest) and Duplex stainless steel.
The document discusses a weep hole monitoring system installed in a urea plant reactor and stripper vessels to detect any leakage from the vessels. The system works by connecting each weep hole internally through grooves to another weep hole, with nitrogen passed through one hole of each pair and the other hole connected to bubblers for continuous monitoring to ensure nitrogen flow through all pairs. The Microgenie-Scan scanner monitors the resistance of each weep hole pair to detect leaks below 3k ohms and openings above 20k ohms. Safety risks of high pressure equipment in urea plants are also discussed.
Transmission structure painting is a physically demanding job that requires specialized training due to the dangerous and energized nature of the work. Most tower painters retire around age 35 due to the toll on the body. Traditional coating methods for corroded structures involve multiple climbs to complete surface preparation and apply primer, intermediate, and finish coats. Using the most cost-effective method can reduce the number of climbs and thereby reduce labor costs. Standards such as ISO and SSPC provide guidance on selecting coatings and surface preparation methods suited for transmission structures.
An Overview of Phenomenon of BOD and CODIRJET Journal
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), which are common methods for measuring water quality. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in water over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds in water, providing a faster analysis than BOD. Both BOD and COD are important for assessing the organic pollution load of wastewater and the efficiency of treatment plants. While COD correlates well with BOD, it does not distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable organic matter. Real-time monitoring of BOD and COD can provide information on pollutant
IRJET- A Review of Emission Control by Urea and Ammonia Solution in Diese...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for reducing emissions such as NOx, SO2, CO, and particulate matter from diesel engines and industries using urea and ammonia solutions. It discusses selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea injection and reviews literature on removing NOx using urea solutions in fluidized bed reactors. The document also examines removing NOx and SO2 simultaneously using wet scrubbing with urea solution and absorbing carbon dioxide using ammonia solutions in microchannels. Overall, the document provides an overview of research on controlling emissions from diesel engines and industries through chemical reactions with urea and ammonia solutions in various reactor systems.
The document discusses gas generators as an alternative to gas cylinders for producing nitrogen and hydrogen on-site. It covers various production methods for nitrogen and hydrogen including membrane separation, pressure swing adsorption, and electrolysis. Advantages of gas generators include continuous supply, reduced safety concerns, and lower overall costs compared to gas cylinders. Limitations include high initial costs and inability to produce all specialty gases.
The document discusses natural gas processing and distribution. It describes how natural gas is formed underground from decomposing organic matter over millions of years. It then discusses how raw natural gas is processed by removing impurities before being distributed through pipelines to end users. The distribution process involves transporting gas through local pipelines at lower pressures to individual consumers. Safety measures are emphasized throughout the distribution process. Biogas is also discussed as a renewable energy that can be produced from organic waste and used similarly to natural gas.
The document discusses various oxygen measurement applications across different industries including storage and environment, upstream and processing, recovery and waste, downstream and purification. It provides examples of successful oxygen measurement applications in pharmaceutical API manufacturing, blanketing in mixing stirrers, centrifuge inertization, general manufacturing tank storage, and chemical manufacturing such as oxidation in extruders and waste-gas reclaiming.
Over the years Cooling Tower treatment involves heavy use of chemicals. Unfortunately these chemicals are not only costly, but also adds minerals in the water. This reduces Cycles Of Concentration [COC] & as a result in high blow down & more make up water demand. Using ozone operating cost is drastically reduced & blow down water quantity also reduces.
Claus Sulfur Recovery Tail Gas Applying 100 Million Hours of Operational Time...Ives Equipment
The measurement of H2S/SO2 in Claus sulfur recovery unit (SRU) tail gas has been adequately addressed by UV spectroscopy for over 40 years. Reliability of the analytical principle was established in the first generation of analyzers and in the second generation sample handling was improved to the point where automatic control if not universal is at least considered the norm. With a deep understanding of the process and a population of 1,100 second generation analyzers it was possible in the third generation to address failure modes external to the analyzer. Reliability is not limited to the analyzer / sample system; it extends to the process and contains elements of health and safety. Analyzer professionals are compelled to look beyond what we consider our "deliverables", to address abnormal operations and bad piping design. The paper combines extensive feedback from analyzer professionals and a survey of sulfur recovery operators to address the external failure modes. Looking back on 100 million hours of operational time and one year of field testing the third generation analyzer the paper discusses reliability as viewed by the real end use customer; Operations.
- Kerry Mining is exploring the Bayan Airag gold project in Mongolia, which was originally acquired from Canadian company QGX.
- The project's main target is the Central Valley Zone, which contains a defined oxide gold resource as well as underlying sulphide resources.
- Kerry Mining is conducting feasibility studies on developing the CVZ oxide resource using either a carbon-in-leach plant or heap leach approach. The heap leach option shows potential to be lower cost.
- Further exploration is also targeting the sulphide resource and near mine targets to potentially expand the project resources and life.
The document discusses Ausmelt technology, which was developed in Australia in the 1970s. It involves top entry smelting using a submerged lance in a slag bath. Key advantages are high throughput rates, flexibility to operate under reducing or oxidizing conditions, and a smaller physical footprint compared to other smelting technologies. The document focuses on applying Ausmelt technology to base metal smelters, particularly for nickel, copper, and platinum group metals. It can provide additional smelting capacity with minimal modifications, offers flexibility in metallurgical operations with multiple reaction zones, and requires less floor space than alternatives. Ausmelt may also improve converting operations which typically use less flexible Peirce-Smith converters.
T.H. Chemicals wants to produce nitrogen, oxygen, and argon from air using cryogenic distillation. Cryogenic air separation is the dominant technology for producing large quantities of high-purity liquified gases. The process involves compressing and cooling air, removing impurities via membrane separation, further cooling the air using heat exchangers, and fractionating the components in distillation columns. Oxygen is recovered from the bottom of the low pressure column at 99.49% purity, nitrogen from the top at 99.275% purity, and argon from the middle. Heat integration occurs between the condenser and reboiler to improve efficiency.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
SMELTING REDUCTION:AN ALTERNATIVE TO PIG IRON PRODUCTIONNishantKumarMehta
This document summarizes several alternative iron making technologies to the traditional blast furnace process, including direct reduction processes like FINEX and HIsmelt, and smelting reduction processes like Corex and Ausmelt. It describes the basic processes and reactions, advantages like flexibility and lower emissions, and disadvantages such as higher costs. Key alternative processes discussed are FINEX, INRED, ELRED, Ausmelt, HIsmelt, and Corex, with summaries of their process designs and operating principles.
This document provides an overview of Chandan Sharma's summer training at the Bokaro Steel Plant in Jharkhand, India. It discusses the various departments and processes within the plant, including the air separation unit, propane gas unit, protective gas plant, by-product plant, and energy management department. The concluding section reflects on the valuable experience and opportunities provided by the training.
This document discusses alternative iron making processes that are more relevant for India given concerns over resource depletion, rising energy demands, and environmental regulations. It describes several emerging smelting reduction technologies including COREX, FINEX, and Hismelt that allow for more flexible use of raw materials like iron ore fines and non-coking coal. These processes aim to eliminate sintering and coke-making while producing high quality iron. COREX and FINEX have been implemented commercially while Hismelt offers potential cost savings over blast furnaces and lower environmental impact. Overall, alternative technologies are needed to sustainably meet India's growing steel demand given restrictions on raw material quality and availability.
The document is a project report on an activated carbon manufacturing plant. It was submitted by 4 students - Govind K Nedungadi, Nikhil V Nath, Rigin Raju, and Shyam A - to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at FISAT. The report details the design, fabrication, and testing of a contraption to produce activated carbon from materials like coconut shells and sawdust. It includes sections on literature review, methodology, design, fabrication, working principle, thermal analysis, results and discussion, and conclusion.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
key lessons learned from mercury mapping of process streams to developing an understanding of the sorption dynamics of mercury in process, accumulation rates, species and mass loading per surface area
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Dr. Abdul Rehman Khan - Rehabilitation of an industrial mercury contaminated ...promediakw
This document discusses mercury contamination near an industrial site in Kuwait. It provides the following key points:
1) Passive sampling near the site found mercury levels in indoor air up to 11 ng/m3, below Kuwait's annual standard of 1000 ng/m3.
2) Sediment samples offshore contained up to 2.75 μg/g of mercury, below the EPA standard of 10 mg/g. Core samples near the site contained up to 6 mg/g.
3) Water samples from the area contained less than 0.001 ppm of mercury, below Kuwait's standard of 0.37 ppm.
The document analyzes contamination from a former mercury-using plant
Natural gas exploration and development in indiaAkshaya Mishra
The document discusses India's natural gas infrastructure vision for 2030. It notes that India's natural gas demand is expected to grow significantly due to increasing consumption and a shift away from oil. The share of natural gas in India's energy mix is projected to increase to 20% by 2025 from 11% in 2010. To meet this growing demand, the total natural gas supply is expected to reach 400 MMSCMD by 2021-22 and 474 MMSCMD by 2029-30. The vision calls for developing a national gas grid by 2030 consisting of over 31,000 km of pipelines with a capacity of 782 MMSCMD to ensure adequate transportation infrastructure. Key recommendations include providing infrastructure status to gas pipelines, exploring strategic
The document provides an overview of the Indian chemical industry and sulfur industries. It discusses that the chemical industry contributes 6-7% to India's GDP and is predominantly based on feedstocks from naphtha, natural gas, and salt. The sulfur industry extracts sulfur via the Frasch process and over 90% is converted to sulfuric acid, used to make fertilizers, batteries, and other products. The contact process is used to manufacture sulfuric acid, involving burning sulfur to make SO2, catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3, and hydration of SO3 to sulfuric acid.
This document discusses the various uses of industrial gases, particularly liquid nitrogen, in the offshore oil and gas industry. It provides an overview of downhole and topside applications of gases, focusing on nitrogen/helium leak testing which is a large market. The document discusses offshore equipment for transporting, storing, and vaporizing cryogenic liquids as well as typical gas consumption amounts. It analyzes the growth potential in areas like Qatar, UAE, and India as offshore natural gas developments increase.
IRJET- A Review of Emission Control by Urea and Ammonia Solution in Diese...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various methods for reducing emissions such as NOx, SO2, CO, and particulate matter from diesel engines and industries using urea and ammonia solutions. It discusses selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea injection and reviews literature on removing NOx using urea solutions in fluidized bed reactors. The document also examines removing NOx and SO2 simultaneously using wet scrubbing with urea solution and absorbing carbon dioxide using ammonia solutions in microchannels. Overall, the document provides an overview of research on controlling emissions from diesel engines and industries through chemical reactions with urea and ammonia solutions in various reactor systems.
The document discusses gas generators as an alternative to gas cylinders for producing nitrogen and hydrogen on-site. It covers various production methods for nitrogen and hydrogen including membrane separation, pressure swing adsorption, and electrolysis. Advantages of gas generators include continuous supply, reduced safety concerns, and lower overall costs compared to gas cylinders. Limitations include high initial costs and inability to produce all specialty gases.
The document discusses natural gas processing and distribution. It describes how natural gas is formed underground from decomposing organic matter over millions of years. It then discusses how raw natural gas is processed by removing impurities before being distributed through pipelines to end users. The distribution process involves transporting gas through local pipelines at lower pressures to individual consumers. Safety measures are emphasized throughout the distribution process. Biogas is also discussed as a renewable energy that can be produced from organic waste and used similarly to natural gas.
The document discusses various oxygen measurement applications across different industries including storage and environment, upstream and processing, recovery and waste, downstream and purification. It provides examples of successful oxygen measurement applications in pharmaceutical API manufacturing, blanketing in mixing stirrers, centrifuge inertization, general manufacturing tank storage, and chemical manufacturing such as oxidation in extruders and waste-gas reclaiming.
Over the years Cooling Tower treatment involves heavy use of chemicals. Unfortunately these chemicals are not only costly, but also adds minerals in the water. This reduces Cycles Of Concentration [COC] & as a result in high blow down & more make up water demand. Using ozone operating cost is drastically reduced & blow down water quantity also reduces.
Claus Sulfur Recovery Tail Gas Applying 100 Million Hours of Operational Time...Ives Equipment
The measurement of H2S/SO2 in Claus sulfur recovery unit (SRU) tail gas has been adequately addressed by UV spectroscopy for over 40 years. Reliability of the analytical principle was established in the first generation of analyzers and in the second generation sample handling was improved to the point where automatic control if not universal is at least considered the norm. With a deep understanding of the process and a population of 1,100 second generation analyzers it was possible in the third generation to address failure modes external to the analyzer. Reliability is not limited to the analyzer / sample system; it extends to the process and contains elements of health and safety. Analyzer professionals are compelled to look beyond what we consider our "deliverables", to address abnormal operations and bad piping design. The paper combines extensive feedback from analyzer professionals and a survey of sulfur recovery operators to address the external failure modes. Looking back on 100 million hours of operational time and one year of field testing the third generation analyzer the paper discusses reliability as viewed by the real end use customer; Operations.
- Kerry Mining is exploring the Bayan Airag gold project in Mongolia, which was originally acquired from Canadian company QGX.
- The project's main target is the Central Valley Zone, which contains a defined oxide gold resource as well as underlying sulphide resources.
- Kerry Mining is conducting feasibility studies on developing the CVZ oxide resource using either a carbon-in-leach plant or heap leach approach. The heap leach option shows potential to be lower cost.
- Further exploration is also targeting the sulphide resource and near mine targets to potentially expand the project resources and life.
The document discusses Ausmelt technology, which was developed in Australia in the 1970s. It involves top entry smelting using a submerged lance in a slag bath. Key advantages are high throughput rates, flexibility to operate under reducing or oxidizing conditions, and a smaller physical footprint compared to other smelting technologies. The document focuses on applying Ausmelt technology to base metal smelters, particularly for nickel, copper, and platinum group metals. It can provide additional smelting capacity with minimal modifications, offers flexibility in metallurgical operations with multiple reaction zones, and requires less floor space than alternatives. Ausmelt may also improve converting operations which typically use less flexible Peirce-Smith converters.
T.H. Chemicals wants to produce nitrogen, oxygen, and argon from air using cryogenic distillation. Cryogenic air separation is the dominant technology for producing large quantities of high-purity liquified gases. The process involves compressing and cooling air, removing impurities via membrane separation, further cooling the air using heat exchangers, and fractionating the components in distillation columns. Oxygen is recovered from the bottom of the low pressure column at 99.49% purity, nitrogen from the top at 99.275% purity, and argon from the middle. Heat integration occurs between the condenser and reboiler to improve efficiency.
The document summarizes research on using activated carbon prepared from olive stone waste to sorb copper, zinc, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Olive stone activated carbon (OSAC) was prepared under different physical activation conditions and characterized. OSAC-3, activated at 900°C for 3.5 hours, had the highest surface area and was selected for further study. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum sorption conditions and kinetics. The maximum sorption capacities were 25.38 mg/g for Cu2+, 16.95 mg/g for Zn2+, and 14.65 mg/g for Ni2+. Sorption was best described by pseudo-second order kinetics and was spontaneous and endothermic/exothermic
SMELTING REDUCTION:AN ALTERNATIVE TO PIG IRON PRODUCTIONNishantKumarMehta
This document summarizes several alternative iron making technologies to the traditional blast furnace process, including direct reduction processes like FINEX and HIsmelt, and smelting reduction processes like Corex and Ausmelt. It describes the basic processes and reactions, advantages like flexibility and lower emissions, and disadvantages such as higher costs. Key alternative processes discussed are FINEX, INRED, ELRED, Ausmelt, HIsmelt, and Corex, with summaries of their process designs and operating principles.
This document provides an overview of Chandan Sharma's summer training at the Bokaro Steel Plant in Jharkhand, India. It discusses the various departments and processes within the plant, including the air separation unit, propane gas unit, protective gas plant, by-product plant, and energy management department. The concluding section reflects on the valuable experience and opportunities provided by the training.
This document discusses alternative iron making processes that are more relevant for India given concerns over resource depletion, rising energy demands, and environmental regulations. It describes several emerging smelting reduction technologies including COREX, FINEX, and Hismelt that allow for more flexible use of raw materials like iron ore fines and non-coking coal. These processes aim to eliminate sintering and coke-making while producing high quality iron. COREX and FINEX have been implemented commercially while Hismelt offers potential cost savings over blast furnaces and lower environmental impact. Overall, alternative technologies are needed to sustainably meet India's growing steel demand given restrictions on raw material quality and availability.
The document is a project report on an activated carbon manufacturing plant. It was submitted by 4 students - Govind K Nedungadi, Nikhil V Nath, Rigin Raju, and Shyam A - to the Department of Mechanical Engineering at FISAT. The report details the design, fabrication, and testing of a contraption to produce activated carbon from materials like coconut shells and sawdust. It includes sections on literature review, methodology, design, fabrication, working principle, thermal analysis, results and discussion, and conclusion.
The menace of wastewater pollution in the 21st century is becoming alarming. Application of the low-cost adsorbents for wastewater treatment has received more attention this moment in environmental history than never. Therefore, remediating stale foundry wastewater with Activated Carbon, AC-250 is the focus of this study. Wastewater samples were collected from Lamina Foundry, Nitte, Karnataka State, India and were subjected to Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. The analysis identified the prominent heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mg, and Pb) present in the stale foundry effluent, determined their respective concentrations and treated them using the commercially sourced activated charcoal, AC-250. Effects of four (4) factors viz: adsorbent dosage, contact time, stirring speed and pH on the adsorption process during the wastewater treatment were studied. Optimum conditions required for the most efficient treatment of the wastewater and the treatment cost estimates were determined. The AC-250 is found as efficient in adsorption of the heavy metals from foundry wastewater. In some of the cases a 100% removal is possible, especially with Pb. The analysis of the major experiments on effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time rotating speed and pH on the adsorption process, gave the optimum conditions for removal under which the most efficient treatment of the wastewater containing studied heavy metals was possible. For the optimum treatment conditions, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g, a contact time of 120 minutes, a rotating/agitation speed of 350 rpm and a pH value of 6 are established. An average cost of treating 1 litre of stale foundry wastewater is Rs 23 or 0.4 USD. This study therefore recommends AC-250 as an efficient adsorbent at the given optimum conditions for stale foundry wastewater. The reuse of AC-250 via the process of thermal reactivation at 8000C is encouraged as a means of waste management.
key lessons learned from mercury mapping of process streams to developing an understanding of the sorption dynamics of mercury in process, accumulation rates, species and mass loading per surface area
Multiple adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution using activated c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Batch adsorption of different heavy metal ions (Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Chromium) in aqueous solution using
activated carbon from Nigerian bamboo was studied. The bamboo was cut, washed and dried. It was carbonized between 3000C -
4500C, and activated at 8000C using nitric acid. The bulk density, iodine number, Benzene adsorption, methylene adsorption, and
ash content of the activated carbon produced compared well with commercial carbons. Multiple adsorption of these metals in
same aqueous solution using bamboo carbon showed that adsorption capacity is in the order Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr which
showed that these metal ions can be adsorbed selectively by Nigerian bamboo activated carbon. The order of adsorption is related
to the maximum adsorption of lead, cadmium, copper on bamboo was found to be in the order of ionic radius of the heavy metals
used. Therefore this study demonstrates that bamboo can serve as a good source of activated carbon with multiple metal ions –
removing potentials and may serve as a better replacement for commercial activated carbons in applications that warrant their
use. However, it will also contribute to the search for less expensive adsorbents and their utilization possibilities for the
elimination of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water.
Key Words: multiple adsorption, heavy metals, Nigerian bamboo, Activated Carbon,
Dr. Abdul Rehman Khan - Rehabilitation of an industrial mercury contaminated ...promediakw
This document discusses mercury contamination near an industrial site in Kuwait. It provides the following key points:
1) Passive sampling near the site found mercury levels in indoor air up to 11 ng/m3, below Kuwait's annual standard of 1000 ng/m3.
2) Sediment samples offshore contained up to 2.75 μg/g of mercury, below the EPA standard of 10 mg/g. Core samples near the site contained up to 6 mg/g.
3) Water samples from the area contained less than 0.001 ppm of mercury, below Kuwait's standard of 0.37 ppm.
The document analyzes contamination from a former mercury-using plant
Natural gas exploration and development in indiaAkshaya Mishra
The document discusses India's natural gas infrastructure vision for 2030. It notes that India's natural gas demand is expected to grow significantly due to increasing consumption and a shift away from oil. The share of natural gas in India's energy mix is projected to increase to 20% by 2025 from 11% in 2010. To meet this growing demand, the total natural gas supply is expected to reach 400 MMSCMD by 2021-22 and 474 MMSCMD by 2029-30. The vision calls for developing a national gas grid by 2030 consisting of over 31,000 km of pipelines with a capacity of 782 MMSCMD to ensure adequate transportation infrastructure. Key recommendations include providing infrastructure status to gas pipelines, exploring strategic
The document provides an overview of the Indian chemical industry and sulfur industries. It discusses that the chemical industry contributes 6-7% to India's GDP and is predominantly based on feedstocks from naphtha, natural gas, and salt. The sulfur industry extracts sulfur via the Frasch process and over 90% is converted to sulfuric acid, used to make fertilizers, batteries, and other products. The contact process is used to manufacture sulfuric acid, involving burning sulfur to make SO2, catalytic oxidation of SO2 to SO3, and hydration of SO3 to sulfuric acid.
This document discusses the various uses of industrial gases, particularly liquid nitrogen, in the offshore oil and gas industry. It provides an overview of downhole and topside applications of gases, focusing on nitrogen/helium leak testing which is a large market. The document discusses offshore equipment for transporting, storing, and vaporizing cryogenic liquids as well as typical gas consumption amounts. It analyzes the growth potential in areas like Qatar, UAE, and India as offshore natural gas developments increase.
This document discusses mercury removal from natural gas streams. It notes that mercury is naturally present in gas reservoirs and must be removed to protect health, the environment, and equipment. Non-regenerative adsorbents using sulfur are commonly used, but activated carbons can have issues with wet gas streams. Newer mercury removal solutions use engineered alumina-based adsorbents with metal sulfide active phases, which have higher mechanical strength and can handle high pressures and water-saturated gas. The document provides examples of using these solutions and compares their performance to other technologies at upstream locations.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are produced during combustion processes and can harm human health and the environment. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a process that uses a catalyst to convert NOx in exhaust gases into less harmful nitrogen and water. SCR systems inject ammonia or urea into exhaust to facilitate the reaction on the catalyst. Proper operation of SCR systems and monitoring of emissions helps control NOx and improve air quality.
An Investigational Research on Heat Resisting Roof System by Using Silicon Ae...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into using silicon aerogel in roofing systems to provide heat resistance. Silicon aerogel has excellent insulating properties due to its extremely low density and porous structure, with over 97% of its volume consisting of small air pockets. The study measured temperatures on roofs with and without silicon aerogel. It found that the aerogel significantly reduced temperatures on the top side of the roof compared to conventional materials by inhibiting heat transfer through conduction and convection within the aerogel's structure. The document discusses production and properties of silicon aerogel and its potential to improve heat resistance in roofing applications.
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1. SPECIALTY GASES - WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD
High purity specialty gases play a pivotal role across the spectrum of gold mining and the subsequent metallurgical processing, purification and refining of ore into gold bars.
Sought after since history began, gold has a myriad uses beyond the jewellery and monetary exchange of old. Owing to properties such as corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, ductility and malleability, infrared reflectivity and thermal conductivity, today this precious metal has become a requisite in food and beverage production, automotive production, medicine, dentistry, industrial processes, electronics, space equipment, beauty products and imaging.
According to the World Gold Council, last year global demand for gold, in value terms, hit an all-time high, with annual demand 30% higher than the average for the past decade. This in turn has rendered a greater number of gold mines economically viable. The Council says that by some distance, China and India remain the world’s gold power houses, despite challenging domestic economic conditions. In India, consumer sentiment towards gold remained strong despite measures aimed at curbing demand, reaffirming gold’s role in Indian society. In the underdeveloped national financial system active in India, gold still has an important role to play. And, despite an anticipated economic slowdown in China, investment demand was up 24% in the last quarter of 2012, compared to the previous quarter, with jewellery consumption holding steady.
China is currently the world’s top gold producer, followed by Australia, the USA, Russia and South Africa. These five producers account for more than half of the world’s gold production. South Africa's drop in ranking over recent decades is not a result of resource depletion, but rather to high production costs, as lower priced global sources have come on stream – and deep South African ores are, in comparison, relatively expensive to extract.
Safety
In the all-important arena of human safety, specialty gases come into play in the gold mining industry to operate and calibrate underground gas detection sensors. As essential as a miner’s helmet and headlamp, underground gas sensors continuously “sniff” for naturally occurring toxic and flammable gases such as methane and carbon monoxide, both of which are colourless and odourless and therefore undetectable by humans.
Precise calibration of the underground gas detectors is achieved with accurate specialty gas mixtures containing small known quantities of carbon monoxide and methane. The gas
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mixtures required to test and calibrate sensors located in key positions underground are transported in steel cylinders, rather than the aluminium cylinders which are commonly used for these types of gas mixtures in surface applications. The steel cylinders reduce the risk of sparking in this hazardous underground environment.
Emergency oxygen supply
In the event of toxic gas accumulation that renders the underground atmosphere unbreathable, hard rock miners are equipped with self-contained self-rescuers (SCSRs) that allow them to breathe while escaping to a safe area or returning to the surface. A SCSR is a portable oxygen source for providing breathable air that provides a comfortable margin of safety of about 30 minutes. A SCSR is usually a closed-circuit breathing apparatus with a chemical oxygen generator or a compressed oxygen cylinder and a carbon dioxide absorber. Some SCSRs use potassium superoxide as a chemical oxygen source.
A leading South African industrial gases company, Afrox, a subsidiary of the German Linde Group, has been a leader in the design of SCSRs and recently released the latest version of its award-winning design. The Afroxpac35i is a closed-circuit, self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus. It employs an efficient bi-directional re-breathing system in which exhaled gas makes two passes through the carbon dioxide removal/oxygen generation canister before the oxygen-rich gas returns to the user.
Metallurgy
In a laboratory servicing a gold mining operation, time is money and accuracy is of the utmost importance. These laboratories are analysing ore samples to determine the gold content of the ore on a 24 hour turn-around. This information is fed back to the miners to determine future development to maximise gold yields from the ore. The consequences of a delay in this information feedback loop, or the implications of an inaccurate result might mean that the costly efforts of ore extraction are being done where the rock has a low gold yield. In these laboratories a broad range of analytical methods is used on a daily basis and many of these methods require a diversity of speciality gases.
Instrument grade pure gases such as synthetic air, helium, hydrogen or nitrogen are used to zero and purge analytical equipment. High purity gases are also used, for example, argon in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis and acetylene in atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements (AAS). ICP mass spectroscopy is typically used to determine the purity of the refined metals being produced by the mine. Techniques like this require high purity specialty gases with very low levels of impurities, such as Linde’s ICP grade argon from its HiQ specialty
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gases range. Ore structures are also assayed using X-ray crystallography, for which an instrumentation specialty gas mixture of methane in argon is typically required. Specialty gas equipment such as Linde’s REDLINE® range is used in many areas to control gas cylinder pressures, while ensuring gas purity is not compromised.
Environmental measurements for air, water and ground water pollution in and around a mine use a number of individual calibration gas mixture standards to calibrate instrumentation used to measure and control various organic and inorganic chemical emissions. The requirement here is for gas mixtures with low levels of reactive components and many specialist techniques must be used to create these mixtures and achieve “flat-line” stability of the mixtures for the duration of their usable shelf-life. SPECTRA-SEAL® from the Linde is one such technology that guarantees the stability, accuracy and quality of these types of calibration gas mixtures.
These calibration gas mixture standards must also often be produced to meet the requirements of regulatory agencies around the world because within many areas of environmental monitoring, local governments require that the instrument and sensor calibration gases used be certified to ISO 17025. This is to ensure data is traceable to a national standard and that overall uncertainties for pollution data are within specified limits and are therefore consistent around the world.
A wide range of gas mixtures is applied to calibrate the analytical equipment and to ensure its correct operation. Normally, these mixtures are supplied in high-pressure or disposable gas cylinders. Depending on the type of instrumentation, consumption and the required mobility required, the size of the cylinders varies from 1 to up to 50 litres.
Ventilation
Underground mine ventilation provides a critical flow of air to the underground workings of a mine of sufficient volume to dilute and remove noxious gases, typically hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen oxides, methane, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The sources of these gases are equipment that runs on diesel engines, blasting with explosives and the virgin orebody itself.
Each country has specific regulations governing the volume of ventilation necessary to maintain safe working conditions for miners and the air volumes needed to ventilate a mine are calculated to suit each mine.
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Air temperature is another factor, since the deeper the mine goes, the hotter the rock and the higher the underground working temperature for the miners. Some gold mines in South Africa have recorded underground temperatures in the region of 47 degrees C. To keep the air at these deep levels at a safe temperature for physical work, chillers are installed underground, or used in overground locations and combined with extensive ventilation systems. Large quantities of refrigerant gases are required to operate these chillers. Since these chillers are permanently in use, maintenance is often carried out whilst they are in service. To support this in-service maintenance requirement and maximise chiller on-time, Linde offers a proprietary mobile technology to remove oils from the refrigerant. Oils can leak into the refrigerant gas circuit from the lubrication oil circuits and when mixed with the refrigerant gas, they diminish the efficacy of the refrigeration system. So, an “on-line” refrigerant gas clean-up can return the refrigeration system to its optimum efficiency and maximum chilling impact.
In certain geographical regions, however, underground mines can be extremely cold places to work in, particularly during winter. These underground workings need to be heated to provide a comfortable environment for mine personnel and to prevent equipment and water pipes from freezing. To this end, heating systems are installed along with mining ventilation fans.
Gold extraction
After removing the gold ore from underground, the metallic gold is recovered through a complex extraction processes. Gold ore is crushed, milled and slurried. The slurry is thickened and pre conditioned prior to leaching. The most common reagent is cyanide, which must be combined with oxygen in a process known as carbon-in-pulp. As the cyanide and oxygen react chemically, the gold is leached and absorbed onto activated carbon.
The next stage is stripping, where a hot caustic solution separates the gold from the carbon and finally the gold-bearing solution is enters the electrowinning phase that recovers gold from the leaching chemicals. In electrowinning, the gold-bearing solution is poured into cells where anode and cathode introduce a strong electric current to the solution that causes gold to deposit on the cathode. The recovered gold is then smelted in a furnace and, after a chemical mixture known as flux is added to the molten material, the gold separates from the metal terminals. The flux is later removed and the liquid gold is poured into moulds to produce solid bars which enter the market for further processing.
Several years ago Afrox innovated a new leach feed diagnostics system developed for in the field evaluation of oxygen demand characteristics. Goldox™ is a process developed for the use of oxygen in cyanide gold leaching. It was first introduced to South African gold mines in
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the mid-1980s and is now used by mines in North America, Australia and Asia, establishing it as an internationally-proven technology. Benefits include capital savings on new plant, optimised cyanide usage and potentially lower and stable residue grades. The technology can also be retrofitted unobtrusively to existing plants.
The Goldox™ process performs a dual function. Through the introduction of pure oxygen in the preconditioning stage to the ore slurry, the dissolved oxygen concentration is increased, reducing the ore reactivity, resulting in an increased gold leaching rate which improves gold recovery and profitability.
More recently, solvent extraction (SX) which uses sulfur dioxide as the solvent has come to the fore as an efficient way to extract gold from certain pipes of gold, particularly where the purity of the gold is an important factor. This can be critical, for example, where the gold will be used in electronic applications. As an increased number of gases such as sulfur dioxide are used in the gold extraction and refining process, the partnership between gases companies such as Linde and the operators will deepen further.
End to end solutions
Linde differentiates itself in the mining market by offering customers an end-to-end solution that is fully integrated. Value is added to these processes, both from a financial and a productivity perspective, by sourcing the necessary consumables, equipment and processing gases for ore enrichment, welding gases for maintenance, refrigerant gases for chilling systems and specialty gases for ore assay and safety, as well as on site customer-specific support and training, from a single supplier. Welding consumables for fabrication in the mining environment range from industry-leading general purpose and low hydrogen electrodes, to the more exotic nickel and chrome alloys for welding high corrosion resistant materials and duplex stainless steels.
This 360 degree solution is being recognised and exploited by the market, whether in combination as a fully-integrated bundle to complement clients’ processes, or provided on a menu-type basis.
Linde’s quality range of gas equipment extensively utilised within the gold mining industry conforms to relevant national and international safety standards. To further support the gas equipment products, the company offers dedicated training for the safe use of gases and gas equipment.