Spermatogenesis-Abdullahi Ali.pptx
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which immature male germ cells (spermatogonia) in the testes produce sperm. Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to multiply, then some (primary spermatocytes) undergo the first meiotic division into secondary spermatocytes. These then undergo the second meiotic division to form haploid spermatids. Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) through spermiogenesis. Spermatogenesis is stimulated at puberty by increases in gonadotropin releasing hormone and luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, which stimulate androgen and sertoli cell production to support the process.
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Spermatogenesis
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Embryology full note
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, undergoes cell division and differentiation over a period of 9 months to form a baby.
2) Both males and females undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number.
3) Key events in early development include formation of the embryo and fetal periods, during which most development occurs, though important changes also happen after birth through childhood and adulthood.
Embryology full note2
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm, forming a single-celled zygote. Through processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth and rearrangement over 9 months, the zygote develops into a baby.
2) Development is divided into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, with major developmental changes occurring during embryonic, fetal, infant and childhood stages.
3) Both male and female gametes are produced through meiosis within the ovaries and testes, respectively, reducing the chromosome count so that fertilization restores the normal diploid number.
Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
1. Implantation begins 6 days after fertilization when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial epithelium. By day 7, it is implanted in the endometrium and derives nourishment from the eroded endometrium.
2. By day 10, the blastocyst is completely buried within the functional layer of the endometrium. The endometrium is now called the decidua.
3. The decidua supports the development of the placenta and fetus through fetomaternal circulation until birth.
Spermatogenesis Anju - Copy.pptx
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. It begins with spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules dividing mitotically and then undergoing meiosis to form haploid spermatids. Spermiogenesis then transforms spermatids into mature sperm cells through morphological changes. Finally, spermiation releases the mature sperm from Sertoli cells into the lumen of the tubules. The sperm then travel to the epididymis where they undergo further maturation before being ejaculated.
Spermatogenesis Anju.pptx
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. It begins with spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules dividing mitotically and then undergoing meiosis to form haploid spermatids. Spermiogenesis then transforms spermatids into mature sperm cells through morphological changes. Finally, spermiation releases the mature sperm from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis where they are stored until ejaculation.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process of developing mature gametes (eggs and sperm) through oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males. Oogenesis involves the development of primary oocytes from germ cells, which undergo meiosis to form one secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Upon fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis to form the ovum and second polar body. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia differentiating into spermatocytes and then spermatids through meiosis, which undergo maturation to form spermatozoa. Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoon fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube, restoring the diplo
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells undergo meiosis and differentiation to form gametes. Primordial germ cells migrate to the developing gonads, where they differentiate into male or female gametes. In females, primordial germ cells become oogonia then oocytes through oogenesis. In males, they become spermatogonia and undergo spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa. Both processes involve mitosis, meiosis, and cellular changes to produce haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Fertilization restores the diploid number through the union of male and female gametes.
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Spermatogenesis
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
Embryology full note
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm. The fertilized egg, called a zygote, undergoes cell division and differentiation over a period of 9 months to form a baby.
2) Both males and females undergo meiosis to produce gametes (sperm and eggs, respectively) with half the normal number of chromosomes. Fertilization restores the full chromosome number.
3) Key events in early development include formation of the embryo and fetal periods, during which most development occurs, though important changes also happen after birth through childhood and adulthood.
Embryology full note2
1) Human development begins with the fertilization of an egg (oocyte) by sperm, forming a single-celled zygote. Through processes such as cell division, differentiation, growth and rearrangement over 9 months, the zygote develops into a baby.
2) Development is divided into prenatal (before birth) and postnatal (after birth) periods, with major developmental changes occurring during embryonic, fetal, infant and childhood stages.
3) Both male and female gametes are produced through meiosis within the ovaries and testes, respectively, reducing the chromosome count so that fertilization restores the normal diploid number.
Implantation,conception, development of placenta.ppt
1. Implantation begins 6 days after fertilization when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial epithelium. By day 7, it is implanted in the endometrium and derives nourishment from the eroded endometrium.
2. By day 10, the blastocyst is completely buried within the functional layer of the endometrium. The endometrium is now called the decidua.
3. The decidua supports the development of the placenta and fetus through fetomaternal circulation until birth.
Spermatogenesis Anju - Copy.pptx
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. It begins with spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules dividing mitotically and then undergoing meiosis to form haploid spermatids. Spermiogenesis then transforms spermatids into mature sperm cells through morphological changes. Finally, spermiation releases the mature sperm from Sertoli cells into the lumen of the tubules. The sperm then travel to the epididymis where they undergo further maturation before being ejaculated.
Spermatogenesis Anju.pptx
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes. It begins with spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules dividing mitotically and then undergoing meiosis to form haploid spermatids. Spermiogenesis then transforms spermatids into mature sperm cells through morphological changes. Finally, spermiation releases the mature sperm from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis where they are stored until ejaculation.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process of developing mature gametes (eggs and sperm) through oogenesis in females and spermatogenesis in males. Oogenesis involves the development of primary oocytes from germ cells, which undergo meiosis to form one secondary oocyte and the first polar body. Upon fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis to form the ovum and second polar body. Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia differentiating into spermatocytes and then spermatids through meiosis, which undergo maturation to form spermatozoa. Fertilization occurs when a spermatozoon fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube, restoring the diplo
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis is the process by which germ cells undergo meiosis and differentiation to form gametes. Primordial germ cells migrate to the developing gonads, where they differentiate into male or female gametes. In females, primordial germ cells become oogonia then oocytes through oogenesis. In males, they become spermatogonia and undergo spermatogenesis to become spermatozoa. Both processes involve mitosis, meiosis, and cellular changes to produce haploid gametes from diploid germ cells. Fertilization restores the diploid number through the union of male and female gametes.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY-2.pptx
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a single cell called a zygote. This begins the process of embryonic development.
- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
- By day 4, the morula has further developed into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass that will form the embryo and outer trophoblast cells that will develop into the placenta. Around day 6, the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
EMBRYOLOGY AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT-mayu.pdf
This document discusses human embryology and fetal development. It defines key terms like gametogenesis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, and implantation. It then provides details about oogenesis, the development of a mature ovum from the primitive germ cells. It also discusses spermatogenesis, the development of spermatids into mature spermatozoa. Finally, it describes the processes of fertilization, including the approximation and fusion of the gametes to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
Reproductive physiology of male and female
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The document provides information about male and female reproductive physiology:
I. It describes the process of spermatogenesis that occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes to produce sperm over 65-75 days.
II. It explains the hormonal regulation of the male reproductive system including the roles of FSH, LH, and testosterone.
III. It outlines the female reproductive cycle over approximately 28 days, including the ovarian cycle, uterine cycle, and hormonal changes (FSH, LH, estrogens, progesterone) that regulate the growth and shedding of the endometrium.Gametogeneis
This document summarizes the processes of gametogenesis in males and females. It describes spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation in testes through mitosis and meiosis over 64 days. Oogenesis is described as the process of egg formation in ovaries, where oogonia become primary oocytes through arrested meiosis in fetal life, releasing a secondary oocyte and first polar body before ovulation. Both processes generate haploid gametes for fertilization.
Embryology Lecture 3 spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are produced in the testes in males. It involves the transformation of spermatogonia into mature sperm through two stages: spermatocytogenesis where primordial germ cells develop into spermatids, and spermiogenesis where spermatids are transformed into mature sperm. In humans, it takes approximately 74 days to complete and produces around 300 million sperm cells daily. Oogenesis is the similar process that occurs in females within the ovaries to produce eggs.
Physiology reproduction.pptx
The document discusses spermatogenesis, the process of sperm formation in the testes. It takes place in 4 stages: proliferation of spermatogonia, growth of primary spermatocytes, maturation through meiosis, and transformation of spermatids into mature sperm. Sertoli cells provide nutrients and support throughout spermatogenesis via cytoplasmic attachment to developing germ cells. The process takes approximately 74 days to complete.
Male reproductive organs
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1 male repoductive physiology
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The male reproductive system produces sperm through the process of spermatogenesis. Sperm develop in the testes through meiosis and undergo maturation as they pass through the epididymis. Mature sperm are stored in the vas deferens until ejaculation. During sexual intercourse, sperm are ejaculated through the urethra along with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The alkaline fluids help activate the sperm. Capacitation allows the sperm to penetrate and fertilize an ovum in the female reproductive tract.GAMETOGENESIS.pptx
Gametogenesis is the process by which haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells through cell division and maturation. It occurs in four phases: primordial germ cell formation, mitotic proliferation, meiosis, and gamete maturation. In males (spermatogenesis), it occurs in the testes and produces sperm through spermatogonial mitosis and spermatocyte meiosis. In females (oogenesis), it occurs in the ovaries and arrests at two points during meiotic prophase I to produce ova.
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MH
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
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Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
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Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
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Embryology Lecture 4 Ovulation and fertilization
The ovarian cycle is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. During each cycle, follicles in the ovaries mature under the influence of FSH and LH, with usually one follicle ovulating and releasing an egg. If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum forms and secretes hormones to support early pregnancy. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, where a sperm penetrates the egg's corona and zona pellucida. The sperm and egg membranes then fuse, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes and initiating cell division of the new embryo.
Gametogenisis, Fertilization
1) Gametogenesis is the process by which gametes (eggs and sperm) are formed through meiosis in both males and females. Oogenesis occurs in females and produces eggs, while spermatogenesis produces sperm in males.
2) Oogenesis begins with primordial germ cells that develop into oocytes through meiosis. At puberty, a few oocytes complete the first meiotic division and arrest until ovulation. Spermatogenesis occurs through meiosis within the testes, producing spermatids that transform into sperm.
3) Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and sperm. It involves the approximation and fusion of the gametes, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes
3. human reproduction gametogenesis and menstrual cycle
- Gametogenesis is the process of forming male and female gametes called spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and forms sperm from spermatogonia. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and forms eggs from oogonia.
- The menstrual cycle involves the monthly development of an egg, its release from the ovaries (ovulation), and preparation for potential fertilization by the lining of the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining sheds and menstruation begins.
- Fertilization is the fusion of an egg and sperm, usually occurring in the fallopian tubes. The sperm enters the egg, and their nuclei fuse to form a
Male & female reproductive system
The reproductive systems of males and females ensure the continuation of species through the production of gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce sperm and male hormones. Accessory organs like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland contribute to semen. Spermatogenesis is the process where sperm develop from spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules with help from Sertoli and Leydig cells. At ejaculation, sperm and fluids are released. In females, the ovaries produce eggs and female hormones. The fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina form the female reproductive tract, while the labia, clitoris and breasts also play roles in reproduction.
Male & female reproductive system
The reproductive system ensures continuation of species through reproduction. The male reproductive system contains primary sex organs (testes) that produce sperm and accessory sex organs (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra) that aid in ejaculation. Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes through four stages - proliferation, growth, maturation and transformation - to produce mature sperm from germ cells over 74 days, aided by hormones like FSH, testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone is responsible for masculine development and functions in fetal life like sex differentiation and in adulthood like maintenance of spermatogenesis.
reproduction in human.pptx
1. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of gametes or sex cells in the primary sex organs. In males, spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and results in the production of sperm. In females, oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and results in the production of ova.
2. The menstrual cycle involves changes in the ovaries and uterus in response to hormones. If fertilization does not occur, menstruation begins. If fertilization occurs, the cycle stops and pregnancy begins.
3. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum in the fallopian tube, preventing entry of additional sperm. The zygote undergoes cell
Embryonic development and Gametogenesis.pptx
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modes of reproduction and apomixis.ppt
This document discusses different modes of reproduction in living organisms, including sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and their sub-types. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to produce offspring, while asexual reproduction does not. Some key sub-types are vegetative reproduction, apomixis (reproduction without fertilization), and gametophytic apomixis which allows embryo development without meiosis or fertilization. The document also notes the significance of different reproductive modes for plant breeding and genome evolution.
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- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells develop from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonial stem cells into primary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis to form haploid spermatids. The spermatids develop tails and mature into spermatozoa through spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process by maintaining the environment, secreting substances, and protecting the developing cells. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones like testosterone and FSH and sensitive to fluctuations in temperature.
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2) Oogenesis begins with primordial germ cells that develop into oocytes through meiosis. At puberty, a few oocytes complete the first meiotic division and arrest until ovulation. Spermatogenesis occurs through meiosis within the testes, producing spermatids that transform into sperm.
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The reproductive systems of males and females ensure the continuation of species through the production of gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce sperm and male hormones. Accessory organs like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland contribute to semen. Spermatogenesis is the process where sperm develop from spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules with help from Sertoli and Leydig cells. At ejaculation, sperm and fluids are released. In females, the ovaries produce eggs and female hormones. The fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina form the female reproductive tract, while the labia, clitoris and breasts also play roles in reproduction.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Spermatogenesis-Abdullahi Ali.pptx
- 2. • In testis, the immature malegerm cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis • The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) presenton the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers • Each spermatogonium isdiploid and contains 46 chromosomes • Someof thespermatogonia called primaryspermatocytes periodicallyundergo meiosis
- 4. • A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of twoequal, haploid cells called secondaryspermatocyte, which haveonly 23 chromosomes • The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meioticdivision to produce fourequal, haploid spermatids
- 6. • The spermatidsare transferred into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called spermatogenesis • After spermatogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the sertoli cells, and finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called spermiation
- 8. • Spermatogenesis starts at the age of puberty due to significant increase in the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH ) • The increased level of GnRH then acts at the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates secretion of two gonadotropin – luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis of androgens
- 9. • Androgens stimulate the process of spermatogenesis • FSH acts on the sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the process of spermatogenesis
- 11. Structure of a sperm • It isa microscopic structurecomposed of a head, neck, a middle pieceand a tail • A plasma membraneenvelops thewhole body of the sperm • The sperm head contains an elongated haploid nucleus, theanterior portion of which iscovered by acap-like structure, acrosome • Theacrosome is filled with enzymes that help fertilizationof the ovum • The middle piece possesses numerous mitochondria, which produce energy for the movementof tail that facilitatesperm motility